Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals - David Anderson
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[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
so<00:00:16.240> raise<00:00:16.520> your<00:00:16.760> hand<00:00:17.600> if<00:00:18.000> you<00:00:18.480> know<00:00:18.840> someone
so raise your hand if you know someone
so raise your hand if you know someone
in<00:00:19.480> your<00:00:19.760> immediate<00:00:20.359> family<00:00:20.880> or<00:00:21.080> circle<00:00:21.400> of
in your immediate family or circle of
in your immediate family or circle of
friends<00:00:21.880> who<00:00:22.039> suffers<00:00:22.400> from<00:00:22.640> some<00:00:22.920> form<00:00:23.199> of
friends who suffers from some form of
friends who suffers from some form of
mental
mental
mental
illness<00:00:26.080> I<00:00:26.240> thought<00:00:26.439> so<00:00:26.920> not<00:00:27.359> surprised<00:00:28.359> and
illness I thought so not surprised and
illness I thought so not surprised and
raise<00:00:28.880> your<00:00:29.119> hand<00:00:29.519> if<00:00:29.640> you<00:00:30.039> think<00:00:30.279> that<00:00:30.480> basic
raise your hand if you think that basic
raise your hand if you think that basic
research<00:00:31.199> on<00:00:31.439> fruit<00:00:31.759> flies<00:00:32.239> has<00:00:32.480> anything<00:00:32.800> to
research on fruit flies has anything to
research on fruit flies has anything to
do<00:00:33.239> with<00:00:33.719> understanding<00:00:34.040> mental<00:00:34.320> illness<00:00:34.719> in
humans<00:00:38.239> yeah<00:00:38.680> I<00:00:38.920> thought<00:00:39.120> so<00:00:39.399> I'm<00:00:39.559> also<00:00:39.840> not
humans yeah I thought so I'm also not
humans yeah I thought so I'm also not
surprised<00:00:40.559> I<00:00:40.640> can<00:00:40.760> see<00:00:40.920> I<00:00:41.039> got<00:00:41.200> my<00:00:41.320> work<00:00:41.600> cut
surprised I can see I got my work cut
surprised I can see I got my work cut
out<00:00:41.960> for<00:00:42.160> me
out for me
out for me
here<00:00:44.000> as<00:00:44.120> we<00:00:44.280> heard<00:00:44.520> from<00:00:44.760> Dr<00:00:45.000> Insel<00:00:45.520> this
here as we heard from Dr Insel this
here as we heard from Dr Insel this
morning<00:00:46.559> psychiatric<00:00:47.280> disorders<00:00:48.199> like
morning psychiatric disorders like
morning psychiatric disorders like
autism<00:00:49.280> depression<00:00:49.680> and<00:00:49.840> schizophrenia<00:00:50.600> take
autism depression and schizophrenia take
autism depression and schizophrenia take
a<00:00:50.960> terrible<00:00:51.399> toll<00:00:52.079> on<00:00:52.320> human<00:00:53.079> suffering<00:00:54.079> we
a terrible toll on human suffering we
a terrible toll on human suffering we
know<00:00:54.520> much<00:00:54.800> less<00:00:55.440> about<00:00:55.719> their<00:00:55.960> treatment<00:00:56.879> and
know much less about their treatment and
know much less about their treatment and
the<00:00:57.920> understanding<00:00:58.120> of<00:00:58.239> their<00:00:58.440> basic
the understanding of their basic
the understanding of their basic
mechanisms<00:00:59.359> than<00:00:59.480> we<00:00:59.600> do<00:01:00.199> about<00:01:00.440> diseases<00:01:00.879> of
mechanisms than we do about diseases of
mechanisms than we do about diseases of
the<00:01:01.239> body<00:01:01.879> think<00:01:02.079> about<00:01:02.280> it<00:01:02.760> in
the body think about it in
the body think about it in
2013<00:01:04.600> the<00:01:04.799> second<00:01:05.159> decade<00:01:05.519> of<00:01:05.640> the<00:01:05.760> Millennium
2013 the second decade of the Millennium
2013 the second decade of the Millennium
if<00:01:06.640> you're<00:01:06.840> concerned<00:01:07.240> about<00:01:07.400> a<00:01:07.600> cancer
if you're concerned about a cancer
if you're concerned about a cancer
diagnosis<00:01:09.000> and<00:01:09.119> you<00:01:09.240> go<00:01:09.360> to<00:01:09.479> your<00:01:09.680> doctor<00:01:10.280> you
diagnosis and you go to your doctor you
diagnosis and you go to your doctor you
get<00:01:10.640> bone<00:01:11.000> scans<00:01:11.840> biopsies<00:01:12.799> and<00:01:13.000> blood<00:01:13.320> tests
get bone scans biopsies and blood tests
get bone scans biopsies and blood tests
in<00:01:14.759> 2013<00:01:15.759> if<00:01:15.960> you're<00:01:16.080> concerned<00:01:16.439> about<00:01:16.600> a
in 2013 if you're concerned about a
in 2013 if you're concerned about a
depression<00:01:17.360> diagnosis<00:01:18.320> you<00:01:18.479> go<00:01:18.600> to<00:01:18.720> your
depression diagnosis you go to your
depression diagnosis you go to your
doctor<00:01:19.159> and<00:01:19.280> what<00:01:19.360> do<00:01:19.439> you<00:01:19.640> get<00:01:20.240> a
doctor and what do you get a
doctor and what do you get a
questionnaire<00:01:22.240> part<00:01:22.400> of<00:01:22.520> the<00:01:22.680> reason<00:01:23.000> for
questionnaire part of the reason for
questionnaire part of the reason for
this<00:01:23.759> is<00:01:23.960> that<00:01:24.200> we<00:01:24.400> have<00:01:24.720> an<00:01:25.200> oversimplified
this is that we have an oversimplified
this is that we have an oversimplified
and<00:01:26.479> increasingly<00:01:27.400> outmoded<00:01:28.159> view<00:01:28.479> of<00:01:28.600> the
and increasingly outmoded view of the
and increasingly outmoded view of the
biological<00:01:29.400> basis<00:01:30.079> of<00:01:30.240> psychiatric
biological basis of psychiatric
biological basis of psychiatric
disorders<00:01:32.159> we<00:01:32.320> tend<00:01:32.560> to<00:01:32.720> view<00:01:32.960> them<00:01:33.439> and<00:01:33.680> the
disorders we tend to view them and the
disorders we tend to view them and the
popular<00:01:34.399> press<00:01:34.960> AIDS<00:01:35.240> and<00:01:35.439> abets<00:01:35.920> this<00:01:36.079> view
popular press AIDS and abets this view
popular press AIDS and abets this view
as<00:01:37.000> chemical<00:01:37.560> imbalances<00:01:38.560> in<00:01:38.680> the<00:01:38.840> brain<00:01:39.280> as
as chemical imbalances in the brain as
as chemical imbalances in the brain as
if<00:01:39.560> the<00:01:39.680> brain<00:01:40.000> were<00:01:40.320> some<00:01:40.600> kind<00:01:40.759> of<00:01:41.079> bag<00:01:41.759> of
if the brain were some kind of bag of
if the brain were some kind of bag of
chemical<00:01:42.479> soup<00:01:43.159> full<00:01:43.439> of<00:01:43.640> dopamine<00:01:44.479> serotonin
chemical soup full of dopamine serotonin
chemical soup full of dopamine serotonin
and<00:01:45.479> neopine<00:01:46.159> phrine<00:01:47.159> this<00:01:47.399> view<00:01:48.000> is
and neopine phrine this view is
and neopine phrine this view is
conditioned<00:01:48.840> by<00:01:49.000> the<00:01:49.200> fact<00:01:49.560> that<00:01:49.759> many<00:01:50.000> of<00:01:50.119> the
conditioned by the fact that many of the
conditioned by the fact that many of the
drugs<00:01:50.680> that<00:01:50.840> are<00:01:51.040> prescribed<00:01:51.560> to<00:01:51.719> treat<00:01:52.119> these
drugs that are prescribed to treat these
drugs that are prescribed to treat these
disorders<00:01:53.200> like<00:01:53.520> Prozac<00:01:54.520> act<00:01:55.040> by<00:01:55.320> globally
disorders like Prozac act by globally
disorders like Prozac act by globally
changing<00:01:56.399> brain<00:01:56.759> chemistry<00:01:57.680> as<00:01:57.880> if<00:01:58.079> the<00:01:58.200> brain
changing brain chemistry as if the brain
changing brain chemistry as if the brain
were<00:01:58.799> indeed<00:01:59.360> a<00:01:59.520> bag<00:01:59.960> of<00:02:00.159> chemical<00:02:00.840> soup<00:02:01.840> but
were indeed a bag of chemical soup but
were indeed a bag of chemical soup but
that<00:02:02.320> can't<00:02:02.600> be<00:02:02.840> the<00:02:03.039> answer<00:02:03.640> because<00:02:04.039> these
that can't be the answer because these
that can't be the answer because these
drugs<00:02:04.680> actually<00:02:05.000> don't<00:02:05.280> work<00:02:05.560> all<00:02:05.799> that<00:02:06.000> well
drugs actually don't work all that well
drugs actually don't work all that well
a<00:02:06.840> lot<00:02:06.960> of<00:02:07.159> people<00:02:07.439> won't<00:02:07.880> take<00:02:08.080> them<00:02:08.440> or<00:02:08.679> stop
a lot of people won't take them or stop
a lot of people won't take them or stop
taking<00:02:09.440> them<00:02:09.879> because<00:02:10.080> of<00:02:10.200> their<00:02:10.440> unpleasant
taking them because of their unpleasant
taking them because of their unpleasant
side<00:02:11.560> effects<00:02:12.560> these<00:02:12.760> drugs<00:02:13.280> have<00:02:13.480> so<00:02:13.680> many
side effects these drugs have so many
side effects these drugs have so many
side<00:02:14.280> effects<00:02:14.920> because<00:02:15.400> using<00:02:15.879> them<00:02:16.120> to<00:02:16.319> treat
side effects because using them to treat
side effects because using them to treat
a<00:02:16.800> complex<00:02:17.239> psychiatric<00:02:17.959> disorder<00:02:18.680> is<00:02:18.840> a<00:02:18.959> bit
a complex psychiatric disorder is a bit
a complex psychiatric disorder is a bit
like<00:02:19.319> trying<00:02:19.519> to<00:02:19.720> change<00:02:20.040> your<00:02:20.280> engine<00:02:20.680> oil<00:02:21.280> by
like trying to change your engine oil by
like trying to change your engine oil by
opening<00:02:21.800> a<00:02:22.040> can<00:02:22.519> and<00:02:22.720> pouring<00:02:23.040> it<00:02:23.239> all<00:02:23.400> over
opening a can and pouring it all over
opening a can and pouring it all over
the<00:02:23.720> engine<00:02:24.480> block<00:02:25.480> some<00:02:25.680> of<00:02:25.800> it<00:02:25.959> will<00:02:26.200> dribble
the engine block some of it will dribble
the engine block some of it will dribble
into<00:02:26.840> the<00:02:27.000> right<00:02:27.280> place<00:02:27.599> but<00:02:27.840> a<00:02:27.920> lot<00:02:28.080> of<00:02:28.200> it
into the right place but a lot of it
into the right place but a lot of it
will<00:02:28.480> do<00:02:28.680> more<00:02:28.959> harm<00:02:29.239> than<00:02:29.480> good
will do more harm than good
will do more harm than good
now<00:02:31.319> an<00:02:31.519> emerging<00:02:32.160> view<00:02:33.160> that<00:02:33.280> you<00:02:33.480> also<00:02:33.720> heard
now an emerging view that you also heard
now an emerging view that you also heard
about<00:02:34.200> from<00:02:34.400> Dr<00:02:34.680> Insel<00:02:35.120> this<00:02:35.280> morning<00:02:36.120> is<00:02:36.280> that
about from Dr Insel this morning is that
about from Dr Insel this morning is that
psychiatric<00:02:37.239> disorders<00:02:37.959> are<00:02:38.280> actually
psychiatric disorders are actually
psychiatric disorders are actually
disturbances<00:02:39.720> of<00:02:39.879> neural<00:02:40.440> circuits<00:02:41.280> that
disturbances of neural circuits that
disturbances of neural circuits that
mediate<00:02:42.400> emotion<00:02:43.120> mood<00:02:43.840> and<00:02:44.440> affect<00:02:45.440> when<00:02:45.560> we
mediate emotion mood and affect when we
mediate emotion mood and affect when we
think<00:02:45.959> about<00:02:46.360> cognition<00:02:47.280> we<00:02:47.480> analogize<00:02:48.120> the
think about cognition we analogize the
think about cognition we analogize the
brain<00:02:48.480> to<00:02:48.680> a<00:02:48.840> computer<00:02:49.599> that's<00:02:49.800> no<00:02:50.120> problem
brain to a computer that's no problem
brain to a computer that's no problem
well<00:02:51.080> it<00:02:51.200> turns<00:02:51.440> out<00:02:51.840> that<00:02:52.120> the<00:02:52.280> computer
well it turns out that the computer
well it turns out that the computer
analogy<00:02:53.440> is<00:02:53.680> just<00:02:54.120> as<00:02:54.360> valid<00:02:54.680> for<00:02:54.920> emotion
analogy is just as valid for emotion
analogy is just as valid for emotion
it's<00:02:56.080> just<00:02:56.200> that<00:02:56.319> we<00:02:56.440> don't<00:02:56.599> tend<00:02:56.800> to<00:02:56.959> think
it's just that we don't tend to think
it's just that we don't tend to think
about<00:02:57.360> it<00:02:57.599> that<00:02:57.800> way<00:02:58.760> but<00:02:58.920> we<00:02:59.080> know<00:02:59.319> we<00:02:59.440> know
about it that way but we know we know
about it that way but we know we know
much<00:02:59.879> much<00:03:00.159> less<00:03:00.680> about<00:03:00.920> the<00:03:01.080> circuit<00:03:01.519> basis
much much less about the circuit basis
much much less about the circuit basis
of<00:03:02.239> psychiatric<00:03:03.000> disorders<00:03:03.879> because<00:03:04.319> of<00:03:04.480> the
of psychiatric disorders because of the
of psychiatric disorders because of the
overwhelming<00:03:05.360> dominance<00:03:05.799> of<00:03:05.959> this<00:03:06.360> chemical
overwhelming dominance of this chemical
overwhelming dominance of this chemical
imbalance
imbalance
imbalance
hypothesis<00:03:09.480> now<00:03:09.760> it's<00:03:10.000> not<00:03:10.519> that<00:03:10.959> chemicals
hypothesis now it's not that chemicals
hypothesis now it's not that chemicals
are<00:03:11.920> not<00:03:12.280> important<00:03:13.040> in<00:03:13.239> psychiatric
are not important in psychiatric
are not important in psychiatric
disorders<00:03:14.640> it's<00:03:14.840> just<00:03:15.000> that<00:03:15.239> they<00:03:15.360> don't
disorders it's just that they don't
disorders it's just that they don't
bathe<00:03:16.480> the<00:03:16.640> brain<00:03:17.040> like<00:03:17.560> soup<00:03:18.560> rather<00:03:18.879> they're
bathe the brain like soup rather they're
bathe the brain like soup rather they're
released<00:03:19.920> in<00:03:20.159> very<00:03:20.480> specific<00:03:21.200> locations<00:03:22.159> and
released in very specific locations and
released in very specific locations and
they<00:03:22.599> act<00:03:23.040> on<00:03:23.360> specific<00:03:24.000> synapses<00:03:24.920> to<00:03:25.200> change
they act on specific synapses to change
they act on specific synapses to change
the<00:03:25.959> flow<00:03:26.239> of<00:03:26.480> information<00:03:27.080> in<00:03:27.200> the<00:03:27.599> brain<00:03:28.599> so
the flow of information in the brain so
the flow of information in the brain so
if<00:03:28.879> we<00:03:29.040> ever<00:03:29.360> really<00:03:29.799> want<00:03:29.920> to<00:03:30.400> understand<00:03:31.040> the
if we ever really want to understand the
if we ever really want to understand the
biological<00:03:31.840> basis<00:03:32.159> of<00:03:32.360> psychiatric
biological basis of psychiatric
biological basis of psychiatric
disorders<00:03:33.680> we<00:03:33.840> need<00:03:34.000> to<00:03:34.360> pinpoint<00:03:35.200> these
disorders we need to pinpoint these
disorders we need to pinpoint these
locations<00:03:35.959> in<00:03:36.120> the<00:03:36.239> brain<00:03:36.799> where<00:03:37.040> these
locations in the brain where these
locations in the brain where these
chemicals<00:03:37.840> act<00:03:38.720> otherwise<00:03:39.120> we're<00:03:39.239> going<00:03:39.319> to
chemicals act otherwise we're going to
chemicals act otherwise we're going to
keep<00:03:39.720> pouring<00:03:40.120> oil<00:03:40.439> all<00:03:40.599> over<00:03:40.799> our<00:03:41.000> mental
keep pouring oil all over our mental
keep pouring oil all over our mental
engines<00:03:42.040> and<00:03:42.239> suffering<00:03:42.720> the
engines and suffering the
engines and suffering the
consequences<00:03:45.080> now<00:03:45.239> to<00:03:45.400> begin<00:03:46.080> to<00:03:46.560> overcome
consequences now to begin to overcome
consequences now to begin to overcome
our<00:03:47.360> ignorance<00:03:48.159> of<00:03:48.319> the<00:03:48.480> role<00:03:48.920> of<00:03:49.120> brain
our ignorance of the role of brain
our ignorance of the role of brain
chemistry<00:03:50.000> and<00:03:50.200> brain<00:03:50.519> circuitry<00:03:51.519> it's
chemistry and brain circuitry it's
chemistry and brain circuitry it's
helpful<00:03:52.120> to<00:03:52.280> work<00:03:52.519> on<00:03:52.760> what<00:03:52.879> we<00:03:53.079> biologists
helpful to work on what we biologists
helpful to work on what we biologists
call<00:03:54.360> model<00:03:54.799> organisms<00:03:55.799> animals<00:03:56.280> like<00:03:56.480> fruit
call model organisms animals like fruit
call model organisms animals like fruit
flies<00:03:57.519> and<00:03:57.760> laboratory<00:03:58.400> mice<00:03:59.079> in<00:03:59.200> which<00:03:59.360> we
flies and laboratory mice in which we
flies and laboratory mice in which we
can<00:03:59.799> apply<00:04:00.280> powerful<00:04:01.120> genetic<00:04:01.640> techniques<00:04:02.519> to
can apply powerful genetic techniques to
can apply powerful genetic techniques to
molecularly<00:04:03.959> identify<00:04:04.879> and<00:04:05.159> pinpoint
molecularly identify and pinpoint
molecularly identify and pinpoint
specific<00:04:06.640> classes<00:04:07.000> of<00:04:07.159> neurons<00:04:07.879> as<00:04:07.959> you<00:04:08.079> heard
specific classes of neurons as you heard
specific classes of neurons as you heard
about<00:04:08.480> an<00:04:08.680> Alan<00:04:08.959> Jones's<00:04:09.560> talk<00:04:09.840> this<00:04:09.959> morning
about an Alan Jones's talk this morning
about an Alan Jones's talk this morning
moreover<00:04:11.680> once<00:04:11.920> we<00:04:12.079> can<00:04:12.280> do<00:04:12.599> that<00:04:12.920> we<00:04:13.040> can
moreover once we can do that we can
moreover once we can do that we can
actually<00:04:13.879> activate<00:04:14.519> specific<00:04:14.959> neurons<00:04:15.799> or<00:04:15.959> we
actually activate specific neurons or we
actually activate specific neurons or we
can<00:04:16.359> destroy<00:04:17.000> or<00:04:17.239> inhibit<00:04:17.880> the<00:04:18.120> activity<00:04:18.519> of
can destroy or inhibit the activity of
can destroy or inhibit the activity of
those<00:04:19.000> neurons<00:04:20.000> so<00:04:20.199> if<00:04:20.320> we<00:04:20.519> inhibit<00:04:20.919> a
those neurons so if we inhibit a
those neurons so if we inhibit a
particular<00:04:21.720> type<00:04:21.919> of<00:04:22.079> neuron<00:04:22.800> and<00:04:22.919> we<00:04:23.040> find
particular type of neuron and we find
particular type of neuron and we find
that<00:04:23.360> a<00:04:23.520> behavior<00:04:24.199> is<00:04:24.440> blocked<00:04:25.199> we<00:04:25.320> can
that a behavior is blocked we can
that a behavior is blocked we can
conclude<00:04:26.360> that<00:04:26.560> those<00:04:26.800> neurons<00:04:27.440> are
conclude that those neurons are
conclude that those neurons are
necessary<00:04:28.560> for<00:04:28.800> that<00:04:29.000> behavior
necessary for that behavior
necessary for that behavior
on<00:04:30.440> the<00:04:30.560> other<00:04:30.720> hand<00:04:31.080> if<00:04:31.199> we<00:04:31.479> activate<00:04:31.880> a<00:04:32.000> group
on the other hand if we activate a group
on the other hand if we activate a group
of<00:04:32.360> neurons<00:04:32.919> and<00:04:33.039> we<00:04:33.199> find<00:04:33.440> that<00:04:33.600> that
of neurons and we find that that
of neurons and we find that that
produces<00:04:34.400> the<00:04:34.600> behavior<00:04:35.479> we<00:04:35.600> can<00:04:35.880> conclude
produces the behavior we can conclude
produces the behavior we can conclude
that<00:04:36.800> those<00:04:36.960> neurons<00:04:37.360> are<00:04:37.680> sufficient<00:04:38.280> for
that those neurons are sufficient for
that those neurons are sufficient for
the<00:04:38.639> behavior<00:04:39.639> so<00:04:40.039> in<00:04:40.240> this<00:04:40.520> way<00:04:40.800> by<00:04:40.960> doing
the behavior so in this way by doing
the behavior so in this way by doing
this<00:04:41.600> kind<00:04:41.800> of<00:04:42.080> test<00:04:42.840> we<00:04:42.960> can<00:04:43.360> draw<00:04:43.960> cause<00:04:44.440> and
this kind of test we can draw cause and
this kind of test we can draw cause and
effect<00:04:45.160> relationships<00:04:46.120> between<00:04:46.440> the
effect relationships between the
effect relationships between the
activity<00:04:47.160> of<00:04:47.400> specific<00:04:47.840> neurons<00:04:48.639> in
activity of specific neurons in
activity of specific neurons in
particular<00:04:49.440> circuits<00:04:50.120> and<00:04:50.360> particular
particular circuits and particular
particular circuits and particular
behaviors<00:04:51.320> something<00:04:51.639> that<00:04:51.759> is<00:04:52.000> extremely
behaviors something that is extremely
behaviors something that is extremely
difficult<00:04:53.000> if<00:04:53.120> not<00:04:53.360> impossible<00:04:53.960> to<00:04:54.120> do<00:04:54.400> right
difficult if not impossible to do right
difficult if not impossible to do right
now<00:04:55.120> in
humans<00:04:59.080> but<00:04:59.759> can<00:04:59.960> an<00:05:00.120> organism<00:05:00.600> like<00:05:00.720> a<00:05:00.800> fruit
humans but can an organism like a fruit
humans but can an organism like a fruit
fly<00:05:01.479> which<00:05:01.600> is<00:05:01.880> it's<00:05:02.000> a<00:05:02.280> great<00:05:02.680> model<00:05:03.400> organism
fly which is it's a great model organism
fly which is it's a great model organism
because<00:05:04.960> it's<00:05:05.160> got<00:05:05.280> a<00:05:05.479> small<00:05:05.840> brain<00:05:06.759> it's
because it's got a small brain it's
because it's got a small brain it's
capable<00:05:07.840> of<00:05:08.120> complex<00:05:08.520> and<00:05:08.759> sophisticated
capable of complex and sophisticated
capable of complex and sophisticated
behaviors<00:05:10.400> it<00:05:10.560> breeds<00:05:11.120> quickly<00:05:11.840> and<00:05:12.000> it's
behaviors it breeds quickly and it's
behaviors it breeds quickly and it's
cheap<00:05:13.440> but<00:05:13.600> can<00:05:13.759> an<00:05:13.960> organism<00:05:14.639> like<00:05:14.919> this
cheap but can an organism like this
cheap but can an organism like this
teach<00:05:15.880> us<00:05:16.360> anything<00:05:17.080> about<00:05:17.400> emotion<00:05:17.880> likee
teach us anything about emotion likee
teach us anything about emotion likee
states<00:05:19.000> do<00:05:19.240> these<00:05:19.520> organisms<00:05:20.160> even<00:05:20.600> have
states do these organisms even have
states do these organisms even have
emotion<00:05:21.639> likee<00:05:21.880> States<00:05:22.400> or<00:05:22.520> are<00:05:22.680> they<00:05:22.840> just
emotion likee States or are they just
emotion likee States or are they just
little<00:05:23.319> digital
little digital
little digital
robots<00:05:25.720> Charles<00:05:26.160> Darwin<00:05:26.880> believed<00:05:27.280> that
robots Charles Darwin believed that
robots Charles Darwin believed that
insects<00:05:28.039> had<00:05:28.240> emotion<00:05:28.960> and<00:05:29.160> expressed<00:05:29.880> them
insects had emotion and expressed them
insects had emotion and expressed them
in<00:05:30.319> their<00:05:30.520> behaviors<00:05:31.080> as<00:05:31.199> he<00:05:31.319> wrote<00:05:31.560> in<00:05:31.720> his
in their behaviors as he wrote in his
in their behaviors as he wrote in his
1872<00:05:32.919> monograph<00:05:33.720> on<00:05:33.880> the<00:05:34.080> expression<00:05:34.440> of<00:05:34.560> the
1872 monograph on the expression of the
1872 monograph on the expression of the
emotions<00:05:35.080> in<00:05:35.240> man<00:05:35.440> and<00:05:35.919> animals<00:05:36.919> and<00:05:37.120> my
emotions in man and animals and my
emotions in man and animals and my
aonomus<00:05:37.720> colleague<00:05:38.400> Seymour<00:05:38.880> benzer
aonomus colleague Seymour benzer
aonomus colleague Seymour benzer
believed<00:05:39.639> it<00:05:39.800> as<00:05:39.960> well<00:05:40.199> Seymour<00:05:40.960> is<00:05:41.160> the<00:05:41.319> man
believed it as well Seymour is the man
believed it as well Seymour is the man
that<00:05:41.759> introduced<00:05:42.440> the<00:05:42.600> use<00:05:42.840> of<00:05:43.000> dropa<00:05:43.960> here<00:05:44.120> at
that introduced the use of dropa here at
that introduced the use of dropa here at
Caltech<00:05:44.840> in<00:05:44.960> the<00:05:45.080> 60s<00:05:45.840> as<00:05:45.960> a<00:05:46.120> model<00:05:46.520> organism
Caltech in the 60s as a model organism
Caltech in the 60s as a model organism
to<00:05:47.440> study<00:05:47.800> the<00:05:47.960> connection<00:05:48.639> between<00:05:49.000> genes
to study the connection between genes
to study the connection between genes
and<00:05:49.800> behavior<00:05:50.639> Seymour<00:05:51.160> recruited<00:05:51.600> me<00:05:51.759> to
and behavior Seymour recruited me to
and behavior Seymour recruited me to
Caltech<00:05:52.720> in<00:05:52.840> the<00:05:52.960> late<00:05:53.440> 1980s<00:05:54.440> he<00:05:54.560> was<00:05:54.840> my<00:05:55.319> Jedi
Caltech in the late 1980s he was my Jedi
Caltech in the late 1980s he was my Jedi
and<00:05:56.240> my<00:05:56.520> Rabbi<00:05:57.400> while<00:05:57.600> he<00:05:57.759> was<00:05:58.039> here<00:05:58.720> and
and my Rabbi while he was here and
and my Rabbi while he was here and
Seymour<00:05:59.319> taught<00:05:59.720> me<00:05:59.880> both<00:06:00.039> to<00:06:00.240> love<00:06:00.479> flies<00:06:01.360> and
Seymour taught me both to love flies and
Seymour taught me both to love flies and
also<00:06:01.840> to<00:06:02.120> play<00:06:02.440> with
also to play with
also to play with
science<00:06:04.440> so<00:06:05.120> how<00:06:05.240> do<00:06:05.440> we<00:06:05.960> how<00:06:06.080> do<00:06:06.199> we<00:06:06.400> ask<00:06:06.680> this
science so how do we how do we ask this
science so how do we how do we ask this
question<00:06:07.199> it's<00:06:07.360> one<00:06:07.520> thing<00:06:07.720> to<00:06:08.000> believe<00:06:08.840> that
question it's one thing to believe that
question it's one thing to believe that
flies<00:06:09.759> have<00:06:10.039> emotion<00:06:10.520> likee<00:06:10.800> States<00:06:11.400> but<00:06:11.560> how
flies have emotion likee States but how
flies have emotion likee States but how
do<00:06:11.759> we<00:06:11.960> actually<00:06:12.319> find<00:06:12.520> out<00:06:12.759> whether<00:06:13.000> that's
do we actually find out whether that's
do we actually find out whether that's
true<00:06:13.479> or<00:06:13.680> not<00:06:14.680> now<00:06:15.080> in<00:06:15.319> humans<00:06:16.080> we<00:06:16.280> often<00:06:16.720> infer
true or not now in humans we often infer
true or not now in humans we often infer
emotional<00:06:18.080> states<00:06:18.440> as<00:06:18.560> you'll<00:06:18.759> hear<00:06:19.039> later
emotional states as you'll hear later
emotional states as you'll hear later
today<00:06:20.000> from<00:06:20.520> facial
today from facial
today from facial
expressions<00:06:22.919> however<00:06:23.080> it's<00:06:23.199> a<00:06:23.280> little
expressions however it's a little
expressions however it's a little
difficult<00:06:24.080> to<00:06:24.199> do<00:06:24.440> that<00:06:24.599> in<00:06:24.759> fruit<00:06:25.120> flies
it's<00:06:30.120> kind<00:06:30.240> of<00:06:30.440> like<00:06:30.840> landing<00:06:31.280> on<00:06:31.599> Mars<00:06:32.520> and
it's kind of like landing on Mars and
it's kind of like landing on Mars and
looking<00:06:33.000> out<00:06:33.199> the<00:06:33.400> window<00:06:33.960> of<00:06:34.080> your<00:06:34.400> spaceship
looking out the window of your spaceship
looking out the window of your spaceship
at<00:06:35.400> all<00:06:35.560> the<00:06:35.680> little<00:06:35.919> green<00:06:36.240> men<00:06:36.479> who<00:06:36.599> are
at all the little green men who are
at all the little green men who are
surrounding<00:06:37.400> it<00:06:37.800> and<00:06:37.960> trying<00:06:38.160> to<00:06:38.319> figure<00:06:38.599> out
surrounding it and trying to figure out
surrounding it and trying to figure out
how<00:06:39.120> do<00:06:39.319> I<00:06:39.560> find<00:06:39.840> out<00:06:40.319> if<00:06:40.560> they<00:06:40.800> have<00:06:41.039> emotions
how do I find out if they have emotions
how do I find out if they have emotions
or<00:06:41.720> not<00:06:42.680> what<00:06:42.919> what<00:06:43.080> can<00:06:43.240> we<00:06:43.639> do<00:06:44.639> it's<00:06:44.840> not<00:06:45.039> so
or not what what can we do it's not so
or not what what can we do it's not so
easy<00:06:46.280> well<00:06:46.599> one<00:06:46.720> of<00:06:46.840> the<00:06:46.960> ways<00:06:47.240> that<00:06:47.400> we<00:06:47.520> can
easy well one of the ways that we can
easy well one of the ways that we can
start<00:06:48.400> is<00:06:48.520> to<00:06:48.759> try<00:06:48.919> to<00:06:49.120> come<00:06:49.319> up<00:06:49.759> with<00:06:49.960> some
start is to try to come up with some
start is to try to come up with some
general<00:06:51.360> characteristics<00:06:52.360> or<00:06:52.880> properties<00:06:53.880> of
general characteristics or properties of
general characteristics or properties of
emotion<00:06:54.759> likee<00:06:55.199> states<00:06:56.199> such<00:06:56.360> as<00:06:56.800> arousal<00:06:57.800> and
emotion likee states such as arousal and
emotion likee states such as arousal and
see<00:06:58.160> if<00:06:58.280> we<00:06:58.400> can<00:06:58.720> identify<00:06:59.800> any<00:07:00.080> fly<00:07:00.759> behaviors
see if we can identify any fly behaviors
see if we can identify any fly behaviors
that<00:07:01.960> might<00:07:02.280> exhibit<00:07:02.800> some<00:07:02.919> of<00:07:03.120> those
that might exhibit some of those
that might exhibit some of those
properties<00:07:04.960> so<00:07:05.280> three<00:07:05.560> important<00:07:06.080> ones<00:07:06.599> that
properties so three important ones that
properties so three important ones that
I<00:07:06.879> can<00:07:07.120> think<00:07:07.280> of<00:07:07.800> are<00:07:08.520> persistence
I can think of are persistence
I can think of are persistence
gradations<00:07:10.199> in<00:07:10.479> intensity<00:07:11.440> and<00:07:11.840> veilance
gradations in intensity and veilance
gradations in intensity and veilance
persistence<00:07:13.599> means<00:07:13.960> longlasting<00:07:14.599> we<00:07:15.000> all
persistence means longlasting we all
persistence means longlasting we all
know<00:07:15.840> that<00:07:16.240> the<00:07:16.560> stimulus<00:07:17.160> that<00:07:17.319> triggers<00:07:18.000> an
know that the stimulus that triggers an
know that the stimulus that triggers an
emotion<00:07:18.800> Causes<00:07:19.240> That<00:07:19.440> Emotion<00:07:19.840> to<00:07:20.160> last<00:07:20.800> long
emotion Causes That Emotion to last long
emotion Causes That Emotion to last long
after<00:07:21.400> the<00:07:21.599> stimulus<00:07:22.319> is<00:07:22.919> gone<00:07:23.919> gradations<00:07:24.440> of
after the stimulus is gone gradations of
after the stimulus is gone gradations of
intensity<00:07:25.440> means<00:07:25.759> what<00:07:25.879> it<00:07:26.039> sounds<00:07:26.440> like<00:07:26.800> you
intensity means what it sounds like you
intensity means what it sounds like you
can<00:07:27.199> dial<00:07:27.560> up<00:07:27.759> the<00:07:27.919> intensity<00:07:28.599> or<00:07:28.800> dial<00:07:29.080> down
can dial up the intensity or dial down
can dial up the intensity or dial down
the<00:07:29.639> intensity<00:07:30.120> of<00:07:30.319> emot<00:07:30.639> of<00:07:30.759> an<00:07:30.879> emotion<00:07:31.440> if
the intensity of emot of an emotion if
the intensity of emot of an emotion if
you're<00:07:31.720> a<00:07:31.840> little<00:07:32.039> bit<00:07:32.240> unhappy<00:07:33.000> the<00:07:33.120> corners
you're a little bit unhappy the corners
you're a little bit unhappy the corners
of<00:07:33.599> your<00:07:33.800> mouth<00:07:34.080> turn<00:07:34.400> down<00:07:34.639> and<00:07:34.759> you<00:07:34.919> sniffle
of your mouth turn down and you sniffle
of your mouth turn down and you sniffle
and<00:07:35.759> if<00:07:35.879> you're<00:07:36.360> very<00:07:36.639> unhappy<00:07:37.479> tears<00:07:37.759> pour
and if you're very unhappy tears pour
and if you're very unhappy tears pour
down<00:07:38.280> your<00:07:38.520> face<00:07:38.960> and<00:07:39.080> you<00:07:39.199> might<00:07:39.639> SOB
down your face and you might SOB
down your face and you might SOB
veilance<00:07:41.400> means<00:07:41.800> good<00:07:42.039> or<00:07:42.319> bad<00:07:42.919> positive<00:07:43.400> or
veilance means good or bad positive or
veilance means good or bad positive or
negative<00:07:45.159> so<00:07:45.400> we<00:07:45.639> decided<00:07:46.039> to<00:07:46.199> see<00:07:46.919> if<00:07:47.120> flies
negative so we decided to see if flies
negative so we decided to see if flies
could<00:07:48.319> be<00:07:48.560> provoked<00:07:49.000> into<00:07:49.240> showing<00:07:49.680> the<00:07:49.919> kind
could be provoked into showing the kind
could be provoked into showing the kind
of<00:07:50.440> behavior<00:07:51.199> that<00:07:51.319> you<00:07:51.440> see<00:07:52.120> by<00:07:52.319> the
of behavior that you see by the
of behavior that you see by the
proverbial<00:07:53.159> wasp<00:07:53.639> at<00:07:53.759> the<00:07:53.919> picnic<00:07:54.280> table<00:07:54.800> you
proverbial wasp at the picnic table you
proverbial wasp at the picnic table you
know<00:07:55.080> the<00:07:55.159> one<00:07:55.319> that<00:07:55.479> keeps<00:07:55.759> coming<00:07:56.120> back<00:07:56.240> to
know the one that keeps coming back to
know the one that keeps coming back to
your<00:07:56.639> hamburger<00:07:57.440> the<00:07:57.560> more<00:07:57.879> vigorously<00:07:58.440> you
your hamburger the more vigorously you
your hamburger the more vigorously you
try<00:07:58.759> to<00:07:58.919> swat<00:07:59.240> it<00:07:59.599> away<00:07:59.960> and<00:08:00.080> seems<00:08:00.319> to<00:08:00.520> keep
try to swat it away and seems to keep
try to swat it away and seems to keep
getting<00:08:01.400> irritated<00:08:02.400> so<00:08:02.800> we<00:08:02.960> built<00:08:03.479> a<00:08:03.720> device
getting irritated so we built a device
getting irritated so we built a device
which<00:08:04.479> we<00:08:04.639> call<00:08:04.879> a<00:08:05.120> puffo<00:08:05.560> mat<00:08:06.240> in<00:08:06.400> which<00:08:06.560> we
which we call a puffo mat in which we
which we call a puffo mat in which we
could<00:08:06.919> deliver<00:08:07.599> little<00:08:07.919> brief<00:08:08.360> air<00:08:08.720> Puffs<00:08:09.280> to
could deliver little brief air Puffs to
could deliver little brief air Puffs to
fruit<00:08:09.759> flies<00:08:10.360> in<00:08:10.520> these<00:08:10.800> plastic<00:08:11.199> tubes<00:08:11.520> in
fruit flies in these plastic tubes in
fruit flies in these plastic tubes in
our<00:08:11.919> laboratory<00:08:12.440> bench<00:08:13.120> and<00:08:13.319> blow<00:08:13.639> them<00:08:13.960> away
our laboratory bench and blow them away
our laboratory bench and blow them away
and<00:08:15.120> what<00:08:15.240> we<00:08:15.479> found<00:08:16.120> is<00:08:16.280> that<00:08:16.479> if<00:08:16.599> we<00:08:16.840> gave
and what we found is that if we gave
and what we found is that if we gave
these<00:08:17.400> flies<00:08:17.879> in<00:08:18.039> the<00:08:18.199> puff<00:08:18.400> ofat<00:08:19.000> several
these flies in the puff ofat several
these flies in the puff ofat several
Puffs<00:08:19.720> in<00:08:19.840> a<00:08:20.039> row<00:08:20.840> they<00:08:21.039> became<00:08:21.639> somewhat
Puffs in a row they became somewhat
Puffs in a row they became somewhat
hyperactive<00:08:23.280> and<00:08:23.599> continue<00:08:24.000> to<00:08:24.120> run<00:08:24.360> around
hyperactive and continue to run around
hyperactive and continue to run around
for<00:08:25.120> some<00:08:25.479> time<00:08:25.919> after<00:08:26.159> the<00:08:26.280> air<00:08:26.560> Puffs
for some time after the air Puffs
for some time after the air Puffs
actually<00:08:27.360> stopped<00:08:28.000> and<00:08:28.159> took<00:08:28.319> a<00:08:28.479> while<00:08:28.680> to
actually stopped and took a while to
actually stopped and took a while to
come<00:08:29.520> calm<00:08:30.039> down<00:08:31.039> so<00:08:31.319> we<00:08:31.560> Quantified<00:08:32.279> this
come calm down so we Quantified this
come calm down so we Quantified this
Behavior<00:08:33.320> using<00:08:34.279> custom<00:08:34.640> Locomotive
Behavior using custom Locomotive
Behavior using custom Locomotive
Tracking<00:08:35.800> software<00:08:36.320> developed<00:08:36.760> with<00:08:36.919> my
Tracking software developed with my
Tracking software developed with my
collaborator<00:08:37.800> Petro<00:08:38.240> perona<00:08:38.880> who's<00:08:39.080> in<00:08:39.200> the
collaborator Petro perona who's in the
collaborator Petro perona who's in the
electrical<00:08:40.080> engineering<00:08:40.680> division<00:08:41.080> here<00:08:41.240> at
electrical engineering division here at
electrical engineering division here at
Caltech<00:08:42.560> and<00:08:42.719> what<00:08:42.919> this<00:08:43.120> quantification
Caltech and what this quantification
Caltech and what this quantification
showed<00:08:44.320> us<00:08:44.760> is<00:08:44.920> that<00:08:45.240> upon<00:08:45.680> experiencing<00:08:46.600> a
showed us is that upon experiencing a
showed us is that upon experiencing a
train<00:08:47.160> of<00:08:47.360> these<00:08:47.560> air<00:08:47.880> Puffs<00:08:48.519> the<00:08:48.640> Flies
train of these air Puffs the Flies
train of these air Puffs the Flies
appear<00:08:49.399> to<00:08:49.600> enter<00:08:50.160> a<00:08:50.360> kind<00:08:50.519> of<00:08:50.839> state<00:08:51.160> of
appear to enter a kind of state of
appear to enter a kind of state of
hyperactivity<00:08:52.800> which<00:08:52.920> is<00:08:53.240> persistent
hyperactivity which is persistent
hyperactivity which is persistent
longlasting<00:08:54.839> and<00:08:55.760> also<00:08:56.040> appears<00:08:56.519> to<00:08:56.680> be
longlasting and also appears to be
longlasting and also appears to be
graded<00:08:58.279> more<00:08:58.640> puffs<00:08:59.160> or<00:08:59.519> more<00:08:59.760> intense<00:09:00.279> Puffs
graded more puffs or more intense Puffs
graded more puffs or more intense Puffs
make<00:09:01.360> the<00:09:01.519> state<00:09:02.040> last<00:09:02.440> for<00:09:02.600> a<00:09:02.760> longer<00:09:03.079> period
make the state last for a longer period
make the state last for a longer period
of<00:09:03.800> time<00:09:04.800> so<00:09:04.959> now<00:09:05.079> we<00:09:05.200> wanted<00:09:05.399> to<00:09:05.600> try<00:09:05.760> to
of time so now we wanted to try to
of time so now we wanted to try to
understand<00:09:06.600> something<00:09:06.920> about<00:09:07.200> what<00:09:07.480> controls
understand something about what controls
understand something about what controls
the<00:09:08.480> duration<00:09:09.120> of<00:09:09.320> this<00:09:09.920> state<00:09:10.920> so<00:09:11.240> we<00:09:11.440> decided
the duration of this state so we decided
the duration of this state so we decided
to<00:09:12.120> use<00:09:12.399> our<00:09:12.680> puff<00:09:12.920> aat<00:09:13.279> and<00:09:13.399> our<00:09:13.560> automated
to use our puff aat and our automated
to use our puff aat and our automated
tracking<00:09:14.640> software<00:09:15.399> to<00:09:15.560> Screen<00:09:16.120> through
tracking software to Screen through
tracking software to Screen through
hundreds<00:09:16.800> of<00:09:17.000> lines<00:09:17.680> of<00:09:17.880> mutant<00:09:18.320> fruit<00:09:18.640> flies
hundreds of lines of mutant fruit flies
hundreds of lines of mutant fruit flies
to<00:09:19.360> see<00:09:19.560> if<00:09:19.680> we<00:09:19.800> could<00:09:20.040> find<00:09:20.360> any<00:09:20.760> that<00:09:20.880> showed
to see if we could find any that showed
to see if we could find any that showed
abnormal<00:09:22.160> responses<00:09:23.040> to<00:09:23.160> the<00:09:23.320> air<00:09:23.640> Puffs<00:09:24.200> and
abnormal responses to the air Puffs and
abnormal responses to the air Puffs and
this<00:09:24.440> is<00:09:24.560> one<00:09:24.680> of<00:09:24.800> the<00:09:24.920> great<00:09:25.160> things<00:09:25.440> about
this is one of the great things about
this is one of the great things about
fruit<00:09:26.040> flies<00:09:26.640> there<00:09:26.760> are<00:09:27.079> repositories<00:09:28.000> where
fruit flies there are repositories where
fruit flies there are repositories where
you<00:09:28.200> can<00:09:28.360> just<00:09:28.560> pick<00:09:28.720> up<00:09:28.880> the<00:09:28.959> phone<00:09:29.519> and<00:09:29.680> order
you can just pick up the phone and order
you can just pick up the phone and order
hundreds<00:09:30.519> of<00:09:30.720> vials<00:09:31.079> of<00:09:31.240> flies<00:09:31.920> of<00:09:32.120> different
hundreds of vials of flies of different
hundreds of vials of flies of different
mutants<00:09:33.079> and<00:09:33.240> Screen<00:09:33.600> them<00:09:33.720> in<00:09:33.880> your<00:09:34.079> assay
mutants and Screen them in your assay
mutants and Screen them in your assay
and<00:09:34.720> then<00:09:34.959> find<00:09:35.160> out<00:09:35.399> what<00:09:35.600> Gene<00:09:35.920> is<00:09:36.200> affected
and then find out what Gene is affected
and then find out what Gene is affected
in<00:09:36.880> the
in the
in the
mutation<00:09:38.640> so<00:09:38.839> doing<00:09:39.200> this<00:09:39.360> screen<00:09:40.120> we
mutation so doing this screen we
mutation so doing this screen we
discovered<00:09:40.959> one<00:09:41.320> mutant<00:09:42.279> that<00:09:42.440> took<00:09:42.800> much
discovered one mutant that took much
discovered one mutant that took much
longer<00:09:43.600> than<00:09:43.800> normal<00:09:44.440> to<00:09:44.760> calm<00:09:45.160> down<00:09:45.760> after
longer than normal to calm down after
longer than normal to calm down after
the<00:09:46.160> air<00:09:46.760> Puffs<00:09:47.760> and<00:09:47.880> when<00:09:48.000> We<00:09:48.240> examined<00:09:48.720> the
the air Puffs and when We examined the
the air Puffs and when We examined the
gene<00:09:49.240> that<00:09:49.360> was<00:09:49.600> affected<00:09:50.360> in<00:09:50.519> this<00:09:50.720> mutation
gene that was affected in this mutation
gene that was affected in this mutation
it<00:09:51.839> turned<00:09:52.120> out<00:09:52.279> to<00:09:52.440> encode<00:09:52.880> a<00:09:53.079> dopamine
it turned out to encode a dopamine
it turned out to encode a dopamine
receptor<00:09:55.360> that's<00:09:55.640> right<00:09:55.920> flies<00:09:56.800> like<00:09:57.000> people
receptor that's right flies like people
receptor that's right flies like people
have<00:09:57.519> dopamine<00:09:58.360> and<00:09:58.480> it<00:09:58.640> acts<00:09:58.839> on<00:09:58.959> their<00:09:59.120> brain
have dopamine and it acts on their brain
have dopamine and it acts on their brain
brains<00:10:00.000> and<00:10:00.120> on<00:10:00.320> their<00:10:00.519> synapses<00:10:01.200> through<00:10:01.440> the
brains and on their synapses through the
brains and on their synapses through the
same<00:10:01.959> dopamine<00:10:02.440> receptor<00:10:02.920> molecules<00:10:03.800> that
same dopamine receptor molecules that
same dopamine receptor molecules that
you<00:10:04.360> and<00:10:04.600> I<00:10:05.000> have<00:10:06.000> dopamine<00:10:06.480> plays<00:10:06.720> a<00:10:06.880> number
you and I have dopamine plays a number
you and I have dopamine plays a number
of<00:10:07.360> important<00:10:07.880> functions<00:10:08.600> in<00:10:08.720> the<00:10:08.880> brain
of important functions in the brain
of important functions in the brain
including<00:10:09.800> in<00:10:10.000> attention<00:10:11.000> arousal<00:10:11.880> reward
including in attention arousal reward
including in attention arousal reward
and<00:10:13.200> disorders<00:10:14.000> of<00:10:14.120> the<00:10:14.279> dopamine<00:10:14.839> system
and disorders of the dopamine system
and disorders of the dopamine system
have<00:10:15.519> been<00:10:15.640> linked<00:10:15.959> to<00:10:16.079> a<00:10:16.200> number<00:10:16.680> of<00:10:16.839> mental
have been linked to a number of mental
have been linked to a number of mental
disorders<00:10:17.680> including<00:10:18.120> drug<00:10:18.399> abuse
disorders including drug abuse
disorders including drug abuse
Parkinson's<00:10:19.839> disease<00:10:20.560> and
Parkinson's disease and
Parkinson's disease and
ADHD<00:10:23.560> now<00:10:23.760> in<00:10:23.959> genetics<00:10:24.800> it's<00:10:24.920> a<00:10:25.040> little
ADHD now in genetics it's a little
ADHD now in genetics it's a little
counterintuitive<00:10:26.360> we<00:10:26.519> tend<00:10:26.760> to<00:10:27.040> infer<00:10:27.519> the
counterintuitive we tend to infer the
counterintuitive we tend to infer the
normal<00:10:28.399> function<00:10:28.800> of<00:10:28.959> something
normal function of something
normal function of something
by<00:10:30.320> what<00:10:30.800> doesn't<00:10:31.320> happen<00:10:32.040> when<00:10:32.240> we<00:10:32.480> take<00:10:32.640> it
by what doesn't happen when we take it
by what doesn't happen when we take it
away<00:10:33.279> by<00:10:33.440> the<00:10:33.680> opposite<00:10:34.160> of<00:10:34.360> what<00:10:34.480> we<00:10:34.560> see<00:10:34.839> when
away by the opposite of what we see when
away by the opposite of what we see when
we<00:10:35.120> take<00:10:35.279> it<00:10:35.440> away<00:10:36.040> so<00:10:36.360> when<00:10:36.519> we<00:10:36.760> take<00:10:37.000> away<00:10:37.639> the
we take it away so when we take away the
we take it away so when we take away the
dopamine<00:10:38.360> receptor<00:10:39.120> and<00:10:39.240> the<00:10:39.320> Flies<00:10:39.800> take
dopamine receptor and the Flies take
dopamine receptor and the Flies take
longer<00:10:40.600> to<00:10:40.839> calm<00:10:41.200> down<00:10:41.560> from<00:10:41.760> that<00:10:41.959> we<00:10:42.120> infer
longer to calm down from that we infer
longer to calm down from that we infer
that<00:10:42.720> the<00:10:43.000> normal<00:10:43.480> function<00:10:43.839> of<00:10:44.040> this
that the normal function of this
that the normal function of this
receptor<00:10:44.920> and<00:10:45.120> dopamine<00:10:45.839> is<00:10:45.959> to<00:10:46.240> cause<00:10:46.560> the
receptor and dopamine is to cause the
receptor and dopamine is to cause the
Flies<00:10:47.040> to<00:10:47.240> calm<00:10:47.639> down<00:10:48.079> faster<00:10:48.680> after<00:10:48.920> the<00:10:49.120> puff
Flies to calm down faster after the puff
Flies to calm down faster after the puff
and<00:10:50.120> that's<00:10:50.279> a<00:10:50.440> bit<00:10:50.680> reminiscent<00:10:51.600> of<00:10:52.000> ADHD
and that's a bit reminiscent of ADHD
and that's a bit reminiscent of ADHD
which<00:10:53.120> has<00:10:53.320> been<00:10:53.480> linked<00:10:53.800> to<00:10:54.000> disorders<00:10:54.399> of
which has been linked to disorders of
which has been linked to disorders of
the<00:10:54.720> dopamine<00:10:55.240> system<00:10:55.800> in<00:10:56.040> humans<00:10:57.000> indeed<00:10:57.680> if
the dopamine system in humans indeed if
the dopamine system in humans indeed if
we<00:10:58.360> increase<00:10:58.959> the<00:10:59.279> levels<00:10:59.560> of<00:10:59.680> dopamine<00:11:00.240> in
we increase the levels of dopamine in
we increase the levels of dopamine in
normal<00:11:00.880> flies<00:11:01.600> by<00:11:01.720> feeding<00:11:02.120> them<00:11:02.480> cocaine
normal flies by feeding them cocaine
normal flies by feeding them cocaine
after<00:11:03.680> getting<00:11:03.959> the<00:11:04.160> appropriate<00:11:04.720> DEA
after getting the appropriate DEA
after getting the appropriate DEA
license<00:11:06.480> oh<00:11:06.720> my
God<00:11:10.720> we<00:11:10.920> find<00:11:11.240> indeed<00:11:11.639> that<00:11:11.839> these<00:11:12.200> cocaine
God we find indeed that these cocaine
God we find indeed that these cocaine
fed<00:11:13.000> flies<00:11:13.720> calm<00:11:14.120> down<00:11:14.519> faster<00:11:15.160> than<00:11:15.399> normal
fed flies calm down faster than normal
fed flies calm down faster than normal
flies<00:11:16.040> do<00:11:16.399> and<00:11:16.560> that's<00:11:16.839> also<00:11:17.160> reminiscent<00:11:17.720> of
flies do and that's also reminiscent of
flies do and that's also reminiscent of
ADHD<00:11:19.600> which<00:11:19.720> is<00:11:19.959> often<00:11:20.200> treated<00:11:20.560> with<00:11:20.680> drugs
ADHD which is often treated with drugs
ADHD which is often treated with drugs
like<00:11:21.160> rlin<00:11:22.000> that<00:11:22.200> act<00:11:22.440> similarly<00:11:23.079> to<00:11:23.600> cocaine
like rlin that act similarly to cocaine
like rlin that act similarly to cocaine
so<00:11:24.839> slowly<00:11:25.360> I<00:11:25.519> began<00:11:25.800> to<00:11:26.040> realize<00:11:26.680> that<00:11:26.839> what
so slowly I began to realize that what
so slowly I began to realize that what
started<00:11:27.600> out<00:11:28.000> as<00:11:28.120> a<00:11:28.279> rather<00:11:28.639> playful<00:11:29.320> attempt
started out as a rather playful attempt
started out as a rather playful attempt
to<00:11:29.880> try<00:11:30.040> to<00:11:30.240> annoy<00:11:30.560> fruit<00:11:30.880> flies<00:11:31.600> might
to try to annoy fruit flies might
to try to annoy fruit flies might
actually<00:11:32.240> have<00:11:32.399> some<00:11:32.600> relevance<00:11:33.040> to<00:11:33.160> a<00:11:33.320> human
actually have some relevance to a human
actually have some relevance to a human
psychiatric<00:11:34.360> disorder<00:11:35.360> now<00:11:35.600> how<00:11:35.800> far<00:11:36.000> does
psychiatric disorder now how far does
psychiatric disorder now how far does
this<00:11:36.360> analogy<00:11:36.920> go<00:11:37.680> as<00:11:37.839> many<00:11:38.000> of<00:11:38.160> you<00:11:38.320> know
this analogy go as many of you know
this analogy go as many of you know
individuals<00:11:39.519> Afflicted<00:11:39.959> with<00:11:40.160> ADHD<00:11:41.160> also
individuals Afflicted with ADHD also
individuals Afflicted with ADHD also
have<00:11:41.600> learning<00:11:42.240> disabilities<00:11:43.240> is<00:11:43.440> that<00:11:43.600> true
have learning disabilities is that true
have learning disabilities is that true
of<00:11:43.959> our<00:11:44.160> dopamine<00:11:44.600> receptor<00:11:45.000> mutant
of our dopamine receptor mutant
of our dopamine receptor mutant
flies<00:11:47.399> remarkably<00:11:48.160> the<00:11:48.320> answer<00:11:48.600> is<00:11:48.920> yes<00:11:49.800> as
flies remarkably the answer is yes as
flies remarkably the answer is yes as
Seymour<00:11:50.440> showed<00:11:50.839> back<00:11:50.959> in<00:11:51.079> the<00:11:51.360> 1970s<00:11:52.360> flies
Seymour showed back in the 1970s flies
Seymour showed back in the 1970s flies
like<00:11:53.279> song<00:11:53.519> birds<00:11:53.839> as<00:11:53.959> you<00:11:54.160> just<00:11:54.320> heard<00:11:54.720> are
like song birds as you just heard are
like song birds as you just heard are
capable<00:11:55.360> of<00:11:55.519> learning<00:11:56.279> you<00:11:56.399> can<00:11:56.639> train<00:11:56.959> a<00:11:57.120> fly
capable of learning you can train a fly
capable of learning you can train a fly
to<00:11:58.040> avoid<00:11:58.480> an<00:11:58.680> odor<00:11:59.279> shown<00:11:59.680> here<00:11:59.880> in<00:12:00.120> blue<00:12:00.760> if
to avoid an odor shown here in blue if
to avoid an odor shown here in blue if
you<00:12:01.160> pair<00:12:01.600> that<00:12:01.760> odor<00:12:02.120> with<00:12:02.240> a<00:12:02.399> shock<00:12:03.120> then
you pair that odor with a shock then
you pair that odor with a shock then
when<00:12:03.399> you<00:12:03.600> give<00:12:03.880> those<00:12:04.120> trained<00:12:04.600> flies<00:12:05.279> the
when you give those trained flies the
when you give those trained flies the
chance<00:12:05.800> to<00:12:06.040> choose<00:12:06.519> between<00:12:06.800> a<00:12:06.959> tube<00:12:07.560> with<00:12:07.680> the
chance to choose between a tube with the
chance to choose between a tube with the
shock<00:12:08.160> paired<00:12:08.480> odor<00:12:08.760> and<00:12:08.920> another<00:12:09.240> odor<00:12:09.639> it
shock paired odor and another odor it
shock paired odor and another odor it
avoids<00:12:10.440> the<00:12:10.600> tube<00:12:11.279> containing<00:12:11.680> the<00:12:11.800> blue<00:12:12.040> odor
avoids the tube containing the blue odor
avoids the tube containing the blue odor
that<00:12:12.480> was<00:12:12.639> paired<00:12:13.000> with<00:12:13.160> shock<00:12:13.839> well<00:12:14.000> if<00:12:14.079> you
that was paired with shock well if you
that was paired with shock well if you
do<00:12:14.480> this<00:12:14.720> test<00:12:15.240> on<00:12:15.399> dopamine<00:12:15.839> receptor<00:12:16.279> mutant
do this test on dopamine receptor mutant
do this test on dopamine receptor mutant
flies<00:12:17.440> they<00:12:17.560> don't<00:12:17.800> learn<00:12:18.279> their<00:12:18.440> learning
flies they don't learn their learning
flies they don't learn their learning
score<00:12:19.199> is<00:12:19.440> zero<00:12:20.040> they<00:12:20.199> flunk<00:12:20.560> out<00:12:20.680> of
Caltech<00:12:23.880> now<00:12:24.440> so<00:12:24.639> that<00:12:24.760> means<00:12:25.000> that<00:12:25.240> these
Caltech now so that means that these
Caltech now so that means that these
flies<00:12:26.480> have<00:12:26.920> two<00:12:27.480> abnormalities<00:12:28.279> or
flies have two abnormalities or
flies have two abnormalities or
phenotypes<00:12:29.240> as<00:12:29.360> we<00:12:29.560> geneticists<00:12:30.360> call<00:12:30.720> them
phenotypes as we geneticists call them
phenotypes as we geneticists call them
that<00:12:32.279> one<00:12:32.480> finds<00:12:32.760> an<00:12:33.160> ADHD<00:12:34.160> hyperactivity<00:12:35.160> and
that one finds an ADHD hyperactivity and
that one finds an ADHD hyperactivity and
learning<00:12:35.839> disability<00:12:36.839> now<00:12:37.079> what's<00:12:37.399> the
learning disability now what's the
learning disability now what's the
causal<00:12:38.199> relationship<00:12:38.839> if<00:12:39.040> anything<00:12:39.480> between
causal relationship if anything between
causal relationship if anything between
these<00:12:40.600> phenotypes<00:12:41.600> in<00:12:41.800> ADHD<00:12:42.519> it's<00:12:42.760> often
these phenotypes in ADHD it's often
these phenotypes in ADHD it's often
assumed<00:12:43.839> that<00:12:43.959> the<00:12:44.399> hyperactivity<00:12:45.399> causes
assumed that the hyperactivity causes
assumed that the hyperactivity causes
the<00:12:45.959> learning<00:12:46.360> disability<00:12:47.279> the<00:12:47.440> kids<00:12:47.720> can't
the learning disability the kids can't
the learning disability the kids can't
sit<00:12:48.160> still<00:12:48.440> long<00:12:48.639> enough<00:12:48.880> to<00:12:49.040> focus<00:12:49.320> so<00:12:49.480> they
sit still long enough to focus so they
sit still long enough to focus so they
don't<00:12:49.880> learn<00:12:50.880> but<00:12:51.120> it<00:12:51.240> could<00:12:51.440> equally<00:12:51.800> be<00:12:52.000> the
don't learn but it could equally be the
don't learn but it could equally be the
case<00:12:52.639> that<00:12:52.760> it's<00:12:52.920> the<00:12:53.160> learning<00:12:53.519> disabilities
case that it's the learning disabilities
case that it's the learning disabilities
that<00:12:54.480> cause<00:12:54.760> the<00:12:54.959> hyperactivity<00:12:55.959> because<00:12:56.199> the
that cause the hyperactivity because the
that cause the hyperactivity because the
C<00:12:56.680> kids<00:12:56.959> can't<00:12:57.160> learn<00:12:57.680> they<00:12:57.800> look<00:12:57.959> for<00:12:58.160> other
C kids can't learn they look for other
C kids can't learn they look for other
things<00:12:58.560> to<00:12:58.720> distract<00:12:59.320> their<00:12:59.480> attention<00:13:00.360> and<00:13:00.480> a
things to distract their attention and a
things to distract their attention and a
final<00:13:01.079> possibility<00:13:01.800> is<00:13:01.920> that<00:13:02.079> there's<00:13:02.360> no
final possibility is that there's no
final possibility is that there's no
relationship<00:13:03.199> at<00:13:03.320> all<00:13:03.560> between<00:13:03.839> learning
relationship at all between learning
relationship at all between learning
disabilities<00:13:05.000> and<00:13:05.199> hyperactivity<00:13:05.959> but<00:13:06.120> that
disabilities and hyperactivity but that
disabilities and hyperactivity but that
they<00:13:06.399> are<00:13:06.720> caused<00:13:07.440> by<00:13:07.959> a<00:13:08.240> common<00:13:08.519> underlying
they are caused by a common underlying
they are caused by a common underlying
mechanism<00:13:09.480> in<00:13:09.839> ADHD<00:13:10.839> now<00:13:11.040> people<00:13:11.240> have<00:13:11.360> been
mechanism in ADHD now people have been
mechanism in ADHD now people have been
wondering<00:13:11.959> about<00:13:12.240> this<00:13:12.360> for<00:13:12.560> a<00:13:12.760> long<00:13:13.079> time<00:13:13.279> in
wondering about this for a long time in
wondering about this for a long time in
humans<00:13:14.160> but<00:13:14.279> in<00:13:14.480> flies<00:13:14.920> we<00:13:15.040> can<00:13:15.320> actually<00:13:15.680> test
humans but in flies we can actually test
humans but in flies we can actually test
this<00:13:16.800> and<00:13:16.920> the<00:13:17.040> way<00:13:17.240> that<00:13:17.360> we<00:13:17.519> do<00:13:17.720> this<00:13:17.880> is<00:13:18.000> to
this and the way that we do this is to
this and the way that we do this is to
delve<00:13:18.680> deeply<00:13:19.040> into<00:13:19.279> the<00:13:19.480> mind<00:13:19.720> of<00:13:19.839> the<00:13:19.959> fly
delve deeply into the mind of the fly
delve deeply into the mind of the fly
and<00:13:20.399> begin<00:13:20.600> to<00:13:20.800> untangle<00:13:21.360> its<00:13:21.519> circuitry
and begin to untangle its circuitry
and begin to untangle its circuitry
using<00:13:23.040> genetics<00:13:24.040> we<00:13:24.240> take<00:13:24.440> our<00:13:24.720> dopamine
using genetics we take our dopamine
using genetics we take our dopamine
receptor<00:13:25.560> mutant<00:13:25.920> flies<00:13:26.800> and<00:13:26.920> we<00:13:27.160> genetically
receptor mutant flies and we genetically
receptor mutant flies and we genetically
restore<00:13:28.800> or<00:13:29.360> cure<00:13:30.079> the<00:13:30.240> dopamine<00:13:30.800> receptor<00:13:31.480> by
restore or cure the dopamine receptor by
restore or cure the dopamine receptor by
putting<00:13:32.000> a<00:13:32.240> good<00:13:32.639> copy<00:13:32.880> of<00:13:33.000> the<00:13:33.160> dopamine
putting a good copy of the dopamine
putting a good copy of the dopamine
receptor<00:13:34.079> Gene<00:13:34.760> back<00:13:35.000> into<00:13:35.240> the<00:13:35.360> fly<00:13:35.760> brain
receptor Gene back into the fly brain
receptor Gene back into the fly brain
but<00:13:36.639> in<00:13:36.839> each<00:13:37.199> fly<00:13:37.600> we<00:13:37.760> put<00:13:37.920> it<00:13:38.160> back<00:13:38.480> only<00:13:38.760> into
but in each fly we put it back only into
but in each fly we put it back only into
certain<00:13:39.519> neurons<00:13:40.240> and<00:13:40.399> not<00:13:40.600> in<00:13:40.839> others<00:13:41.839> and
certain neurons and not in others and
certain neurons and not in others and
then<00:13:42.120> we<00:13:42.320> test<00:13:42.720> each<00:13:42.880> of<00:13:43.120> their<00:13:43.440> these<00:13:43.600> flies
then we test each of their these flies
then we test each of their these flies
for<00:13:44.360> their<00:13:44.600> ability<00:13:45.079> to<00:13:45.199> learn<00:13:45.560> and<00:13:45.680> for
for their ability to learn and for
for their ability to learn and for
hyperactivity<00:13:47.720> remarkably<00:13:48.399> we<00:13:48.519> find<00:13:48.760> we<00:13:48.880> can
hyperactivity remarkably we find we can
hyperactivity remarkably we find we can
completely<00:13:49.680> dissociate<00:13:50.639> these<00:13:50.880> two
completely dissociate these two
completely dissociate these two
abnormalities<00:13:52.600> if<00:13:52.680> we<00:13:52.880> put<00:13:53.079> a<00:13:53.240> good<00:13:53.480> copy<00:13:53.720> of
abnormalities if we put a good copy of
abnormalities if we put a good copy of
the<00:13:53.959> dopamine<00:13:54.440> receptor<00:13:54.959> back<00:13:55.320> in<00:13:55.480> this
the dopamine receptor back in this
the dopamine receptor back in this
elliptical<00:13:56.240> structure<00:13:56.639> called<00:13:56.839> the<00:13:56.959> central
elliptical structure called the central
elliptical structure called the central
complex<00:13:58.040> the<00:13:58.160> Flies<00:13:58.480> are<00:13:58.639> no<00:13:58.759> longer<00:13:59.120> are
complex the Flies are no longer are
complex the Flies are no longer are
hyperactive<00:14:00.199> but<00:14:00.320> they<00:14:00.480> still<00:14:00.759> can't<00:14:01.040> learn
hyperactive but they still can't learn
hyperactive but they still can't learn
on<00:14:02.160> the<00:14:02.320> other<00:14:02.480> hand<00:14:02.680> if<00:14:02.800> we<00:14:02.959> put<00:14:03.120> the<00:14:03.240> receptor
on the other hand if we put the receptor
on the other hand if we put the receptor
back<00:14:03.839> in<00:14:03.959> a<00:14:04.120> different<00:14:04.399> structure<00:14:04.839> called<00:14:05.240> the
back in a different structure called the
back in a different structure called the
mushroom<00:14:05.920> body<00:14:06.600> the<00:14:06.720> learning<00:14:07.240> deficit<00:14:07.600> is
mushroom body the learning deficit is
mushroom body the learning deficit is
rescued<00:14:08.279> the<00:14:08.360> Flies<00:14:08.639> learn<00:14:09.000> well<00:14:09.399> but<00:14:09.519> they're
rescued the Flies learn well but they're
rescued the Flies learn well but they're
still<00:14:10.480> hyperactive<00:14:11.480> what<00:14:11.720> that<00:14:11.920> tells<00:14:12.240> us<00:14:12.600> is
still hyperactive what that tells us is
still hyperactive what that tells us is
that<00:14:12.959> dopamine<00:14:13.759> is<00:14:13.920> not<00:14:14.199> bathing<00:14:14.720> the<00:14:14.839> brain
that dopamine is not bathing the brain
that dopamine is not bathing the brain
of<00:14:15.360> these<00:14:15.560> flies<00:14:16.000> like<00:14:16.240> soup<00:14:17.000> rather<00:14:17.440> it's
of these flies like soup rather it's
of these flies like soup rather it's
acting<00:14:17.959> to<00:14:18.199> control<00:14:18.800> two<00:14:19.040> different
acting to control two different
acting to control two different
functions<00:14:20.320> on<00:14:20.560> two<00:14:20.800> different<00:14:21.120> circuits<00:14:21.720> so
functions on two different circuits so
functions on two different circuits so
the<00:14:22.120> reason<00:14:22.440> there<00:14:22.560> are<00:14:22.759> two<00:14:23.079> things<00:14:23.399> wrong
the reason there are two things wrong
the reason there are two things wrong
with<00:14:24.040> our<00:14:24.240> dopamine<00:14:24.759> receptor<00:14:25.120> fly<00:14:25.480> is<00:14:25.600> that
with our dopamine receptor fly is that
with our dopamine receptor fly is that
the<00:14:26.040> same<00:14:26.720> receptor<00:14:27.480> is<00:14:27.680> controlling<00:14:28.360> two
the same receptor is controlling two
the same receptor is controlling two
different<00:14:29.160> functions<00:14:29.759> in<00:14:29.959> two<00:14:30.199> different
different functions in two different
different functions in two different
regions<00:14:30.839> of<00:14:30.959> the
regions of the
regions of the
brain<00:14:32.720> whether<00:14:33.000> the<00:14:33.160> same<00:14:33.440> thing<00:14:33.600> is<00:14:33.800> true<00:14:34.040> in
brain whether the same thing is true in
brain whether the same thing is true in
ADHD<00:14:34.839> and<00:14:35.079> humans<00:14:35.880> we<00:14:36.040> don't<00:14:36.320> know<00:14:36.720> but<00:14:36.920> these
ADHD and humans we don't know but these
ADHD and humans we don't know but these
kinds<00:14:37.320> of<00:14:37.519> results<00:14:38.000> should<00:14:38.240> at<00:14:38.360> least<00:14:38.759> cause
kinds of results should at least cause
kinds of results should at least cause
us<00:14:39.199> to<00:14:39.399> consider<00:14:39.880> that<00:14:40.639> possibility<00:14:41.639> so<00:14:41.880> these
us to consider that possibility so these
us to consider that possibility so these
results<00:14:42.759> make<00:14:42.959> me<00:14:43.120> and<00:14:43.279> my<00:14:43.519> colleagues<00:14:44.199> more
results make me and my colleagues more
results make me and my colleagues more
convinced<00:14:44.880> than<00:14:45.120> ever<00:14:45.639> that<00:14:45.800> the<00:14:46.279> brain<00:14:46.600> is
convinced than ever that the brain is
convinced than ever that the brain is
not<00:14:46.920> a<00:14:47.160> bag<00:14:47.519> of<00:14:47.759> chemical<00:14:48.160> soup<00:14:48.959> and<00:14:49.079> it's<00:14:49.240> a
not a bag of chemical soup and it's a
not a bag of chemical soup and it's a
mistake<00:14:49.800> to<00:14:50.000> try<00:14:50.160> to<00:14:50.360> treat<00:14:50.759> complex
mistake to try to treat complex
mistake to try to treat complex
psychiatric<00:14:51.959> disorders<00:14:52.720> just<00:14:52.920> by<00:14:53.160> changing
psychiatric disorders just by changing
psychiatric disorders just by changing
the<00:14:53.720> flavor<00:14:54.079> of<00:14:54.199> the<00:14:54.360> soup<00:14:55.279> what<00:14:55.399> we<00:14:55.519> need<00:14:55.639> to
the flavor of the soup what we need to
the flavor of the soup what we need to
do<00:14:55.959> is<00:14:56.079> to<00:14:56.279> use<00:14:56.680> our<00:14:56.920> Ingenuity<00:14:57.880> and<00:14:58.040> our
do is to use our Ingenuity and our
do is to use our Ingenuity and our
scientific<00:14:58.759> knowledge<00:14:59.040> know<00:14:59.440> to<00:14:59.600> try<00:14:59.759> to
scientific knowledge know to try to
scientific knowledge know to try to
design<00:15:00.399> a<00:15:00.560> new<00:15:00.800> generation<00:15:01.320> of<00:15:01.519> treatments
design a new generation of treatments
design a new generation of treatments
that<00:15:02.279> are<00:15:02.600> targeted<00:15:03.320> to<00:15:03.639> specific<00:15:04.160> neurons
that are targeted to specific neurons
that are targeted to specific neurons
and<00:15:04.880> specific<00:15:05.320> regions<00:15:05.680> of<00:15:05.800> the<00:15:05.959> brain<00:15:06.480> that
and specific regions of the brain that
and specific regions of the brain that
are<00:15:06.800> affected<00:15:07.399> in<00:15:07.600> particular<00:15:08.079> psychiatric
are affected in particular psychiatric
are affected in particular psychiatric
disorders<00:15:09.720> if<00:15:09.839> we<00:15:09.959> can<00:15:10.160> do<00:15:10.480> that<00:15:10.880> we<00:15:11.000> may<00:15:11.199> be
disorders if we can do that we may be
disorders if we can do that we may be
able<00:15:11.519> to<00:15:11.759> cure<00:15:12.079> these<00:15:12.320> disorders<00:15:13.000> without<00:15:13.279> the
able to cure these disorders without the
able to cure these disorders without the
unpleasant<00:15:14.079> side<00:15:14.320> effects<00:15:15.040> putting<00:15:15.320> the<00:15:15.480> oil
unpleasant side effects putting the oil
unpleasant side effects putting the oil
back<00:15:16.240> in<00:15:16.360> our<00:15:16.560> metal<00:15:17.040> engines<00:15:17.800> just<00:15:18.000> where
back in our metal engines just where
back in our metal engines just where
it's<00:15:18.399> needed<00:15:19.120> thank<00:15:19.279> you<00:15:19.440> very<00:15:19.639> much
brain, mind, psychiatry, psychiatric, drugs, chemistry, neurology, neurobilogy, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
