What we're learning from 5,000 brains - Read Montague
other<00:00:16.170> people<00:00:16.680> everyone<00:00:17.609> is<00:00:17.670> interested<00:00:17.970> in
other people everyone is interested in
other people everyone is interested in
other<00:00:18.330> people<00:00:18.690> everyone<00:00:18.960> has<00:00:19.260> relationships
other people everyone has relationships
other people everyone has relationships
with<00:00:20.010> other<00:00:20.130> people<00:00:20.490> and<00:00:20.699> they're<00:00:21.029> interested
with other people and they're interested
with other people and they're interested
in<00:00:21.510> these<00:00:21.689> relationships<00:00:22.010> for<00:00:23.010> a<00:00:23.070> variety<00:00:23.220> of
in these relationships for a variety of
in these relationships for a variety of
reasons<00:00:23.970> good<00:00:24.660> relationships<00:00:25.170> bad
reasons good relationships bad
reasons good relationships bad
relationships<00:00:26.070> annoying<00:00:27.000> relationships
relationships annoying relationships
relationships annoying relationships
agnostic<00:00:28.710> relationships<00:00:29.340> and<00:00:30.119> what<00:00:30.269> I'm
agnostic relationships and what I'm
agnostic relationships and what I'm
gonna<00:00:30.510> do<00:00:30.779> is<00:00:31.080> focus<00:00:31.830> on<00:00:31.949> the<00:00:32.130> central<00:00:32.520> piece
gonna do is focus on the central piece
gonna do is focus on the central piece
of<00:00:33.000> an<00:00:33.090> interaction<00:00:33.480> that<00:00:34.140> goes<00:00:34.320> on<00:00:34.530> in<00:00:34.800> a
of an interaction that goes on in a
of an interaction that goes on in a
relationship<00:00:35.790> so<00:00:36.390> I'm<00:00:36.480> going<00:00:36.630> to<00:00:36.690> take<00:00:36.870> as
relationship so I'm going to take as
relationship so I'm going to take as
inspiration<00:00:38.010> the<00:00:38.100> fact<00:00:38.309> that<00:00:38.370> we're<00:00:38.520> all
inspiration the fact that we're all
inspiration the fact that we're all
interested<00:00:38.969> in<00:00:39.210> interacting<00:00:39.690> with<00:00:39.809> other
interested in interacting with other
interested in interacting with other
people<00:00:39.989> I'm<00:00:40.890> in<00:00:41.070> a<00:00:41.100> completely<00:00:41.579> strip<00:00:42.059> it<00:00:42.239> of
people I'm in a completely strip it of
people I'm in a completely strip it of
all<00:00:43.050> its<00:00:43.079> complicating<00:00:43.950> features<00:00:44.399> and<00:00:44.670> I'm
all its complicating features and I'm
all its complicating features and I'm
gonna<00:00:45.420> turn<00:00:45.660> that<00:00:46.129> object<00:00:47.129> that<00:00:47.250> simplified
gonna turn that object that simplified
gonna turn that object that simplified
object<00:00:48.390> into<00:00:49.110> a<00:00:49.140> scientific<00:00:49.649> probe<00:00:50.129> and
object into a scientific probe and
object into a scientific probe and
provide<00:00:51.090> the<00:00:51.809> early<00:00:52.020> stages<00:00:52.620> embryonic
provide the early stages embryonic
provide the early stages embryonic
stages<00:00:53.489> of<00:00:53.699> new<00:00:53.850> insights<00:00:54.329> into<00:00:54.600> what<00:00:54.870> happens
stages of new insights into what happens
stages of new insights into what happens
in<00:00:55.350> two<00:00:55.530> brains<00:00:55.829> while<00:00:56.160> they<00:00:56.190> simultaneously
in two brains while they simultaneously
in two brains while they simultaneously
interact<00:00:58.129> but<00:00:59.129> before<00:00:59.399> I<00:00:59.460> do<00:00:59.550> that<00:00:59.699> let<00:01:00.329> me
interact but before I do that let me
interact but before I do that let me
tell<00:01:00.660> you<00:01:00.750> a<00:01:00.840> couple<00:01:01.140> of<00:01:01.170> things<00:01:01.230> that<00:01:01.500> made
tell you a couple of things that made
tell you a couple of things that made
this<00:01:01.739> possible<00:01:02.300> the<00:01:03.300> first<00:01:03.600> is<00:01:03.899> we<00:01:04.019> can<00:01:04.170> now
this possible the first is we can now
this possible the first is we can now
eavesdrop<00:01:05.040> safely<00:01:05.700> on<00:01:05.909> healthy<00:01:06.780> brain
eavesdrop safely on healthy brain
eavesdrop safely on healthy brain
activity<00:01:07.650> without<00:01:08.549> needles<00:01:09.030> and
activity without needles and
activity without needles and
radioactivity<00:01:10.729> without<00:01:11.729> any<00:01:11.909> kind<00:01:12.119> of
radioactivity without any kind of
radioactivity without any kind of
clinical<00:01:12.630> reason<00:01:13.020> we<00:01:13.229> can<00:01:13.350> go<00:01:13.439> down<00:01:13.560> the
clinical reason we can go down the
clinical reason we can go down the
street<00:01:13.710> and<00:01:14.159> record<00:01:14.520> from<00:01:14.580> your<00:01:15.150> friends<00:01:15.630> and
street and record from your friends and
street and record from your friends and
neighbors<00:01:16.229> brains<00:01:16.950> while<00:01:17.340> they<00:01:17.460> do<00:01:17.520> a<00:01:17.610> variety
neighbors brains while they do a variety
neighbors brains while they do a variety
of<00:01:18.060> cognitive<00:01:18.479> tasks<00:01:18.840> and<00:01:19.140> we<00:01:19.290> use<00:01:19.439> a<00:01:19.470> method
of cognitive tasks and we use a method
of cognitive tasks and we use a method
called<00:01:20.150> functional<00:01:21.150> magnetic<00:01:21.299> resonance
called functional magnetic resonance
called functional magnetic resonance
imaging<00:01:22.290> you<00:01:23.250> probably<00:01:23.490> all<00:01:23.610> read<00:01:23.759> about<00:01:23.970> it
imaging you probably all read about it
imaging you probably all read about it
or<00:01:24.210> heard<00:01:24.330> about<00:01:24.390> it<00:01:24.630> into<00:01:24.750> some<00:01:25.970> incarnation
or heard about it into some incarnation
or heard about it into some incarnation
let<00:01:27.659> me<00:01:27.750> give<00:01:27.869> you<00:01:28.020> a<00:01:28.350> two-sentence<00:01:29.130> version
let me give you a two-sentence version
let me give you a two-sentence version
of<00:01:29.610> it<00:01:29.759> so<00:01:29.909> we've<00:01:30.119> all<00:01:30.210> heard<00:01:30.420> of<00:01:30.540> MRIs<00:01:31.020> MRIs
of it so we've all heard of MRIs MRIs
of it so we've all heard of MRIs MRIs
use<00:01:32.700> magnetic<00:01:33.030> fields<00:01:33.420> and<00:01:33.540> radio<00:01:33.600> waves<00:01:33.960> and
use magnetic fields and radio waves and
use magnetic fields and radio waves and
they<00:01:34.350> take<00:01:34.500> snapshots<00:01:35.009> of<00:01:35.159> your<00:01:35.280> brain<00:01:35.520> or
they take snapshots of your brain or
they take snapshots of your brain or
your<00:01:36.090> knee<00:01:36.390> or<00:01:36.570> your<00:01:36.659> stomach<00:01:37.159> grayscale
your knee or your stomach grayscale
your knee or your stomach grayscale
images<00:01:38.520> that<00:01:38.670> are<00:01:38.759> frozen<00:01:39.060> in<00:01:39.180> time<00:01:39.360> in<00:01:39.600> the
images that are frozen in time in the
images that are frozen in time in the
1990s<00:01:40.890> it<00:01:41.460> was<00:01:41.490> discovered<00:01:42.000> you<00:01:42.090> could<00:01:42.240> use
1990s it was discovered you could use
1990s it was discovered you could use
the<00:01:42.540> same<00:01:42.750> machines<00:01:43.200> in<00:01:43.470> a<00:01:43.799> different<00:01:44.159> mode
the same machines in a different mode
the same machines in a different mode
and<00:01:44.700> in<00:01:45.509> that<00:01:45.659> mode<00:01:45.930> you<00:01:45.960> could<00:01:46.259> make
and in that mode you could make
and in that mode you could make
microscopic<00:01:47.100> blood<00:01:47.280> flow<00:01:47.490> movies<00:01:47.820> from
microscopic blood flow movies from
microscopic blood flow movies from
hundreds<00:01:48.360> of<00:01:48.420> thousands<00:01:48.899> of<00:01:48.960> sites
hundreds of thousands of sites
hundreds of thousands of sites
independently<00:01:49.799> in<00:01:49.920> the<00:01:49.979> brain<00:01:50.159> okay<00:01:51.119> so<00:01:51.180> what
independently in the brain okay so what
independently in the brain okay so what
in<00:01:51.630> fact<00:01:52.259> that's<00:01:52.409> so<00:01:52.590> what<00:01:52.799> is<00:01:52.950> in<00:01:53.220> the<00:01:53.399> brain
in fact that's so what is in the brain
in fact that's so what is in the brain
changes<00:01:54.780> in<00:01:54.960> neural<00:01:55.140> activity<00:01:55.799> the<00:01:56.340> things
changes in neural activity the things
changes in neural activity the things
that<00:01:56.670> make<00:01:56.790> your<00:01:56.909> brain<00:01:57.030> work<00:01:57.119> the<00:01:57.570> things
that make your brain work the things
that make your brain work the things
that<00:01:57.840> make<00:01:57.930> your<00:01:58.020> software<00:01:58.469> work<00:01:58.649> in<00:01:58.770> your
that make your software work in your
that make your software work in your
brain<00:01:59.070> are<00:01:59.520> tightly<00:01:59.909> correlated<00:02:00.149> with
brain are tightly correlated with
brain are tightly correlated with
changes<00:02:00.840> in<00:02:00.869> blood<00:02:01.079> flow<00:02:01.170> you<00:02:02.040> make<00:02:02.189> a<00:02:02.219> blood
changes in blood flow you make a blood
changes in blood flow you make a blood
flow<00:02:02.640> movie<00:02:02.969> you<00:02:03.299> have<00:02:03.360> an<00:02:03.479> independent<00:02:03.960> proxy
flow movie you have an independent proxy
flow movie you have an independent proxy
of<00:02:04.759> brain<00:02:05.759> activity<00:02:06.060> this<00:02:06.600> is<00:02:06.780> literally
of brain activity this is literally
of brain activity this is literally
revolutionized<00:02:07.610> cognitive<00:02:08.610> science<00:02:09.000> take
revolutionized cognitive science take
revolutionized cognitive science take
any<00:02:09.750> cognitive<00:02:10.020> domain<00:02:10.470> you<00:02:10.649> want<00:02:10.800> memory
any cognitive domain you want memory
any cognitive domain you want memory
motor<00:02:11.730> planning<00:02:12.120> thinking<00:02:12.750> about<00:02:12.959> your
motor planning thinking about your
motor planning thinking about your
mother-in-law
mother-in-law
mother-in-law
getting<00:02:14.190> angry<00:02:14.490> at<00:02:14.610> people<00:02:14.840> emotional
getting angry at people emotional
getting angry at people emotional
slightly<00:02:16.110> goes<00:02:16.260> on<00:02:16.440> and<00:02:16.590> on<00:02:16.760> put<00:02:17.760> people<00:02:18.090> into
slightly goes on and on put people into
slightly goes on and on put people into
functional<00:02:18.960> MRI<00:02:19.170> devices<00:02:19.500> and<00:02:19.890> image<00:02:20.880> how
functional MRI devices and image how
functional MRI devices and image how
these<00:02:21.270> kinds<00:02:21.660> of<00:02:21.750> variables<00:02:22.020> map<00:02:22.350> on<00:02:22.560> to<00:02:22.740> brain
these kinds of variables map on to brain
these kinds of variables map on to brain
activity<00:02:23.100> it's<00:02:23.790> in<00:02:23.970> its<00:02:24.090> early<00:02:24.330> stages<00:02:24.600> and
activity it's in its early stages and
activity it's in its early stages and
it's<00:02:25.020> crewed<00:02:25.290> by<00:02:25.320> some<00:02:25.770> measures<00:02:26.130> but<00:02:26.670> in<00:02:26.760> fact
it's crewed by some measures but in fact
it's crewed by some measures but in fact
twenty<00:02:27.420> years<00:02:27.570> ago<00:02:27.690> we<00:02:27.900> were<00:02:27.990> at<00:02:28.110> nothing<00:02:28.470> you
twenty years ago we were at nothing you
twenty years ago we were at nothing you
couldn't<00:02:29.340> do<00:02:29.430> people<00:02:29.730> like<00:02:29.880> this<00:02:30.000> you
couldn't do people like this you
couldn't do people like this you
couldn't<00:02:30.390> do<00:02:30.480> healthy<00:02:30.750> people<00:02:31.050> that's<00:02:31.650> caused
couldn't do healthy people that's caused
couldn't do healthy people that's caused
a<00:02:32.040> literal<00:02:32.340> revolution<00:02:32.820> and<00:02:33.000> it's<00:02:33.330> opened<00:02:33.690> us
a literal revolution and it's opened us
a literal revolution and it's opened us
up<00:02:34.020> to<00:02:34.710> a<00:02:34.740> new<00:02:34.980> experimental<00:02:35.460> preparation
up to a new experimental preparation
up to a new experimental preparation
neurobiologist<00:02:36.810> as<00:02:36.900> you<00:02:36.990> well<00:02:37.140> know<00:02:38.210> have
neurobiologist as you well know have
neurobiologist as you well know have
lots<00:02:39.420> of<00:02:39.540> experimental<00:02:39.959> preps<00:02:40.290> worms<00:02:40.770> and
lots of experimental preps worms and
lots of experimental preps worms and
rodents<00:02:41.820> and<00:02:42.060> fruit<00:02:42.390> flies<00:02:42.570> and<00:02:42.690> things<00:02:43.020> like
rodents and fruit flies and things like
rodents and fruit flies and things like
this<00:02:43.470> and<00:02:43.680> now<00:02:44.250> we<00:02:44.310> have<00:02:44.670> a<00:02:44.700> new<00:02:44.910> experimental
this and now we have a new experimental
this and now we have a new experimental
prep<00:02:45.660> human<00:02:46.410> beings<00:02:46.709> we<00:02:47.310> can<00:02:47.459> now<00:02:47.610> use<00:02:47.850> human
prep human beings we can now use human
prep human beings we can now use human
beings<00:02:48.570> to<00:02:49.200> study<00:02:49.500> and<00:02:49.770> model<00:02:49.920> the<00:02:50.880> software
beings to study and model the software
beings to study and model the software
in<00:02:51.630> human<00:02:52.260> beings<00:02:52.440> and<00:02:52.830> we<00:02:52.950> have<00:02:53.160> a<00:02:53.340> few
in human beings and we have a few
in human beings and we have a few
burgeoning<00:02:54.570> biological<00:02:55.260> measures<00:02:55.820> okay<00:02:56.820> let
burgeoning biological measures okay let
burgeoning biological measures okay let
me<00:02:57.239> give<00:02:57.330> you<00:02:57.420> one<00:02:57.540> example<00:02:57.570> of<00:02:58.170> the<00:02:58.739> kinds<00:02:58.980> of
me give you one example of the kinds of
me give you one example of the kinds of
experiments<00:02:59.250> that<00:02:59.489> people<00:02:59.580> do<00:02:59.940> and<00:03:00.150> it's<00:03:00.630> in
experiments that people do and it's in
experiments that people do and it's in
the<00:03:00.810> area<00:03:00.959> of<00:03:01.140> what<00:03:01.260> you'd<00:03:01.380> call<00:03:01.530> valuation
the area of what you'd call valuation
the area of what you'd call valuation
valuation<00:03:03.570> is<00:03:03.660> just<00:03:03.870> what<00:03:03.989> you<00:03:04.080> think<00:03:04.110> it<00:03:04.380> is
valuation is just what you think it is
valuation is just what you think it is
you<00:03:05.070> know<00:03:05.100> if<00:03:05.370> you<00:03:05.520> went<00:03:05.610> to<00:03:05.760> and<00:03:06.000> you<00:03:06.150> were
you know if you went to and you were
you know if you went to and you were
evaluating<00:03:06.720> two<00:03:06.810> companies<00:03:07.200> on<00:03:07.350> against<00:03:08.040> one
evaluating two companies on against one
evaluating two companies on against one
another<00:03:08.190> you'd<00:03:08.580> want<00:03:08.730> to<00:03:08.760> know<00:03:08.850> which<00:03:09.030> was
another you'd want to know which was
another you'd want to know which was
more<00:03:09.330> valuable<00:03:10.520> cultures<00:03:11.520> discovered<00:03:12.060> the
more valuable cultures discovered the
more valuable cultures discovered the
key<00:03:12.570> feature<00:03:12.870> evaluation<00:03:13.590> thousands<00:03:14.040> of
key feature evaluation thousands of
key feature evaluation thousands of
years<00:03:14.340> ago<00:03:14.580> if<00:03:14.790> you<00:03:14.850> want<00:03:15.060> to<00:03:15.150> compare<00:03:15.420> oranges
years ago if you want to compare oranges
years ago if you want to compare oranges
to<00:03:16.140> windshields<00:03:16.800> what<00:03:17.040> do<00:03:17.100> you<00:03:17.190> do<00:03:17.370> well<00:03:17.730> you
to windshields what do you do well you
to windshields what do you do well you
can't<00:03:18.150> compare<00:03:18.570> oranges<00:03:18.959> into<00:03:19.140> windshields
can't compare oranges into windshields
can't compare oranges into windshields
they're<00:03:20.040> immiscible<00:03:20.610> they<00:03:20.730> don't<00:03:20.880> mix
they're immiscible they don't mix
they're immiscible they don't mix
without<00:03:21.390> one<00:03:21.570> another<00:03:21.780> so<00:03:22.170> instead<00:03:22.440> you
without one another so instead you
without one another so instead you
convert<00:03:22.860> them<00:03:22.950> to<00:03:22.980> a<00:03:23.070> common<00:03:23.310> currency<00:03:23.730> scale
convert them to a common currency scale
convert them to a common currency scale
put<00:03:24.720> them<00:03:24.840> on<00:03:24.959> that<00:03:25.080> scale<00:03:25.410> and<00:03:25.560> value<00:03:26.010> them
put them on that scale and value them
put them on that scale and value them
accordingly<00:03:26.790> well<00:03:27.510> your<00:03:27.630> brain<00:03:27.840> has<00:03:28.080> to<00:03:28.110> do
accordingly well your brain has to do
accordingly well your brain has to do
something<00:03:28.560> just<00:03:28.980> like<00:03:29.190> that<00:03:29.430> as<00:03:29.580> well<00:03:29.610> and
something just like that as well and
something just like that as well and
we're<00:03:30.570> now<00:03:30.720> beginning<00:03:30.989> to<00:03:31.290> understand<00:03:31.950> and
we're now beginning to understand and
we're now beginning to understand and
identify<00:03:32.340> brain<00:03:33.090> systems<00:03:33.510> involved<00:03:33.900> in
identify brain systems involved in
identify brain systems involved in
valuation<00:03:34.290> and<00:03:34.739> one<00:03:35.400> of<00:03:35.549> them<00:03:35.700> includes<00:03:36.090> a
valuation and one of them includes a
valuation and one of them includes a
neurotransmitter<00:03:36.570> system<00:03:37.470> whose<00:03:38.040> cells<00:03:38.549> are
neurotransmitter system whose cells are
neurotransmitter system whose cells are
located<00:03:38.910> in<00:03:39.299> your<00:03:39.420> brainstem<00:03:39.870> and<00:03:40.170> deliver
located in your brainstem and deliver
located in your brainstem and deliver
the<00:03:40.950> chemical<00:03:41.370> dopamine<00:03:41.790> to<00:03:42.239> the<00:03:42.330> rest<00:03:42.480> of
the chemical dopamine to the rest of
the chemical dopamine to the rest of
your<00:03:42.690> brain<00:03:42.900> I<00:03:43.170> won't<00:03:44.070> go<00:03:44.130> through<00:03:44.250> the
your brain I won't go through the
your brain I won't go through the
details<00:03:44.670> of<00:03:44.820> it<00:03:44.970> but<00:03:45.420> that's<00:03:45.600> an<00:03:45.720> important
details of it but that's an important
details of it but that's an important
discovery<00:03:46.470> and<00:03:46.799> we<00:03:47.100> know<00:03:47.220> a<00:03:47.250> good<00:03:47.489> bit<00:03:47.640> about
discovery and we know a good bit about
discovery and we know a good bit about
that<00:03:48.150> now<00:03:48.330> and<00:03:48.450> it's<00:03:48.570> just<00:03:48.600> a<00:03:48.780> small<00:03:48.870> piece<00:03:49.230> of
that now and it's just a small piece of
that now and it's just a small piece of
it<00:03:49.560> but<00:03:49.920> it's<00:03:50.040> important<00:03:50.430> because<00:03:50.489> those<00:03:50.790> are
it but it's important because those are
it but it's important because those are
the<00:03:50.970> neurons<00:03:51.239> that<00:03:51.390> you<00:03:51.450> would<00:03:51.570> lose<00:03:51.750> if<00:03:51.900> you
the neurons that you would lose if you
the neurons that you would lose if you
had<00:03:52.110> Parkinson's<00:03:52.380> disease<00:03:52.860> and<00:03:53.070> they're<00:03:53.940> also
had Parkinson's disease and they're also
had Parkinson's disease and they're also
the<00:03:54.299> neurons<00:03:54.600> that<00:03:54.720> are<00:03:54.810> hijacked<00:03:55.350> by
the neurons that are hijacked by
the neurons that are hijacked by
literally<00:03:55.799> every<00:03:56.160> drug<00:03:56.370> of<00:03:56.519> abuse<00:03:56.580> and<00:03:57.090> that
literally every drug of abuse and that
literally every drug of abuse and that
makes<00:03:57.840> sense<00:03:58.140> drugs<00:03:58.440> of<00:03:58.560> abuse<00:03:58.650> would<00:03:58.950> come<00:03:59.160> in
makes sense drugs of abuse would come in
makes sense drugs of abuse would come in
and<00:03:59.519> they<00:03:59.700> would<00:03:59.820> change<00:04:00.150> the<00:04:00.330> way<00:04:00.450> you<00:04:00.510> value
and they would change the way you value
and they would change the way you value
the<00:04:01.110> world<00:04:01.290> they<00:04:01.560> change<00:04:01.890> the<00:04:02.070> way<00:04:02.160> you<00:04:02.220> value
the world they change the way you value
the world they change the way you value
the<00:04:02.880> symbols<00:04:03.269> associated<00:04:03.840> with<00:04:03.930> your<00:04:04.049> drug<00:04:04.230> of
the symbols associated with your drug of
the symbols associated with your drug of
choice<00:04:04.380> and<00:04:04.830> they<00:04:05.549> make<00:04:05.730> you<00:04:05.880> value<00:04:06.180> that<00:04:06.390> over
choice and they make you value that over
choice and they make you value that over
everything<00:04:07.500> else<00:04:07.920> here's<00:04:08.310> the<00:04:08.430> key<00:04:08.580> feature
everything else here's the key feature
everything else here's the key feature
though<00:04:09.090> these<00:04:09.780> neurons<00:04:10.230> are<00:04:10.440> also<00:04:10.560> involved
though these neurons are also involved
though these neurons are also involved
in<00:04:11.459> the<00:04:11.880> way<00:04:11.970> you<00:04:12.030> can<00:04:12.269> assign<00:04:12.510> value<00:04:12.870> to
in the way you can assign value to
in the way you can assign value to
literally<00:04:13.320> abstract<00:04:13.829> ideas<00:04:14.220> and<00:04:14.370> I<00:04:14.400> put<00:04:14.610> some
literally abstract ideas and I put some
literally abstract ideas and I put some
symbols<00:04:15.150> up<00:04:15.269> here<00:04:15.510> that<00:04:15.660> we<00:04:15.750> assign<00:04:16.019> value<00:04:16.380> to
symbols up here that we assign value to
symbols up here that we assign value to
for<00:04:17.310> various<00:04:17.609> reasons<00:04:18.890> we<00:04:19.890> have<00:04:20.100> a<00:04:20.130> behavioral
for various reasons we have a behavioral
for various reasons we have a behavioral
superpower<00:04:21.030> in<00:04:21.209> our<00:04:21.359> brain<00:04:21.600> and<00:04:21.810> it<00:04:22.049> at<00:04:22.169> least
superpower in our brain and it at least
superpower in our brain and it at least
in<00:04:22.530> part<00:04:22.710> involves<00:04:23.160> dopamine<00:04:23.640> we<00:04:24.060> can<00:04:24.240> deny
in part involves dopamine we can deny
in part involves dopamine we can deny
every<00:04:24.780> instinct<00:04:25.229> we<00:04:25.349> have<00:04:25.560> for<00:04:25.770> survival
every instinct we have for survival
every instinct we have for survival
an<00:04:26.919> idea<00:04:27.539> from<00:04:28.539> ear<00:04:28.990> idea<00:04:29.500> no<00:04:29.710> other<00:04:29.860> species
an idea from ear idea no other species
an idea from ear idea no other species
can<00:04:30.460> do<00:04:30.550> that<00:04:30.759> in<00:04:31.659> 1997<00:04:32.560> the<00:04:32.860> cult<00:04:33.189> Heaven's
can do that in 1997 the cult Heaven's
can do that in 1997 the cult Heaven's
Gate
Gate
Gate
committed<00:04:34.810> mass<00:04:34.840> suicide<00:04:35.099> predicated<00:04:36.099> on<00:04:36.189> the
committed mass suicide predicated on the
committed mass suicide predicated on the
idea<00:04:36.370> that<00:04:36.909> there<00:04:37.030> was<00:04:37.090> a<00:04:37.150> spaceship<00:04:37.830> hiding
idea that there was a spaceship hiding
idea that there was a spaceship hiding
in<00:04:38.919> the<00:04:39.009> tail<00:04:39.219> of<00:04:39.430> the<00:04:39.550> then<00:04:39.699> visible<00:04:40.150> comet
in the tail of the then visible comet
in the tail of the then visible comet
hale-bopp<00:04:40.830> waiting<00:04:41.830> to<00:04:41.889> take<00:04:42.039> them<00:04:42.219> to<00:04:42.340> the
hale-bopp waiting to take them to the
hale-bopp waiting to take them to the
next<00:04:42.610> level<00:04:42.729> it<00:04:43.060> was<00:04:43.120> a<00:04:43.180> true<00:04:43.449> it<00:04:43.569> was<00:04:43.689> an
next level it was a true it was an
next level it was a true it was an
incredibly<00:04:44.409> tragic<00:04:44.680> event<00:04:45.659> more<00:04:46.659> than
incredibly tragic event more than
incredibly tragic event more than
two-thirds<00:04:47.319> of<00:04:47.469> them<00:04:47.590> had<00:04:47.740> college<00:04:48.099> degrees
two-thirds of them had college degrees
two-thirds of them had college degrees
but<00:04:49.150> the<00:04:49.240> point<00:04:49.569> here<00:04:49.659> is<00:04:50.050> they<00:04:50.319> were<00:04:50.379> able<00:04:50.590> to
but the point here is they were able to
but the point here is they were able to
deny<00:04:50.919> their<00:04:51.129> instincts<00:04:51.639> for<00:04:51.789> survival<00:04:52.889> using
deny their instincts for survival using
deny their instincts for survival using
exactly<00:04:54.340> the<00:04:54.460> same<00:04:54.550> systems<00:04:55.180> that<00:04:55.330> were<00:04:55.419> put
exactly the same systems that were put
exactly the same systems that were put
there<00:04:55.689> to<00:04:55.900> make<00:04:56.020> them<00:04:56.169> survive<00:04:56.500> that's<00:04:57.069> a<00:04:57.250> lot
there to make them survive that's a lot
there to make them survive that's a lot
of<00:04:57.550> control<00:04:57.909> okay
of control okay
of control okay
one<00:04:59.770> thing<00:04:59.949> that's<00:05:00.069> I've<00:05:00.250> left<00:05:00.460> out<00:05:00.639> of<00:05:00.669> this
one thing that's I've left out of this
one thing that's I've left out of this
narrative<00:05:01.150> is<00:05:01.599> the<00:05:01.900> obvious<00:05:02.349> thing<00:05:02.529> which<00:05:02.620> is
narrative is the obvious thing which is
narrative is the obvious thing which is
to<00:05:02.889> focus<00:05:03.009> the<00:05:03.370> rest<00:05:03.460> of<00:05:03.669> my<00:05:03.789> little<00:05:04.449> talk<00:05:04.689> and
to focus the rest of my little talk and
to focus the rest of my little talk and
that<00:05:05.259> is<00:05:05.379> other<00:05:05.560> people<00:05:06.039> these<00:05:06.460> same
that is other people these same
that is other people these same
valuation<00:05:07.300> systems<00:05:08.050> are<00:05:08.289> redeployed<00:05:09.159> when
valuation systems are redeployed when
valuation systems are redeployed when
we're<00:05:09.849> valuing<00:05:10.270> interactions<00:05:10.779> with<00:05:10.900> other
we're valuing interactions with other
we're valuing interactions with other
people<00:05:11.110> so<00:05:11.979> the<00:05:12.099> same<00:05:12.340> dopamine<00:05:12.909> system<00:05:13.300> that
people so the same dopamine system that
people so the same dopamine system that
gets<00:05:13.539> addicted<00:05:13.960> to<00:05:14.050> drugs<00:05:14.319> that<00:05:14.710> makes<00:05:15.400> you
gets addicted to drugs that makes you
gets addicted to drugs that makes you
freeze<00:05:15.879> when<00:05:16.360> you<00:05:16.479> get<00:05:16.629> Parkinson's<00:05:17.139> disease
freeze when you get Parkinson's disease
freeze when you get Parkinson's disease
that's<00:05:17.740> contributes<00:05:18.430> to<00:05:18.610> various<00:05:19.180> forms<00:05:19.479> of
that's contributes to various forms of
that's contributes to various forms of
psychosis<00:05:20.199> is<00:05:21.129> also<00:05:21.580> redeployed<00:05:22.210> to<00:05:22.810> value
psychosis is also redeployed to value
psychosis is also redeployed to value
interactions<00:05:23.770> with<00:05:23.979> other<00:05:24.099> people<00:05:24.430> and<00:05:24.580> to
interactions with other people and to
interactions with other people and to
assign<00:05:25.210> value<00:05:25.659> to<00:05:25.919> gestures<00:05:26.919> that<00:05:27.069> you<00:05:27.129> do
assign value to gestures that you do
assign value to gestures that you do
when<00:05:27.550> you're<00:05:27.669> interacting<00:05:27.909> with<00:05:28.180> somebody
when you're interacting with somebody
when you're interacting with somebody
else<00:05:29.039> let<00:05:30.039> me<00:05:30.069> give<00:05:30.250> you<00:05:30.310> an<00:05:30.370> example<00:05:30.639> of<00:05:30.819> this
else let me give you an example of this
else let me give you an example of this
you<00:05:32.620> bring<00:05:32.860> to<00:05:33.069> the<00:05:33.190> table<00:05:33.370> such<00:05:34.029> enormous
you bring to the table such enormous
you bring to the table such enormous
processing<00:05:35.080> power<00:05:35.259> in<00:05:35.440> this<00:05:35.589> domain<00:05:35.860> that<00:05:36.129> you
processing power in this domain that you
processing power in this domain that you
hardly<00:05:36.520> even<00:05:36.789> notice<00:05:37.089> it<00:05:37.449> I'm<00:05:38.080> just<00:05:38.319> give<00:05:38.409> you
hardly even notice it I'm just give you
hardly even notice it I'm just give you
a<00:05:38.529> few<00:05:38.650> examples<00:05:38.710> so<00:05:39.129> here's<00:05:39.310> a<00:05:39.370> baby<00:05:39.610> she's
a few examples so here's a baby she's
a few examples so here's a baby she's
three<00:05:40.120> months<00:05:40.150> old<00:05:40.449> she<00:05:40.629> still<00:05:40.810> poops<00:05:41.050> in<00:05:41.199> her
three months old she still poops in her
three months old she still poops in her
diapers<00:05:41.560> and<00:05:41.680> she<00:05:41.800> can't<00:05:41.979> do<00:05:42.129> calculus<00:05:42.580> she's
diapers and she can't do calculus she's
diapers and she can't do calculus she's
related<00:05:43.779> to<00:05:43.810> me<00:05:44.020> somebody<00:05:44.680> be<00:05:44.830> very<00:05:45.009> glad<00:05:45.250> that
related to me somebody be very glad that
related to me somebody be very glad that
she's<00:05:45.550> up<00:05:45.699> here<00:05:45.729> on<00:05:45.909> the<00:05:46.000> screen<00:05:46.180> you<00:05:46.839> can
she's up here on the screen you can
she's up here on the screen you can
cover<00:05:47.229> up<00:05:47.409> one<00:05:47.589> of<00:05:47.680> her<00:05:47.770> eyes<00:05:47.949> and<00:05:48.400> you<00:05:48.639> can
cover up one of her eyes and you can
cover up one of her eyes and you can
still<00:05:49.029> read<00:05:49.270> something<00:05:49.719> in<00:05:49.810> the<00:05:49.839> other<00:05:50.020> eye
still read something in the other eye
still read something in the other eye
and<00:05:50.500> I<00:05:50.589> see<00:05:50.860> sort<00:05:51.190> of<00:05:51.219> curiosity<00:05:51.789> in<00:05:51.849> one<00:05:52.000> eye<00:05:52.029> I
and I see sort of curiosity in one eye I
and I see sort of curiosity in one eye I
see<00:05:53.050> maybe<00:05:53.650> a<00:05:53.740> little<00:05:53.860> bit<00:05:54.009> of<00:05:54.099> surprise<00:05:54.219> in
see maybe a little bit of surprise in
see maybe a little bit of surprise in
the<00:05:54.699> other<00:05:55.529> here's<00:05:56.529> a<00:05:56.589> couple<00:05:56.889> they're
the other here's a couple they're
the other here's a couple they're
sharing<00:05:57.520> a<00:05:57.580> moment<00:05:57.879> together<00:05:58.000> and<00:05:58.479> we've
sharing a moment together and we've
sharing a moment together and we've
ended<00:05:59.050> up<00:05:59.199> an<00:05:59.349> experiment<00:05:59.740> where<00:05:59.830> you<00:05:59.860> can<00:05:59.979> cut
ended up an experiment where you can cut
ended up an experiment where you can cut
out<00:06:00.159> different<00:06:00.550> pieces<00:06:00.759> of<00:06:00.969> this<00:06:01.270> frame<00:06:01.599> and
out different pieces of this frame and
out different pieces of this frame and
you<00:06:02.199> can<00:06:02.349> still<00:06:02.620> see<00:06:02.889> that<00:06:02.919> they're<00:06:03.159> sharing
you can still see that they're sharing
you can still see that they're sharing
about<00:06:03.460> they're<00:06:03.639> sharing<00:06:03.879> it<00:06:03.969> sort<00:06:04.150> of<00:06:04.180> in
about they're sharing it sort of in
about they're sharing it sort of in
parallel<00:06:04.539> you<00:06:05.229> could<00:06:05.379> now<00:06:05.710> the<00:06:05.770> elements<00:06:06.550> of
parallel you could now the elements of
parallel you could now the elements of
the<00:06:06.729> scene<00:06:06.909> also<00:06:07.240> communicate<00:06:07.719> this<00:06:07.870> to<00:06:08.110> us
the scene also communicate this to us
the scene also communicate this to us
but<00:06:08.529> you<00:06:08.620> could<00:06:08.770> read<00:06:08.889> it<00:06:08.979> straight<00:06:09.189> off<00:06:09.310> their
but you could read it straight off their
but you could read it straight off their
faces<00:06:09.909> and<00:06:10.060> if<00:06:10.150> you<00:06:10.240> compare<00:06:10.629> their<00:06:10.779> faces<00:06:11.080> to
faces and if you compare their faces to
faces and if you compare their faces to
normal<00:06:11.500> faces<00:06:11.830> it<00:06:11.949> would<00:06:12.039> be<00:06:12.159> a<00:06:12.189> very<00:06:12.370> subtle
normal faces it would be a very subtle
normal faces it would be a very subtle
cue<00:06:13.020> here's<00:06:14.020> another<00:06:14.259> couple<00:06:15.240> he's
cue here's another couple he's
cue here's another couple he's
projecting<00:06:16.689> out<00:06:16.839> at<00:06:16.990> us<00:06:17.110> and<00:06:17.319> she's<00:06:17.529> clearly
projecting out at us and she's clearly
projecting out at us and she's clearly
projecting<00:06:19.240> you<00:06:19.659> know<00:06:19.779> love<00:06:20.080> and<00:06:20.199> admiration
projecting you know love and admiration
projecting you know love and admiration
at<00:06:20.830> him<00:06:21.150> here's<00:06:22.150> another<00:06:22.389> couple
and<00:06:26.319> I'm<00:06:26.469> thinking<00:06:26.800> I'm<00:06:26.889> not<00:06:26.919> seeing<00:06:27.310> love<00:06:27.490> and
and I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and
and I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and
admiration<00:06:27.819> on<00:06:28.210> the<00:06:28.300> left<00:06:29.879> in<00:06:30.879> fact<00:06:30.999> I<00:06:31.150> know
admiration on the left in fact I know
admiration on the left in fact I know
this<00:06:31.509> is<00:06:31.659> his<00:06:31.780> sister<00:06:32.259> and<00:06:32.800> you<00:06:32.979> can<00:06:33.129> just<00:06:33.370> see
this is his sister and you can just see
this is his sister and you can just see
me<00:06:33.729> saying<00:06:33.939> okay<00:06:34.569> we're<00:06:34.719> doing<00:06:34.870> this<00:06:34.960> for<00:06:35.139> the
me saying okay we're doing this for the
me saying okay we're doing this for the
camera<00:06:35.740> and<00:06:36.069> then<00:06:36.550> afterwards<00:06:37.090> you<00:06:37.270> steal<00:06:37.479> my
camera and then afterwards you steal my
camera and then afterwards you steal my
candy<00:06:37.810> and<00:06:38.050> you<00:06:38.110> punch<00:06:38.319> me<00:06:38.379> in<00:06:38.529> the<00:06:38.560> face
he'll<00:06:42.729> kill<00:06:42.939> me<00:06:43.060> for<00:06:43.210> showing<00:06:43.389> that<00:06:43.659> all<00:06:44.229> right
he'll kill me for showing that all right
he'll kill me for showing that all right
so<00:06:45.249> what<00:06:45.849> does<00:06:45.939> this<00:06:46.060> mean<00:06:46.330> it<00:06:46.810> means<00:06:46.840> we<00:06:47.139> bring
so what does this mean it means we bring
so what does this mean it means we bring
an<00:06:47.379> enormous<00:06:47.770> amount<00:06:47.949> of<00:06:48.099> processing<00:06:48.490> power
an enormous amount of processing power
an enormous amount of processing power
to<00:06:48.999> the<00:06:49.090> problem
to the problem
to the problem
it<00:06:50.169> engages<00:06:50.469> deep<00:06:51.009> systems<00:06:51.909> in<00:06:52.060> our<00:06:52.150> brain<00:06:52.300> and
it engages deep systems in our brain and
it engages deep systems in our brain and
dopaminergic<00:06:53.409> systems<00:06:54.009> that<00:06:54.129> are<00:06:54.249> there<00:06:54.340> to
dopaminergic systems that are there to
dopaminergic systems that are there to
make<00:06:54.729> you<00:06:54.879> chase<00:06:55.090> sex<00:06:55.419> food<00:06:55.659> and<00:06:55.840> salt<00:06:56.110> they
make you chase sex food and salt they
make you chase sex food and salt they
keep<00:06:56.469> you<00:06:56.590> alive<00:06:56.889> it<00:06:57.759> gives<00:06:58.120> them<00:06:58.389> the<00:06:58.419> pie<00:06:58.900> it
keep you alive it gives them the pie it
keep you alive it gives them the pie it
gives<00:06:59.349> that<00:06:59.469> kind<00:06:59.889> of<00:06:59.919> a<00:07:00.009> behavioral<00:07:00.490> punch
gives that kind of a behavioral punch
gives that kind of a behavioral punch
which<00:07:01.210> we've<00:07:01.389> called<00:07:01.629> a<00:07:01.719> superpower<00:07:02.169> so<00:07:02.650> how
which we've called a superpower so how
which we've called a superpower so how
can<00:07:02.830> we<00:07:03.009> take<00:07:03.279> that<00:07:03.550> and<00:07:04.139> arrange<00:07:05.139> a<00:07:05.319> kind<00:07:05.529> of
can we take that and arrange a kind of
can we take that and arrange a kind of
stage<00:07:05.800> social<00:07:06.310> interaction<00:07:06.819> and<00:07:06.909> turn<00:07:07.090> that
stage social interaction and turn that
stage social interaction and turn that
into<00:07:07.449> a<00:07:07.569> scientific<00:07:07.930> probe<00:07:08.379> and<00:07:08.650> the<00:07:08.770> short
into a scientific probe and the short
into a scientific probe and the short
answer<00:07:09.370> is<00:07:09.400> games
answer is games
answer is games
economic<00:07:12.069> games<00:07:12.310> so<00:07:13.270> what<00:07:13.419> we<00:07:13.509> do<00:07:13.629> is<00:07:13.750> we<00:07:13.870> go
economic games so what we do is we go
economic games so what we do is we go
into<00:07:14.349> two<00:07:14.919> areas<00:07:15.279> one<00:07:16.029> areas<00:07:16.300> called
into two areas one areas called
into two areas one areas called
experimental<00:07:16.839> economics<00:07:17.080> the<00:07:17.560> other<00:07:17.770> is
experimental economics the other is
experimental economics the other is
called<00:07:18.129> behavioral<00:07:18.310> economics<00:07:18.909> and<00:07:19.270> we<00:07:19.389> steal
called behavioral economics and we steal
called behavioral economics and we steal
their<00:07:19.900> games<00:07:20.110> and<00:07:20.409> we<00:07:21.310> contrive<00:07:21.849> them<00:07:22.089> to<00:07:22.210> our
their games and we contrive them to our
their games and we contrive them to our
own<00:07:22.449> purposes<00:07:22.900> this<00:07:23.110> shows<00:07:23.319> you<00:07:23.499> one
own purposes this shows you one
own purposes this shows you one
particular<00:07:23.830> game<00:07:24.249> called<00:07:24.639> an<00:07:24.729> ultimatum<00:07:25.029> game
particular game called an ultimatum game
particular game called an ultimatum game
red<00:07:26.319> person<00:07:26.650> is<00:07:26.740> given<00:07:26.979> $100<00:07:27.550> and<00:07:27.729> can<00:07:27.819> offer<00:07:27.969> a
red person is given $100 and can offer a
red person is given $100 and can offer a
split<00:07:28.419> to<00:07:28.569> blue<00:07:28.889> let's<00:07:29.889> say<00:07:30.039> red<00:07:30.219> wants<00:07:30.550> to
split to blue let's say red wants to
split to blue let's say red wants to
keep<00:07:30.849> 70<00:07:31.449> and<00:07:31.629> offers<00:07:32.229> blue<00:07:32.500> 30<00:07:33.189> so<00:07:33.370> he<00:07:33.460> offers
keep 70 and offers blue 30 so he offers
keep 70 and offers blue 30 so he offers
a<00:07:33.819> 70/30<00:07:34.449> split<00:07:34.539> with<00:07:34.870> blue<00:07:35.580> control<00:07:36.580> passes
a 70/30 split with blue control passes
a 70/30 split with blue control passes
the<00:07:37.089> blue<00:07:37.240> and<00:07:37.360> blue<00:07:37.509> says<00:07:37.779> I<00:07:37.810> accept<00:07:38.289> it<00:07:38.379> in
the blue and blue says I accept it in
the blue and blue says I accept it in
which<00:07:38.560> case<00:07:38.710> I<00:07:38.740> hit<00:07:38.919> the<00:07:39.039> money<00:07:39.219> or<00:07:39.789> blue<00:07:40.060> says
which case I hit the money or blue says
which case I hit the money or blue says
I<00:07:40.659> reject<00:07:41.199> it<00:07:41.319> in<00:07:41.379> which<00:07:41.500> case<00:07:41.529> no<00:07:42.009> one<00:07:42.219> gets
I reject it in which case no one gets
I reject it in which case no one gets
anything<00:07:43.199> okay<00:07:44.229> so<00:07:44.919> a<00:07:45.689> rational<00:07:46.689> choice
anything okay so a rational choice
anything okay so a rational choice
economists<00:07:47.409> would<00:07:47.500> say<00:07:47.560> well<00:07:48.069> you<00:07:48.879> should
economists would say well you should
economists would say well you should
take<00:07:49.149> all<00:07:49.419> nonzero<00:07:49.689> offers<00:07:50.289> what<00:07:50.469> do<00:07:50.529> people
take all nonzero offers what do people
take all nonzero offers what do people
do<00:07:50.979> people<00:07:51.250> are<00:07:51.520> indifferent<00:07:51.819> at<00:07:52.180> an<00:07:52.270> 80/20
do people are indifferent at an 80/20
do people are indifferent at an 80/20
split<00:07:52.979> at<00:07:53.979> 8020<00:07:54.789> it's<00:07:55.300> a<00:07:55.419> coin<00:07:55.629> flip<00:07:55.659> whether
split at 8020 it's a coin flip whether
split at 8020 it's a coin flip whether
you<00:07:56.169> accept<00:07:56.439> that<00:07:56.620> or<00:07:56.770> not<00:07:56.800> why<00:07:57.550> is<00:07:57.610> that<00:07:57.930> yeah
you accept that or not why is that yeah
you accept that or not why is that yeah
because<00:07:59.020> you're<00:07:59.259> pissed<00:07:59.469> off
because you're pissed off
because you're pissed off
you're<00:08:00.819> mad<00:08:00.969> that's<00:08:01.210> an<00:08:01.360> unfair<00:08:01.689> offer<00:08:01.930> and
you're mad that's an unfair offer and
you're mad that's an unfair offer and
you<00:08:02.349> know<00:08:02.560> what<00:08:02.770> an<00:08:02.889> unfair<00:08:03.250> offer<00:08:03.490> is<00:08:03.759> this<00:08:04.149> is
you know what an unfair offer is this is
you know what an unfair offer is this is
a<00:08:04.360> kind<00:08:04.599> of<00:08:04.659> game<00:08:04.810> done<00:08:05.020> by<00:08:05.139> my<00:08:05.319> lab<00:08:05.529> and<00:08:05.680> many
a kind of game done by my lab and many
a kind of game done by my lab and many
around<00:08:06.039> the<00:08:06.279> world<00:08:06.339> that<00:08:06.849> just<00:08:07.029> gives<00:08:07.180> you<00:08:07.240> an
around the world that just gives you an
around the world that just gives you an
example<00:08:07.360> of<00:08:07.930> the<00:08:08.020> kind<00:08:08.229> of<00:08:08.289> thing<00:08:08.469> that<00:08:08.500> that
example of the kind of thing that that
example of the kind of thing that that
these<00:08:09.729> games<00:08:09.939> probe<00:08:10.649> the<00:08:11.649> interesting<00:08:12.129> thing
these games probe the interesting thing
these games probe the interesting thing
is<00:08:12.460> these<00:08:12.669> games<00:08:12.909> require<00:08:13.389> that<00:08:13.569> you<00:08:13.689> have<00:08:13.719> a
is these games require that you have a
is these games require that you have a
lot<00:08:14.500> of<00:08:14.529> cognitive<00:08:15.009> apparatus<00:08:15.520> online<00:08:16.240> you
lot of cognitive apparatus online you
lot of cognitive apparatus online you
have<00:08:16.779> to<00:08:16.899> be<00:08:16.990> able<00:08:17.050> to<00:08:17.169> come<00:08:17.349> to<00:08:17.439> the<00:08:17.529> table
have to be able to come to the table
have to be able to come to the table
with<00:08:17.919> a<00:08:18.069> proper<00:08:18.399> model<00:08:18.580> of<00:08:18.789> another<00:08:19.000> person
with a proper model of another person
with a proper model of another person
you<00:08:20.259> have<00:08:20.409> to<00:08:20.439> be<00:08:20.680> able<00:08:20.800> to<00:08:20.979> remember<00:08:21.490> what
you have to be able to remember what
you have to be able to remember what
you've<00:08:21.759> done
you've done
you've done
you<00:08:22.810> have<00:08:22.899> to<00:08:23.020> stand<00:08:23.169> up<00:08:23.379> in<00:08:23.469> the<00:08:23.529> moment<00:08:23.830> to<00:08:23.889> do
you have to stand up in the moment to do
you have to stand up in the moment to do
that<00:08:24.159> then<00:08:24.430> you<00:08:24.460> have<00:08:24.550> to<00:08:24.669> update<00:08:24.909> your<00:08:25.270> model
that then you have to update your model
that then you have to update your model
based<00:08:25.899> on<00:08:26.080> the<00:08:26.139> signals<00:08:26.560> coming<00:08:26.860> back<00:08:27.039> and<00:08:27.909> you
based on the signals coming back and you
based on the signals coming back and you
have<00:08:28.120> to<00:08:28.149> do<00:08:28.300> something<00:08:28.659> that<00:08:28.960> is<00:08:29.399> interesting
have to do something that is interesting
have to do something that is interesting
which<00:08:30.520> is<00:08:30.669> you<00:08:30.759> have<00:08:30.879> to<00:08:30.969> do<00:08:31.060> a<00:08:31.089> kind<00:08:31.330> of<00:08:31.389> depth
which is you have to do a kind of depth
which is you have to do a kind of depth
of<00:08:31.779> thought<00:08:31.960> assay<00:08:32.890> that<00:08:33.130> is<00:08:33.579> you<00:08:34.029> have<00:08:34.209> to
of thought assay that is you have to
of thought assay that is you have to
decide<00:08:34.659> what<00:08:34.870> that<00:08:34.899> other<00:08:35.079> person<00:08:35.199> expects<00:08:35.890> of
decide what that other person expects of
decide what that other person expects of
you<00:08:36.219> you<00:08:36.579> have<00:08:36.699> to<00:08:36.789> send<00:08:37.000> signals<00:08:37.510> to<00:08:37.599> manage
you you have to send signals to manage
you you have to send signals to manage
your
your
your
image<00:08:38.530> in<00:08:38.650> their<00:08:38.800> mind<00:08:38.830> like<00:08:39.250> a<00:08:39.460> job<00:08:39.700> interview
image in their mind like a job interview
image in their mind like a job interview
you<00:08:40.300> sit<00:08:41.110> across<00:08:41.320> the<00:08:41.470> desk<00:08:41.620> from<00:08:41.680> somebody
you sit across the desk from somebody
you sit across the desk from somebody
they<00:08:42.460> have<00:08:42.490> some<00:08:42.850> prior<00:08:43.090> image<00:08:43.420> of<00:08:43.570> you<00:08:43.750> you
they have some prior image of you you
they have some prior image of you you
send<00:08:44.440> signals<00:08:44.770> across<00:08:44.860> a<00:08:45.040> desk<00:08:45.400> to<00:08:45.700> move<00:08:45.850> their
send signals across a desk to move their
send signals across a desk to move their
image<00:08:46.450> of<00:08:46.630> you<00:08:46.810> from<00:08:47.380> one<00:08:47.590> place<00:08:47.830> to<00:08:48.550> place
image of you from one place to place
image of you from one place to place
whether<00:08:49.060> you<00:08:49.210> want<00:08:49.390> it<00:08:49.450> to<00:08:49.570> be<00:08:49.980> we're<00:08:50.980> so<00:08:51.220> good
whether you want it to be we're so good
whether you want it to be we're so good
at<00:08:51.550> this<00:08:51.850> we<00:08:52.150> don't<00:08:52.330> really<00:08:52.510> even<00:08:52.720> notice<00:08:53.050> it
at this we don't really even notice it
at this we don't really even notice it
these<00:08:54.070> kinds<00:08:54.550> of<00:08:54.640> probes<00:08:54.940> exploit<00:08:55.570> it<00:08:55.750> okay<00:08:56.500> in
these kinds of probes exploit it okay in
these kinds of probes exploit it okay in
doing<00:08:57.970> this<00:08:58.090> what<00:08:58.330> we've<00:08:58.450> discovered<00:08:58.870> is<00:08:59.110> that
doing this what we've discovered is that
doing this what we've discovered is that
humans<00:08:59.530> are<00:08:59.620> literal<00:09:00.070> Canaries<00:09:00.700> and<00:09:00.730> social
humans are literal Canaries and social
humans are literal Canaries and social
exchanges<00:09:01.720> Canaries<00:09:02.080> used<00:09:02.230> to<00:09:02.320> be<00:09:02.410> used<00:09:02.650> as
exchanges Canaries used to be used as
exchanges Canaries used to be used as
kind<00:09:03.580> of<00:09:03.670> biosensors<00:09:04.390> and<00:09:04.600> mines<00:09:05.040> when
kind of biosensors and mines when
kind of biosensors and mines when
methane<00:09:06.520> built<00:09:06.880> up<00:09:07.090> or<00:09:07.300> carbon<00:09:07.570> dioxide<00:09:07.600> built
methane built up or carbon dioxide built
methane built up or carbon dioxide built
up<00:09:08.410> or<00:09:08.560> oxygen<00:09:09.540> was<00:09:10.540> diminished<00:09:11.050> the<00:09:11.950> birds
up or oxygen was diminished the birds
up or oxygen was diminished the birds
would<00:09:12.370> swoon<00:09:12.700> before<00:09:13.060> people<00:09:13.240> would<00:09:13.450> so<00:09:13.660> it
would swoon before people would so it
would swoon before people would so it
acted<00:09:14.020> as<00:09:14.110> an<00:09:14.230> early<00:09:14.440> warning<00:09:14.530> system<00:09:14.860> hey<00:09:15.130> get
acted as an early warning system hey get
acted as an early warning system hey get
out<00:09:15.400> of<00:09:15.460> the<00:09:15.550> mine<00:09:15.700> things<00:09:16.000> aren't<00:09:16.150> going<00:09:16.300> so
out of the mine things aren't going so
out of the mine things aren't going so
well<00:09:17.310> people<00:09:18.310> come<00:09:18.850> to<00:09:19.030> the<00:09:19.150> table<00:09:19.360> and<00:09:19.540> even
well people come to the table and even
well people come to the table and even
these<00:09:20.020> very<00:09:20.410> blunt<00:09:20.800> staged<00:09:21.310> social
these very blunt staged social
these very blunt staged social
interactions<00:09:22.900> and<00:09:23.080> they<00:09:23.650> and<00:09:23.950> there's
interactions and they and there's
interactions and they and there's
numbers<00:09:24.640> going<00:09:24.820> back<00:09:25.030> and<00:09:25.240> forth<00:09:25.420> between<00:09:25.570> the
numbers going back and forth between the
numbers going back and forth between the
people<00:09:26.140> and<00:09:26.860> they<00:09:27.400> bring<00:09:27.580> enormous
people and they bring enormous
people and they bring enormous
sensitivities<00:09:28.750> to<00:09:28.780> it<00:09:28.990> so<00:09:29.200> we<00:09:29.380> realize<00:09:29.800> we
sensitivities to it so we realize we
sensitivities to it so we realize we
could<00:09:30.190> exploit<00:09:30.580> this<00:09:30.850> and<00:09:31.150> in<00:09:31.630> fact<00:09:31.810> as<00:09:32.050> we've
could exploit this and in fact as we've
could exploit this and in fact as we've
done<00:09:32.500> that<00:09:32.710> and<00:09:32.890> we've<00:09:32.980> done<00:09:33.010> this<00:09:33.280> now<00:09:33.340> in
done that and we've done this now in
done that and we've done this now in
many<00:09:34.480> thousands<00:09:35.050> of<00:09:35.170> people<00:09:35.440> I<00:09:35.650> think<00:09:35.920> on<00:09:36.160> the
many thousands of people I think on the
many thousands of people I think on the
order<00:09:36.370> of<00:09:36.610> five<00:09:37.240> or<00:09:37.420> six<00:09:37.570> thousand<00:09:38.140> we
order of five or six thousand we
order of five or six thousand we
actually<00:09:38.980> do<00:09:39.070> make<00:09:39.160> this<00:09:39.280> a<00:09:39.340> biological<00:09:40.000> probe
actually do make this a biological probe
actually do make this a biological probe
need<00:09:40.420> bigger<00:09:41.050> numbers<00:09:41.410> than<00:09:41.440> that<00:09:41.740> remarkably
need bigger numbers than that remarkably
need bigger numbers than that remarkably
so<00:09:42.670> but<00:09:43.240> anyway<00:09:44.880> patterns<00:09:45.880> have<00:09:46.090> emerged<00:09:46.210> and
so but anyway patterns have emerged and
so but anyway patterns have emerged and
we've<00:09:46.960> been<00:09:47.080> able<00:09:47.200> to<00:09:47.350> take<00:09:47.560> those<00:09:47.770> patterns
we've been able to take those patterns
we've been able to take those patterns
convert<00:09:48.820> them<00:09:49.000> into<00:09:49.440> mathematical<00:09:50.440> models
convert them into mathematical models
convert them into mathematical models
and<00:09:51.370> use<00:09:51.790> those<00:09:51.910> mathematical<00:09:52.180> models<00:09:52.810> to
and use those mathematical models to
and use those mathematical models to
gain<00:09:53.050> new<00:09:53.290> insights<00:09:53.710> into<00:09:53.950> these<00:09:54.100> exchanges
gain new insights into these exchanges
gain new insights into these exchanges
okay<00:09:55.600> so<00:09:55.660> what<00:09:55.990> well<00:09:56.140> the<00:09:56.230> so<00:09:56.380> what<00:09:56.560> is<00:09:56.740> that's
okay so what well the so what is that's
okay so what well the so what is that's
a<00:09:57.520> really<00:09:57.730> nice<00:09:57.880> behavioral<00:09:58.480> measure<00:09:58.690> the
a really nice behavioral measure the
a really nice behavioral measure the
economic<00:09:59.350> game's<00:09:59.860> bring<00:10:00.190> to<00:10:00.400> us<00:10:00.550> notions<00:10:01.330> of
economic game's bring to us notions of
economic game's bring to us notions of
optimal<00:10:01.900> play<00:10:02.110> we<00:10:02.350> can<00:10:02.500> compute<00:10:02.920> that<00:10:03.130> during
optimal play we can compute that during
optimal play we can compute that during
the<00:10:03.820> game<00:10:04.000> and<00:10:04.870> we<00:10:05.500> can<00:10:05.650> use<00:10:05.800> that<00:10:06.010> to<00:10:06.310> sort<00:10:06.490> of
the game and we can use that to sort of
the game and we can use that to sort of
carve<00:10:06.790> up<00:10:06.910> the<00:10:06.940> behavior<00:10:07.920> here's<00:10:08.920> the<00:10:09.070> cool
carve up the behavior here's the cool
carve up the behavior here's the cool
thing<00:10:10.470> six<00:10:11.470> or<00:10:11.620> seven<00:10:11.860> years<00:10:12.040> ago<00:10:12.160> we
thing six or seven years ago we
thing six or seven years ago we
developed<00:10:12.520> a<00:10:12.850> team<00:10:13.060> it<00:10:13.450> was<00:10:13.720> at<00:10:13.870> the<00:10:13.990> time<00:10:14.140> in
developed a team it was at the time in
developed a team it was at the time in
Houston<00:10:14.500> Texas<00:10:14.830> it's<00:10:15.190> now<00:10:15.310> in<00:10:15.520> Virginia<00:10:16.000> and
Houston Texas it's now in Virginia and
Houston Texas it's now in Virginia and
London<00:10:16.420> and<00:10:16.600> we<00:10:17.230> built<00:10:17.440> software<00:10:18.160> that'll
London and we built software that'll
London and we built software that'll
link<00:10:19.060> functional<00:10:19.630> magnetic<00:10:19.750> resonance
link functional magnetic resonance
link functional magnetic resonance
imaging<00:10:20.830> devices<00:10:21.130> up<00:10:21.970> over<00:10:22.360> the<00:10:22.450> internet<00:10:22.870> I
imaging devices up over the internet I
imaging devices up over the internet I
guess<00:10:24.100> we've<00:10:24.280> done<00:10:24.430> up<00:10:24.670> to<00:10:24.970> six<00:10:25.300> machines<00:10:25.480> at<00:10:25.780> a
guess we've done up to six machines at a
guess we've done up to six machines at a
time<00:10:26.050> but<00:10:26.170> let's<00:10:26.320> just<00:10:26.440> focus<00:10:26.620> on<00:10:26.920> two<00:10:27.160> so<00:10:27.790> it
time but let's just focus on two so it
time but let's just focus on two so it
synchronizes<00:10:28.360> machines<00:10:28.960> anywhere<00:10:29.500> in<00:10:29.590> the
synchronizes machines anywhere in the
synchronizes machines anywhere in the
world<00:10:29.830> we<00:10:30.760> synchronize<00:10:31.330> the<00:10:31.480> machines<00:10:31.980> set
world we synchronize the machines set
world we synchronize the machines set
them<00:10:33.190> into<00:10:33.430> these<00:10:33.520> stage<00:10:33.790> social
them into these stage social
them into these stage social
interactions<00:10:34.810> and<00:10:34.990> we<00:10:35.110> eavesdrop<00:10:35.320> on<00:10:35.710> both<00:10:35.890> of
interactions and we eavesdrop on both of
interactions and we eavesdrop on both of
the<00:10:36.070> interacting<00:10:36.520> brains<00:10:36.760> so<00:10:36.940> for<00:10:37.120> the<00:10:37.180> first
the interacting brains so for the first
the interacting brains so for the first
time<00:10:37.540> we<00:10:37.690> don't<00:10:37.840> have<00:10:38.020> to<00:10:38.110> look<00:10:38.260> at<00:10:38.380> just
time we don't have to look at just
time we don't have to look at just
averages<00:10:39.040> over<00:10:39.190> single<00:10:39.610> individuals<00:10:40.180> and<00:10:40.420> or
averages over single individuals and or
averages over single individuals and or
have<00:10:41.650> individuals<00:10:42.250> playing<00:10:42.490> computers<00:10:43.090> or
have individuals playing computers or
have individuals playing computers or
try<00:10:43.720> to<00:10:43.750> make<00:10:43.900> inferences<00:10:44.620> that<00:10:44.800> way<00:10:44.950> we<00:10:45.100> can
try to make inferences that way we can
try to make inferences that way we can
study<00:10:45.460> individual<00:10:46.210> dyads<00:10:46.630> we<00:10:46.780> can<00:10:46.930> study<00:10:47.110> the
study individual dyads we can study the
study individual dyads we can study the
way<00:10:47.410> that<00:10:47.590> one<00:10:47.740> person<00:10:47.770> interacts<00:10:48.400> with
way that one person interacts with
way that one person interacts with
another<00:10:48.790> person<00:10:49.180> turn<00:10:49.840> the<00:10:49.990> numbers<00:10:50.170> up<00:10:50.560> and
another person turn the numbers up and
another person turn the numbers up and
start<00:10:51.250> to<00:10:51.340> gain<00:10:51.460> new<00:10:51.700> insight
start to gain new insight
start to gain new insight
into<00:10:52.420> the<00:10:52.510> boundaries<00:10:52.839> of<00:10:52.990> normal<00:10:53.140> cognition
into the boundaries of normal cognition
into the boundaries of normal cognition
but<00:10:55.120> more<00:10:55.300> importantly<00:10:55.750> we<00:10:56.260> can<00:10:56.440> put<00:10:56.649> people
but more importantly we can put people
but more importantly we can put people
with<00:10:57.160> classically<00:10:57.730> defined<00:10:57.880> mental
with classically defined mental
with classically defined mental
illnesses<00:10:58.899> or<00:10:59.200> brain<00:10:59.680> damage<00:11:00.060> into<00:11:01.060> these
illnesses or brain damage into these
illnesses or brain damage into these
social<00:11:01.540> interactions<00:11:02.110> and<00:11:02.230> use<00:11:02.500> these<00:11:02.740> as
social interactions and use these as
social interactions and use these as
probes<00:11:03.250> of<00:11:03.430> that<00:11:03.610> so<00:11:04.209> we've<00:11:04.360> started<00:11:04.630> this
probes of that so we've started this
probes of that so we've started this
effort<00:11:05.080> we've<00:11:05.380> made<00:11:05.560> a<00:11:05.589> few<00:11:05.680> hits<00:11:06.130> a<00:11:06.370> few<00:11:06.850> I
effort we've made a few hits a few I
effort we've made a few hits a few I
think<00:11:07.630> embryonic<00:11:07.990> discoveries<00:11:08.680> we<00:11:09.070> think
think embryonic discoveries we think
think embryonic discoveries we think
there's<00:11:09.490> a<00:11:09.550> future<00:11:09.790> to<00:11:10.060> this<00:11:10.209> but<00:11:10.870> it's<00:11:11.020> our
there's a future to this but it's our
there's a future to this but it's our
way<00:11:11.230> of<00:11:11.440> going<00:11:11.950> in<00:11:12.100> and<00:11:12.250> redefining<00:11:12.820> with<00:11:13.029> a
way of going in and redefining with a
way of going in and redefining with a
new<00:11:13.240> lexicon<00:11:13.810> a<00:11:14.410> mathematical<00:11:15.279> and<00:11:15.399> actually
new lexicon a mathematical and actually
new lexicon a mathematical and actually
as<00:11:16.330> opposed<00:11:16.720> to<00:11:17.040> the<00:11:18.040> standard<00:11:18.399> ways<00:11:18.520> that<00:11:18.700> we
as opposed to the standard ways that we
as opposed to the standard ways that we
think<00:11:19.000> about<00:11:19.089> mental<00:11:19.390> illness
think about mental illness
think about mental illness
characterizing<00:11:21.520> these<00:11:21.610> diseases<00:11:22.120> by<00:11:22.270> using
characterizing these diseases by using
characterizing these diseases by using
the<00:11:22.810> people<00:11:23.200> as<00:11:23.380> birds<00:11:23.740> in<00:11:23.980> the<00:11:24.070> exchange<00:11:24.520> that
the people as birds in the exchange that
the people as birds in the exchange that
is<00:11:25.330> we<00:11:25.510> exploit<00:11:26.020> the<00:11:26.200> fact<00:11:26.380> that<00:11:26.649> the<00:11:26.740> healthy
is we exploit the fact that the healthy
is we exploit the fact that the healthy
partner<00:11:27.490> playing<00:11:28.089> somebody<00:11:28.600> with<00:11:29.170> major
partner playing somebody with major
partner playing somebody with major
depression<00:11:29.980> or<00:11:30.339> playing<00:11:30.850> somebody<00:11:31.360> with
depression or playing somebody with
depression or playing somebody with
autism<00:11:31.690> spectrum<00:11:32.200> disorder<00:11:32.860> or<00:11:33.160> playing
autism spectrum disorder or playing
autism spectrum disorder or playing
somebody<00:11:34.060> with<00:11:34.240> attention<00:11:34.540> deficit
somebody with attention deficit
somebody with attention deficit
hyperactivity<00:11:36.010> disorder<00:11:36.279> we<00:11:37.089> use<00:11:37.390> that<00:11:37.720> as<00:11:37.930> a
hyperactivity disorder we use that as a
hyperactivity disorder we use that as a
kind<00:11:38.470> of<00:11:38.620> bio<00:11:38.830> sensor<00:11:39.399> and<00:11:39.580> then<00:11:40.000> we<00:11:40.089> use
kind of bio sensor and then we use
kind of bio sensor and then we use
computer<00:11:40.720> programs<00:11:41.110> to<00:11:41.230> model<00:11:41.620> that<00:11:41.740> person
computer programs to model that person
computer programs to model that person
and<00:11:42.339> it<00:11:42.670> gives<00:11:42.820> us<00:11:42.940> a<00:11:43.029> kind<00:11:43.180> of<00:11:43.300> assay<00:11:43.720> of<00:11:43.750> this
and it gives us a kind of assay of this
and it gives us a kind of assay of this
early<00:11:45.459> days<00:11:45.670> and<00:11:46.089> we're<00:11:46.240> just<00:11:46.330> beginning
early days and we're just beginning
early days and we're just beginning
we're<00:11:46.870> setting<00:11:47.110> up<00:11:47.170> sites<00:11:47.470> around<00:11:47.620> the<00:11:47.860> world
we're setting up sites around the world
we're setting up sites around the world
here<00:11:49.120> a<00:11:49.149> few<00:11:49.390> of<00:11:49.480> our<00:11:49.540> collaborating<00:11:50.200> sites
here a few of our collaborating sites
here a few of our collaborating sites
the<00:11:51.190> the<00:11:51.790> hub<00:11:52.000> ironically<00:11:52.690> enough<00:11:52.839> is
the the hub ironically enough is
the the hub ironically enough is
centered<00:11:53.860> in<00:11:53.890> little<00:11:54.640> Roanoke<00:11:54.970> Virginia
centered in little Roanoke Virginia
centered in little Roanoke Virginia
there's<00:11:56.350> another<00:11:56.589> hub<00:11:56.800> in<00:11:56.950> London<00:11:57.490> now<00:11:57.640> and
there's another hub in London now and
there's another hub in London now and
the<00:11:58.180> rest<00:11:58.329> are<00:11:58.660> getting<00:11:59.020> set<00:11:59.380> up<00:11:59.640> we<00:12:00.640> hope<00:12:00.820> to
the rest are getting set up we hope to
the rest are getting set up we hope to
give<00:12:01.450> the<00:12:01.630> data<00:12:01.779> away<00:12:02.320> at<00:12:02.649> some<00:12:02.860> stage<00:12:03.600> that's
give the data away at some stage that's
give the data away at some stage that's
a<00:12:04.839> complicated<00:12:05.589> issue<00:12:05.800> about<00:12:06.130> making<00:12:06.459> it
a complicated issue about making it
a complicated issue about making it
available<00:12:06.760> to<00:12:07.149> the<00:12:07.600> rest<00:12:07.839> of<00:12:07.930> the<00:12:08.020> world<00:12:08.200> but
available to the rest of the world but
available to the rest of the world but
we're<00:12:09.279> also<00:12:09.430> studying<00:12:09.880> just<00:12:10.089> a<00:12:10.149> small<00:12:10.360> part<00:12:10.690> of
we're also studying just a small part of
we're also studying just a small part of
what<00:12:11.110> makes<00:12:11.380> us<00:12:11.500> interesting<00:12:12.100> as<00:12:12.220> human
what makes us interesting as human
what makes us interesting as human
beings<00:12:12.790> and<00:12:13.029> so<00:12:13.209> I<00:12:13.240> would<00:12:13.450> invite<00:12:13.480> other
beings and so I would invite other
beings and so I would invite other
people<00:12:13.990> who<00:12:14.230> are<00:12:14.290> interested<00:12:14.649> in<00:12:14.709> this<00:12:14.860> to<00:12:15.100> ask
people who are interested in this to ask
people who are interested in this to ask
us<00:12:15.760> for<00:12:15.910> the<00:12:15.970> software<00:12:16.450> or<00:12:16.810> even<00:12:17.140> for<00:12:17.290> guidance
us for the software or even for guidance
us for the software or even for guidance
on<00:12:17.800> how<00:12:18.310> to<00:12:18.339> move<00:12:18.550> forward<00:12:18.910> with<00:12:19.060> that
on how to move forward with that
on how to move forward with that
I<00:12:19.450> mean<00:12:20.170> levy<00:12:20.350> one<00:12:20.649> thought<00:12:20.890> and<00:12:21.040> closing<00:12:21.459> the
I mean levy one thought and closing the
I mean levy one thought and closing the
interesting<00:12:22.660> thing<00:12:22.839> about<00:12:22.870> studying
interesting thing about studying
interesting thing about studying
cognition<00:12:24.070> has<00:12:24.640> been<00:12:24.880> that<00:12:25.860> we've<00:12:26.860> been
cognition has been that we've been
cognition has been that we've been
limited<00:12:27.579> in<00:12:27.700> a<00:12:27.760> way<00:12:27.850> we<00:12:27.970> just<00:12:28.120> haven't<00:12:28.360> had<00:12:28.420> the
limited in a way we just haven't had the
limited in a way we just haven't had the
tools<00:12:28.750> to<00:12:29.170> look<00:12:29.350> at<00:12:29.700> interacting<00:12:30.700> brain<00:12:30.880> is
tools to look at interacting brain is
tools to look at interacting brain is
simultaneously<00:12:31.779> the<00:12:32.050> fact<00:12:32.980> is<00:12:33.160> though<00:12:33.430> that
simultaneously the fact is though that
simultaneously the fact is though that
even<00:12:33.760> when<00:12:34.000> we're<00:12:34.149> alone<00:12:34.480> we're<00:12:34.870> a<00:12:34.899> profoundly
even when we're alone we're a profoundly
even when we're alone we're a profoundly
social<00:12:35.950> creature<00:12:36.160> we're<00:12:36.430> not<00:12:36.730> a<00:12:37.660> solitary
social creature we're not a solitary
social creature we're not a solitary
mind<00:12:38.920> built<00:12:39.370> out<00:12:39.670> of<00:12:40.529> properties<00:12:41.529> that<00:12:41.560> kept
mind built out of properties that kept
mind built out of properties that kept
it<00:12:41.950> alive<00:12:42.040> in<00:12:42.430> the<00:12:42.520> world<00:12:42.930> independent<00:12:43.930> of
it alive in the world independent of
it alive in the world independent of
other<00:12:44.649> people<00:12:45.279> in<00:12:45.880> fact<00:12:46.089> our<00:12:46.270> minds<00:12:47.010> depend<00:12:48.010> on
other people in fact our minds depend on
other people in fact our minds depend on
other<00:12:48.310> people<00:12:48.399> they<00:12:48.880> depend<00:12:49.029> on<00:12:49.300> other<00:12:49.510> people
other people they depend on other people
other people they depend on other people
and<00:12:50.050> they're<00:12:50.230> expressed<00:12:50.680> in<00:12:50.920> other<00:12:51.250> people<00:12:51.640> so
and they're expressed in other people so
and they're expressed in other people so
the<00:12:51.910> notion<00:12:52.899> of<00:12:53.140> who<00:12:53.320> you<00:12:53.529> are<00:12:53.560> you<00:12:54.370> often
the notion of who you are you often
the notion of who you are you often
don't<00:12:54.670> know<00:12:54.910> who<00:12:55.089> you<00:12:55.270> are<00:12:55.300> until<00:12:55.450> you<00:12:55.750> see
don't know who you are until you see
don't know who you are until you see
yourself<00:12:56.350> in<00:12:56.410> interaction<00:12:56.950> with<00:12:56.980> people<00:12:57.339> that
yourself in interaction with people that
yourself in interaction with people that
are<00:12:57.700> close<00:12:57.850> to<00:12:58.060> you<00:12:58.209> people<00:12:58.839> that<00:12:59.050> are<00:12:59.200> enemies
are close to you people that are enemies
are close to you people that are enemies
of<00:12:59.680> you<00:12:59.860> people<00:13:00.339> that<00:13:00.670> are<00:13:00.850> agnostic<00:13:01.420> to<00:13:01.449> you
of you people that are agnostic to you
of you people that are agnostic to you
so<00:13:02.650> this<00:13:03.370> is<00:13:03.430> the<00:13:03.970> first<00:13:04.390> sort<00:13:04.660> of<00:13:04.779> step<00:13:05.140> into
so this is the first sort of step into
so this is the first sort of step into
using
using
using
that<00:13:06.040> insight<00:13:06.519> into<00:13:06.549> what<00:13:06.939> makes<00:13:06.970> us<00:13:07.329> human
that insight into what makes us human
that insight into what makes us human
beings<00:13:07.709> turning<00:13:08.709> it<00:13:08.799> into<00:13:08.980> a<00:13:09.129> tool<00:13:09.399> and<00:13:09.759> trying
beings turning it into a tool and trying
beings turning it into a tool and trying
to<00:13:10.209> gain<00:13:10.329> new<00:13:10.480> insights<00:13:10.869> into<00:13:11.049> mental<00:13:11.470> illness
to gain new insights into mental illness
to gain new insights into mental illness
thanks<00:13:12.129> for<00:13:12.279> having<00:13:12.489> me
Read Montague, TED, TED, Ed, TEDEducation, TED-Ed, fMRI, brain, activity, technology
