The promise of research with stem cells - Susan Solomon
so<00:00:17.430> embryonic<00:00:18.430> stem<00:00:18.850> cells<00:00:19.180> are<00:00:19.570> really
so embryonic stem cells are really
so embryonic stem cells are really
incredible<00:00:21.700> cells<00:00:22.390> they're<00:00:23.020> our<00:00:23.290> body's<00:00:23.770> own
incredible cells they're our body's own
incredible cells they're our body's own
repair<00:00:24.850> kits<00:00:25.119> and<00:00:25.420> they're<00:00:26.290> pluripotent
repair kits and they're pluripotent
repair kits and they're pluripotent
which<00:00:27.099> means<00:00:27.340> they<00:00:27.580> can<00:00:27.849> morph<00:00:28.150> into<00:00:28.450> all<00:00:28.930> of
which means they can morph into all of
which means they can morph into all of
the<00:00:29.320> cells<00:00:29.529> in<00:00:29.740> our<00:00:30.040> bodies<00:00:30.490> soon<00:00:31.360> we<00:00:31.810> actually
the cells in our bodies soon we actually
the cells in our bodies soon we actually
will<00:00:32.410> be<00:00:32.439> able<00:00:32.650> to<00:00:32.980> use<00:00:33.220> stem<00:00:33.490> cells<00:00:33.520> to
will be able to use stem cells to
will be able to use stem cells to
replace<00:00:34.270> cells<00:00:34.720> that<00:00:34.990> are<00:00:35.110> damaged<00:00:35.560> or
replace cells that are damaged or
replace cells that are damaged or
diseased<00:00:36.300> but<00:00:37.300> that's<00:00:37.480> not<00:00:37.660> what<00:00:37.840> I<00:00:37.870> want<00:00:38.079> to
diseased but that's not what I want to
diseased but that's not what I want to
talk<00:00:38.290> to<00:00:38.410> you<00:00:38.470> about<00:00:38.610> because<00:00:39.610> right<00:00:40.300> now
talk to you about because right now
talk to you about because right now
there<00:00:41.110> are<00:00:41.350> some<00:00:41.680> really<00:00:41.800> extraordinary
there are some really extraordinary
there are some really extraordinary
things<00:00:42.790> that<00:00:43.120> we<00:00:43.270> are<00:00:43.450> doing<00:00:43.930> with<00:00:44.530> stem<00:00:45.070> cells
things that we are doing with stem cells
things that we are doing with stem cells
that<00:00:45.970> are<00:00:46.090> completely<00:00:46.540> changing<00:00:47.230> the<00:00:47.440> way<00:00:47.710> we
that are completely changing the way we
that are completely changing the way we
look<00:00:48.610> and<00:00:48.880> model<00:00:49.270> disease<00:00:49.630> our<00:00:50.320> ability<00:00:50.890> to
look and model disease our ability to
look and model disease our ability to
understand<00:00:51.610> why<00:00:51.760> we<00:00:52.000> get<00:00:52.210> sick<00:00:52.420> and<00:00:52.630> even
understand why we get sick and even
understand why we get sick and even
develop<00:00:54.280> drugs<00:00:54.520> I<00:00:54.850> truly<00:00:55.810> believe<00:00:56.110> that<00:00:56.520> stem
develop drugs I truly believe that stem
develop drugs I truly believe that stem
cell<00:00:57.730> research<00:00:58.060> is<00:00:58.270> going<00:00:58.480> to<00:00:58.810> allow<00:00:59.680> our
cell research is going to allow our
cell research is going to allow our
children<00:01:00.390> to<00:01:01.390> look<00:01:01.690> at<00:01:02.070> Alzheimer's<00:01:03.070> and
children to look at Alzheimer's and
children to look at Alzheimer's and
diabetes<00:01:03.820> and<00:01:04.330> other<00:01:04.449> major<00:01:04.750> diseases<00:01:05.290> the
diabetes and other major diseases the
diabetes and other major diseases the
way<00:01:06.310> we<00:01:06.700> view<00:01:06.729> polio<00:01:07.450> today<00:01:07.930> which<00:01:08.470> is<00:01:08.710> as<00:01:09.040> a
way we view polio today which is as a
way we view polio today which is as a
preventable<00:01:09.759> disease<00:01:10.770> so<00:01:11.770> here<00:01:12.369> we<00:01:12.490> have<00:01:12.670> this
preventable disease so here we have this
preventable disease so here we have this
incredible<00:01:13.780> field<00:01:14.049> which<00:01:14.799> has<00:01:15.329> enormous<00:01:16.329> hope
incredible field which has enormous hope
incredible field which has enormous hope
for<00:01:18.100> humanity<00:01:18.670> but<00:01:19.420> much<00:01:19.840> like<00:01:20.140> IVF<00:01:20.859> over<00:01:21.460> 35
for humanity but much like IVF over 35
for humanity but much like IVF over 35
years<00:01:22.119> ago<00:01:22.420> until<00:01:23.109> the<00:01:23.619> birth<00:01:23.770> of<00:01:24.009> a<00:01:24.100> healthy
years ago until the birth of a healthy
years ago until the birth of a healthy
baby<00:01:24.429> Louise<00:01:24.999> this<00:01:25.719> field<00:01:26.020> has<00:01:26.380> been<00:01:26.619> under
baby Louise this field has been under
baby Louise this field has been under
siege<00:01:27.299> politically<00:01:28.299> and<00:01:28.539> financially
siege politically and financially
siege politically and financially
critical<00:01:30.819> research<00:01:31.479> is<00:01:31.810> being<00:01:32.079> challenged
critical research is being challenged
critical research is being challenged
instead<00:01:33.130> of<00:01:33.280> supported<00:01:34.240> and<00:01:34.420> we<00:01:35.229> saw<00:01:35.560> that<00:01:35.829> it
instead of supported and we saw that it
instead of supported and we saw that it
was<00:01:36.249> really<00:01:36.670> essential<00:01:37.119> to<00:01:37.929> have<00:01:38.460> private
was really essential to have private
was really essential to have private
safe<00:01:39.789> haven<00:01:40.119> laboratories<00:01:40.780> where<00:01:41.409> this<00:01:41.920> work
safe haven laboratories where this work
safe haven laboratories where this work
could<00:01:42.729> be<00:01:42.909> advanced<00:01:43.810> without<00:01:43.990> interference
could be advanced without interference
could be advanced without interference
and<00:01:45.130> so<00:01:45.270> in<00:01:46.270> 2005<00:01:47.200> we<00:01:47.740> started<00:01:47.770> the<00:01:48.189> New<00:01:48.310> York
and so in 2005 we started the New York
and so in 2005 we started the New York
stem<00:01:48.700> cell<00:01:48.909> foundation<00:01:49.090> laboratory<00:01:50.079> so<00:01:50.619> that
stem cell foundation laboratory so that
stem cell foundation laboratory so that
we<00:01:50.889> would<00:01:51.039> have<00:01:51.069> a<00:01:51.249> small<00:01:51.909> organization<00:01:52.869> that
we would have a small organization that
we would have a small organization that
could<00:01:53.639> do<00:01:54.639> this<00:01:54.850> work<00:01:55.090> and<00:01:55.389> and<00:01:55.899> support<00:01:56.380> it
could do this work and and support it
could do this work and and support it
what<00:01:57.819> we<00:01:57.939> saw<00:01:58.149> very<00:01:58.389> quickly<00:01:58.749> is<00:01:59.229> the<00:01:59.649> world<00:01:59.889> of
what we saw very quickly is the world of
what we saw very quickly is the world of
both<00:02:00.310> medical<00:02:00.819> research<00:02:01.149> but<00:02:01.389> also
both medical research but also
both medical research but also
developing<00:02:03.039> drugs<00:02:03.310> and<00:02:03.520> treatments<00:02:03.909> is
developing drugs and treatments is
developing drugs and treatments is
dominated<00:02:05.139> by<00:02:05.170> as<00:02:05.709> you<00:02:05.859> would<00:02:05.979> expect<00:02:06.100> large
dominated by as you would expect large
dominated by as you would expect large
organizations<00:02:07.420> but<00:02:08.140> in<00:02:08.259> a<00:02:08.380> new<00:02:08.619> field
organizations but in a new field
organizations but in a new field
sometimes<00:02:09.520> large<00:02:10.119> organizations<00:02:10.869> really
sometimes large organizations really
sometimes large organizations really
have<00:02:11.500> trouble<00:02:11.740> getting<00:02:12.100> out<00:02:12.190> of<00:02:12.220> their<00:02:12.430> own
have trouble getting out of their own
have trouble getting out of their own
way<00:02:12.730> and<00:02:12.760> sometimes<00:02:13.360> they<00:02:13.690> can't<00:02:13.959> ask<00:02:14.170> the
way and sometimes they can't ask the
way and sometimes they can't ask the
right<00:02:14.920> questions<00:02:15.459> and<00:02:15.730> there<00:02:16.450> is<00:02:16.720> an<00:02:16.990> enormous
right questions and there is an enormous
right questions and there is an enormous
gap<00:02:17.709> that's<00:02:17.980> just<00:02:18.250> gotten<00:02:18.520> larger<00:02:18.730> between
gap that's just gotten larger between
gap that's just gotten larger between
academic<00:02:20.470> research<00:02:20.830> on<00:02:21.040> the<00:02:21.310> one<00:02:21.489> hand
academic research on the one hand
academic research on the one hand
and<00:02:22.380> pharmaceutical<00:02:23.380> companies<00:02:23.410> and
and pharmaceutical companies and
and pharmaceutical companies and
biotechs<00:02:24.520> that<00:02:24.700> are<00:02:24.940> responsible<00:02:25.630> for
biotechs that are responsible for
biotechs that are responsible for
delivering<00:02:26.920> all<00:02:27.340> of<00:02:27.460> our<00:02:27.610> drugs<00:02:27.850> and<00:02:28.150> many<00:02:28.480> of
delivering all of our drugs and many of
delivering all of our drugs and many of
our<00:02:28.750> treatments<00:02:29.230> and<00:02:29.350> so<00:02:29.800> we<00:02:29.950> knew<00:02:30.100> that<00:02:30.130> to
our treatments and so we knew that to
our treatments and so we knew that to
really<00:02:31.210> accelerate<00:02:32.080> cures<00:02:32.590> and<00:02:32.950> therapies<00:02:33.120> we
really accelerate cures and therapies we
really accelerate cures and therapies we
were<00:02:34.270> going<00:02:34.420> to<00:02:34.480> have<00:02:34.630> to<00:02:34.780> address<00:02:35.020> this<00:02:35.380> with
were going to have to address this with
were going to have to address this with
two<00:02:36.460> things<00:02:36.730> new<00:02:37.270> technologies<00:02:37.960> and<00:02:38.290> also<00:02:38.890> a
two things new technologies and also a
two things new technologies and also a
new<00:02:39.100> research<00:02:39.460> model<00:02:39.850> because<00:02:40.720> if<00:02:41.230> you<00:02:41.380> don't
new research model because if you don't
new research model because if you don't
close<00:02:41.920> that<00:02:41.980> gap
close that gap
close that gap
you<00:02:43.120> really<00:02:43.600> are<00:02:43.960> exactly<00:02:44.650> where<00:02:44.800> we<00:02:44.950> are
you really are exactly where we are
you really are exactly where we are
today<00:02:45.280> and<00:02:45.820> that's<00:02:46.390> what<00:02:46.630> I<00:02:46.660> want<00:02:46.870> to<00:02:46.960> focus<00:02:47.080> on
today and that's what I want to focus on
today and that's what I want to focus on
we<00:02:48.040> spent<00:02:48.310> the<00:02:48.400> last<00:02:48.430> couple<00:02:49.270> of<00:02:49.330> years
we spent the last couple of years
we spent the last couple of years
pondering<00:02:50.620> this<00:02:50.740> making<00:02:51.160> a<00:02:51.190> list<00:02:51.400> of<00:02:51.550> the
pondering this making a list of the
pondering this making a list of the
different<00:02:51.910> things<00:02:51.940> that<00:02:52.150> we<00:02:52.270> had<00:02:52.420> to<00:02:52.570> do<00:02:52.720> and
different things that we had to do and
different things that we had to do and
so<00:02:53.680> we<00:02:53.950> developed<00:02:54.190> a<00:02:54.820> new<00:02:55.210> technology<00:02:55.600> its
so we developed a new technology its
so we developed a new technology its
software<00:02:56.380> and<00:02:56.500> hardware<00:02:56.740> that<00:02:57.190> actually<00:02:58.120> can
software and hardware that actually can
software and hardware that actually can
generate<00:02:59.410> thousands<00:02:59.980> and<00:03:00.130> thousands<00:03:00.610> of
generate thousands and thousands of
generate thousands and thousands of
genetically<00:03:02.290> diverse<00:03:02.440> stem<00:03:02.860> cell<00:03:03.100> lines<00:03:03.310> to
genetically diverse stem cell lines to
genetically diverse stem cell lines to
create<00:03:03.880> a<00:03:04.210> global<00:03:04.750> array<00:03:05.320> essentially
create a global array essentially
create a global array essentially
avatars<00:03:06.550> of<00:03:06.790> ourselves<00:03:06.940> and<00:03:07.710> we<00:03:08.710> did<00:03:08.920> this
avatars of ourselves and we did this
avatars of ourselves and we did this
because<00:03:09.610> we<00:03:09.940> think<00:03:10.420> that<00:03:10.540> it's<00:03:10.810> actually
because we think that it's actually
because we think that it's actually
going<00:03:11.320> to<00:03:11.410> allow<00:03:11.530> us<00:03:11.680> to<00:03:12.220> realize<00:03:13.060> the
going to allow us to realize the
going to allow us to realize the
potential<00:03:13.780> the<00:03:14.020> promise<00:03:14.470> of<00:03:14.740> all<00:03:15.400> of<00:03:15.580> the
potential the promise of all of the
potential the promise of all of the
sequencing<00:03:16.180> of<00:03:16.270> the<00:03:16.330> human<00:03:16.420> genome<00:03:16.660> but<00:03:17.170> it's
sequencing of the human genome but it's
sequencing of the human genome but it's
going<00:03:18.070> to<00:03:18.160> allow<00:03:18.490> us<00:03:18.520> in<00:03:19.030> doing<00:03:19.570> that<00:03:19.720> to
going to allow us in doing that to
going to allow us in doing that to
actually<00:03:20.590> do<00:03:21.130> clinical<00:03:21.700> trials<00:03:21.730> in<00:03:22.720> a<00:03:22.990> dish
actually do clinical trials in a dish
actually do clinical trials in a dish
with<00:03:24.070> human<00:03:24.550> cells<00:03:24.760> not<00:03:25.060> animal<00:03:25.570> cells<00:03:25.810> to
with human cells not animal cells to
with human cells not animal cells to
generate<00:03:27.660> drugs<00:03:28.660> and<00:03:28.990> treatments<00:03:29.500> that<00:03:29.620> are
generate drugs and treatments that are
generate drugs and treatments that are
much<00:03:30.190> more<00:03:30.370> effective<00:03:30.610> much<00:03:31.540> safer<00:03:32.140> much
much more effective much safer much
much more effective much safer much
faster<00:03:33.640> and<00:03:33.910> at<00:03:34.090> a<00:03:34.150> much<00:03:34.300> lower<00:03:34.510> cost<00:03:34.830> so<00:03:35.830> let
faster and at a much lower cost so let
faster and at a much lower cost so let
me<00:03:36.250> put<00:03:36.460> that<00:03:36.490> in<00:03:37.210> perspective<00:03:37.450> for<00:03:37.990> you<00:03:38.050> and
me put that in perspective for you and
me put that in perspective for you and
give<00:03:38.260> you<00:03:38.350> some<00:03:38.530> context<00:03:39.160> this<00:03:39.510> is<00:03:40.510> an
give you some context this is an
give you some context this is an
extremely<00:03:42.370> new<00:03:42.850> field<00:03:43.510> in<00:03:44.820> 1998<00:03:45.820> human
extremely new field in 1998 human
extremely new field in 1998 human
embryonic<00:03:46.540> stem<00:03:46.630> cells<00:03:47.200> were<00:03:47.470> first
embryonic stem cells were first
embryonic stem cells were first
identified<00:03:48.910> and<00:03:49.210> just<00:03:49.750> nine<00:03:49.930> years<00:03:49.960> later<00:03:50.500> a
identified and just nine years later a
identified and just nine years later a
group<00:03:50.830> of<00:03:51.100> scientists<00:03:51.880> in<00:03:52.450> Japan<00:03:53.080> were<00:03:53.770> able
group of scientists in Japan were able
group of scientists in Japan were able
to<00:03:54.070> take<00:03:54.370> skin<00:03:54.850> cells<00:03:55.150> and<00:03:55.420> reprogram<00:03:56.350> them
to take skin cells and reprogram them
to take skin cells and reprogram them
with<00:03:56.740> very<00:03:56.920> powerful<00:03:57.160> viruses<00:03:58.120> to<00:03:58.750> create<00:03:59.350> a
with very powerful viruses to create a
with very powerful viruses to create a
kind<00:04:00.280> of<00:04:00.750> pluripotent<00:04:01.750> stem<00:04:01.900> cell<00:04:02.200> called<00:04:02.890> an
kind of pluripotent stem cell called an
kind of pluripotent stem cell called an
induced<00:04:03.550> pluripotent<00:04:03.940> stem<00:04:04.330> cell<00:04:04.660> or<00:04:04.690> what<00:04:04.960> we
induced pluripotent stem cell or what we
induced pluripotent stem cell or what we
refer<00:04:05.470> to<00:04:05.500> as<00:04:05.830> an<00:04:05.980> IPS<00:04:06.430> cell<00:04:06.990> this<00:04:07.990> was<00:04:08.290> really
refer to as an IPS cell this was really
refer to as an IPS cell this was really
an<00:04:08.890> extraordinary<00:04:09.130> advance<00:04:09.850> because
an extraordinary advance because
an extraordinary advance because
although<00:04:10.930> these<00:04:11.110> cells<00:04:11.380> are<00:04:11.680> not<00:04:11.890> human
although these cells are not human
although these cells are not human
embryonic<00:04:12.640> stem<00:04:13.030> cells<00:04:13.270> which<00:04:13.480> still<00:04:13.750> remain
embryonic stem cells which still remain
embryonic stem cells which still remain
the<00:04:14.320> gold<00:04:14.500> standard<00:04:14.920> they<00:04:15.430> are<00:04:15.700> terrific<00:04:16.090> to
the gold standard they are terrific to
the gold standard they are terrific to
use<00:04:16.810> for<00:04:17.290> modeling<00:04:18.190> disease<00:04:18.520> and<00:04:18.970> potentially
use for modeling disease and potentially
use for modeling disease and potentially
for<00:04:20.020> drug<00:04:20.200> discovery<00:04:20.440> so<00:04:21.370> a<00:04:21.760> few<00:04:22.030> months<00:04:22.150> later
for drug discovery so a few months later
for drug discovery so a few months later
in<00:04:22.630> 2008<00:04:23.260> one<00:04:23.530> of<00:04:23.560> our<00:04:23.770> scientists<00:04:24.340> built<00:04:25.000> on
in 2008 one of our scientists built on
in 2008 one of our scientists built on
that<00:04:25.300> research<00:04:25.690> it<00:04:26.230> took<00:04:26.440> skin<00:04:26.740> biopsies<00:04:27.280> this
that research it took skin biopsies this
that research it took skin biopsies this
time<00:04:27.790> from<00:04:28.120> people<00:04:28.780> who<00:04:28.900> had<00:04:29.080> a<00:04:29.110> disease<00:04:29.470> ALS
time from people who had a disease ALS
time from people who had a disease ALS
or<00:04:30.310> as<00:04:30.400> you<00:04:30.520> call<00:04:30.550> it<00:04:30.820> in<00:04:30.880> the<00:04:30.910> UK<00:04:30.970> motor<00:04:31.479> neuron
or as you call it in the UK motor neuron
or as you call it in the UK motor neuron
disease<00:04:32.200> he<00:04:32.770> turned<00:04:33.010> them<00:04:33.130> into<00:04:33.370> the<00:04:33.580> IPS
disease he turned them into the IPS
disease he turned them into the IPS
cells<00:04:34.270> that<00:04:34.419> I've<00:04:34.540> just<00:04:34.720> told<00:04:34.900> you<00:04:35.050> about
cells that I've just told you about
cells that I've just told you about
and<00:04:35.920> then<00:04:36.130> he<00:04:36.340> turned<00:04:36.610> those<00:04:36.970> IPS<00:04:37.750> cells<00:04:38.020> into
and then he turned those IPS cells into
and then he turned those IPS cells into
the<00:04:38.500> motor<00:04:38.770> neurons<00:04:39.130> that<00:04:39.280> actually<00:04:39.670> were
the motor neurons that actually were
the motor neurons that actually were
dying<00:04:39.970> in<00:04:40.210> the<00:04:40.330> disease<00:04:40.630> so<00:04:41.620> basically<00:04:42.040> what
dying in the disease so basically what
dying in the disease so basically what
he<00:04:42.400> did<00:04:42.640> was<00:04:42.880> to<00:04:43.060> take<00:04:43.270> a<00:04:43.480> healthy<00:04:43.960> cell<00:04:44.170> and
he did was to take a healthy cell and
he did was to take a healthy cell and
turn<00:04:44.650> it<00:04:44.800> into<00:04:44.980> a<00:04:45.100> six<00:04:45.400> cell<00:04:45.610> and<00:04:45.880> he
turn it into a six cell and he
turn it into a six cell and he
recapitulated<00:04:47.470> the<00:04:47.500> disease<00:04:47.920> over<00:04:48.490> and<00:04:48.640> over
recapitulated the disease over and over
recapitulated the disease over and over
again<00:04:49.060> in<00:04:49.750> the<00:04:50.020> dish<00:04:50.290> and<00:04:50.910> this<00:04:51.910> was
again in the dish and this was
again in the dish and this was
extraordinary<00:04:52.510> because<00:04:52.930> it<00:04:53.050> was<00:04:53.140> the<00:04:53.260> first
extraordinary because it was the first
extraordinary because it was the first
time<00:04:53.650> that<00:04:53.710> we<00:04:53.950> had<00:04:54.160> a<00:04:54.370> model<00:04:54.910> of<00:04:55.090> a<00:04:55.600> disease
time that we had a model of a disease
time that we had a model of a disease
from<00:04:56.560> a<00:04:56.710> living<00:04:57.130> patient<00:04:57.340> in<00:04:57.730> living<00:04:58.060> human
from a living patient in living human
from a living patient in living human
self<00:04:58.630> and<00:04:58.900> as<00:04:59.320> he<00:04:59.500> watched<00:04:59.830> the<00:05:00.130> disease
self and as he watched the disease
self and as he watched the disease
unfold<00:05:01.030> he<00:05:01.750> was<00:05:01.930> able<00:05:02.230> to<00:05:02.440> discover<00:05:03.070> that
unfold he was able to discover that
unfold he was able to discover that
actually<00:05:03.910> the<00:05:04.390> motor<00:05:04.660> neurons<00:05:04.990> were<00:05:05.140> dying<00:05:05.410> in
actually the motor neurons were dying in
actually the motor neurons were dying in
the<00:05:05.680> disease<00:05:05.950> in<00:05:06.160> a<00:05:06.250> different<00:05:06.670> way<00:05:06.760> than<00:05:07.000> the
the disease in a different way than the
the disease in a different way than the
field<00:05:07.270> had<00:05:07.450> previously<00:05:07.900> thought
field had previously thought
field had previously thought
there<00:05:08.830> was<00:05:08.950> another<00:05:09.250> kind<00:05:09.520> of<00:05:09.730> cell<00:05:10.000> that
there was another kind of cell that
there was another kind of cell that
actually<00:05:10.600> was<00:05:10.750> sending<00:05:10.990> out<00:05:11.080> a<00:05:11.140> toxin<00:05:11.770> and
actually was sending out a toxin and
actually was sending out a toxin and
contributing<00:05:13.150> to<00:05:13.270> the<00:05:13.390> death<00:05:13.570> of<00:05:13.720> these<00:05:13.870> motor
contributing to the death of these motor
contributing to the death of these motor
neurons<00:05:14.530> and<00:05:14.620> he<00:05:14.980> simply<00:05:15.310> couldn't<00:05:15.520> see<00:05:15.790> it
neurons and he simply couldn't see it
neurons and he simply couldn't see it
until<00:05:16.330> you<00:05:16.450> have<00:05:16.630> a<00:05:16.660> human<00:05:17.050> model<00:05:17.440> so<00:05:18.010> you
until you have a human model so you
until you have a human model so you
could<00:05:18.790> really<00:05:18.970> say<00:05:19.450> that<00:05:20.190> researchers<00:05:21.190> trying
could really say that researchers trying
could really say that researchers trying
to<00:05:21.730> understand<00:05:22.390> the<00:05:23.020> cause<00:05:23.260> of<00:05:23.290> disease
to understand the cause of disease
to understand the cause of disease
without<00:05:25.260> being<00:05:26.260> able<00:05:26.380> to<00:05:26.530> have<00:05:26.830> human<00:05:27.310> stem
without being able to have human stem
without being able to have human stem
cell<00:05:27.790> models<00:05:28.240> we're<00:05:28.840> much<00:05:29.020> like
cell models we're much like
cell models we're much like
investigators<00:05:30.490> trying<00:05:30.880> to<00:05:30.940> figure<00:05:31.120> out<00:05:31.180> what
investigators trying to figure out what
investigators trying to figure out what
had<00:05:31.900> gone<00:05:31.930> terribly<00:05:32.380> wrong<00:05:32.620> in<00:05:33.430> a<00:05:33.550> plane<00:05:33.850> crash
had gone terribly wrong in a plane crash
had gone terribly wrong in a plane crash
without<00:05:35.410> having<00:05:36.040> a<00:05:36.220> black<00:05:36.550> box<00:05:36.820> or<00:05:37.150> a<00:05:37.450> flight
without having a black box or a flight
without having a black box or a flight
recorder<00:05:38.230> they<00:05:38.620> could<00:05:38.950> hypothesize<00:05:39.610> about
recorder they could hypothesize about
recorder they could hypothesize about
what<00:05:40.600> had<00:05:40.720> gone<00:05:40.810> wrong<00:05:40.870> but<00:05:41.770> they<00:05:41.920> really<00:05:42.220> had
what had gone wrong but they really had
what had gone wrong but they really had
no<00:05:42.670> way<00:05:42.700> of<00:05:42.940> knowing<00:05:43.720> what<00:05:44.200> led<00:05:44.440> to<00:05:44.470> the
no way of knowing what led to the
no way of knowing what led to the
terrible<00:05:45.700> events<00:05:46.120> and<00:05:46.830> stem<00:05:47.830> cells<00:05:48.130> really
terrible events and stem cells really
terrible events and stem cells really
have<00:05:48.760> given<00:05:48.940> us<00:05:49.240> the<00:05:49.450> black<00:05:49.690> box<00:05:50.460> for<00:05:51.460> diseases
have given us the black box for diseases
have given us the black box for diseases
and<00:05:52.390> it's<00:05:53.200> an<00:05:53.350> unprecedented<00:05:54.040> window<00:05:54.550> it
and it's an unprecedented window it
and it's an unprecedented window it
really<00:05:55.120> is<00:05:55.270> extraordinary<00:05:55.540> because<00:05:56.200> you<00:05:56.320> can
really is extraordinary because you can
really is extraordinary because you can
recapitulate<00:05:57.750> many<00:05:58.750> many<00:05:58.990> diseases<00:05:59.230> in<00:05:59.770> a
recapitulate many many diseases in a
recapitulate many many diseases in a
dish<00:06:00.100> you<00:06:00.610> can<00:06:00.820> see<00:06:01.090> what<00:06:01.360> begins<00:06:01.720> to<00:06:01.930> go<00:06:02.050> wrong
dish you can see what begins to go wrong
dish you can see what begins to go wrong
in<00:06:02.710> the<00:06:02.950> cellular<00:06:03.460> conversation<00:06:04.350> well<00:06:05.350> before
in the cellular conversation well before
in the cellular conversation well before
you<00:06:05.950> would<00:06:06.100> ever<00:06:06.130> see<00:06:06.430> symptoms<00:06:07.360> appear<00:06:07.930> in<00:06:08.110> a
you would ever see symptoms appear in a
you would ever see symptoms appear in a
patient<00:06:08.590> and<00:06:08.800> this<00:06:09.760> opens<00:06:10.240> up<00:06:10.390> the<00:06:10.930> ability
patient and this opens up the ability
patient and this opens up the ability
which<00:06:12.340> hopefully<00:06:12.910> will<00:06:13.390> will<00:06:13.780> become
which hopefully will will become
which hopefully will will become
something<00:06:14.350> that<00:06:14.500> is<00:06:15.210> routine<00:06:16.210> in<00:06:16.240> the<00:06:16.630> near
something that is routine in the near
something that is routine in the near
term<00:06:17.020> of<00:06:17.290> using<00:06:18.160> human<00:06:18.700> cells<00:06:19.000> to<00:06:19.630> test<00:06:20.110> for
term of using human cells to test for
term of using human cells to test for
drugs<00:06:21.450> right<00:06:22.450> now<00:06:22.950> the<00:06:23.950> way<00:06:24.130> we<00:06:24.370> test<00:06:24.640> for
drugs right now the way we test for
drugs right now the way we test for
drugs<00:06:25.090> is<00:06:25.540> pretty<00:06:25.960> problematic<00:06:26.740> to<00:06:27.700> bring<00:06:27.940> a
drugs is pretty problematic to bring a
drugs is pretty problematic to bring a
successful<00:06:28.240> drug<00:06:28.840> to<00:06:29.020> market<00:06:29.380> it<00:06:29.560> takes<00:06:29.770> on
successful drug to market it takes on
successful drug to market it takes on
average<00:06:30.130> 13<00:06:31.120> years<00:06:31.420> that's<00:06:31.690> one<00:06:31.900> drug<00:06:32.190> with<00:06:33.190> a
average 13 years that's one drug with a
average 13 years that's one drug with a
sunk<00:06:33.580> cost<00:06:33.640> of<00:06:34.210> four<00:06:34.510> billion<00:06:34.870> dollars<00:06:35.440> and
sunk cost of four billion dollars and
sunk cost of four billion dollars and
only<00:06:37.270> 1%<00:06:37.840> of<00:06:38.320> the<00:06:38.620> drugs<00:06:38.890> that<00:06:39.070> start<00:06:39.610> down
only 1% of the drugs that start down
only 1% of the drugs that start down
that<00:06:39.880> road<00:06:40.180> or<00:06:40.750> actually<00:06:41.350> going<00:06:41.530> to<00:06:41.650> get<00:06:41.740> there
that road or actually going to get there
that road or actually going to get there
you<00:06:43.330> can't<00:06:43.690> imagine<00:06:44.200> other<00:06:44.410> businesses<00:06:44.950> that
you can't imagine other businesses that
you can't imagine other businesses that
you<00:06:45.310> would<00:06:45.460> think<00:06:45.640> of<00:06:45.850> going<00:06:46.210> into<00:06:46.390> that<00:06:46.540> have
you would think of going into that have
you would think of going into that have
these<00:06:47.170> kind<00:06:47.410> of
these kind of
these kind of
it's<00:06:48.520> a<00:06:48.669> terrible<00:06:49.180> business<00:06:49.419> model<00:06:50.020> but<00:06:50.500> it<00:06:50.680> is
it's a terrible business model but it is
it's a terrible business model but it is
really<00:06:51.099> a<00:06:51.129> worst<00:06:51.460> social<00:06:52.330> model<00:06:52.690> because<00:06:53.110> of
really a worst social model because of
really a worst social model because of
you<00:06:54.370> know<00:06:54.460> what's<00:06:55.030> involved<00:06:55.330> and<00:06:55.720> and<00:06:55.960> the
you know what's involved and and the
you know what's involved and and the
cost<00:06:56.319> to<00:06:56.620> all<00:06:56.949> of<00:06:57.099> us<00:06:57.250> so<00:06:58.030> the<00:06:58.629> way<00:06:58.840> we<00:06:59.050> develop
cost to all of us so the way we develop
cost to all of us so the way we develop
drugs<00:06:59.800> now<00:07:00.240> are<00:07:01.240> by<00:07:01.690> testing<00:07:02.289> promising
drugs now are by testing promising
drugs now are by testing promising
compounds<00:07:03.789> on<00:07:03.970> we<00:07:04.509> didn't<00:07:04.750> have<00:07:04.870> disease
compounds on we didn't have disease
compounds on we didn't have disease
modeling<00:07:05.650> with<00:07:05.770> human<00:07:06.039> cells<00:07:06.190> so<00:07:06.819> we've<00:07:07.389> been
modeling with human cells so we've been
modeling with human cells so we've been
testing<00:07:08.139> them<00:07:08.289> on<00:07:08.560> cells<00:07:09.220> of<00:07:09.520> mice<00:07:09.729> or<00:07:09.970> other
testing them on cells of mice or other
testing them on cells of mice or other
creatures<00:07:10.479> or<00:07:11.080> cells<00:07:11.590> that<00:07:11.979> that<00:07:12.520> we<00:07:12.639> engineer
creatures or cells that that we engineer
creatures or cells that that we engineer
but<00:07:13.870> they<00:07:14.050> don't<00:07:14.259> have<00:07:14.560> the<00:07:15.009> characteristics
but they don't have the characteristics
but they don't have the characteristics
of<00:07:16.060> the<00:07:16.270> diseases<00:07:16.780> that<00:07:16.990> were<00:07:17.319> actually
of the diseases that were actually
of the diseases that were actually
trying<00:07:17.979> to<00:07:18.099> cure<00:07:18.460> you<00:07:19.030> know<00:07:19.120> we're<00:07:19.360> not<00:07:19.509> mice
trying to cure you know we're not mice
trying to cure you know we're not mice
and<00:07:20.139> you<00:07:20.949> can't<00:07:21.280> go<00:07:21.490> into<00:07:21.819> a<00:07:22.479> living<00:07:23.110> person
and you can't go into a living person
and you can't go into a living person
with<00:07:23.949> an<00:07:24.099> illness<00:07:24.280> and<00:07:24.610> just<00:07:24.789> pull<00:07:24.970> out<00:07:25.000> a<00:07:25.120> few
with an illness and just pull out a few
with an illness and just pull out a few
brain<00:07:25.630> cells<00:07:25.659> or<00:07:26.259> cardiac<00:07:27.039> cells<00:07:27.400> and<00:07:27.849> then
brain cells or cardiac cells and then
brain cells or cardiac cells and then
start<00:07:28.270> fooling<00:07:28.569> around<00:07:28.750> in<00:07:28.840> the<00:07:28.870> lab<00:07:29.080> to<00:07:29.349> test
start fooling around in the lab to test
start fooling around in the lab to test
for<00:07:30.280> you<00:07:31.240> know<00:07:31.360> promising<00:07:31.960> drug<00:07:32.409> but<00:07:33.220> what<00:07:33.430> you
for you know promising drug but what you
for you know promising drug but what you
can<00:07:34.030> do<00:07:34.300> with<00:07:34.810> human<00:07:35.380> stem<00:07:35.560> cells<00:07:35.889> now<00:07:36.069> is
can do with human stem cells now is
can do with human stem cells now is
actually<00:07:37.539> create<00:07:37.900> avatars<00:07:38.380> and<00:07:38.919> you<00:07:39.069> can
actually create avatars and you can
actually create avatars and you can
create<00:07:39.580> the<00:07:40.330> cells<00:07:40.630> whether<00:07:41.319> it's<00:07:41.680> the<00:07:41.860> live
create the cells whether it's the live
create the cells whether it's the live
motor<00:07:42.430> neurons<00:07:42.849> or<00:07:43.300> the<00:07:43.750> beating<00:07:44.110> cardiac
motor neurons or the beating cardiac
motor neurons or the beating cardiac
cells<00:07:44.860> or<00:07:45.219> liver<00:07:45.490> cells<00:07:45.819> or<00:07:46.060> other<00:07:46.270> kinds<00:07:46.629> of
cells or liver cells or other kinds of
cells or liver cells or other kinds of
cells<00:07:46.960> and<00:07:47.229> you<00:07:47.370> can<00:07:48.370> test<00:07:48.849> for<00:07:49.060> drugs
cells and you can test for drugs
cells and you can test for drugs
promising<00:07:50.620> compounds<00:07:51.219> on<00:07:51.400> the<00:07:51.909> actual<00:07:52.419> cells
promising compounds on the actual cells
promising compounds on the actual cells
that<00:07:53.440> you're<00:07:53.860> trying<00:07:54.190> to<00:07:54.490> affect<00:07:54.940> and<00:07:55.180> this<00:07:55.750> is
that you're trying to affect and this is
that you're trying to affect and this is
now<00:07:56.590> and<00:07:57.039> it's<00:07:57.509> absolutely<00:07:58.509> extraordinary
now and it's absolutely extraordinary
now and it's absolutely extraordinary
and<00:07:59.949> you're<00:08:00.130> going<00:08:00.280> to<00:08:00.340> know<00:08:00.610> at<00:08:01.169> the
and you're going to know at the
and you're going to know at the
beginning<00:08:02.710> the<00:08:02.830> very<00:08:03.069> early<00:08:03.759> stages<00:08:04.150> of<00:08:04.630> doing
beginning the very early stages of doing
beginning the very early stages of doing
your<00:08:05.620> assay<00:08:06.069> development<00:08:06.099> and<00:08:06.789> your<00:08:06.909> testing
your assay development and your testing
your assay development and your testing
you're<00:08:08.110> not<00:08:08.259> gonna<00:08:08.380> have<00:08:08.529> to<00:08:08.620> wait<00:08:08.830> 13<00:08:09.490> years
you're not gonna have to wait 13 years
you're not gonna have to wait 13 years
until<00:08:10.779> you've<00:08:10.960> brought<00:08:11.259> a<00:08:11.500> drug<00:08:11.740> to<00:08:11.979> market
until you've brought a drug to market
until you've brought a drug to market
only<00:08:12.639> to<00:08:12.880> find<00:08:13.150> out<00:08:13.360> that<00:08:14.020> actually<00:08:14.289> it
only to find out that actually it
only to find out that actually it
doesn't<00:08:15.370> work<00:08:15.669> or<00:08:15.909> even<00:08:16.360> worse<00:08:16.630> harms<00:08:17.469> people
doesn't work or even worse harms people
doesn't work or even worse harms people
but<00:08:19.090> it<00:08:19.270> isn't<00:08:19.810> really<00:08:19.930> enough<00:08:20.139> just<00:08:21.099> to<00:08:21.430> look
but it isn't really enough just to look
but it isn't really enough just to look
at<00:08:22.360> the<00:08:23.169> cells<00:08:23.440> from<00:08:23.590> a<00:08:23.740> few<00:08:23.979> people<00:08:24.370> or<00:08:24.520> a
at the cells from a few people or a
at the cells from a few people or a
small<00:08:25.389> group<00:08:25.659> of<00:08:25.750> people<00:08:26.190> because<00:08:27.190> we<00:08:27.580> have<00:08:27.610> to
small group of people because we have to
small group of people because we have to
step<00:08:28.210> back<00:08:28.240> we've<00:08:28.630> got<00:08:28.750> to<00:08:28.900> look<00:08:29.020> at<00:08:29.110> the<00:08:29.229> big
step back we've got to look at the big
step back we've got to look at the big
picture<00:08:29.610> look<00:08:30.610> around<00:08:30.880> this<00:08:31.000> room<00:08:31.060> we<00:08:31.960> are<00:08:32.110> all
picture look around this room we are all
picture look around this room we are all
different<00:08:32.860> and<00:08:33.219> a<00:08:33.579> disease<00:08:34.270> that<00:08:34.659> I<00:08:35.110> might
different and a disease that I might
different and a disease that I might
have<00:08:35.770> if<00:08:35.979> I<00:08:36.099> had<00:08:36.310> Alzheimer's<00:08:36.880> disease<00:08:37.240> or
have if I had Alzheimer's disease or
have if I had Alzheimer's disease or
Parkinson's<00:08:37.510> disease<00:08:38.500> it<00:08:39.159> probably<00:08:39.789> would
Parkinson's disease it probably would
Parkinson's disease it probably would
affect<00:08:40.329> me<00:08:40.539> differently<00:08:40.990> than<00:08:41.560> if<00:08:42.130> one<00:08:42.700> of<00:08:42.849> you
affect me differently than if one of you
affect me differently than if one of you
had<00:08:43.180> that<00:08:43.360> disease<00:08:43.750> and<00:08:44.050> if<00:08:44.980> we<00:08:45.579> both<00:08:45.820> had
had that disease and if we both had
had that disease and if we both had
Parkinson's<00:08:47.440> disease<00:08:48.070> and<00:08:48.310> we<00:08:48.880> took<00:08:49.120> the<00:08:49.480> same
Parkinson's disease and we took the same
Parkinson's disease and we took the same
medication<00:08:50.500> but<00:08:51.070> we<00:08:51.220> had<00:08:51.430> different<00:08:51.790> genetic
medication but we had different genetic
medication but we had different genetic
makeup<00:08:52.930> we<00:08:53.860> probably<00:08:54.160> would<00:08:54.579> have<00:08:54.760> a
makeup we probably would have a
makeup we probably would have a
different<00:08:55.270> result<00:08:55.480> and<00:08:55.899> it<00:08:56.380> could<00:08:56.620> well<00:08:56.829> be
different result and it could well be
different result and it could well be
that<00:08:57.520> a<00:08:57.850> drug<00:08:58.240> that<00:08:58.449> worked<00:08:58.750> wonderfully<00:08:59.620> for
that a drug that worked wonderfully for
that a drug that worked wonderfully for
me<00:09:00.070> with
me with
me with
actually<00:09:01.430> ineffective<00:09:02.430> for<00:09:02.639> you<00:09:02.819> and
actually ineffective for you and
actually ineffective for you and
similarly<00:09:04.050> it<00:09:04.740> could<00:09:05.040> be<00:09:05.129> that<00:09:05.309> a<00:09:05.339> drug<00:09:05.639> that
similarly it could be that a drug that
similarly it could be that a drug that
is<00:09:06.329> harmful<00:09:06.899> for<00:09:07.529> you<00:09:07.680> is<00:09:08.189> safe<00:09:08.579> for<00:09:08.910> me<00:09:09.029> and
is harmful for you is safe for me and
is harmful for you is safe for me and
you<00:09:10.290> know<00:09:10.379> this<00:09:10.559> seems<00:09:10.800> totally<00:09:11.279> obvious<00:09:11.730> but
you know this seems totally obvious but
you know this seems totally obvious but
unfortunately<00:09:13.379> it<00:09:13.619> is<00:09:13.769> not<00:09:13.949> the<00:09:14.220> way<00:09:14.369> that<00:09:15.019> the
unfortunately it is not the way that the
unfortunately it is not the way that the
pharmaceutical<00:09:16.379> industry<00:09:16.649> has<00:09:16.980> been
pharmaceutical industry has been
pharmaceutical industry has been
developing<00:09:17.730> drugs<00:09:17.999> because<00:09:18.749> until<00:09:19.499> now<00:09:19.559> it
developing drugs because until now it
developing drugs because until now it
hasn't<00:09:20.610> had<00:09:20.879> the<00:09:20.999> tools<00:09:21.269> and<00:09:22.259> so<00:09:22.529> we<00:09:23.129> need<00:09:23.309> to
hasn't had the tools and so we need to
hasn't had the tools and so we need to
move<00:09:23.999> away<00:09:24.179> from<00:09:24.360> this<00:09:24.860> one-size-fits-all
move away from this one-size-fits-all
move away from this one-size-fits-all
model<00:09:26.600> the<00:09:27.600> way<00:09:27.720> we've<00:09:27.929> been<00:09:28.079> developing
model the way we've been developing
model the way we've been developing
drugs<00:09:29.339> is<00:09:29.519> essentially<00:09:30.059> like<00:09:30.540> going<00:09:30.809> into<00:09:30.929> a
drugs is essentially like going into a
drugs is essentially like going into a
shoe<00:09:31.350> store<00:09:31.379> no<00:09:32.339> one<00:09:32.490> asks<00:09:32.790> you<00:09:32.879> what<00:09:33.029> size<00:09:33.240> you
shoe store no one asks you what size you
shoe store no one asks you what size you
are<00:09:33.449> or<00:09:33.899> you<00:09:34.230> know<00:09:34.319> if<00:09:34.410> you're<00:09:34.529> going<00:09:34.709> dancing
are or you know if you're going dancing
are or you know if you're going dancing
or<00:09:35.579> hiking<00:09:35.850> they<00:09:36.509> just<00:09:36.749> say<00:09:36.839> well<00:09:37.019> you<00:09:37.259> have
or hiking they just say well you have
or hiking they just say well you have
feet<00:09:37.649> here<00:09:37.949> are<00:09:38.040> your<00:09:38.220> shoes<00:09:38.749> it<00:09:39.749> doesn't<00:09:40.110> work
feet here are your shoes it doesn't work
feet here are your shoes it doesn't work
with<00:09:40.649> shoes<00:09:41.160> and<00:09:41.550> our<00:09:41.939> bodies<00:09:42.329> are<00:09:42.360> you<00:09:43.050> know
with shoes and our bodies are you know
with shoes and our bodies are you know
many<00:09:43.379> times<00:09:43.679> more<00:09:43.920> complicated<00:09:44.279> than<00:09:44.730> just
many times more complicated than just
many times more complicated than just
our<00:09:45.629> feet<00:09:45.899> so<00:09:46.439> we<00:09:46.470> really<00:09:47.220> have<00:09:47.339> to<00:09:47.459> change
our feet so we really have to change
our feet so we really have to change
this
this
this
there<00:09:49.769> was<00:09:49.949> a<00:09:49.980> very<00:09:50.819> sad<00:09:51.269> example<00:09:52.170> of<00:09:52.290> this<00:09:52.470> in
there was a very sad example of this in
there was a very sad example of this in
the<00:09:52.920> last<00:09:53.069> decade<00:09:53.610> there's<00:09:53.970> a<00:09:54.029> wonderful<00:09:54.600> drug
the last decade there's a wonderful drug
the last decade there's a wonderful drug
and<00:09:55.350> a<00:09:55.410> class<00:09:55.619> of<00:09:55.800> drugs<00:09:56.040> actually<00:09:56.490> but<00:09:56.699> the
and a class of drugs actually but the
and a class of drugs actually but the
particular<00:09:57.480> drug<00:09:57.809> was<00:09:58.079> Vioxx<00:09:58.559> and<00:09:58.920> for<00:09:59.699> people
particular drug was Vioxx and for people
particular drug was Vioxx and for people
who<00:10:00.269> were<00:10:00.449> suffering<00:10:00.929> from<00:10:01.290> severe<00:10:02.279> arthritis
who were suffering from severe arthritis
who were suffering from severe arthritis
pain<00:10:03.179> the<00:10:03.990> drug<00:10:04.319> was<00:10:04.619> an<00:10:04.829> absolute<00:10:05.490> lifesaver
pain the drug was an absolute lifesaver
pain the drug was an absolute lifesaver
but<00:10:07.230> unfortunately<00:10:07.639> for<00:10:08.639> another<00:10:09.240> subset<00:10:09.899> of
but unfortunately for another subset of
but unfortunately for another subset of
those<00:10:10.860> people<00:10:11.300> they<00:10:12.300> suffered<00:10:13.160> pretty<00:10:14.160> severe
those people they suffered pretty severe
those people they suffered pretty severe
heart<00:10:15.749> side<00:10:16.379> effects<00:10:16.740> and<00:10:17.009> for<00:10:17.579> a<00:10:17.610> subset<00:10:18.089> of
heart side effects and for a subset of
heart side effects and for a subset of
those<00:10:18.360> people<00:10:18.749> the<00:10:18.870> side<00:10:19.050> effects<00:10:19.350> were<00:10:19.559> so
those people the side effects were so
those people the side effects were so
severe<00:10:20.220> the<00:10:20.399> cardiac<00:10:20.759> side<00:10:20.970> effects<00:10:21.300> than
severe the cardiac side effects than
severe the cardiac side effects than
they<00:10:22.110> were<00:10:22.170> fatal<00:10:22.819> but<00:10:23.819> imagine<00:10:24.629> a<00:10:24.839> different
they were fatal but imagine a different
they were fatal but imagine a different
scenario<00:10:26.790> where<00:10:27.779> we<00:10:28.110> could<00:10:28.529> have<00:10:28.709> had<00:10:28.920> an
scenario where we could have had an
scenario where we could have had an
array<00:10:29.790> of<00:10:29.819> genetically<00:10:30.720> diverse<00:10:30.899> array<00:10:31.290> of
array of genetically diverse array of
array of genetically diverse array of
cardiac<00:10:32.579> cells<00:10:33.029> and<00:10:33.360> we<00:10:33.779> could<00:10:33.990> have<00:10:34.110> actually
cardiac cells and we could have actually
cardiac cells and we could have actually
tested<00:10:35.339> that<00:10:35.819> drug<00:10:36.240> Vioxx<00:10:36.779> in<00:10:37.490> petri<00:10:38.490> dishes
tested that drug Vioxx in petri dishes
tested that drug Vioxx in petri dishes
and<00:10:39.059> figured<00:10:40.050> out<00:10:40.259> well<00:10:40.709> okay<00:10:41.040> people<00:10:41.999> with
and figured out well okay people with
and figured out well okay people with
this<00:10:42.449> genetic<00:10:42.990> type<00:10:43.230> are<00:10:43.499> going<00:10:43.920> to<00:10:44.069> have
this genetic type are going to have
this genetic type are going to have
cardiac<00:10:45.269> side<00:10:45.509> effects<00:10:45.839> people<00:10:46.769> with<00:10:47.100> these
cardiac side effects people with these
cardiac side effects people with these
genetics<00:10:48.540> subgroups<00:10:49.350> or<00:10:49.589> our<00:10:50.240> genetic<00:10:51.240> shoe
genetics subgroups or our genetic shoe
genetics subgroups or our genetic shoe
sizes<00:10:52.319> about<00:10:52.879> 25,000<00:10:53.879> of<00:10:53.970> them<00:10:54.120> are<00:10:54.299> not<00:10:55.049> going
sizes about 25,000 of them are not going
sizes about 25,000 of them are not going
to<00:10:55.350> have<00:10:55.499> any<00:10:55.709> problems<00:10:56.600> the<00:10:57.600> people<00:10:57.809> for<00:10:58.199> whom
to have any problems the people for whom
to have any problems the people for whom
it<00:10:58.499> was<00:10:58.769> a<00:10:58.829> lifesaver<00:10:59.369> could<00:10:59.970> have<00:11:00.089> still
it was a lifesaver could have still
it was a lifesaver could have still
taken<00:11:00.540> their<00:11:00.839> medicine<00:11:01.379> the<00:11:01.949> people<00:11:02.279> for<00:11:02.519> whom
taken their medicine the people for whom
taken their medicine the people for whom
it<00:11:03.119> was<00:11:03.360> a<00:11:03.389> disaster<00:11:04.199> or<00:11:05.100> fatal<00:11:05.490> would<00:11:06.089> never
it was a disaster or fatal would never
it was a disaster or fatal would never
have<00:11:06.509> been<00:11:06.660> given<00:11:06.689> it<00:11:07.199> and<00:11:07.379> you<00:11:07.920> can<00:11:08.100> imagine<00:11:08.279> a
have been given it and you can imagine a
have been given it and you can imagine a
very<00:11:08.699> different<00:11:09.179> outcome<00:11:09.299> for<00:11:09.929> the<00:11:09.990> company
very different outcome for the company
very different outcome for the company
who<00:11:10.499> had<00:11:10.679> to<00:11:10.920> withdraw<00:11:11.189> the<00:11:11.429> drug
who had to withdraw the drug
who had to withdraw the drug
so<00:11:13.730> that<00:11:14.730> is<00:11:15.029> terrific<00:11:15.660> and<00:11:16.339> we<00:11:17.339> thought<00:11:17.550> all
so that is terrific and we thought all
so that is terrific and we thought all
right<00:11:17.970> as<00:11:18.209> we're<00:11:18.480> trying<00:11:18.690> to<00:11:18.810> solve<00:11:18.990> this
right as we're trying to solve this
right as we're trying to solve this
problem<00:11:19.769> clearly<00:11:20.760> we<00:11:21.750> have<00:11:21.839> to<00:11:21.990> think<00:11:22.170> about
problem clearly we have to think about
problem clearly we have to think about
genetics<00:11:22.529> we<00:11:23.130> have<00:11:23.310> to<00:11:23.430> think<00:11:23.940> about<00:11:24.180> human
genetics we have to think about human
genetics we have to think about human
testing<00:11:25.260> but<00:11:26.130> there's<00:11:26.310> a<00:11:26.370> fundamental
testing but there's a fundamental
testing but there's a fundamental
problem<00:11:27.000> because<00:11:27.839> right<00:11:28.380> now<00:11:28.620> stem<00:11:29.370> cell
problem because right now stem cell
problem because right now stem cell
lines<00:11:29.910> as<00:11:30.300> extraordinary<00:11:30.810> as<00:11:31.230> they<00:11:31.380> are<00:11:31.560> and
lines as extraordinary as they are and
lines as extraordinary as they are and
lines<00:11:32.040> are<00:11:32.250> just<00:11:32.430> groups<00:11:32.610> of<00:11:32.820> cells<00:11:33.050> they're
lines are just groups of cells they're
lines are just groups of cells they're
made<00:11:34.410> by<00:11:34.829> hand<00:11:35.839> one<00:11:36.839> at<00:11:36.870> a<00:11:37.079> time<00:11:37.320> and<00:11:37.740> it<00:11:38.160> takes
made by hand one at a time and it takes
made by hand one at a time and it takes
a<00:11:38.550> couple<00:11:38.579> of<00:11:38.940> months<00:11:39.139> this<00:11:40.139> is<00:11:40.500> not<00:11:40.860> scalable
a couple of months this is not scalable
a couple of months this is not scalable
and<00:11:41.880> also<00:11:42.630> when<00:11:42.779> you<00:11:42.870> do<00:11:43.050> things<00:11:43.320> by<00:11:43.529> hand<00:11:44.040> even
and also when you do things by hand even
and also when you do things by hand even
in<00:11:44.730> the<00:11:44.850> best<00:11:45.149> laboratories<00:11:45.899> you<00:11:46.350> have
in the best laboratories you have
in the best laboratories you have
variations<00:11:47.579> in<00:11:47.880> techniques<00:11:48.449> and<00:11:48.920> you<00:11:49.920> need<00:11:50.100> to
variations in techniques and you need to
variations in techniques and you need to
know<00:11:50.430> if<00:11:50.940> you're<00:11:51.240> making<00:11:51.420> a<00:11:51.690> drug<00:11:51.959> that<00:11:52.230> the
know if you're making a drug that the
know if you're making a drug that the
aspirin<00:11:52.860> you're<00:11:53.010> going<00:11:53.130> to<00:11:53.190> take<00:11:53.399> out<00:11:53.550> of<00:11:53.579> the
aspirin you're going to take out of the
aspirin you're going to take out of the
bottle<00:11:54.089> on<00:11:54.209> Monday<00:11:54.690> is<00:11:54.930> the<00:11:55.440> same<00:11:55.680> as<00:11:55.829> the
bottle on Monday is the same as the
bottle on Monday is the same as the
aspirin<00:11:56.399> that's<00:11:56.760> going<00:11:56.970> to<00:11:57.029> come<00:11:57.149> out<00:11:57.269> of<00:11:57.389> the
aspirin that's going to come out of the
aspirin that's going to come out of the
bottle<00:11:57.690> on<00:11:57.779> Wednesday<00:11:58.310> so<00:11:59.310> we<00:11:59.850> looked<00:12:00.060> at<00:12:00.149> this
bottle on Wednesday so we looked at this
bottle on Wednesday so we looked at this
and<00:12:00.870> we<00:12:00.930> thought<00:12:01.410> okay<00:12:01.920> our<00:12:02.610> T's<00:12:02.850> '''l<00:12:03.089> is
and we thought okay our T's '''l is
and we thought okay our T's '''l is
wonderful<00:12:03.779> in<00:12:04.170> you<00:12:04.740> know<00:12:04.860> your<00:12:05.010> clothing<00:12:05.459> and
wonderful in you know your clothing and
wonderful in you know your clothing and
your<00:12:06.120> bread<00:12:06.720> and<00:12:07.260> crafts<00:12:07.709> but<00:12:08.420> artisanal
your bread and crafts but artisanal
your bread and crafts but artisanal
really<00:12:09.690> isn't<00:12:09.930> going<00:12:10.199> to<00:12:10.290> work<00:12:10.440> in<00:12:10.740> stem<00:12:11.130> cells
really isn't going to work in stem cells
really isn't going to work in stem cells
so<00:12:11.730> we<00:12:12.029> have<00:12:12.120> to<00:12:12.240> deal<00:12:12.389> with<00:12:12.420> this<00:12:13.130> but<00:12:14.130> even
so we have to deal with this but even
so we have to deal with this but even
with<00:12:14.880> that<00:12:15.089> there<00:12:15.570> still<00:12:15.839> was<00:12:16.620> another<00:12:17.160> big
with that there still was another big
with that there still was another big
hurdle<00:12:17.880> and<00:12:18.230> that<00:12:19.230> actually<00:12:19.709> brings<00:12:19.920> us<00:12:20.490> back
hurdle and that actually brings us back
hurdle and that actually brings us back
to<00:12:21.209> the<00:12:21.959> mapping<00:12:22.199> of<00:12:22.470> the<00:12:22.589> human<00:12:22.620> genome
to the mapping of the human genome
to the mapping of the human genome
because<00:12:23.540> we<00:12:24.540> are<00:12:24.600> all<00:12:24.839> different<00:12:25.079> we<00:12:25.910> know
because we are all different we know
because we are all different we know
from<00:12:27.660> the<00:12:28.019> sequencing<00:12:28.470> of<00:12:28.560> the<00:12:28.620> human<00:12:28.709> genome
from the sequencing of the human genome
from the sequencing of the human genome
that<00:12:29.490> it's<00:12:30.180> shown<00:12:30.449> us<00:12:30.630> all<00:12:30.839> of<00:12:30.959> the<00:12:31.050> AC<00:12:31.230> GS<00:12:31.680> and
that it's shown us all of the AC GS and
that it's shown us all of the AC GS and
T's<00:12:32.100> that<00:12:32.370> make<00:12:32.550> up<00:12:32.730> our<00:12:32.910> genetic<00:12:33.569> code<00:12:33.810> but
T's that make up our genetic code but
T's that make up our genetic code but
that<00:12:35.610> code<00:12:36.209> by<00:12:36.870> itself<00:12:37.290> or<00:12:37.649> DNA<00:12:38.279> is<00:12:38.839> like
that code by itself or DNA is like
that code by itself or DNA is like
looking<00:12:40.560> at<00:12:40.769> the<00:12:40.829> ones<00:12:41.519> and<00:12:41.790> zeros<00:12:42.120> of<00:12:42.149> the
looking at the ones and zeros of the
looking at the ones and zeros of the
computer<00:12:42.839> code<00:12:43.079> without<00:12:43.589> having<00:12:44.010> a<00:12:44.100> computer
computer code without having a computer
computer code without having a computer
that<00:12:45.000> can<00:12:45.209> read<00:12:45.510> it<00:12:45.690> it's<00:12:46.199> like<00:12:46.500> having<00:12:46.889> an<00:12:47.010> app
that can read it it's like having an app
that can read it it's like having an app
without<00:12:47.760> having<00:12:47.970> a<00:12:48.389> smartphone<00:12:48.810> we<00:12:49.680> needed<00:12:50.160> to
without having a smartphone we needed to
without having a smartphone we needed to
have<00:12:50.490> a<00:12:50.819> way<00:12:50.880> of<00:12:51.569> bringing<00:12:52.350> the<00:12:52.649> biology<00:12:53.250> to
have a way of bringing the biology to
have a way of bringing the biology to
that<00:12:53.670> incredible<00:12:54.569> data<00:12:55.019> and<00:12:55.760> the<00:12:56.760> way<00:12:56.790> to<00:12:56.940> do
that incredible data and the way to do
that incredible data and the way to do
that<00:12:57.420> was<00:12:57.750> to<00:12:58.110> find<00:12:58.440> a<00:12:58.829> stand<00:12:59.370> in<00:12:59.610> a<00:12:59.730> biological
that was to find a stand in a biological
that was to find a stand in a biological
stand-in
stand-in
stand-in
that<00:13:01.800> could<00:13:02.010> contain<00:13:02.459> all<00:13:02.850> of<00:13:02.910> the<00:13:03.839> genetic
that could contain all of the genetic
that could contain all of the genetic
information<00:13:04.519> but<00:13:05.519> have<00:13:05.910> it<00:13:06.120> be<00:13:06.149> arrayed<00:13:06.839> in
information but have it be arrayed in
information but have it be arrayed in
such<00:13:07.350> a<00:13:07.380> way<00:13:07.680> as<00:13:08.069> it<00:13:08.610> could<00:13:08.790> be<00:13:08.910> read<00:13:09.690> together
such a way as it could be read together
such a way as it could be read together
and<00:13:10.620> actually<00:13:10.920> create<00:13:11.579> this<00:13:11.970> incredible
and actually create this incredible
and actually create this incredible
avatar<00:13:13.410> we<00:13:14.190> need<00:13:14.399> to<00:13:14.490> have<00:13:14.579> stem<00:13:14.880> cells<00:13:14.910> from
avatar we need to have stem cells from
avatar we need to have stem cells from
all<00:13:15.959> the<00:13:16.470> genetic<00:13:16.889> subtypes<00:13:17.130> that<00:13:17.550> represent
all the genetic subtypes that represent
all the genetic subtypes that represent
who<00:13:18.660> we<00:13:18.690> are<00:13:19.819> so<00:13:20.819> this<00:13:21.750> is<00:13:21.810> what<00:13:22.319> we've<00:13:22.470> built
who we are so this is what we've built
who we are so this is what we've built
it's<00:13:23.819> an<00:13:24.029> automated<00:13:24.480> robotic<00:13:25.410> technology
it's an automated robotic technology
it's an automated robotic technology
it<00:13:26.470> has<00:13:27.130> the<00:13:27.520> capacity<00:13:27.670> to<00:13:28.120> produce<00:13:28.360> thousands
it has the capacity to produce thousands
it has the capacity to produce thousands
and<00:13:29.170> thousands<00:13:29.620> of<00:13:29.710> stem<00:13:30.070> cell<00:13:30.310> lines<00:13:30.580> it's
and thousands of stem cell lines it's
and thousands of stem cell lines it's
genetically<00:13:32.470> arrayed<00:13:32.890> it<00:13:33.310> has<00:13:33.700> massively
genetically arrayed it has massively
genetically arrayed it has massively
parallel<00:13:35.140> processing<00:13:35.670> capability<00:13:36.670> and<00:13:37.140> it's
parallel processing capability and it's
parallel processing capability and it's
going<00:13:38.290> to<00:13:38.410> change<00:13:38.650> the<00:13:38.770> way<00:13:39.010> drugs<00:13:39.490> are
going to change the way drugs are
going to change the way drugs are
discovered<00:13:40.150> we<00:13:40.780> hope<00:13:41.020> and<00:13:41.320> I<00:13:42.250> think
discovered we hope and I think
discovered we hope and I think
eventually<00:13:42.970> what's<00:13:43.870> going<00:13:44.050> to<00:13:44.080> happen<00:13:44.440> is
eventually what's going to happen is
eventually what's going to happen is
that<00:13:44.590> we're<00:13:44.830> going<00:13:44.980> to<00:13:45.040> want<00:13:45.220> to<00:13:45.550> re-screen
that we're going to want to re-screen
that we're going to want to re-screen
drugs<00:13:46.480> on<00:13:46.840> arrays<00:13:47.110> like<00:13:47.140> this<00:13:47.620> that<00:13:48.250> already
drugs on arrays like this that already
drugs on arrays like this that already
exist<00:13:49.270> all<00:13:49.510> of<00:13:49.750> the<00:13:49.840> drugs<00:13:50.080> that<00:13:50.350> currently
exist all of the drugs that currently
exist all of the drugs that currently
exist<00:13:51.100> and<00:13:51.220> in<00:13:51.700> the<00:13:51.820> future<00:13:52.270> you're<00:13:52.720> going<00:13:52.900> to
exist and in the future you're going to
exist and in the future you're going to
be<00:13:53.080> taking<00:13:53.500> drugs<00:13:53.890> and<00:13:54.220> treatments<00:13:54.940> that<00:13:55.090> have
be taking drugs and treatments that have
be taking drugs and treatments that have
been<00:13:55.690> tested<00:13:55.930> for<00:13:56.170> side-effects<00:13:56.980> on<00:13:57.130> all<00:13:58.120> of
been tested for side-effects on all of
been tested for side-effects on all of
the<00:13:58.570> relevant<00:13:58.960> cells<00:13:59.170> on<00:13:59.500> brain<00:13:59.770> cells<00:14:00.040> and
the relevant cells on brain cells and
the relevant cells on brain cells and
heart<00:14:00.430> cells<00:14:00.670> and<00:14:01.180> liver<00:14:01.450> cells<00:14:01.690> it<00:14:02.350> really
heart cells and liver cells it really
heart cells and liver cells it really
has<00:14:03.160> brought<00:14:03.520> us<00:14:03.850> to<00:14:04.510> the<00:14:04.810> threshold<00:14:05.290> of
has brought us to the threshold of
has brought us to the threshold of
personalized<00:14:06.820> medicine<00:14:07.950> it's<00:14:08.950> here<00:14:09.190> now<00:14:09.220> and
personalized medicine it's here now and
personalized medicine it's here now and
in<00:14:10.360> in<00:14:11.320> our<00:14:11.530> family<00:14:12.450> my<00:14:13.450> son<00:14:13.510> has<00:14:14.110> type<00:14:14.500> 1
in in our family my son has type 1
in in our family my son has type 1
diabetes<00:14:15.040> which<00:14:15.460> is<00:14:15.540> still<00:14:16.540> an<00:14:16.690> incurable
diabetes which is still an incurable
diabetes which is still an incurable
disease<00:14:17.290> and<00:14:18.040> I<00:14:18.220> lost<00:14:18.520> my<00:14:18.700> parents<00:14:18.970> to<00:14:19.530> heart
disease and I lost my parents to heart
disease and I lost my parents to heart
disease<00:14:20.830> and<00:14:21.010> cancer<00:14:21.430> but<00:14:21.640> I<00:14:21.880> think<00:14:22.600> that<00:14:22.750> my
disease and cancer but I think that my
disease and cancer but I think that my
story<00:14:23.170> probably<00:14:23.500> sounds<00:14:23.980> familiar<00:14:24.340> to<00:14:24.850> you
story probably sounds familiar to you
story probably sounds familiar to you
because<00:14:25.510> probably<00:14:26.440> a<00:14:26.980> version<00:14:27.280> of<00:14:27.520> it<00:14:27.700> is<00:14:28.120> your
because probably a version of it is your
because probably a version of it is your
story<00:14:29.250> at<00:14:30.250> some<00:14:30.520> point<00:14:30.790> in<00:14:30.940> our<00:14:31.090> lives<00:14:31.300> all<00:14:32.260> of
story at some point in our lives all of
story at some point in our lives all of
us<00:14:32.680> or<00:14:33.040> people<00:14:33.670> we<00:14:33.760> care<00:14:34.000> about<00:14:34.060> become
us or people we care about become
us or people we care about become
patients<00:14:35.440> and<00:14:35.620> that's<00:14:36.430> why<00:14:36.640> I<00:14:36.700> think<00:14:36.940> that
patients and that's why I think that
patients and that's why I think that
stem-cell<00:14:37.990> research<00:14:38.500> is<00:14:38.860> incredibly
stem-cell research is incredibly
stem-cell research is incredibly
important<00:14:40.300> for<00:14:40.360> all<00:14:41.020> of<00:14:41.050> us
you
Susan Solomon, stem, cell, cell, research, cure, diseases, treatment, TED, TED-Ed, TEDEducation, TED, Ed
