What is the Internet, really? - Andrew Blum
I've<00:00:16.500> always<00:00:16.919> written<00:00:17.099> primarily<00:00:17.700> about
I've always written primarily about
I've always written primarily about
architecture<00:00:18.570> about<00:00:18.660> buildings<00:00:19.200> and<00:00:19.529> writing
architecture about buildings and writing
architecture about buildings and writing
about<00:00:20.580> architecture<00:00:21.090> is<00:00:21.180> based<00:00:21.450> on<00:00:21.930> certain
about architecture is based on certain
about architecture is based on certain
assumptions<00:00:22.650> and<00:00:23.000> architect<00:00:24.000> designs<00:00:24.390> a
assumptions and architect designs a
assumptions and architect designs a
building<00:00:24.930> and<00:00:25.169> it<00:00:25.230> becomes<00:00:25.529> a<00:00:25.619> place<00:00:25.829> where
building and it becomes a place where
building and it becomes a place where
many<00:00:26.279> architects<00:00:26.759> design<00:00:27.059> many<00:00:27.270> buildings<00:00:27.689> it
many architects design many buildings it
many architects design many buildings it
becomes<00:00:28.169> the<00:00:28.259> city<00:00:28.469> and<00:00:28.770> regardless<00:00:29.759> of<00:00:30.000> this
becomes the city and regardless of this
becomes the city and regardless of this
complicated<00:00:30.719> mix<00:00:31.050> of<00:00:31.259> forces<00:00:31.739> of<00:00:31.919> politics
complicated mix of forces of politics
complicated mix of forces of politics
and<00:00:32.640> culture<00:00:32.969> and<00:00:33.030> economics<00:00:33.570> that<00:00:33.780> shapes
and culture and economics that shapes
and culture and economics that shapes
these<00:00:34.290> places<00:00:34.559> at<00:00:35.010> the<00:00:35.550> end<00:00:35.730> of<00:00:35.879> the<00:00:36.000> day<00:00:36.210> you
these places at the end of the day you
these places at the end of the day you
can<00:00:37.020> go<00:00:37.320> and<00:00:37.649> you<00:00:37.860> can<00:00:37.890> visit<00:00:38.160> them<00:00:38.460> you<00:00:38.820> can
can go and you can visit them you can
can go and you can visit them you can
walk<00:00:39.149> around<00:00:39.480> them<00:00:39.690> you<00:00:39.840> can<00:00:40.020> smell<00:00:40.320> them<00:00:40.559> you
walk around them you can smell them you
walk around them you can smell them you
can<00:00:40.859> get<00:00:40.980> a<00:00:41.010> feel<00:00:41.249> for<00:00:41.280> that<00:00:41.489> you<00:00:41.760> can
can get a feel for that you can
can get a feel for that you can
experience<00:00:42.329> their<00:00:43.109> sense<00:00:43.410> of<00:00:43.559> place<00:00:43.999> but<00:00:44.999> what
experience their sense of place but what
experience their sense of place but what
was<00:00:45.600> striking<00:00:45.839> to<00:00:45.989> me<00:00:46.079> over<00:00:46.260> the<00:00:46.350> last<00:00:46.409> several
was striking to me over the last several
was striking to me over the last several
years<00:00:47.100> was<00:00:47.489> that<00:00:47.519> less<00:00:48.089> and<00:00:48.390> less<00:00:48.539> was<00:00:49.050> I<00:00:49.199> going
years was that less and less was I going
years was that less and less was I going
out<00:00:49.769> into<00:00:50.129> the<00:00:50.219> world<00:00:50.399> and<00:00:50.820> more<00:00:51.179> and<00:00:51.300> more<00:00:51.510> I
out into the world and more and more I
out into the world and more and more I
was<00:00:52.289> sitting<00:00:52.559> in<00:00:52.620> front<00:00:52.739> of<00:00:52.859> my<00:00:53.010> computer
was sitting in front of my computer
was sitting in front of my computer
screen<00:00:53.579> and<00:00:54.539> especially<00:00:54.870> since<00:00:55.260> about<00:00:55.409> 2007
screen and especially since about 2007
screen and especially since about 2007
when<00:00:57.120> I<00:00:57.390> got<00:00:57.629> an<00:00:57.719> iPhone<00:00:58.079> I<00:00:58.319> was<00:00:58.469> not<00:00:58.620> only
when I got an iPhone I was not only
when I got an iPhone I was not only
sitting<00:00:59.010> in<00:00:59.069> front<00:00:59.159> of<00:00:59.309> my<00:00:59.370> screen<00:00:59.579> all<00:00:59.789> day
sitting in front of my screen all day
sitting in front of my screen all day
but<00:01:00.629> I<00:01:00.659> was<00:01:00.839> also<00:01:00.989> getting<00:01:01.319> up<00:01:01.409> at<00:01:01.530> the<00:01:01.589> end<00:01:01.710> of
but I was also getting up at the end of
but I was also getting up at the end of
the<00:01:01.890> day<00:01:02.039> and<00:01:02.280> looking<00:01:02.760> at<00:01:02.879> this<00:01:02.999> little
the day and looking at this little
the day and looking at this little
screen<00:01:03.390> that<00:01:03.600> I<00:01:03.659> carried<00:01:03.989> in<00:01:04.080> my<00:01:04.170> pocket<00:01:04.650> and
screen that I carried in my pocket and
screen that I carried in my pocket and
what<00:01:06.120> was<00:01:06.270> surprising<00:01:06.390> to<00:01:06.840> me<00:01:06.960> was<00:01:07.229> how
what was surprising to me was how
what was surprising to me was how
quickly<00:01:07.790> my<00:01:08.790> relationship<00:01:09.330> to<00:01:09.420> the<00:01:09.510> physical
quickly my relationship to the physical
quickly my relationship to the physical
worlds<00:01:10.200> had<00:01:10.380> changed<00:01:10.890> in<00:01:11.130> this<00:01:11.460> very<00:01:11.700> short
worlds had changed in this very short
worlds had changed in this very short
period<00:01:12.360> of<00:01:12.390> time<00:01:12.450> you<00:01:12.899> know<00:01:12.990> whether<00:01:13.170> you<00:01:13.320> call
period of time you know whether you call
period of time you know whether you call
it<00:01:13.560> the<00:01:13.799> last<00:01:13.979> 15<00:01:14.399> years<00:01:14.430> or<00:01:14.729> so<00:01:14.790> of<00:01:14.909> being
it the last 15 years or so of being
it the last 15 years or so of being
online<00:01:15.329> or<00:01:16.110> the<00:01:16.259> last<00:01:16.409> you<00:01:16.680> know<00:01:16.770> four<00:01:17.040> or<00:01:17.159> five
online or the last you know four or five
online or the last you know four or five
years<00:01:17.579> I'd<00:01:17.729> be<00:01:17.820> online<00:01:18.000> all<00:01:18.420> the<00:01:18.450> time<00:01:18.930> our
years I'd be online all the time our
years I'd be online all the time our
relationship<00:01:20.100> to<00:01:20.610> our<00:01:20.640> surroundings<00:01:21.240> had
relationship to our surroundings had
relationship to our surroundings had
changed<00:01:22.320> and<00:01:22.439> that<00:01:22.500> our<00:01:22.619> attention<00:01:22.799> is
changed and that our attention is
changed and that our attention is
constantly<00:01:23.490> divided<00:01:24.030> you<00:01:24.299> know<00:01:24.420> we're<00:01:24.689> both
constantly divided you know we're both
constantly divided you know we're both
looking<00:01:25.289> inside<00:01:25.950> the<00:01:26.159> screens<00:01:26.490> and<00:01:26.880> we're
looking inside the screens and we're
looking inside the screens and we're
looking<00:01:27.210> out<00:01:27.390> in<00:01:27.600> the<00:01:27.659> world<00:01:27.840> around<00:01:28.110> us<00:01:28.320> and
looking out in the world around us and
looking out in the world around us and
what<00:01:29.490> was<00:01:29.610> even<00:01:29.640> more<00:01:30.030> striking<00:01:30.479> to<00:01:30.600> me<00:01:30.630> and
what was even more striking to me and
what was even more striking to me and
what<00:01:31.320> I<00:01:31.350> really<00:01:31.590> got<00:01:31.740> hung<00:01:31.890> up<00:01:32.009> on<00:01:32.189> was<00:01:32.850> that
what I really got hung up on was that
what I really got hung up on was that
the<00:01:33.119> world<00:01:33.329> inside<00:01:34.020> the<00:01:34.200> screen<00:01:34.469> seemed<00:01:35.100> to
the world inside the screen seemed to
the world inside the screen seemed to
have<00:01:35.520> no<00:01:35.729> physical<00:01:36.180> reality<00:01:36.659> of<00:01:36.689> its<00:01:37.020> own<00:01:37.200> if
have no physical reality of its own if
have no physical reality of its own if
you<00:01:38.369> went<00:01:38.609> and<00:01:38.880> looked<00:01:39.420> for<00:01:39.689> images<00:01:39.780> of<00:01:40.170> the
you went and looked for images of the
you went and looked for images of the
Internet<00:01:40.619> this<00:01:41.009> was<00:01:41.280> all<00:01:41.460> that<00:01:41.640> you<00:01:41.729> found
Internet this was all that you found
Internet this was all that you found
this<00:01:42.390> famous<00:01:42.659> image<00:01:42.990> by<00:01:43.469> opti<00:01:43.920> of<00:01:44.070> the
this famous image by opti of the
this famous image by opti of the
internet<00:01:45.090> it's<00:01:45.180> the<00:01:45.270> kind<00:01:45.450> of<00:01:45.479> Milky<00:01:45.899> Way<00:01:46.020> this
internet it's the kind of Milky Way this
internet it's the kind of Milky Way this
infinite<00:01:47.009> expanse<00:01:47.430> where<00:01:47.729> we<00:01:47.909> don't<00:01:48.030> seem<00:01:48.329> to
infinite expanse where we don't seem to
infinite expanse where we don't seem to
be<00:01:48.630> anywhere<00:01:48.990> on<00:01:49.049> it<00:01:49.350> we<00:01:49.530> can<00:01:49.680> never<00:01:49.799> seem<00:01:50.100> to
be anywhere on it we can never seem to
be anywhere on it we can never seem to
grasp<00:01:50.430> it<00:01:50.700> in<00:01:50.850> its<00:01:50.969> totality<00:01:51.299> so<00:01:52.259> he's
grasp it in its totality so he's
grasp it in its totality so he's
reminded<00:01:52.829> me<00:01:52.920> of<00:01:52.950> the<00:01:53.159> Apollo<00:01:53.490> image<00:01:53.939> of<00:01:54.780> the
reminded me of the Apollo image of the
reminded me of the Apollo image of the
earth<00:01:55.049> the<00:01:55.289> blue<00:01:55.500> marble<00:01:55.740> picture<00:01:56.280> and<00:01:56.520> is
earth the blue marble picture and is
earth the blue marble picture and is
similarly<00:01:57.270> meant<00:01:57.509> to<00:01:57.600> suggest<00:01:57.780> I<00:01:58.200> think<00:01:58.229> that
similarly meant to suggest I think that
similarly meant to suggest I think that
we<00:01:58.740> can't<00:01:59.039> really<00:01:59.310> understand<00:01:59.969> it<00:02:00.149> as<00:02:00.270> a<00:02:00.329> whole
we can't really understand it as a whole
we can't really understand it as a whole
we're<00:02:00.990> always<00:02:01.170> sort<00:02:01.530> of<00:02:01.619> small<00:02:01.979> in<00:02:02.219> the<00:02:02.310> face
we're always sort of small in the face
we're always sort of small in the face
of<00:02:02.700> its<00:02:02.820> expanse<00:02:04.399> so<00:02:05.399> if<00:02:05.609> there<00:02:05.939> was<00:02:06.090> this
of its expanse so if there was this
of its expanse so if there was this
world<00:02:06.810> in<00:02:07.020> the<00:02:07.109> screen<00:02:07.380> and<00:02:07.530> if<00:02:07.649> there<00:02:07.799> was<00:02:07.890> the
world in the screen and if there was the
world in the screen and if there was the
physical<00:02:08.130> world<00:02:08.550> around<00:02:08.670> me<00:02:08.940> I<00:02:09.210> couldn't<00:02:10.050> ever
physical world around me I couldn't ever
physical world around me I couldn't ever
get<00:02:10.710> them<00:02:10.920> together<00:02:11.250> in<00:02:11.730> the<00:02:11.970> same<00:02:12.180> place<00:02:12.450> and
get them together in the same place and
get them together in the same place and
then<00:02:14.580> this<00:02:14.730> happened
then this happened
then this happened
my<00:02:16.940> internet<00:02:17.300> broke<00:02:17.450> one<00:02:17.690> day<00:02:17.840> is<00:02:18.020> it
my internet broke one day is it
my internet broke one day is it
occasionally<00:02:18.470> does<00:02:18.740> and<00:02:19.160> the<00:02:20.000> Cable<00:02:20.270> Guy<00:02:20.390> came
occasionally does and the Cable Guy came
occasionally does and the Cable Guy came
to<00:02:20.720> fix<00:02:20.900> it<00:02:21.110> and<00:02:21.230> he<00:02:21.560> started<00:02:22.040> that<00:02:22.190> the<00:02:22.310> dusty
to fix it and he started that the dusty
to fix it and he started that the dusty
clump<00:02:22.970> of<00:02:23.120> cables<00:02:23.510> behind<00:02:23.630> the<00:02:23.810> couch<00:02:24.020> and<00:02:24.230> he
clump of cables behind the couch and he
clump of cables behind the couch and he
followed<00:02:24.590> it<00:02:24.680> to<00:02:24.740> the<00:02:24.830> front<00:02:24.950> of<00:02:25.100> my<00:02:25.160> building
followed it to the front of my building
followed it to the front of my building
into<00:02:25.730> the<00:02:25.760> basement<00:02:26.240> now<00:02:26.390> to<00:02:26.450> the<00:02:26.690> backyard
into the basement now to the backyard
into the basement now to the backyard
and<00:02:27.410> there<00:02:28.220> was<00:02:28.340> this<00:02:28.430> big<00:02:28.640> jumble<00:02:28.880> of<00:02:29.000> cables
and there was this big jumble of cables
and there was this big jumble of cables
against<00:02:29.630> the<00:02:29.720> wall<00:02:29.870> and<00:02:30.380> then<00:02:31.190> he<00:02:31.280> saw<00:02:31.460> a
against the wall and then he saw a
against the wall and then he saw a
squirrel<00:02:31.850> running<00:02:32.150> along<00:02:32.270> the<00:02:32.390> wire<00:02:32.570> and<00:02:32.959> he
squirrel running along the wire and he
squirrel running along the wire and he
said<00:02:34.160> there's<00:02:34.490> your<00:02:34.670> problem
said there's your problem
said there's your problem
a<00:02:35.300> squirrel<00:02:36.200> is<00:02:36.520> chewing<00:02:37.520> on<00:02:37.850> your<00:02:38.360> internet
a squirrel is chewing on your internet
a squirrel is chewing on your internet
and<00:02:39.980> this<00:02:40.790> seems<00:02:41.120> astounding<00:02:42.110> the<00:02:42.530> Internet
and this seems astounding the Internet
and this seems astounding the Internet
is<00:02:43.130> a<00:02:43.420> transcendent<00:02:44.420> idea<00:02:44.600> it's<00:02:45.140> a<00:02:45.230> set<00:02:45.440> of
is a transcendent idea it's a set of
is a transcendent idea it's a set of
protocols<00:02:45.800> that<00:02:46.280> has<00:02:46.430> changed<00:02:46.730> everything
protocols that has changed everything
protocols that has changed everything
from<00:02:47.660> shopping<00:02:48.080> to<00:02:48.290> dating<00:02:48.860> to<00:02:49.040> revolutions
from shopping to dating to revolutions
from shopping to dating to revolutions
it<00:02:50.570> was<00:02:50.750> unequivocally<00:02:51.380> not<00:02:51.620> something<00:02:52.459> a
it was unequivocally not something a
it was unequivocally not something a
squirrel<00:02:53.239> could<00:02:53.959> chew<00:02:54.170> on<00:02:55.300> but<00:02:56.300> that<00:02:56.510> in<00:02:56.690> fact
squirrel could chew on but that in fact
squirrel could chew on but that in fact
seemed<00:02:57.470> to<00:02:57.590> be<00:02:57.680> the<00:02:57.770> case<00:02:57.920> a<00:02:57.950> squirrel<00:02:58.340> had<00:02:58.610> in
seemed to be the case a squirrel had in
seemed to be the case a squirrel had in
fact<00:02:58.910> chewed<00:02:59.300> on<00:02:59.540> my<00:02:59.810> internet<00:03:00.280> and<00:03:01.280> then<00:03:01.670> I
fact chewed on my internet and then I
fact chewed on my internet and then I
got<00:03:01.880> this<00:03:02.000> image<00:03:02.239> in<00:03:02.360> my<00:03:02.450> head<00:03:02.480> at<00:03:02.750> what<00:03:02.870> would
got this image in my head at what would
got this image in my head at what would
happen<00:03:03.320> if<00:03:03.500> you<00:03:03.650> yanked<00:03:04.010> the<00:03:04.160> wire<00:03:04.310> from<00:03:04.520> the
happen if you yanked the wire from the
happen if you yanked the wire from the
wall<00:03:04.880> have<00:03:05.180> you<00:03:05.270> started<00:03:05.540> to<00:03:05.660> follow<00:03:05.900> it<00:03:06.110> where
wall have you started to follow it where
wall have you started to follow it where
would<00:03:06.500> it<00:03:06.620> go<00:03:06.770> was<00:03:07.730> the<00:03:07.760> internet<00:03:08.450> actually<00:03:08.600> a
would it go was the internet actually a
would it go was the internet actually a
place<00:03:09.140> that<00:03:09.470> you<00:03:09.560> could<00:03:09.709> visit<00:03:10.070> could<00:03:10.580> I<00:03:10.610> go
place that you could visit could I go
place that you could visit could I go
there<00:03:11.060> who<00:03:11.180> would<00:03:11.300> I<00:03:11.330> meet<00:03:11.630> you<00:03:11.989> know<00:03:12.080> was
there who would I meet you know was
there who would I meet you know was
there<00:03:12.410> something<00:03:12.770> actually<00:03:12.950> out<00:03:13.310> there<00:03:13.580> and
there something actually out there and
there something actually out there and
the<00:03:15.830> answer<00:03:16.100> by<00:03:16.250> all<00:03:16.430> accounts<00:03:16.580> was<00:03:17.090> no<00:03:17.590> this
the answer by all accounts was no this
the answer by all accounts was no this
was<00:03:18.830> the<00:03:18.920> Internet<00:03:19.250> this<00:03:19.370> black<00:03:19.610> box<00:03:19.850> with<00:03:20.360> a
was the Internet this black box with a
was the Internet this black box with a
red<00:03:20.570> light<00:03:20.840> on<00:03:20.870> it<00:03:21.200> as<00:03:21.910> represented<00:03:22.910> in<00:03:23.060> the
red light on it as represented in the
red light on it as represented in the
sitcom<00:03:23.570> The<00:03:23.720> IT<00:03:23.870> Crowd<00:03:24.910> normally<00:03:25.910> it<00:03:26.180> lives<00:03:26.540> on
sitcom The IT Crowd normally it lives on
sitcom The IT Crowd normally it lives on
the<00:03:27.019> top<00:03:27.230> of<00:03:27.410> Big<00:03:27.620> Ben<00:03:28.090> because<00:03:29.090> that's<00:03:29.330> where
the top of Big Ben because that's where
the top of Big Ben because that's where
you<00:03:29.570> get<00:03:29.690> the<00:03:29.840> best<00:03:30.019> reception<00:03:30.940> but<00:03:31.940> they<00:03:32.090> had
you get the best reception but they had
you get the best reception but they had
negotiated<00:03:32.750> that<00:03:33.380> their<00:03:33.830> colleague<00:03:34.190> could
negotiated that their colleague could
negotiated that their colleague could
borrow<00:03:34.549> it<00:03:34.580> for<00:03:34.790> the<00:03:34.880> afternoon<00:03:35.299> to<00:03:35.870> use<00:03:36.080> an
borrow it for the afternoon to use an
borrow it for the afternoon to use an
office<00:03:36.530> presentation<00:03:37.190> the<00:03:38.000> elders<00:03:38.330> of<00:03:38.360> the
office presentation the elders of the
office presentation the elders of the
internet<00:03:38.870> were<00:03:39.019> willing<00:03:39.260> to<00:03:39.290> part<00:03:39.560> with<00:03:39.590> it
internet were willing to part with it
internet were willing to part with it
for<00:03:39.830> a<00:03:40.100> short<00:03:40.310> while<00:03:40.459> and<00:03:40.930> she<00:03:41.930> looks<00:03:42.110> at<00:03:42.260> it
for a short while and she looks at it
for a short while and she looks at it
and<00:03:42.440> she<00:03:42.560> says<00:03:42.739> this<00:03:43.010> is<00:03:43.190> the<00:03:43.340> Internet<00:03:43.760> the
and she says this is the Internet the
and she says this is the Internet the
whole<00:03:44.720> internet<00:03:45.170> is<00:03:45.410> it<00:03:45.709> heavy
whole internet is it heavy
whole internet is it heavy
just<00:03:46.970> this<00:03:47.510> of<00:03:47.690> course<00:03:47.750> not<00:03:47.959> the<00:03:48.260> Internet
just this of course not the Internet
just this of course not the Internet
doesn't<00:03:48.799> weigh<00:03:48.980> anything<00:03:49.750> and<00:03:50.750> I<00:03:50.810> was
doesn't weigh anything and I was
doesn't weigh anything and I was
embarrassed<00:03:51.110> I<00:03:51.620> was<00:03:51.860> looking<00:03:52.130> for<00:03:52.280> this<00:03:52.370> thing
embarrassed I was looking for this thing
embarrassed I was looking for this thing
that<00:03:52.910> only<00:03:53.090> fools<00:03:53.510> seemed<00:03:53.959> to<00:03:54.140> look<00:03:54.260> for<00:03:54.590> the
that only fools seemed to look for the
that only fools seemed to look for the
internet<00:03:55.549> was<00:03:55.670> that<00:03:55.700> amorphous<00:03:56.239> blob<00:03:56.510> or<00:03:56.930> it
internet was that amorphous blob or it
internet was that amorphous blob or it
was<00:03:57.290> a<00:03:57.320> silly<00:03:57.739> black<00:03:58.250> box<00:03:58.549> with<00:03:58.820> a<00:03:58.910> blinking
was a silly black box with a blinking
was a silly black box with a blinking
red<00:03:59.570> light<00:03:59.840> on<00:04:00.019> it<00:04:00.140> it<00:04:00.260> wasn't<00:04:00.500> a<00:04:00.739> real<00:04:00.980> world
red light on it it wasn't a real world
red light on it it wasn't a real world
out<00:04:01.519> there<00:04:01.880> but<00:04:02.810> in<00:04:02.930> fact<00:04:03.110> it<00:04:03.440> is<00:04:03.590> there<00:04:04.010> is<00:04:04.100> a
out there but in fact it is there is a
out there but in fact it is there is a
real<00:04:04.400> world<00:04:04.700> of<00:04:04.940> the<00:04:05.060> internet<00:04:05.390> out<00:04:05.540> there<00:04:05.570> and
real world of the internet out there and
real world of the internet out there and
that's<00:04:06.049> what<00:04:06.230> I<00:04:06.260> spent<00:04:06.530> about<00:04:06.590> two<00:04:06.920> years
that's what I spent about two years
that's what I spent about two years
visiting<00:04:07.370> these<00:04:07.730> places<00:04:08.030> of<00:04:08.269> the<00:04:08.390> internet<00:04:08.780> I
visiting these places of the internet I
visiting these places of the internet I
was<00:04:09.500> large<00:04:09.890> data<00:04:10.340> centers<00:04:10.790> that<00:04:11.060> used<00:04:11.390> as<00:04:11.510> much
was large data centers that used as much
was large data centers that used as much
power<00:04:11.900> as<00:04:12.079> the<00:04:12.350> cities<00:04:12.590> in<00:04:12.709> which<00:04:12.799> they<00:04:12.980> sit
power as the cities in which they sit
power as the cities in which they sit
and<00:04:13.519> I<00:04:13.940> visited<00:04:14.239> places<00:04:14.480> like<00:04:14.780> this<00:04:14.900> 60<00:04:15.350> Hudson
and I visited places like this 60 Hudson
and I visited places like this 60 Hudson
Street<00:04:15.920> in<00:04:16.100> New<00:04:16.190> York<00:04:16.310> which<00:04:17.150> is<00:04:17.299> one<00:04:17.510> of<00:04:17.600> the
Street in New York which is one of the
Street in New York which is one of the
buildings<00:04:18.019> in<00:04:18.109> the<00:04:18.169> world<00:04:18.200> one<00:04:18.709> of<00:04:18.799> a<00:04:19.100> very
buildings in the world one of a very
buildings in the world one of a very
short<00:04:19.669> list<00:04:19.820> of<00:04:19.940> buildings<00:04:20.150> but<00:04:20.450> a<00:04:20.479> dozen
short list of buildings but a dozen
short list of buildings but a dozen
buildings<00:04:21.019> were<00:04:21.410> more<00:04:21.709> networks<00:04:22.130> to<00:04:22.280> the
buildings were more networks to the
buildings were more networks to the
Internet<00:04:22.729> connect<00:04:23.180> to<00:04:23.300> each<00:04:23.419> other<00:04:23.600> than
Internet connect to each other than
Internet connect to each other than
anywhere<00:04:24.650> else<00:04:24.710> and<00:04:25.310> that<00:04:25.849> connection<00:04:26.360> is<00:04:26.479> an
anywhere else and that connection is an
anywhere else and that connection is an
unequivocally<00:04:27.229> physical<00:04:27.770> process<00:04:28.250> it's
unequivocally physical process it's
unequivocally physical process it's
about<00:04:28.700> the<00:04:28.880> router<00:04:29.090> of<00:04:29.360> one
about the router of one
about the router of one
network<00:04:29.900> of<00:04:30.110> Facebook<00:04:30.530> or<00:04:30.710> Google<00:04:31.100> or<00:04:31.190> a<00:04:31.250> BTR
network of Facebook or Google or a BTR
network of Facebook or Google or a BTR
Comcast<00:04:32.180> or<00:04:32.330> Time<00:04:32.360> Warner<00:04:32.720> or<00:04:32.780> whatever<00:04:32.990> it<00:04:33.110> is
Comcast or Time Warner or whatever it is
Comcast or Time Warner or whatever it is
connecting<00:04:34.130> with<00:04:34.370> usually<00:04:34.760> a<00:04:34.790> yellow
connecting with usually a yellow
connecting with usually a yellow
fiber-optic<00:04:35.570> cable<00:04:35.840> up<00:04:35.930> into<00:04:36.140> the<00:04:36.230> ceiling
fiber-optic cable up into the ceiling
fiber-optic cable up into the ceiling
down<00:04:36.800> to<00:04:37.100> the<00:04:37.190> router<00:04:37.400> of<00:04:37.730> another<00:04:38.000> network
down to the router of another network
down to the router of another network
and<00:04:38.630> that's<00:04:39.080> unequivocally<00:04:39.920> physical<00:04:40.460> and
and that's unequivocally physical and
and that's unequivocally physical and
it's<00:04:41.120> surprisingly<00:04:42.110> intimate<00:04:42.440> these<00:04:43.160> build<00:04:43.430> a
it's surprisingly intimate these build a
it's surprisingly intimate these build a
building<00:04:43.820> like<00:04:43.880> 60<00:04:44.210> Hudson<00:04:44.600> and<00:04:44.750> the<00:04:44.810> dozen<00:04:45.140> or
building like 60 Hudson and the dozen or
building like 60 Hudson and the dozen or
so<00:04:45.290> others<00:04:45.650> has<00:04:46.550> ten<00:04:46.880> times<00:04:47.150> more<00:04:47.390> networks
so others has ten times more networks
so others has ten times more networks
connecting<00:04:48.380> within<00:04:48.620> it<00:04:48.740> than<00:04:48.950> the<00:04:49.070> sort<00:04:49.250> of
connecting within it than the sort of
connecting within it than the sort of
next<00:04:49.670> tier<00:04:49.880> of<00:04:50.000> building<00:04:50.330> so<00:04:50.480> there's<00:04:50.600> a<00:04:50.630> very
next tier of building so there's a very
next tier of building so there's a very
short<00:04:51.080> list<00:04:51.260> of<00:04:51.440> these<00:04:51.530> places<00:04:51.880> and<00:04:52.880> 60<00:04:53.240> Hudson
short list of these places and 60 Hudson
short list of these places and 60 Hudson
in<00:04:53.600> particular<00:04:53.990> is<00:04:54.080> interesting<00:04:54.500> because
in particular is interesting because
in particular is interesting because
it's<00:04:55.370> home<00:04:55.550> to<00:04:55.730> about<00:04:55.850> a<00:04:55.970> half<00:04:56.150> dozen<00:04:56.390> very
it's home to about a half dozen very
it's home to about a half dozen very
important<00:04:57.170> networks<00:04:57.560> which<00:04:58.220> are<00:04:58.340> the
important networks which are the
important networks which are the
networks<00:04:58.790> that<00:04:58.910> serve<00:04:59.330> the<00:04:59.510> undersea<00:04:59.960> cables
networks that serve the undersea cables
networks that serve the undersea cables
that<00:05:00.650> travel<00:05:00.980> underneath<00:05:01.280> the<00:05:01.550> ocean<00:05:01.910> they
that travel underneath the ocean they
that travel underneath the ocean they
connect<00:05:03.020> Europe<00:05:03.320> and<00:05:03.440> American<00:05:03.890> connect<00:05:04.220> all
connect Europe and American connect all
connect Europe and American connect all
of<00:05:04.490> us<00:05:04.640> and<00:05:04.910> it's<00:05:05.570> those<00:05:05.720> cables<00:05:06.110> in
of us and it's those cables in
of us and it's those cables in
particular<00:05:06.590> that<00:05:06.680> I<00:05:06.740> want<00:05:06.830> to<00:05:06.950> focus<00:05:07.100> on<00:05:07.780> if
particular that I want to focus on if
particular that I want to focus on if
the<00:05:09.380> Internet<00:05:10.010> is<00:05:10.220> a<00:05:10.850> global<00:05:11.180> phenomena<00:05:11.840> if<00:05:11.900> we
the Internet is a global phenomena if we
the Internet is a global phenomena if we
live<00:05:12.290> in<00:05:12.560> a<00:05:12.620> global<00:05:12.950> village<00:05:13.100> it's<00:05:13.430> because
live in a global village it's because
live in a global village it's because
there<00:05:14.060> are<00:05:14.150> cables<00:05:14.330> underneath<00:05:14.840> the<00:05:14.960> ocean
there are cables underneath the ocean
there are cables underneath the ocean
cables<00:05:15.680> like<00:05:15.830> this<00:05:16.010> and<00:05:16.430> in<00:05:17.330> this<00:05:17.540> dimension
cables like this and in this dimension
cables like this and in this dimension
they<00:05:18.500> are<00:05:18.680> incredibly<00:05:19.460> small<00:05:19.790> you<00:05:20.090> can<00:05:20.210> hold
they are incredibly small you can hold
they are incredibly small you can hold
them<00:05:20.540> in<00:05:20.630> your<00:05:20.720> hands<00:05:20.960> they're<00:05:21.230> like<00:05:21.350> a<00:05:21.380> garden
them in your hands they're like a garden
them in your hands they're like a garden
hose<00:05:21.950> but<00:05:22.760> in<00:05:22.910> the<00:05:23.000> other<00:05:23.150> dimension<00:05:23.780> they<00:05:24.740> are
hose but in the other dimension they are
hose but in the other dimension they are
incredibly<00:05:26.450> expansive<00:05:26.780> as<00:05:27.080> expansive<00:05:27.470> as<00:05:27.710> you
incredibly expansive as expansive as you
incredibly expansive as expansive as you
can<00:05:27.950> imagine<00:05:28.040> they<00:05:29.030> stretch<00:05:29.300> across<00:05:29.510> the
can imagine they stretch across the
can imagine they stretch across the
ocean<00:05:29.960> they're<00:05:30.080> three<00:05:30.380> or<00:05:30.410> five<00:05:30.770> or<00:05:30.800> eight
ocean they're three or five or eight
ocean they're three or five or eight
thousand<00:05:31.640> miles<00:05:31.820> in<00:05:32.120> length<00:05:32.300> and<00:05:32.830> if<00:05:33.830> the
thousand miles in length and if the
thousand miles in length and if the
material<00:05:34.460> science<00:05:34.910> and<00:05:35.090> those<00:05:35.270> computational
material science and those computational
material science and those computational
technology<00:05:36.260> is<00:05:36.590> incredibly<00:05:37.100> complicated<00:05:37.430> the
technology is incredibly complicated the
technology is incredibly complicated the
basic<00:05:38.870> physical<00:05:39.230> process<00:05:39.710> is<00:05:39.860> shockingly
basic physical process is shockingly
basic physical process is shockingly
simple<00:05:40.760> light<00:05:41.390> goes<00:05:41.690> in<00:05:41.720> on<00:05:42.140> one<00:05:42.500> end<00:05:42.740> of<00:05:42.860> the
simple light goes in on one end of the
simple light goes in on one end of the
ocean<00:05:43.100> and<00:05:43.490> comes<00:05:44.450> out<00:05:44.660> on<00:05:44.900> the<00:05:45.320> other<00:05:45.440> and<00:05:46.310> it
ocean and comes out on the other and it
ocean and comes out on the other and it
usually<00:05:46.760> comes<00:05:46.940> from<00:05:47.180> a<00:05:47.480> building<00:05:47.870> called<00:05:47.990> the
usually comes from a building called the
usually comes from a building called the
landing<00:05:48.470> station<00:05:48.890> that's<00:05:49.040> often<00:05:49.370> tucked<00:05:49.640> away
landing station that's often tucked away
landing station that's often tucked away
and<00:05:50.180> conspicuously<00:05:50.870> a<00:05:50.960> little<00:05:51.200> seaside
and conspicuously a little seaside
and conspicuously a little seaside
neighborhood<00:05:52.010> and<00:05:52.330> their<00:05:53.330> amplifiers<00:05:53.900> this
neighborhood and their amplifiers this
neighborhood and their amplifiers this
to<00:05:54.290> the<00:05:54.410> ocean<00:05:54.740> floor<00:05:54.890> that<00:05:55.220> looked<00:05:55.370> kind<00:05:55.460> of
to the ocean floor that looked kind of
to the ocean floor that looked kind of
like<00:05:55.610> bluefin<00:05:56.030> tuna<00:05:56.360> and<00:05:56.540> every<00:05:57.140> 50<00:05:57.440> miles
like bluefin tuna and every 50 miles
like bluefin tuna and every 50 miles
they<00:05:57.890> amplify<00:05:58.220> the<00:05:58.490> signal<00:05:58.970> and<00:05:59.000> this<00:05:59.930> is<00:06:00.080> the
they amplify the signal and this is the
they amplify the signal and this is the
rate<00:06:00.830> of<00:06:00.919> transmission<00:06:01.160> is<00:06:01.430> incredibly<00:06:01.820> fast
rate of transmission is incredibly fast
rate of transmission is incredibly fast
the<00:06:02.419> basic<00:06:02.810> unit<00:06:03.169> is<00:06:03.230> a<00:06:03.290> 10<00:06:03.650> gigabit<00:06:04.130> per
the basic unit is a 10 gigabit per
the basic unit is a 10 gigabit per
second<00:06:04.730> wavelength<00:06:05.120> of<00:06:05.240> light<00:06:05.300> maybe<00:06:06.110> a
second wavelength of light maybe a
second wavelength of light maybe a
thousand<00:06:06.650> times<00:06:06.830> your<00:06:07.040> own<00:06:07.070> connection<00:06:07.640> or
thousand times your own connection or
thousand times your own connection or
capable<00:06:08.150> of<00:06:08.210> carrying<00:06:08.390> 10,000<00:06:09.110> video<00:06:09.320> streams
capable of carrying 10,000 video streams
capable of carrying 10,000 video streams
but<00:06:10.610> not<00:06:10.880> only<00:06:11.030> that<00:06:11.180> but<00:06:11.390> you'll<00:06:11.750> put<00:06:11.990> not
but not only that but you'll put not
but not only that but you'll put not
just<00:06:12.320> one<00:06:12.740> wavelength<00:06:13.220> of<00:06:13.340> light<00:06:13.400> through<00:06:13.970> one
just one wavelength of light through one
just one wavelength of light through one
of<00:06:14.390> one<00:06:15.140> of<00:06:15.169> the<00:06:15.290> fibers<00:06:15.710> but<00:06:15.919> you'll<00:06:16.010> put
of one of the fibers but you'll put
of one of the fibers but you'll put
maybe<00:06:16.370> 50<00:06:16.940> or<00:06:16.970> 60<00:06:17.540> or<00:06:17.570> 70<00:06:18.020> different
maybe 50 or 60 or 70 different
maybe 50 or 60 or 70 different
wavelengths<00:06:18.860> or<00:06:18.980> colors<00:06:19.010> of<00:06:19.280> light<00:06:19.610> through<00:06:19.970> a
wavelengths or colors of light through a
wavelengths or colors of light through a
single<00:06:20.450> fiber<00:06:20.660> and<00:06:20.990> then<00:06:21.440> you'll<00:06:21.620> have<00:06:21.800> maybe
single fiber and then you'll have maybe
single fiber and then you'll have maybe
eight<00:06:22.430> fibers<00:06:22.940> in<00:06:23.150> a<00:06:23.240> cable<00:06:23.450> for<00:06:23.930> going<00:06:24.260> in
eight fibers in a cable for going in
eight fibers in a cable for going in
each<00:06:24.440> direction<00:06:24.470> and<00:06:25.070> they're<00:06:25.550> tiny<00:06:25.790> they're
each direction and they're tiny they're
each direction and they're tiny they're
the<00:06:26.150> thickness<00:06:26.450> of<00:06:26.540> the<00:06:26.660> hair<00:06:26.840> and<00:06:27.850> then<00:06:28.850> they
the thickness of the hair and then they
the thickness of the hair and then they
connect<00:06:29.330> to<00:06:29.480> the<00:06:29.510> continents<00:06:30.050> somewhere<00:06:30.350> they
connect to the continents somewhere they
connect to the continents somewhere they
connected<00:06:30.950> a<00:06:31.010> manhole<00:06:31.370> like<00:06:31.610> this<00:06:31.820> literally
connected a manhole like this literally
connected a manhole like this literally
this<00:06:32.840> is<00:06:32.960> where<00:06:33.110> the<00:06:33.200> five<00:06:33.410> thousand<00:06:33.800> mile
this is where the five thousand mile
this is where the five thousand mile
cable<00:06:34.370> plugs<00:06:34.640> in<00:06:34.970> this<00:06:35.780> is<00:06:35.960> in<00:06:36.110> Halifax<00:06:36.590> a
cable plugs in this is in Halifax a
cable plugs in this is in Halifax a
cable<00:06:37.130> that<00:06:37.220> stretches<00:06:37.640> from<00:06:37.760> Halifax<00:06:38.300> to
cable that stretches from Halifax to
cable that stretches from Halifax to
Ireland<00:06:38.930> and<00:06:39.460> the<00:06:40.460> landscape<00:06:40.880> is<00:06:41.030> changing
Ireland and the landscape is changing
Ireland and the landscape is changing
three<00:06:42.650> years<00:06:42.830> ago<00:06:42.950> when<00:06:43.130> I<00:06:43.190> started
three years ago when I started
three years ago when I started
thinking<00:06:43.760> about<00:06:43.910> this<00:06:44.240> there<00:06:44.390> was<00:06:44.510> one<00:06:44.780> cable
thinking about this there was one cable
thinking about this there was one cable
down<00:06:45.470> the<00:06:45.620> western<00:06:45.950> coast<00:06:46.340> of<00:06:46.430> Africa
down the western coast of Africa
down the western coast of Africa
represented<00:06:47.960> in<00:06:48.230> this<00:06:48.380> map<00:06:48.620> by<00:06:48.860> Steve<00:06:49.100> song<00:06:49.370> as
represented in this map by Steve song as
represented in this map by Steve song as
at<00:06:50.180> chin<00:06:50.450> black<00:06:50.630> line<00:06:50.900> now<00:06:51.740> there<00:06:52.190> are<00:06:52.280> six
at chin black line now there are six
at chin black line now there are six
cables<00:06:52.970> and<00:06:53.180> more<00:06:53.360> coming<00:06:53.750> three<00:06:54.080> down<00:06:54.380> each
cables and more coming three down each
cables and more coming three down each
Coast<00:06:55.070> because<00:06:56.060> once<00:06:56.300> a<00:06:56.420> country<00:06:56.600> gets
Coast because once a country gets
Coast because once a country gets
plugged<00:06:57.140> in<00:06:57.290> by<00:06:57.440> one<00:06:57.650> cable<00:06:57.890> they<00:06:58.640> realize
plugged in by one cable they realize
plugged in by one cable they realize
that<00:06:59.060> it's<00:06:59.420> not<00:06:59.570> enough<00:06:59.870> if<00:07:00.110> they're<00:07:00.260> gonna
that it's not enough if they're gonna
that it's not enough if they're gonna
build<00:07:00.620> an<00:07:00.740> industry<00:07:01.160> around<00:07:01.250> it<00:07:01.580> they<00:07:01.700> need<00:07:01.850> to
build an industry around it they need to
build an industry around it they need to
know<00:07:02.120> that<00:07:02.150> their<00:07:02.450> connection<00:07:02.900> is<00:07:03.020> in<00:07:03.560> tenuous
know that their connection is in tenuous
know that their connection is in tenuous
but<00:07:04.220> permanent<00:07:04.730> because<00:07:05.240> if<00:07:05.450> a<00:07:05.540> cable<00:07:05.720> breaks
but permanent because if a cable breaks
but permanent because if a cable breaks
you<00:07:06.230> have<00:07:06.350> to<00:07:06.440> send<00:07:06.620> a<00:07:06.710> ship<00:07:06.950> out<00:07:07.160> into<00:07:07.460> the
you have to send a ship out into the
you have to send a ship out into the
water<00:07:07.700> and<00:07:07.880> throw<00:07:08.150> a<00:07:08.210> grappling<00:07:08.450> hook<00:07:08.660> over
water and throw a grappling hook over
water and throw a grappling hook over
the<00:07:08.990> side
the side
the side
pick<00:07:09.980> it<00:07:10.010> up<00:07:10.220> find<00:07:10.580> the<00:07:10.700> other<00:07:10.850> end<00:07:11.090> and<00:07:11.300> then
pick it up find the other end and then
pick it up find the other end and then
fuse<00:07:11.810> the<00:07:11.960> two<00:07:11.990> ends<00:07:12.350> back<00:07:12.500> together<00:07:12.680> and<00:07:13.130> then
fuse the two ends back together and then
fuse the two ends back together and then
dump<00:07:13.460> it<00:07:13.550> over<00:07:13.850> there's<00:07:14.270> an<00:07:14.420> intensely
dump it over there's an intensely
dump it over there's an intensely
intensely<00:07:15.230> physical<00:07:15.860> process<00:07:18.250> so<00:07:19.250> this<00:07:19.430> is<00:07:19.580> my
intensely physical process so this is my
intensely physical process so this is my
friend<00:07:20.150> Simon<00:07:20.450> Cooper<00:07:20.600> who<00:07:21.410> until<00:07:21.770> very
friend Simon Cooper who until very
friend Simon Cooper who until very
recently<00:07:22.460> worked<00:07:23.150> for<00:07:23.300> Tata<00:07:23.570> Communications
recently worked for Tata Communications
recently worked for Tata Communications
the<00:07:24.590> communications<00:07:25.250> wing<00:07:25.400> of<00:07:25.520> Tata<00:07:25.730> the<00:07:26.030> big
the communications wing of Tata the big
the communications wing of Tata the big
Indian<00:07:26.570> industrial<00:07:27.470> conglomerate<00:07:27.920> and<00:07:28.210> I
Indian industrial conglomerate and I
Indian industrial conglomerate and I
never<00:07:30.290> met<00:07:30.470> him<00:07:30.620> we've<00:07:30.800> only<00:07:31.010> communicated
never met him we've only communicated
never met him we've only communicated
via<00:07:32.000> this<00:07:32.270> telepresence<00:07:32.900> system<00:07:33.230> which
via this telepresence system which
via this telepresence system which
always<00:07:34.580> makes<00:07:34.790> me<00:07:34.880> think<00:07:35.030> of<00:07:35.180> him<00:07:35.300> as<00:07:35.480> the<00:07:35.660> man
always makes me think of him as the man
always makes me think of him as the man
inside<00:07:36.380> the<00:07:36.740> internet<00:07:37.210> and<00:07:38.530> he<00:07:39.530> is<00:07:39.830> English
inside the internet and he is English
inside the internet and he is English
the<00:07:40.580> undersea<00:07:41.030> cable<00:07:41.330> industry<00:07:41.840> is<00:07:41.900> dominated
the undersea cable industry is dominated
the undersea cable industry is dominated
by<00:07:42.380> Englishmen<00:07:42.890> and<00:07:43.040> they<00:07:43.640> all<00:07:43.880> seem<00:07:44.210> to<00:07:44.240> be<00:07:44.480> 42
by Englishmen and they all seem to be 42
by Englishmen and they all seem to be 42
because<00:07:46.910> they<00:07:47.030> all<00:07:47.150> they<00:07:47.540> all<00:07:47.630> started<00:07:47.990> at<00:07:48.080> the
because they all they all started at the
because they all they all started at the
same<00:07:48.380> time<00:07:48.620> with<00:07:49.040> with<00:07:49.430> the<00:07:49.550> boom<00:07:49.730> of<00:07:49.970> 20<00:07:50.210> years
same time with with the boom of 20 years
same time with with the boom of 20 years
ago<00:07:50.570> and<00:07:51.310> Tata<00:07:52.310> had<00:07:52.460> gotten<00:07:52.610> start<00:07:53.030> as<00:07:53.510> a
ago and Tata had gotten start as a
ago and Tata had gotten start as a
communications<00:07:54.200> business<00:07:54.320> when<00:07:54.650> they<00:07:54.770> when
communications business when they when
communications business when they when
they<00:07:55.130> bought<00:07:55.340> two<00:07:55.640> cables<00:07:56.030> one<00:07:56.210> across<00:07:56.420> the
they bought two cables one across the
they bought two cables one across the
Atlantic<00:07:56.930> and<00:07:57.080> the<00:07:57.170> piston<00:07:57.500> one<00:07:57.620> across<00:07:57.830> the
Atlantic and the piston one across the
Atlantic and the piston one across the
Pacific<00:07:58.400> and<00:07:58.610> proceeded<00:07:59.360> to<00:07:59.450> add<00:07:59.600> pieces<00:08:00.140> onto
Pacific and proceeded to add pieces onto
Pacific and proceeded to add pieces onto
them<00:08:00.590> until<00:08:01.580> they<00:08:01.760> had<00:08:01.910> built<00:08:02.150> a<00:08:02.330> belt<00:08:02.600> around
them until they had built a belt around
them until they had built a belt around
the<00:08:03.080> world<00:08:03.290> which<00:08:03.590> means<00:08:03.770> they<00:08:03.950> will<00:08:04.100> send
the world which means they will send
the world which means they will send
your<00:08:04.400> bits<00:08:04.580> to<00:08:04.790> the<00:08:04.880> east<00:08:05.060> or<00:08:05.360> the<00:08:05.420> west<00:08:05.540> so
your bits to the east or the west so
your bits to the east or the west so
they<00:08:06.050> have<00:08:06.170> this<00:08:06.290> is<00:08:06.470> literally<00:08:06.710> a<00:08:06.830> beam<00:08:07.040> of
they have this is literally a beam of
they have this is literally a beam of
light<00:08:07.220> around<00:08:07.790> the<00:08:07.910> world<00:08:08.090> and<00:08:08.360> if<00:08:08.420> a<00:08:08.510> cable
light around the world and if a cable
light around the world and if a cable
breaks<00:08:09.020> in<00:08:09.200> the<00:08:09.290> Pacific<00:08:09.740> that'll<00:08:09.980> send<00:08:10.190> it
breaks in the Pacific that'll send it
breaks in the Pacific that'll send it
around<00:08:10.370> the<00:08:10.580> other<00:08:10.670> direction<00:08:10.880> and<00:08:11.360> then
around the other direction and then
around the other direction and then
having<00:08:12.410> done<00:08:12.740> that<00:08:12.820> they<00:08:13.820> started<00:08:14.240> to<00:08:14.450> look
having done that they started to look
having done that they started to look
for<00:08:15.110> places<00:08:15.320> to<00:08:15.910> wire<00:08:16.910> next<00:08:17.240> they<00:08:17.660> looked<00:08:17.840> for
for places to wire next they looked for
for places to wire next they looked for
the<00:08:18.050> unwired<00:08:18.440> places<00:08:18.950> and<00:08:19.100> that's<00:08:19.250> meant
the unwired places and that's meant
the unwired places and that's meant
north<00:08:20.270> and<00:08:20.450> south<00:08:20.660> primarily<00:08:21.200> these<00:08:21.320> cables
north and south primarily these cables
north and south primarily these cables
to<00:08:21.800> Africa<00:08:22.220> but<00:08:22.790> what<00:08:22.910> amazes<00:08:23.150> me<00:08:23.300> is<00:08:23.450> Simon's
to Africa but what amazes me is Simon's
to Africa but what amazes me is Simon's
incredible<00:08:24.620> geographic<00:08:25.400> imagination<00:08:26.150> he
incredible geographic imagination he
incredible geographic imagination he
thinks<00:08:26.570> about<00:08:26.660> this<00:08:26.930> the<00:08:27.230> world<00:08:27.440> this
thinks about this the world this
thinks about this the world this
incredible<00:08:28.160> expanse<00:08:28.550> of<00:08:28.700> this<00:08:28.910> and<00:08:29.180> I<00:08:29.840> was
incredible expanse of this and I was
incredible expanse of this and I was
particularly<00:08:30.350> interested<00:08:30.560> because<00:08:31.370> I<00:08:31.820> wanted
particularly interested because I wanted
particularly interested because I wanted
to<00:08:32.300> see<00:08:32.510> one<00:08:32.720> of<00:08:32.810> these<00:08:32.900> cables<00:08:33.200> being<00:08:33.920> built
to see one of these cables being built
to see one of these cables being built
see<00:08:34.940> all<00:08:35.270> the<00:08:35.420> time<00:08:35.600> online<00:08:35.780> we<00:08:36.110> experienced
see all the time online we experienced
see all the time online we experienced
these<00:08:36.680> fleeting<00:08:37.070> moments<00:08:37.550> of<00:08:37.610> connection
these fleeting moments of connection
these fleeting moments of connection
these<00:08:38.240> sort<00:08:38.450> of<00:08:38.480> brief<00:08:38.720> adjacencies<00:08:39.380> a<00:08:39.410> tweet
these sort of brief adjacencies a tweet
these sort of brief adjacencies a tweet
or<00:08:40.250> a<00:08:40.310> Facebook<00:08:40.760> post<00:08:40.970> or<00:08:41.150> an<00:08:41.270> email<00:08:41.540> and<00:08:41.780> it
or a Facebook post or an email and it
or a Facebook post or an email and it
seemed<00:08:42.620> like<00:08:42.770> there<00:08:43.160> was<00:08:43.250> a<00:08:43.310> physical
seemed like there was a physical
seemed like there was a physical
corollary<00:08:44.270> to<00:08:44.330> that
Andrew Blum, internet, what, is, made, of, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TED, Talk, TEDEducation
