Parkinson's, depression and the switch that might turn them off - Andres Lozano
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
uh<00:00:12.840> one<00:00:12.960> of<00:00:13.040> the<00:00:13.160> things<00:00:13.320> I<00:00:13.400> want<00:00:13.519> to<00:00:13.639> establish
uh one of the things I want to establish
uh one of the things I want to establish
right<00:00:14.280> from<00:00:14.480> the<00:00:14.599> start<00:00:14.879> is<00:00:15.080> that<00:00:15.480> uh<00:00:15.639> not<00:00:16.039> all
right from the start is that uh not all
right from the start is that uh not all
neurosurgeons<00:00:16.760> wear<00:00:17.039> cowboy<00:00:17.400> boots<00:00:17.760> I<00:00:17.880> just
neurosurgeons wear cowboy boots I just
neurosurgeons wear cowboy boots I just
wanted<00:00:18.199> you<00:00:18.279> to<00:00:18.920> know<00:00:19.240> that<00:00:20.119> uh<00:00:20.240> so<00:00:20.480> I<00:00:20.560> am
wanted you to know that uh so I am
wanted you to know that uh so I am
indeed<00:00:21.519> a<00:00:21.640> neurosurgeon<00:00:22.600> and<00:00:23.000> uh<00:00:23.519> I<00:00:23.640> follow<00:00:24.080> a
indeed a neurosurgeon and uh I follow a
indeed a neurosurgeon and uh I follow a
long<00:00:24.720> tradition<00:00:25.480> of<00:00:25.680> neurosurgery<00:00:26.279> and<00:00:26.400> I'm
long tradition of neurosurgery and I'm
long tradition of neurosurgery and I'm
going<00:00:26.560> to<00:00:26.640> tell<00:00:26.760> you<00:00:26.840> about<00:00:27.039> today<00:00:27.560> is
going to tell you about today is
going to tell you about today is
adjusting<00:00:28.439> the<00:00:28.599> dials<00:00:29.359> in<00:00:29.439> the<00:00:29.519> circuits<00:00:29.960> in
adjusting the dials in the circuits in
adjusting the dials in the circuits in
the<00:00:30.119> brain<00:00:30.359> being<00:00:30.519> able<00:00:30.720> to<00:00:30.840> go<00:00:31.000> anywhere<00:00:31.279> in
the brain being able to go anywhere in
the brain being able to go anywhere in
the<00:00:31.519> brain<00:00:32.040> and<00:00:32.160> turning<00:00:32.480> areas<00:00:32.719> of<00:00:32.840> the<00:00:32.920> brain
the brain and turning areas of the brain
the brain and turning areas of the brain
up<00:00:33.480> or<00:00:33.800> down<00:00:34.480> to<00:00:34.800> help<00:00:35.360> our<00:00:35.719> patients<00:00:36.719> so<00:00:36.960> as<00:00:37.079> I
up or down to help our patients so as I
up or down to help our patients so as I
said<00:00:37.600> uh<00:00:37.680> neurosurgery<00:00:38.520> uh<00:00:38.640> comes<00:00:38.879> from<00:00:39.000> a
said uh neurosurgery uh comes from a
said uh neurosurgery uh comes from a
long<00:00:39.480> tradition<00:00:39.920> it's<00:00:40.079> been<00:00:40.399> around<00:00:40.719> for
long tradition it's been around for
long tradition it's been around for
about<00:00:41.920> uh<00:00:42.079> 7,000<00:00:42.800> years<00:00:43.160> in<00:00:43.320> miso<00:00:44.160> America<00:00:45.160> uh
about uh 7,000 years in miso America uh
about uh 7,000 years in miso America uh
there<00:00:45.600> used<00:00:45.800> to<00:00:45.960> be<00:00:46.160> neurosurgery<00:00:47.120> and<00:00:47.280> there
there used to be neurosurgery and there
there used to be neurosurgery and there
were<00:00:48.120> these<00:00:48.520> um<00:00:48.840> neurosurgeons<00:00:49.480> that<00:00:49.600> used<00:00:49.719> to
were these um neurosurgeons that used to
were these um neurosurgeons that used to
treat<00:00:50.640> patients<00:00:51.640> H<00:00:51.800> and<00:00:51.960> they<00:00:52.079> were<00:00:52.320> trying<00:00:52.600> to
treat patients H and they were trying to
treat patients H and they were trying to
they<00:00:53.079> knew<00:00:53.320> that<00:00:53.680> the<00:00:53.760> brain<00:00:54.079> was<00:00:54.280> involved<00:00:54.800> in
they knew that the brain was involved in
they knew that the brain was involved in
neurological<00:00:55.840> and<00:00:56.000> psychiatric<00:00:56.640> disease
neurological and psychiatric disease
neurological and psychiatric disease
they<00:00:57.359> didn't<00:00:57.520> know<00:00:57.680> exactly<00:00:58.039> what<00:00:58.160> they<00:00:58.239> were
they didn't know exactly what they were
they didn't know exactly what they were
doing<00:00:59.039> not<00:00:59.199> much<00:00:59.359> as<00:00:59.559> changed<00:01:00.120> by<00:01:00.199> the<00:01:00.399> way<00:01:01.399> um
doing not much as changed by the way um
doing not much as changed by the way um
but<00:01:02.280> they<00:01:02.440> were<00:01:02.879> they<00:01:03.120> they<00:01:03.280> thought<00:01:03.600> that<00:01:03.840> if
but they were they they thought that if
but they were they they thought that if
you<00:01:04.080> had<00:01:04.199> a<00:01:04.280> neurologic<00:01:04.760> or<00:01:04.920> psychiatric
you had a neurologic or psychiatric
you had a neurologic or psychiatric
disease<00:01:05.799> it<00:01:05.960> must<00:01:06.200> be<00:01:06.520> because<00:01:07.320> you<00:01:07.720> are
disease it must be because you are
disease it must be because you are
possessed<00:01:08.799> by<00:01:09.080> an<00:01:09.320> evil<00:01:09.880> spirit<00:01:10.880> so<00:01:11.159> if<00:01:11.280> you
possessed by an evil spirit so if you
possessed by an evil spirit so if you
are<00:01:11.720> possessed<00:01:12.080> by<00:01:12.200> an<00:01:12.320> evil<00:01:12.600> spirit<00:01:12.920> causing
are possessed by an evil spirit causing
are possessed by an evil spirit causing
neurologic<00:01:13.759> or<00:01:13.880> psychiatric<00:01:14.759> problems<00:01:15.759> then
neurologic or psychiatric problems then
neurologic or psychiatric problems then
the<00:01:16.200> way<00:01:16.320> to<00:01:16.479> treat<00:01:16.759> this<00:01:16.920> is<00:01:17.080> of<00:01:17.240> course<00:01:17.640> to
the way to treat this is of course to
the way to treat this is of course to
make<00:01:18.159> a<00:01:18.320> hole<00:01:18.680> in<00:01:18.840> your<00:01:19.200> skull<00:01:20.200> and<00:01:20.560> let<00:01:20.799> the
make a hole in your skull and let the
make a hole in your skull and let the
evil<00:01:21.400> spirit
evil spirit
evil spirit
Escape<00:01:23.439> so<00:01:23.640> this<00:01:23.720> was<00:01:23.960> the<00:01:24.079> thinking<00:01:24.479> back
Escape so this was the thinking back
Escape so this was the thinking back
then<00:01:25.759> and<00:01:26.320> uh<00:01:26.560> these<00:01:26.960> individuals<00:01:27.920> uh<00:01:28.040> made
then and uh these individuals uh made
then and uh these individuals uh made
these<00:01:28.600> holes<00:01:29.400> sometimes<00:01:30.320> um<00:01:30.640> the<00:01:30.799> patients
these holes sometimes um the patients
these holes sometimes um the patients
were<00:01:31.280> a<00:01:31.320> little<00:01:31.439> bit<00:01:31.600> reluctant<00:01:32.040> to<00:01:32.200> go
were a little bit reluctant to go
were a little bit reluctant to go
through<00:01:32.520> this<00:01:32.799> because<00:01:33.159> you<00:01:33.280> can<00:01:33.439> tell<00:01:33.880> that
through this because you can tell that
through this because you can tell that
um<00:01:34.560> the<00:01:34.680> holes<00:01:34.920> were<00:01:35.040> made<00:01:35.320> partially<00:01:35.840> and
um the holes were made partially and
um the holes were made partially and
then<00:01:36.479> I<00:01:36.560> think<00:01:36.759> you<00:01:36.880> know<00:01:36.960> there<00:01:37.040> was<00:01:37.159> some
then I think you know there was some
then I think you know there was some
trepidation<00:01:37.799> and<00:01:37.920> they<00:01:38.040> left<00:01:38.360> very<00:01:38.560> quickly
trepidation and they left very quickly
trepidation and they left very quickly
and<00:01:39.079> it<00:01:39.159> was<00:01:39.280> only<00:01:39.479> a<00:01:39.680> partial<00:01:40.079> hole<00:01:40.640> so<00:01:40.920> and<00:01:41.040> we
and it was only a partial hole so and we
and it was only a partial hole so and we
knew<00:01:41.360> these<00:01:41.600> they<00:01:41.720> survived<00:01:42.159> these
knew these they survived these
knew these they survived these
procedures<00:01:43.079> but<00:01:43.240> this<00:01:43.320> was<00:01:43.640> common<00:01:44.119> and<00:01:44.240> there
procedures but this was common and there
procedures but this was common and there
were<00:01:44.479> some<00:01:44.640> sites<00:01:44.920> where<00:01:45.159> 1%<00:01:45.640> of<00:01:45.759> all<00:01:45.960> the
were some sites where 1% of all the
were some sites where 1% of all the
skulls<00:01:47.000> have<00:01:47.280> these<00:01:47.439> holes<00:01:47.840> and<00:01:47.920> so<00:01:48.040> you<00:01:48.119> can
skulls have these holes and so you can
skulls have these holes and so you can
see<00:01:48.439> that<00:01:48.759> neurologic<00:01:49.280> and<00:01:49.439> psychiatric
see that neurologic and psychiatric
see that neurologic and psychiatric
disease<00:01:50.200> is<00:01:50.360> quite<00:01:50.600> common<00:01:51.200> and<00:01:51.560> it<00:01:51.680> was<00:01:52.040> also
disease is quite common and it was also
disease is quite common and it was also
quite<00:01:52.759> common<00:01:53.759> uh<00:01:54.040> about<00:01:54.280> 7,000<00:01:55.000> years<00:01:55.200> ago
quite common uh about 7,000 years ago
quite common uh about 7,000 years ago
now<00:01:56.320> in<00:01:56.439> the<00:01:56.600> course<00:01:56.799> of<00:01:57.159> time<00:01:58.159> we've<00:01:58.360> come<00:01:58.520> to
now in the course of time we've come to
now in the course of time we've come to
realize<00:01:59.360> that<00:02:00.119> different<00:02:00.399> parts<00:02:00.600> of<00:02:00.719> the
realize that different parts of the
realize that different parts of the
brain<00:02:01.200> do<00:02:01.520> different<00:02:01.799> things<00:02:02.000> so<00:02:02.159> there<00:02:02.240> are
brain do different things so there are
brain do different things so there are
areas<00:02:02.600> of<00:02:02.680> the<00:02:02.759> brain<00:02:02.960> that<00:02:03.039> are<00:02:03.200> dedicated<00:02:03.640> to
areas of the brain that are dedicated to
areas of the brain that are dedicated to
controlling<00:02:04.399> your<00:02:04.560> movement<00:02:05.320> or<00:02:05.479> your<00:02:05.719> vision
controlling your movement or your vision
controlling your movement or your vision
or<00:02:06.640> your<00:02:06.840> memory<00:02:07.360> or<00:02:07.479> your<00:02:07.880> appetite<00:02:08.520> and<00:02:08.679> so
or your memory or your appetite and so
or your memory or your appetite and so
on<00:02:09.479> and<00:02:09.599> when<00:02:09.800> things<00:02:10.000> work<00:02:10.319> well<00:02:10.679> then<00:02:11.039> the
on and when things work well then the
on and when things work well then the
nervous<00:02:11.760> system<00:02:12.040> works<00:02:12.319> well<00:02:12.680> and<00:02:12.840> everything
nervous system works well and everything
nervous system works well and everything
functions<00:02:13.680> but<00:02:13.800> once<00:02:13.959> in<00:02:14.120> a<00:02:14.280> while<00:02:15.000> things
functions but once in a while things
functions but once in a while things
don't<00:02:15.480> go<00:02:15.640> so<00:02:15.879> well<00:02:16.239> and<00:02:16.360> there's<00:02:16.680> trouble<00:02:17.560> in
don't go so well and there's trouble in
don't go so well and there's trouble in
these<00:02:18.000> circuits<00:02:18.599> and<00:02:18.760> there<00:02:18.879> are<00:02:19.080> some<00:02:19.319> Rogue
these circuits and there are some Rogue
these circuits and there are some Rogue
neurons<00:02:20.160> that<00:02:20.280> are<00:02:20.440> misfiring<00:02:21.440> and<00:02:21.640> causing
neurons that are misfiring and causing
neurons that are misfiring and causing
trouble<00:02:22.720> or<00:02:23.120> sometimes<00:02:23.319> they're<00:02:23.599> in
trouble or sometimes they're in
trouble or sometimes they're in
underactive<00:02:24.680> and<00:02:24.800> they're<00:02:24.959> not<00:02:25.319> quite
underactive and they're not quite
underactive and they're not quite
working<00:02:25.959> as<00:02:26.120> they<00:02:26.280> should<00:02:27.200> now<00:02:27.640> the
working as they should now the
working as they should now the
manifestation<00:02:28.560> of<00:02:28.760> this<00:02:29.040> depends<00:02:29.440> on<00:02:29.640> where
manifestation of this depends on where
manifestation of this depends on where
where<00:02:30.080> in<00:02:30.200> the<00:02:30.280> brain<00:02:30.519> these<00:02:30.680> neurons<00:02:31.120> are<00:02:31.680> so
where in the brain these neurons are so
where in the brain these neurons are so
when<00:02:32.319> these<00:02:32.480> neurons<00:02:32.840> are<00:02:32.959> in<00:02:33.040> the<00:02:33.200> motor
when these neurons are in the motor
when these neurons are in the motor
circuit<00:02:34.239> you<00:02:34.400> get<00:02:34.720> dysfunction<00:02:35.319> in<00:02:35.440> the
circuit you get dysfunction in the
circuit you get dysfunction in the
movement<00:02:36.040> system<00:02:36.319> and<00:02:36.440> you<00:02:36.560> get<00:02:36.680> things<00:02:36.879> like
movement system and you get things like
movement system and you get things like
Parkinson's<00:02:37.760> disease<00:02:38.760> when<00:02:39.280> the<00:02:39.440> malfunction
Parkinson's disease when the malfunction
Parkinson's disease when the malfunction
is<00:02:40.280> in<00:02:40.400> a<00:02:40.519> circuit<00:02:40.840> that<00:02:40.959> regulates<00:02:41.400> your<00:02:41.599> mood
is in a circuit that regulates your mood
is in a circuit that regulates your mood
you<00:02:42.440> get<00:02:42.599> things<00:02:42.840> like<00:02:43.120> depression<00:02:44.080> and<00:02:44.239> when
you get things like depression and when
you get things like depression and when
it<00:02:44.599> is<00:02:44.800> in<00:02:45.120> a<00:02:45.440> circuit<00:02:45.879> that<00:02:46.040> controls<00:02:46.400> your
it is in a circuit that controls your
it is in a circuit that controls your
memory<00:02:46.920> and<00:02:47.159> cognitive<00:02:47.599> function<00:02:48.200> then<00:02:48.319> you
memory and cognitive function then you
memory and cognitive function then you
get<00:02:48.680> things<00:02:48.920> like<00:02:49.200> Alzheimer's<00:02:50.000> disease<00:02:51.000> so
get things like Alzheimer's disease so
get things like Alzheimer's disease so
what<00:02:51.519> we've<00:02:51.680> been<00:02:51.800> able<00:02:52.000> to<00:02:52.120> do<00:02:52.319> is<00:02:52.440> to
what we've been able to do is to
what we've been able to do is to
pinpoint<00:02:53.159> where<00:02:53.440> these<00:02:53.680> disturbances<00:02:54.440> are<00:02:54.760> in
pinpoint where these disturbances are in
pinpoint where these disturbances are in
the<00:02:55.080> brain<00:02:55.640> and<00:02:55.760> we've<00:02:55.959> been<00:02:56.120> able<00:02:56.319> to
the brain and we've been able to
the brain and we've been able to
intervene<00:02:57.360> Within<00:02:57.760> These<00:02:58.040> circuits<00:02:58.480> in<00:02:58.599> the
intervene Within These circuits in the
intervene Within These circuits in the
brain<00:02:59.200> to<00:02:59.440> either<00:02:59.920> turn<00:03:00.200> them<00:03:00.519> up<00:03:01.040> or<00:03:01.239> turn
brain to either turn them up or turn
brain to either turn them up or turn
them<00:03:01.760> down<00:03:02.120> so<00:03:02.280> this<00:03:02.360> is<00:03:02.560> very<00:03:02.720> much<00:03:02.959> like
them down so this is very much like
them down so this is very much like
choosing<00:03:03.720> the<00:03:03.879> correct<00:03:04.280> station<00:03:04.640> on<00:03:04.840> the
choosing the correct station on the
choosing the correct station on the
radio<00:03:05.760> dial<00:03:06.480> once<00:03:06.640> you<00:03:06.799> choose<00:03:07.080> the<00:03:07.239> right
radio dial once you choose the right
radio dial once you choose the right
station<00:03:07.879> whether<00:03:08.000> it<00:03:08.120> be<00:03:08.239> jazz<00:03:08.519> or<00:03:08.720> Opera<00:03:09.120> and
station whether it be jazz or Opera and
station whether it be jazz or Opera and
in<00:03:09.440> our<00:03:09.640> case<00:03:09.799> whether<00:03:09.959> it<00:03:10.080> be<00:03:10.239> movement<00:03:10.760> or
in our case whether it be movement or
in our case whether it be movement or
mood<00:03:11.680> we<00:03:11.840> can<00:03:12.280> put<00:03:12.480> the<00:03:12.640> dial<00:03:13.000> there<00:03:13.280> and<00:03:13.360> then
mood we can put the dial there and then
mood we can put the dial there and then
we<00:03:13.560> can<00:03:13.879> use<00:03:14.040> a<00:03:14.200> second<00:03:14.519> button<00:03:14.760> to<00:03:14.959> adjust<00:03:15.239> the
we can use a second button to adjust the
we can use a second button to adjust the
volume<00:03:16.040> to<00:03:16.239> turn<00:03:16.440> it<00:03:16.720> up<00:03:17.200> or<00:03:17.400> turn<00:03:17.599> it<00:03:17.799> down<00:03:18.200> so
volume to turn it up or turn it down so
volume to turn it up or turn it down so
what<00:03:18.440> I'm<00:03:18.519> going<00:03:18.640> to<00:03:18.760> tell<00:03:18.879> you<00:03:19.040> about<00:03:19.360> is
what I'm going to tell you about is
what I'm going to tell you about is
using<00:03:20.799> the<00:03:20.920> circuitry<00:03:21.480> of<00:03:21.560> the<00:03:21.680> brain<00:03:21.920> to
using the circuitry of the brain to
using the circuitry of the brain to
implant<00:03:22.640> electrodes<00:03:23.480> and<00:03:23.599> turning<00:03:24.080> areas<00:03:24.360> of
implant electrodes and turning areas of
implant electrodes and turning areas of
the<00:03:24.560> brain<00:03:25.200> up<00:03:25.440> and<00:03:25.640> down<00:03:25.840> to<00:03:25.959> see<00:03:26.080> if<00:03:26.200> we<00:03:26.280> can
the brain up and down to see if we can
the brain up and down to see if we can
help<00:03:26.599> our<00:03:26.799> patients<00:03:27.560> and<00:03:27.680> this<00:03:27.760> is
help our patients and this is
help our patients and this is
accomplished<00:03:28.519> using<00:03:28.920> this<00:03:29.120> kind<00:03:29.280> of<00:03:29.439> device
accomplished using this kind of device
accomplished using this kind of device
and<00:03:30.200> this<00:03:30.319> is<00:03:30.519> called<00:03:30.799> deep<00:03:31.000> brain
and this is called deep brain
and this is called deep brain
stimulation<00:03:32.319> so<00:03:32.519> what<00:03:32.640> we're<00:03:32.840> doing<00:03:33.080> is
stimulation so what we're doing is
stimulation so what we're doing is
placing<00:03:33.640> these<00:03:33.799> electrodes<00:03:34.439> throughout<00:03:34.799> the
placing these electrodes throughout the
placing these electrodes throughout the
brain<00:03:35.640> these<00:03:35.799> are<00:03:36.599> again<00:03:36.799> we<00:03:36.879> are<00:03:37.040> making
brain these are again we are making
brain these are again we are making
holes<00:03:37.560> in<00:03:37.680> the<00:03:37.840> skull<00:03:38.159> about<00:03:38.319> the<00:03:38.480> size<00:03:38.680> of<00:03:38.799> a
holes in the skull about the size of a
holes in the skull about the size of a
dime<00:03:39.560> putting<00:03:39.799> an<00:03:39.920> electrode<00:03:40.439> in<00:03:40.799> and<00:03:40.920> then
dime putting an electrode in and then
dime putting an electrode in and then
this<00:03:41.239> electrode<00:03:41.720> is<00:03:42.159> completely<00:03:42.640> underneath
this electrode is completely underneath
this electrode is completely underneath
the<00:03:43.239> skin<00:03:43.959> down<00:03:44.159> to<00:03:44.319> a<00:03:44.480> pacemaker<00:03:45.040> in<00:03:45.200> the
the skin down to a pacemaker in the
the skin down to a pacemaker in the
chest<00:03:46.080> and<00:03:46.319> with<00:03:46.599> a<00:03:46.799> remote<00:03:47.120> control<00:03:47.560> very
chest and with a remote control very
chest and with a remote control very
much<00:03:48.120> like<00:03:48.680> a<00:03:49.159> a<00:03:49.280> television<00:03:49.799> remote<00:03:50.080> control
much like a a television remote control
much like a a television remote control
we<00:03:50.879> can<00:03:51.080> adjust<00:03:51.840> how<00:03:51.959> much<00:03:52.239> electricity<00:03:52.840> we
we can adjust how much electricity we
we can adjust how much electricity we
deliver<00:03:53.760> to<00:03:54.239> these<00:03:54.439> areas<00:03:54.680> of<00:03:54.799> the<00:03:54.920> brain<00:03:55.200> we
deliver to these areas of the brain we
deliver to these areas of the brain we
can<00:03:55.400> turn<00:03:55.560> it<00:03:55.799> up<00:03:56.040> or<00:03:56.280> down<00:03:56.920> on<00:03:57.200> or<00:03:57.599> off<00:03:58.599> now
can turn it up or down on or off now
can turn it up or down on or off now
about<00:03:59.079> a<00:03:59.239> 100,000<00:04:00.040> patients<00:04:00.400> in<00:04:00.519> the<00:04:00.599> world
about a 100,000 patients in the world
about a 100,000 patients in the world
have<00:04:01.319> received<00:04:01.640> deep<00:04:01.840> brain<00:04:02.120> stimulation<00:04:02.879> and
have received deep brain stimulation and
have received deep brain stimulation and
I'm<00:04:03.079> going<00:04:03.200> to<00:04:03.280> show<00:04:03.400> you<00:04:03.519> some<00:04:03.760> examples<00:04:04.079> of
I'm going to show you some examples of
I'm going to show you some examples of
using<00:04:04.480> deep<00:04:04.640> brain<00:04:04.879> stimulation<00:04:05.280> to<00:04:05.400> treat
using deep brain stimulation to treat
using deep brain stimulation to treat
disorders<00:04:06.040> of<00:04:06.239> movement<00:04:06.920> disorders<00:04:07.319> of<00:04:07.480> mood
disorders of movement disorders of mood
disorders of movement disorders of mood
and<00:04:08.400> disorders<00:04:08.920> of
and disorders of
and disorders of
cognition<00:04:11.760> so<00:04:12.200> this<00:04:12.319> look<00:04:12.560> something<00:04:12.840> like
cognition so this look something like
cognition so this look something like
this<00:04:13.120> when<00:04:13.280> it's<00:04:13.400> in<00:04:13.480> the<00:04:13.599> brain<00:04:13.840> you<00:04:13.959> see<00:04:14.159> the
this when it's in the brain you see the
this when it's in the brain you see the
electrode<00:04:14.760> going<00:04:15.000> through<00:04:15.200> the<00:04:15.319> skull<00:04:15.640> into
electrode going through the skull into
electrode going through the skull into
the<00:04:16.000> brain<00:04:16.720> and<00:04:16.880> resting<00:04:17.280> there<00:04:17.479> and<00:04:17.600> we<00:04:17.680> can
the brain and resting there and we can
the brain and resting there and we can
place<00:04:18.040> this<00:04:18.280> really<00:04:18.600> anywhere<00:04:19.000> in<00:04:19.120> the<00:04:19.239> brain
place this really anywhere in the brain
place this really anywhere in the brain
I<00:04:19.680> tell<00:04:19.959> my<00:04:20.120> friends<00:04:20.440> that<00:04:20.639> no<00:04:20.880> neuron<00:04:21.320> is<00:04:21.519> safe
I tell my friends that no neuron is safe
I tell my friends that no neuron is safe
from<00:04:22.160> a<00:04:22.280> neurosurgeon<00:04:22.960> because<00:04:23.160> we<00:04:23.280> can
from a neurosurgeon because we can
from a neurosurgeon because we can
really<00:04:23.560> reach<00:04:24.000> just<00:04:24.120> about<00:04:24.360> anywhere<00:04:24.639> in<00:04:24.720> the
really reach just about anywhere in the
really reach just about anywhere in the
brain<00:04:25.080> quite<00:04:25.280> safely
brain quite safely
brain quite safely
now<00:04:27.560> now<00:04:27.759> the<00:04:27.840> first<00:04:28.080> example<00:04:28.360> I'm<00:04:28.440> going<00:04:28.520> to
now now the first example I'm going to
now now the first example I'm going to
show<00:04:28.720> you<00:04:28.800> is<00:04:28.880> a<00:04:29.000> patient<00:04:29.360> with<00:04:29.919> Parkinson's
show you is a patient with Parkinson's
show you is a patient with Parkinson's
disease<00:04:30.800> and<00:04:31.000> this<00:04:31.199> lady<00:04:31.919> has<00:04:32.240> Parkinson's
disease and this lady has Parkinson's
disease and this lady has Parkinson's
disease<00:04:33.039> and<00:04:33.160> she<00:04:33.360> has<00:04:33.560> these<00:04:33.720> electrodes<00:04:34.280> in
disease and she has these electrodes in
disease and she has these electrodes in
her<00:04:34.639> brain<00:04:35.240> and<00:04:35.360> I'm<00:04:35.479> going<00:04:35.560> to<00:04:35.680> show<00:04:35.840> you<00:04:36.000> what
her brain and I'm going to show you what
her brain and I'm going to show you what
she's<00:04:36.400> like<00:04:36.639> when<00:04:36.759> the<00:04:36.880> electrodes<00:04:37.280> are
she's like when the electrodes are
she's like when the electrodes are
turned<00:04:37.919> off<00:04:38.240> and<00:04:38.400> she<00:04:38.600> has<00:04:38.720> her<00:04:38.960> Parkinson
turned off and she has her Parkinson
turned off and she has her Parkinson
symptoms<00:04:40.240> and<00:04:40.360> then<00:04:40.440> we're<00:04:40.560> going<00:04:40.680> to<00:04:40.759> turn<00:04:40.919> it
symptoms and then we're going to turn it
symptoms and then we're going to turn it
on<00:04:42.400> so<00:04:42.600> this<00:04:42.720> looks<00:04:43.000> something<00:04:43.320> like
on so this looks something like
on so this looks something like
this<00:04:45.400> turn<00:04:45.720> off<00:04:45.919> now<00:04:46.039> and<00:04:46.120> you<00:04:46.199> can<00:04:46.320> see<00:04:46.479> that
this turn off now and you can see that
this turn off now and you can see that
she<00:04:46.720> has<00:04:46.919> Tremor<00:04:47.919> the<00:04:48.160> right
she has Tremor the right
she has Tremor the right
inside<00:04:51.039> can<00:04:51.120> you<00:04:51.280> touch<00:04:51.560> can<00:04:51.639> youy<00:04:51.880> to<00:04:52.000> touch
inside can you touch can youy to touch
inside can you touch can youy to touch
my<00:04:52.479> finger<00:04:53.479> a<00:04:53.600> little<00:04:54.400> better
my finger a little better
my finger a little better
dis<00:04:57.080> we're<00:04:57.240> now<00:04:57.360> going<00:04:57.440> to<00:04:57.560> turn<00:04:57.680> it
dis we're now going to turn it
dis we're now going to turn it
on
on
on
it's<00:05:00.880> on<00:05:01.479> just<00:05:01.600> turned<00:05:01.840> it
on<00:05:06.639> and<00:05:06.759> this<00:05:06.919> works<00:05:07.680> like<00:05:07.919> that<00:05:08.840> instantly
on and this works like that instantly
on and this works like that instantly
and<00:05:09.960> the<00:05:10.120> difference<00:05:10.440> between<00:05:10.720> shaking<00:05:11.280> in
and the difference between shaking in
and the difference between shaking in
this<00:05:11.680> way<00:05:12.000> and
not<00:05:17.560> the<00:05:17.680> difference<00:05:18.000> between<00:05:18.240> shaking<00:05:18.600> in
not the difference between shaking in
not the difference between shaking in
this<00:05:18.840> way<00:05:19.039> and<00:05:19.199> not<00:05:19.639> is<00:05:19.840> related<00:05:20.199> to<00:05:20.400> the
this way and not is related to the
this way and not is related to the
misbehavior<00:05:21.840> of<00:05:22.120> 25,000<00:05:23.120> neurons<00:05:23.759> in<00:05:23.919> her
misbehavior of 25,000 neurons in her
misbehavior of 25,000 neurons in her
subthalamic<00:05:24.680> nucleus<00:05:25.560> so<00:05:25.720> we<00:05:25.880> now<00:05:26.039> know<00:05:26.240> how
subthalamic nucleus so we now know how
subthalamic nucleus so we now know how
to<00:05:26.759> find<00:05:27.120> these<00:05:27.360> troublemakers<00:05:28.080> and<00:05:28.199> tell
to find these troublemakers and tell
to find these troublemakers and tell
them<00:05:28.560> gentlemen<00:05:29.000> that's<00:05:29.199> enough<00:05:29.479> we<00:05:29.720> want<00:05:29.840> you
them gentlemen that's enough we want you
them gentlemen that's enough we want you
to<00:05:30.039> stop<00:05:30.240> doing<00:05:30.520> that<00:05:30.880> and<00:05:31.000> we<00:05:31.120> do<00:05:31.319> that<00:05:31.479> with
to stop doing that and we do that with
to stop doing that and we do that with
electricity<00:05:32.160> so<00:05:32.280> we<00:05:32.360> use<00:05:32.560> electricity<00:05:33.120> to
electricity so we use electricity to
electricity so we use electricity to
dictate<00:05:34.039> how<00:05:34.280> they<00:05:34.639> fire<00:05:35.280> and<00:05:35.400> we<00:05:35.560> try<00:05:35.720> to
dictate how they fire and we try to
dictate how they fire and we try to
block<00:05:36.319> their<00:05:36.520> misbehavior<00:05:37.520> using
block their misbehavior using
block their misbehavior using
electricity<00:05:39.080> so<00:05:39.319> in<00:05:39.479> this<00:05:39.639> case<00:05:39.880> we<00:05:40.000> are
electricity so in this case we are
electricity so in this case we are
suppressing<00:05:40.960> the<00:05:41.080> activity<00:05:41.400> of<00:05:41.520> ab<00:05:41.720> normal
suppressing the activity of ab normal
suppressing the activity of ab normal
neurons<00:05:42.759> we<00:05:42.919> started<00:05:43.319> using<00:05:43.720> this<00:05:43.919> technique
neurons we started using this technique
neurons we started using this technique
in<00:05:44.440> other<00:05:44.680> problems<00:05:45.039> I'm<00:05:45.120> going<00:05:45.199> to<00:05:45.280> tell<00:05:45.400> you
in other problems I'm going to tell you
in other problems I'm going to tell you
about<00:05:45.680> a<00:05:45.840> fascinating<00:05:46.319> problem<00:05:46.560> that<00:05:46.680> we
about a fascinating problem that we
about a fascinating problem that we
encountered<00:05:47.520> a<00:05:47.680> case<00:05:47.840> of
encountered a case of
encountered a case of
dystonia<00:05:49.600> so<00:05:49.800> dystonia<00:05:50.360> is<00:05:50.440> a<00:05:50.720> is<00:05:50.840> a<00:05:50.960> disorder
dystonia so dystonia is a is a disorder
dystonia so dystonia is a is a disorder
affecting<00:05:51.800> children<00:05:52.160> it's<00:05:52.319> a<00:05:52.440> genetic
affecting children it's a genetic
affecting children it's a genetic
disorder<00:05:53.479> and<00:05:53.560> it<00:05:53.720> involves<00:05:54.039> a<00:05:54.199> twisting
disorder and it involves a twisting
disorder and it involves a twisting
motion<00:05:55.000> and<00:05:55.160> these<00:05:55.360> children<00:05:56.000> get
motion and these children get
motion and these children get
progressively<00:05:56.840> more<00:05:57.080> and<00:05:57.240> more<00:05:57.479> twisting
progressively more and more twisting
progressively more and more twisting
until<00:05:58.120> they<00:05:58.280> can't<00:05:58.520> breathe<00:05:58.880> until<00:05:59.080> they<00:05:59.199> get
until they can't breathe until they get
until they can't breathe until they get
sore
sore
sore
urinary<00:06:00.560> infections<00:06:00.880> and<00:06:01.039> they<00:06:01.240> die<00:06:01.919> so<00:06:02.199> back
urinary infections and they die so back
urinary infections and they die so back
in<00:06:02.520> 1997<00:06:03.360> I<00:06:03.440> was<00:06:03.639> asked<00:06:03.840> to<00:06:04.000> see<00:06:04.400> this<00:06:04.639> young
in 1997 I was asked to see this young
in 1997 I was asked to see this young
boy<00:06:05.479> perfectly<00:06:05.919> normal<00:06:06.560> he<00:06:06.720> has<00:06:06.880> this<00:06:07.039> genetic
boy perfectly normal he has this genetic
boy perfectly normal he has this genetic
form<00:06:07.639> of<00:06:08.039> Donia<00:06:09.039> there<00:06:09.160> are<00:06:09.440> eight<00:06:09.639> children
form of Donia there are eight children
form of Donia there are eight children
in<00:06:10.039> the<00:06:10.199> family<00:06:10.720> five<00:06:10.919> of<00:06:11.080> them<00:06:11.479> have
in the family five of them have
in the family five of them have
Donia<00:06:14.080> so<00:06:14.400> here<00:06:14.520> he<00:06:15.000> is<00:06:16.000> this<00:06:16.199> boy<00:06:16.639> is<00:06:17.039> 9<00:06:17.319> years
Donia so here he is this boy is 9 years
Donia so here he is this boy is 9 years
old<00:06:18.240> perfectly<00:06:18.599> normal<00:06:18.919> until<00:06:19.120> the<00:06:19.240> age<00:06:19.479> six
old perfectly normal until the age six
old perfectly normal until the age six
and<00:06:20.599> then<00:06:21.080> he<00:06:21.240> started<00:06:21.599> twisting<00:06:22.039> his<00:06:22.240> body
and then he started twisting his body
and then he started twisting his body
first<00:06:23.240> the<00:06:23.479> right<00:06:23.759> foot<00:06:24.440> then<00:06:24.599> the<00:06:24.720> left<00:06:25.000> foot
first the right foot then the left foot
first the right foot then the left foot
then<00:06:25.599> the<00:06:25.800> right<00:06:26.039> arm<00:06:26.680> then<00:06:26.800> the<00:06:26.960> left<00:06:27.599> arm
then the right arm then the left arm
then the right arm then the left arm
then<00:06:28.759> the<00:06:28.919> trunk<00:06:29.599> and<00:06:29.720> then<00:06:29.960> by<00:06:30.080> the<00:06:30.240> time<00:06:30.400> he
then the trunk and then by the time he
then the trunk and then by the time he
arrived<00:06:31.080> within<00:06:31.280> the<00:06:31.440> course<00:06:31.720> of<00:06:31.880> one<00:06:32.039> or<00:06:32.199> two
arrived within the course of one or two
arrived within the course of one or two
years<00:06:33.280> the<00:06:33.400> the<00:06:33.479> disease<00:06:33.800> onset<00:06:34.160> he<00:06:34.280> could<00:06:34.440> no
years the the disease onset he could no
years the the disease onset he could no
longer<00:06:35.000> walk<00:06:35.319> he<00:06:35.400> could<00:06:35.560> no<00:06:35.680> longer<00:06:36.000> stand<00:06:36.599> he
longer walk he could no longer stand he
longer walk he could no longer stand he
was<00:06:37.000> crippled<00:06:38.000> and<00:06:38.160> indeed<00:06:38.479> the<00:06:38.599> natural
was crippled and indeed the natural
was crippled and indeed the natural
progression<00:06:39.560> as<00:06:39.720> this<00:06:40.400> gets<00:06:40.599> worse<00:06:40.840> is<00:06:40.960> for
progression as this gets worse is for
progression as this gets worse is for
them<00:06:41.280> to<00:06:41.400> become<00:06:41.720> progressively<00:06:42.280> Twisted
them to become progressively Twisted
them to become progressively Twisted
progressively<00:06:43.639> disabled<00:06:44.120> and<00:06:44.240> many<00:06:44.400> of<00:06:44.520> these
progressively disabled and many of these
progressively disabled and many of these
children<00:06:44.960> do<00:06:45.120> not
survive<00:06:49.000> so<00:06:49.240> he<00:06:49.360> is<00:06:49.599> one<00:06:49.919> of<00:06:50.120> five<00:06:50.400> kids<00:06:50.639> the
survive so he is one of five kids the
survive so he is one of five kids the
only<00:06:50.960> way<00:06:51.120> he<00:06:51.199> could<00:06:51.400> get<00:06:51.560> around<00:06:52.240> was
only way he could get around was
only way he could get around was
crawling<00:06:52.880> on<00:06:53.039> his<00:06:53.199> belly<00:06:53.680> like<00:06:53.919> this<00:06:54.919> he<00:06:55.039> did
crawling on his belly like this he did
crawling on his belly like this he did
not<00:06:55.400> respond<00:06:55.680> to<00:06:55.840> any<00:06:56.080> drugs<00:06:57.080> we<00:06:57.199> did<00:06:57.400> not<00:06:57.560> know
not respond to any drugs we did not know
not respond to any drugs we did not know
what<00:06:57.800> to<00:06:57.919> do<00:06:58.080> with<00:06:58.240> this<00:06:58.440> boy<00:06:58.680> we<00:06:58.800> did<00:06:58.960> not<00:06:59.080> know
what to do with this boy we did not know
what to do with this boy we did not know
what<00:06:59.360> our<00:06:59.599> operation<00:06:59.919> to<00:07:00.080> do<00:07:00.879> where<00:07:01.039> to<00:07:01.240> go<00:07:01.400> in
what our operation to do where to go in
what our operation to do where to go in
the<00:07:01.639> brain<00:07:02.639> but<00:07:02.800> on<00:07:02.919> the<00:07:03.120> basis<00:07:03.520> of<00:07:03.720> our
the brain but on the basis of our
the brain but on the basis of our
results<00:07:04.599> in<00:07:04.879> Parkinson's<00:07:05.400> disease<00:07:05.680> we
results in Parkinson's disease we
results in Parkinson's disease we
reasoned<00:07:06.479> why<00:07:06.599> don't<00:07:06.759> we<00:07:06.879> try<00:07:07.039> to<00:07:07.199> suppress
reasoned why don't we try to suppress
reasoned why don't we try to suppress
the<00:07:07.960> same<00:07:08.319> area<00:07:09.160> in<00:07:09.280> the<00:07:09.400> brain<00:07:09.720> that<00:07:09.840> we
the same area in the brain that we
the same area in the brain that we
suppress<00:07:10.680> in<00:07:11.560> Parkinson's<00:07:12.080> disease<00:07:12.400> and
suppress in Parkinson's disease and
suppress in Parkinson's disease and
let's<00:07:12.759> see<00:07:13.039> what<00:07:13.240> happens<00:07:14.199> so<00:07:14.440> here<00:07:14.599> he<00:07:14.800> was<00:07:15.120> we
let's see what happens so here he was we
let's see what happens so here he was we
operated<00:07:15.639> on<00:07:15.879> him<00:07:16.400> hoping<00:07:16.960> that<00:07:17.120> he<00:07:17.240> would<00:07:17.400> get
operated on him hoping that he would get
operated on him hoping that he would get
better<00:07:18.039> we<00:07:18.160> did<00:07:18.319> not
better we did not
better we did not
know<00:07:20.280> so<00:07:20.479> here<00:07:20.599> he<00:07:20.720> is<00:07:21.000> now<00:07:21.919> back<00:07:22.160> in<00:07:22.440> Israel
know so here he is now back in Israel
know so here he is now back in Israel
where<00:07:23.240> he<00:07:23.400> lives<00:07:24.000> 3<00:07:24.199> months<00:07:24.560> after<00:07:24.759> the
where he lives 3 months after the
where he lives 3 months after the
procedure<00:07:25.759> and<00:07:25.919> here<00:07:26.080> he
is
on<00:07:37.360> the<00:07:37.560> basis<00:07:37.840> of<00:07:38.000> this<00:07:38.199> result<00:07:38.639> this<00:07:38.720> is<00:07:38.879> now
on the basis of this result this is now
on the basis of this result this is now
a<00:07:39.120> procedure<00:07:39.479> that's<00:07:39.639> done<00:07:39.879> throughout<00:07:40.199> the
a procedure that's done throughout the
a procedure that's done throughout the
world<00:07:40.560> and<00:07:40.639> there<00:07:40.759> have<00:07:40.840> been<00:07:41.039> hundreds<00:07:41.400> of
world and there have been hundreds of
world and there have been hundreds of
children<00:07:42.080> that<00:07:42.160> have<00:07:42.319> been<00:07:42.479> helped<00:07:43.080> with<00:07:43.319> this
children that have been helped with this
children that have been helped with this
kind<00:07:43.720> of
kind of
kind of
surgery<00:07:45.960> this<00:07:46.120> boy<00:07:46.319> is<00:07:46.400> now<00:07:46.560> in<00:07:47.000> University<00:07:48.000> uh
surgery this boy is now in University uh
surgery this boy is now in University uh
and<00:07:48.280> leads<00:07:48.720> quite<00:07:48.879> a<00:07:49.039> normal<00:07:49.879> life<00:07:50.240> this<00:07:50.319> has
and leads quite a normal life this has
and leads quite a normal life this has
been<00:07:50.759> one<00:07:50.879> of<00:07:51.000> the<00:07:51.159> most<00:07:51.440> satisfying<00:07:52.440> cases
been one of the most satisfying cases
been one of the most satisfying cases
that<00:07:52.919> I've<00:07:53.080> ever<00:07:53.240> done<00:07:53.560> in<00:07:53.680> my<00:07:53.879> entire<00:07:54.240> career
that I've ever done in my entire career
that I've ever done in my entire career
to<00:07:54.720> restore<00:07:55.479> movement<00:07:56.080> and<00:07:56.240> walking<00:07:56.560> to<00:07:56.800> this
to restore movement and walking to this
to restore movement and walking to this
kind<00:07:57.159> of
kind of
kind of
child
we<00:08:04.759> realized<00:08:05.159> that<00:08:05.360> perhaps<00:08:05.639> we<00:08:05.759> could<00:08:05.919> use
we realized that perhaps we could use
we realized that perhaps we could use
this<00:08:06.599> technology<00:08:07.080> not<00:08:07.199> only<00:08:07.479> in<00:08:07.599> circuits
this technology not only in circuits
this technology not only in circuits
that<00:08:08.039> control<00:08:08.319> your<00:08:08.479> movement<00:08:09.240> but<00:08:09.440> also
that control your movement but also
that control your movement but also
circuits<00:08:10.159> that<00:08:10.360> control<00:08:10.840> other<00:08:11.080> things<00:08:11.400> and
circuits that control other things and
circuits that control other things and
the<00:08:11.720> next<00:08:11.919> thing<00:08:12.039> we<00:08:12.159> took<00:08:12.319> on<00:08:12.680> was<00:08:12.840> circuits
the next thing we took on was circuits
the next thing we took on was circuits
that<00:08:13.360> control<00:08:13.639> your
that control your
that control your
mood<00:08:15.319> and<00:08:15.479> we<00:08:15.639> decided<00:08:15.919> to<00:08:16.080> take<00:08:16.240> on
mood and we decided to take on
mood and we decided to take on
depression<00:08:17.240> and<00:08:17.360> the<00:08:17.479> reason<00:08:17.680> we<00:08:17.800> took<00:08:17.919> on
depression and the reason we took on
depression and the reason we took on
depression<00:08:18.360> is<00:08:18.479> because<00:08:18.639> it's<00:08:18.800> so<00:08:19.039> prevalent
depression is because it's so prevalent
depression is because it's so prevalent
and<00:08:20.280> as<00:08:20.400> you<00:08:20.520> know<00:08:20.680> there<00:08:20.759> are<00:08:20.919> many
and as you know there are many
and as you know there are many
treatments<00:08:21.440> for<00:08:21.639> depression<00:08:22.360> with
treatments for depression with
treatments for depression with
medications<00:08:23.240> with<00:08:23.440> Psychotherapy<00:08:24.440> even
medications with Psychotherapy even
medications with Psychotherapy even
electroconvulsive<00:08:25.599> therapy<00:08:26.199> but<00:08:26.319> there<00:08:26.440> are
electroconvulsive therapy but there are
electroconvulsive therapy but there are
millions<00:08:26.960> of<00:08:27.199> people<00:08:27.680> and<00:08:28.000> there<00:08:28.080> are<00:08:28.400> still
millions of people and there are still
millions of people and there are still
10<00:08:28.960> or<00:08:29.080> 20%<00:08:29.479> %<00:08:29.680> of<00:08:29.759> patients<00:08:30.039> with<00:08:30.159> depression
10 or 20% % of patients with depression
10 or 20% % of patients with depression
that<00:08:30.680> do<00:08:30.840> not<00:08:31.120> respond<00:08:31.800> and<00:08:31.919> it<00:08:32.039> is<00:08:32.279> these
that do not respond and it is these
that do not respond and it is these
patients<00:08:32.880> that<00:08:33.000> we<00:08:33.120> want<00:08:33.200> to<00:08:33.399> help<00:08:33.959> and<00:08:34.080> let's
patients that we want to help and let's
patients that we want to help and let's
see<00:08:34.440> if<00:08:34.560> we<00:08:34.680> can<00:08:34.959> use<00:08:35.360> this<00:08:35.519> technique<00:08:35.919> to<00:08:36.080> help
see if we can use this technique to help
see if we can use this technique to help
these<00:08:36.519> patients<00:08:36.880> with<00:08:37.360> depression<00:08:38.360> so<00:08:38.560> the
these patients with depression so the
these patients with depression so the
first<00:08:38.839> thing<00:08:39.000> we<00:08:39.120> did<00:08:39.320> was<00:08:39.440> we<00:08:39.560> compared
first thing we did was we compared
first thing we did was we compared
what's<00:08:40.159> different<00:08:40.479> in<00:08:40.599> the<00:08:40.719> brain<00:08:40.959> of<00:08:41.120> someone
what's different in the brain of someone
what's different in the brain of someone
with<00:08:41.560> depression<00:08:41.919> and<00:08:42.120> someone<00:08:42.360> who<00:08:42.479> is
with depression and someone who is
with depression and someone who is
normal<00:08:43.479> and<00:08:43.640> what<00:08:43.800> we<00:08:43.959> did<00:08:44.240> was<00:08:44.600> pet<00:08:44.800> scans<00:08:45.160> to
normal and what we did was pet scans to
normal and what we did was pet scans to
look<00:08:45.360> at<00:08:45.519> the<00:08:45.720> blood<00:08:45.959> flow<00:08:46.320> of<00:08:46.440> the<00:08:46.519> brain<00:08:46.800> and
look at the blood flow of the brain and
look at the blood flow of the brain and
what<00:08:47.120> we<00:08:47.240> notice<00:08:47.640> is<00:08:47.720> that<00:08:47.880> in<00:08:48.000> patients<00:08:48.279> with
what we notice is that in patients with
what we notice is that in patients with
depression<00:08:49.320> compared<00:08:49.720> to<00:08:50.279> normals<00:08:51.279> areas<00:08:51.560> of
depression compared to normals areas of
depression compared to normals areas of
the<00:08:51.800> brain<00:08:52.040> are<00:08:52.240> shut<00:08:52.560> down<00:08:52.800> and<00:08:52.959> those<00:08:53.040> are
the brain are shut down and those are
the brain are shut down and those are
the<00:08:53.279> areas<00:08:53.560> in<00:08:53.720> blue<00:08:54.120> so<00:08:54.279> here<00:08:54.399> you<00:08:54.560> really
the areas in blue so here you really
the areas in blue so here you really
have<00:08:54.920> the<00:08:55.080> blues<00:08:55.880> and<00:08:56.040> the<00:08:56.200> areas<00:08:56.480> in<00:08:56.680> blue<00:08:57.080> are
have the blues and the areas in blue are
have the blues and the areas in blue are
areas<00:08:58.000> that<00:08:58.240> are<00:08:58.839> involved<00:08:59.279> in<00:08:59.440> in<00:08:59.640> motivation
areas that are involved in in motivation
areas that are involved in in motivation
and<00:09:00.760> drive<00:09:01.079> and<00:09:01.279> decision-making<00:09:01.920> and<00:09:02.079> indeed
and drive and decision-making and indeed
and drive and decision-making and indeed
if<00:09:02.519> you're<00:09:02.720> severely<00:09:03.160> depressed<00:09:03.560> as<00:09:03.720> these
if you're severely depressed as these
if you're severely depressed as these
patients<00:09:04.240> were<00:09:04.760> those<00:09:04.920> are<00:09:05.120> impaired<00:09:05.560> you
patients were those are impaired you
patients were those are impaired you
lack<00:09:05.959> motivation<00:09:06.399> and<00:09:06.800> drive<00:09:07.800> the<00:09:07.920> other
lack motivation and drive the other
lack motivation and drive the other
thing<00:09:08.279> we<00:09:08.600> discovered<00:09:09.160> was<00:09:09.320> an<00:09:09.440> area<00:09:09.680> that<00:09:09.800> was
thing we discovered was an area that was
thing we discovered was an area that was
overactive<00:09:10.760> Area<00:09:11.040> 25<00:09:11.680> seen<00:09:12.040> there<00:09:12.240> in<00:09:12.560> red<00:09:13.160> and
overactive Area 25 seen there in red and
overactive Area 25 seen there in red and
Area<00:09:13.600> 25<00:09:14.200> is<00:09:14.360> the<00:09:14.600> sadness<00:09:15.000> center<00:09:15.279> of<00:09:15.440> the
Area 25 is the sadness center of the
Area 25 is the sadness center of the
brain<00:09:15.880> if<00:09:16.000> I<00:09:16.160> take<00:09:16.440> make<00:09:16.680> any<00:09:16.839> of<00:09:16.959> you<00:09:17.120> sad<00:09:17.440> for
brain if I take make any of you sad for
brain if I take make any of you sad for
example<00:09:17.880> I<00:09:18.040> make<00:09:18.160> you<00:09:18.320> remember<00:09:18.920> the<00:09:19.079> last
example I make you remember the last
example I make you remember the last
time<00:09:19.399> you<00:09:19.519> saw<00:09:19.760> your<00:09:19.959> parent<00:09:20.399> before<00:09:20.640> they
time you saw your parent before they
time you saw your parent before they
died<00:09:21.040> or<00:09:21.200> a<00:09:21.360> friend<00:09:21.640> before<00:09:21.880> they<00:09:22.040> died<00:09:22.519> this
died or a friend before they died this
died or a friend before they died this
area<00:09:22.839> of<00:09:22.920> the<00:09:23.000> brain<00:09:23.200> lights<00:09:23.519> up<00:09:23.680> it<00:09:23.800> is<00:09:23.880> the
area of the brain lights up it is the
area of the brain lights up it is the
sadness<00:09:24.399> center<00:09:24.640> of<00:09:24.760> the<00:09:24.839> brain<00:09:25.560> and<00:09:25.640> so
sadness center of the brain and so
sadness center of the brain and so
patients<00:09:26.160> with<00:09:26.360> depression<00:09:27.320> have
patients with depression have
patients with depression have
hyperactivity<00:09:28.519> the<00:09:28.640> area<00:09:28.880> of<00:09:28.959> the<00:09:29.040> brain<00:09:29.399> for
hyperactivity the area of the brain for
hyperactivity the area of the brain for
stinus<00:09:29.839> is<00:09:29.959> on<00:09:30.240> red<00:09:30.560> hot<00:09:30.720> it's<00:09:30.880> the<00:09:31.040> thermostat
stinus is on red hot it's the thermostat
stinus is on red hot it's the thermostat
is<00:09:31.600> set<00:09:31.800> at<00:09:32.480> 100°<00:09:33.480> and<00:09:33.640> the<00:09:33.760> other<00:09:33.959> areas<00:09:34.200> of
is set at 100° and the other areas of
is set at 100° and the other areas of
the<00:09:34.360> brain<00:09:34.560> involved<00:09:34.880> in<00:09:35.000> driving<00:09:35.360> motivation
the brain involved in driving motivation
the brain involved in driving motivation
are<00:09:35.839> shut<00:09:36.160> down<00:09:36.640> so<00:09:36.800> we<00:09:36.920> wondered<00:09:37.360> can<00:09:37.480> we
are shut down so we wondered can we
are shut down so we wondered can we
place<00:09:37.959> electrodes<00:09:38.440> in<00:09:38.600> this<00:09:38.720> area<00:09:38.959> of<00:09:39.120> sadness
place electrodes in this area of sadness
place electrodes in this area of sadness
and<00:09:40.040> see<00:09:40.240> if<00:09:40.360> we<00:09:40.480> can<00:09:40.680> turn<00:09:41.040> down<00:09:41.279> the
and see if we can turn down the
and see if we can turn down the
thermostat<00:09:42.000> can<00:09:42.079> we<00:09:42.240> turn<00:09:42.560> down<00:09:42.839> the<00:09:43.079> activity
thermostat can we turn down the activity
thermostat can we turn down the activity
and<00:09:44.000> what<00:09:44.120> will<00:09:44.240> be<00:09:44.360> the<00:09:44.519> consequence<00:09:45.040> of<00:09:45.200> that
and what will be the consequence of that
and what will be the consequence of that
so<00:09:46.160> we<00:09:46.279> went<00:09:46.440> ahead<00:09:46.600> and<00:09:46.760> implanted
so we went ahead and implanted
so we went ahead and implanted
electrodes<00:09:48.040> in<00:09:48.200> patients<00:09:48.519> with<00:09:48.640> depression
electrodes in patients with depression
electrodes in patients with depression
this<00:09:49.120> is<00:09:49.200> a<00:09:49.279> work<00:09:49.440> done<00:09:49.600> with<00:09:49.760> my<00:09:49.920> colleague
this is a work done with my colleague
this is a work done with my colleague
Helen<00:09:50.480> mayberg<00:09:50.920> from<00:09:51.079> Emory<00:09:51.839> and<00:09:51.959> we<00:09:52.079> placed
Helen mayberg from Emory and we placed
Helen mayberg from Emory and we placed
electrodes<00:09:52.720> in<00:09:52.839> Area<00:09:53.040> 25<00:09:53.480> and<00:09:53.560> then<00:09:53.720> the<00:09:53.880> top
electrodes in Area 25 and then the top
electrodes in Area 25 and then the top
scan<00:09:54.360> you<00:09:54.480> see<00:09:54.760> before<00:09:55.120> the<00:09:55.279> operation<00:09:56.000> Area
scan you see before the operation Area
scan you see before the operation Area
25<00:09:56.640> the<00:09:56.760> sadness<00:09:57.079> area<00:09:57.320> is<00:09:57.440> red<00:09:57.720> hot<00:09:58.160> and<00:09:58.279> the
25 the sadness area is red hot and the
25 the sadness area is red hot and the
frontal<00:09:58.720> loes<00:09:59.000> are<00:09:59.399> shut<00:09:59.600> down<00:09:59.800> and<00:09:59.959> blue<00:10:00.680> and
frontal loes are shut down and blue and
frontal loes are shut down and blue and
then<00:10:01.079> after<00:10:01.360> 3<00:10:01.560> months<00:10:01.800> of<00:10:02.120> continuous
then after 3 months of continuous
then after 3 months of continuous
stimulation<00:10:03.040> 24<00:10:03.360> hours<00:10:03.560> a<00:10:03.720> day<00:10:04.040> or<00:10:04.360> 6<00:10:04.640> months
stimulation 24 hours a day or 6 months
stimulation 24 hours a day or 6 months
of<00:10:05.040> continuous<00:10:05.360> stimulation<00:10:05.959> we<00:10:06.120> have<00:10:06.240> a
of continuous stimulation we have a
of continuous stimulation we have a
complete<00:10:06.720> reversal<00:10:07.160> of<00:10:07.279> this<00:10:07.480> we're<00:10:07.640> able<00:10:07.800> to
complete reversal of this we're able to
complete reversal of this we're able to
drive<00:10:08.480> down<00:10:08.920> Area<00:10:09.399> 25<00:10:10.399> down<00:10:10.600> to<00:10:10.800> a<00:10:10.920> more<00:10:11.200> normal
drive down Area 25 down to a more normal
drive down Area 25 down to a more normal
level<00:10:12.200> and<00:10:12.279> we're<00:10:12.440> able<00:10:12.640> to<00:10:12.760> turn<00:10:13.120> back<00:10:13.399> online
level and we're able to turn back online
level and we're able to turn back online
the<00:10:14.399> frontal<00:10:14.720> loes<00:10:15.000> of<00:10:15.079> the<00:10:15.160> brain<00:10:15.640> and<00:10:15.800> indeed
the frontal loes of the brain and indeed
the frontal loes of the brain and indeed
we're<00:10:16.200> seeing<00:10:16.560> very<00:10:16.760> striking<00:10:17.200> results<00:10:17.519> in
we're seeing very striking results in
we're seeing very striking results in
these<00:10:17.800> patients<00:10:18.160> with<00:10:18.320> severe
these patients with severe
these patients with severe
depression<00:10:20.360> so<00:10:20.560> now<00:10:20.760> we<00:10:20.839> are<00:10:20.959> in<00:10:21.120> clinical
depression so now we are in clinical
depression so now we are in clinical
trials<00:10:21.760> and<00:10:21.880> are<00:10:22.000> in<00:10:22.120> phase<00:10:22.320> three<00:10:22.519> clinical
trials and are in phase three clinical
trials and are in phase three clinical
trials<00:10:23.440> and<00:10:23.600> this<00:10:23.760> may<00:10:24.040> become<00:10:24.680> a<00:10:24.920> new
trials and this may become a new
trials and this may become a new
procedure<00:10:25.920> if<00:10:26.040> it's<00:10:26.240> safe<00:10:26.440> and<00:10:26.600> we<00:10:26.800> find<00:10:27.000> that
procedure if it's safe and we find that
procedure if it's safe and we find that
it's<00:10:27.360> effective<00:10:27.680> to<00:10:27.800> treat<00:10:28.040> patients<00:10:28.360> with
it's effective to treat patients with
it's effective to treat patients with
severe<00:10:28.839> depression
I've<00:10:32.200> shown<00:10:32.480> you<00:10:32.600> that<00:10:32.720> we<00:10:32.839> can<00:10:33.000> use<00:10:33.320> deep
I've shown you that we can use deep
I've shown you that we can use deep
brain<00:10:33.800> stimulation<00:10:34.560> to<00:10:35.519> treat<00:10:35.800> the<00:10:35.959> motor
brain stimulation to treat the motor
brain stimulation to treat the motor
system<00:10:37.040> in<00:10:37.399> cases<00:10:37.639> of<00:10:37.800> Parkinson's<00:10:38.320> disease
system in cases of Parkinson's disease
system in cases of Parkinson's disease
and<00:10:38.760> distonia<00:10:39.279> I've<00:10:39.399> shown<00:10:39.600> you<00:10:39.720> that<00:10:39.839> we<00:10:39.920> can
and distonia I've shown you that we can
and distonia I've shown you that we can
use<00:10:40.240> it<00:10:40.360> to<00:10:40.480> treat<00:10:40.680> a<00:10:40.800> mood<00:10:41.279> circuit<00:10:41.800> in<00:10:42.040> cases
use it to treat a mood circuit in cases
use it to treat a mood circuit in cases
of<00:10:42.639> depression<00:10:43.639> can<00:10:43.839> we<00:10:44.040> use<00:10:44.279> deep<00:10:44.480> brain
of depression can we use deep brain
of depression can we use deep brain
stimulation<00:10:45.279> to<00:10:45.480> make<00:10:45.680> you
smarter<00:10:49.920> anybody<00:10:50.320> interested<00:10:50.680> in
that<00:10:54.760> of<00:10:54.880> course<00:10:55.160> we<00:10:55.320> can
that of course we can
that of course we can
right<00:10:57.880> so<00:10:58.079> what<00:10:58.240> we've<00:10:58.440> decided<00:10:58.760> to<00:10:58.920> do<00:10:59.480> is
right so what we've decided to do is
right so what we've decided to do is
we're<00:11:00.040> going<00:11:00.240> to<00:11:01.079> try<00:11:01.360> to<00:11:01.720> turbocharge<00:11:02.720> the
we're going to try to turbocharge the
we're going to try to turbocharge the
memory<00:11:03.160> circuits<00:11:03.600> in<00:11:03.720> the<00:11:03.880> brain<00:11:04.800> we're<00:11:05.079> going
memory circuits in the brain we're going
memory circuits in the brain we're going
to<00:11:05.480> place<00:11:05.720> electrodes<00:11:06.320> within<00:11:06.560> the<00:11:06.720> circuits
to place electrodes within the circuits
to place electrodes within the circuits
that<00:11:07.360> regulate<00:11:07.760> your<00:11:08.000> memory<00:11:08.639> and<00:11:08.880> cognitive
that regulate your memory and cognitive
that regulate your memory and cognitive
function<00:11:09.880> to<00:11:10.040> see<00:11:10.360> if<00:11:10.480> we<00:11:10.600> can<00:11:10.800> turn<00:11:11.240> up<00:11:11.839> their
function to see if we can turn up their
function to see if we can turn up their
activity<00:11:13.279> now<00:11:13.399> we're<00:11:13.560> not<00:11:13.680> going<00:11:13.800> to<00:11:13.920> do<00:11:14.040> this
activity now we're not going to do this
activity now we're not going to do this
in<00:11:14.440> normal<00:11:14.880> people<00:11:15.600> we're<00:11:15.760> going<00:11:15.880> to<00:11:16.040> do<00:11:16.240> this
in normal people we're going to do this
in normal people we're going to do this
in<00:11:16.680> people<00:11:17.079> that<00:11:17.240> have<00:11:17.560> cognitive<00:11:18.040> deficits
in people that have cognitive deficits
in people that have cognitive deficits
and<00:11:19.000> we've<00:11:19.240> chosen<00:11:19.760> to<00:11:19.920> treat<00:11:20.240> patients<00:11:20.680> with
and we've chosen to treat patients with
and we've chosen to treat patients with
Alzheimer's<00:11:21.639> disease<00:11:22.360> who<00:11:22.560> have<00:11:22.839> cognitive
Alzheimer's disease who have cognitive
Alzheimer's disease who have cognitive
and<00:11:23.480> memory<00:11:23.800> deficits<00:11:24.279> as<00:11:24.360> you<00:11:24.519> know<00:11:24.680> this<00:11:24.760> is
and memory deficits as you know this is
and memory deficits as you know this is
the<00:11:25.440> main<00:11:25.720> symptoms<00:11:26.160> of<00:11:26.360> early<00:11:26.639> onset
the main symptoms of early onset
the main symptoms of early onset
Alzheimer's<00:11:27.839> disease<00:11:28.560> so<00:11:28.720> we've<00:11:28.920> placed
Alzheimer's disease so we've placed
Alzheimer's disease so we've placed
electrodes<00:11:29.800> within<00:11:30.160> this<00:11:30.399> circuit<00:11:30.800> in<00:11:30.920> an
electrodes within this circuit in an
electrodes within this circuit in an
area<00:11:31.440> of<00:11:31.560> the<00:11:31.639> brain<00:11:31.920> called<00:11:32.079> the<00:11:32.200> fornex
area of the brain called the fornex
area of the brain called the fornex
which<00:11:33.160> is<00:11:33.320> a<00:11:33.600> Highway<00:11:34.040> in<00:11:34.200> and<00:11:34.360> out<00:11:34.639> of<00:11:34.800> this
which is a Highway in and out of this
which is a Highway in and out of this
memory<00:11:35.320> circuit<00:11:35.959> with<00:11:36.120> the<00:11:36.279> idea<00:11:36.560> to<00:11:36.680> see<00:11:36.839> if
memory circuit with the idea to see if
memory circuit with the idea to see if
we<00:11:37.040> can<00:11:37.279> turn<00:11:37.560> on<00:11:38.079> this<00:11:38.279> memory<00:11:38.680> circuit<00:11:39.240> and
we can turn on this memory circuit and
we can turn on this memory circuit and
whether<00:11:39.760> that<00:11:40.000> can<00:11:40.360> in<00:11:40.639> turn<00:11:41.320> help<00:11:41.920> these
whether that can in turn help these
whether that can in turn help these
patients<00:11:42.600> with<00:11:42.839> Alzheimer's<00:11:43.680> disease<00:11:44.680> now<00:11:45.040> it
patients with Alzheimer's disease now it
patients with Alzheimer's disease now it
turns<00:11:45.440> out<00:11:45.600> that<00:11:45.680> in<00:11:45.800> Alzheimer's<00:11:46.360> disease
turns out that in Alzheimer's disease
turns out that in Alzheimer's disease
there's<00:11:47.240> a<00:11:47.519> huge<00:11:48.079> deficit<00:11:48.639> in<00:11:49.440> glucose
there's a huge deficit in glucose
there's a huge deficit in glucose
utilization<00:11:50.399> in<00:11:50.519> the<00:11:50.639> brain<00:11:51.240> the<00:11:51.360> brain<00:11:51.680> is<00:11:51.800> a
utilization in the brain the brain is a
utilization in the brain the brain is a
bit<00:11:52.040> of<00:11:52.120> a<00:11:52.279> hog<00:11:52.639> when<00:11:52.760> it<00:11:52.880> comes<00:11:53.040> to<00:11:53.279> using
bit of a hog when it comes to using
bit of a hog when it comes to using
glucose<00:11:54.399> it<00:11:54.519> uses<00:11:54.880> 20%<00:11:55.399> of<00:11:55.600> all<00:11:55.800> your<00:11:56.040> even
glucose it uses 20% of all your even
glucose it uses 20% of all your even
though<00:11:56.320> it<00:11:56.440> only<00:11:56.600> weighs<00:11:56.920> 2%<00:11:57.600> it<00:11:57.720> uses<00:11:58.040> 10
though it only weighs 2% it uses 10
though it only weighs 2% it uses 10
times<00:11:58.560> more<00:11:58.720> glucose<00:11:59.079> than<00:11:59.240> than<00:11:59.360> it<00:11:59.480> should
times more glucose than than it should
times more glucose than than it should
based<00:12:00.240> on<00:12:00.360> its<00:12:00.560> weight<00:12:00.800> 20%<00:12:01.240> of<00:12:01.360> all<00:12:01.480> the
based on its weight 20% of all the
based on its weight 20% of all the
glucose<00:12:02.000> in<00:12:02.120> your<00:12:02.320> body<00:12:02.519> is<00:12:02.639> used<00:12:02.920> by<00:12:03.040> the
glucose in your body is used by the
glucose in your body is used by the
brain<00:12:03.920> and<00:12:04.200> as<00:12:04.360> you<00:12:04.560> go<00:12:04.760> from<00:12:04.959> being<00:12:05.279> normal<00:12:06.160> to
brain and as you go from being normal to
brain and as you go from being normal to
having<00:12:07.000> M<00:12:07.399> cognitive<00:12:07.720> impairment<00:12:08.120> which<00:12:08.200> is<00:12:08.279> a
having M cognitive impairment which is a
having M cognitive impairment which is a
precursor<00:12:08.839> of<00:12:09.000> Alzheimer's<00:12:09.480> all<00:12:09.560> the<00:12:09.639> way<00:12:09.760> to
precursor of Alzheimer's all the way to
precursor of Alzheimer's all the way to
Alzheimer's<00:12:10.440> disease<00:12:11.160> then<00:12:11.320> there<00:12:11.440> are<00:12:11.600> areas
Alzheimer's disease then there are areas
Alzheimer's disease then there are areas
of<00:12:11.959> the<00:12:12.040> brain<00:12:12.320> that<00:12:12.480> stop<00:12:12.800> using<00:12:13.120> glucose
of the brain that stop using glucose
of the brain that stop using glucose
they<00:12:13.720> shut<00:12:14.000> down<00:12:14.279> they<00:12:14.480> turn<00:12:14.920> off<00:12:15.839> and<00:12:16.000> indeed
they shut down they turn off and indeed
they shut down they turn off and indeed
what<00:12:16.440> we<00:12:16.560> see<00:12:16.800> is<00:12:16.920> that<00:12:17.079> these<00:12:17.240> areas<00:12:17.519> in<00:12:17.720> red
what we see is that these areas in red
what we see is that these areas in red
around<00:12:18.199> the<00:12:18.320> outside<00:12:18.680> ribbon<00:12:18.959> of<00:12:19.079> the<00:12:19.199> brain
around the outside ribbon of the brain
around the outside ribbon of the brain
are<00:12:19.920> progressively<00:12:20.760> getting<00:12:21.040> more<00:12:21.240> and<00:12:21.399> more
are progressively getting more and more
are progressively getting more and more
blue<00:12:21.920> until<00:12:22.519> they<00:12:22.839> shut<00:12:23.079> down
blue until they shut down
blue until they shut down
completely<00:12:25.600> this<00:12:25.720> is<00:12:25.880> analogous<00:12:26.320> to<00:12:26.519> having<00:12:26.839> a
completely this is analogous to having a
completely this is analogous to having a
power<00:12:27.360> failure<00:12:27.920> in<00:12:28.079> an<00:12:28.240> area<00:12:28.440> of<00:12:28.519> the<00:12:28.600> brain<00:12:28.800> a
power failure in an area of the brain a
power failure in an area of the brain a
power<00:12:29.760> failure<00:12:30.360> so<00:12:30.600> the<00:12:30.760> lights<00:12:31.000> are<00:12:31.199> out<00:12:31.440> in
power failure so the lights are out in
power failure so the lights are out in
parts<00:12:31.880> of<00:12:32.000> the<00:12:32.160> brain<00:12:32.839> in<00:12:33.040> patients<00:12:33.560> with
parts of the brain in patients with
parts of the brain in patients with
Alzheimer's<00:12:34.399> disease<00:12:35.040> and<00:12:35.160> the<00:12:35.279> question<00:12:35.560> is
Alzheimer's disease and the question is
Alzheimer's disease and the question is
are<00:12:36.040> the<00:12:36.240> lights<00:12:36.519> out<00:12:36.760> forever<00:12:37.720> or<00:12:38.000> can<00:12:38.360> we
are the lights out forever or can we
are the lights out forever or can we
turn<00:12:38.800> the<00:12:38.959> lights<00:12:39.800> back<00:12:40.000> on<00:12:40.440> can<00:12:40.600> we<00:12:40.760> get<00:12:40.920> those
turn the lights back on can we get those
turn the lights back on can we get those
areas<00:12:41.320> of<00:12:41.399> the<00:12:41.440> brain<00:12:41.639> to<00:12:41.720> use<00:12:41.920> glucose<00:12:42.360> once
areas of the brain to use glucose once
areas of the brain to use glucose once
again<00:12:43.440> so<00:12:43.639> this<00:12:43.720> is<00:12:43.880> what<00:12:43.959> we<00:12:44.120> did<00:12:44.279> we
again so this is what we did we
again so this is what we did we
implanted<00:12:44.839> electrodes<00:12:45.399> in<00:12:45.519> the<00:12:45.639> fornex<00:12:46.480> of
implanted electrodes in the fornex of
implanted electrodes in the fornex of
patients<00:12:47.000> with<00:12:47.160> Alzheimer's<00:12:47.600> disease<00:12:47.880> we
patients with Alzheimer's disease we
patients with Alzheimer's disease we
turned<00:12:48.199> it<00:12:48.320> on<00:12:48.760> and<00:12:48.880> we<00:12:49.040> looked<00:12:49.279> at<00:12:49.480> what
turned it on and we looked at what
turned it on and we looked at what
happens<00:12:49.959> to<00:12:50.199> glucose<00:12:50.680> use<00:12:51.240> in<00:12:51.360> the<00:12:51.600> brain<00:12:52.600> and
happens to glucose use in the brain and
happens to glucose use in the brain and
indeed<00:12:53.160> at<00:12:53.279> the<00:12:53.480> top<00:12:53.639> you'll<00:12:53.839> see<00:12:54.120> before<00:12:54.360> the
indeed at the top you'll see before the
indeed at the top you'll see before the
surgery<00:12:55.199> the<00:12:55.320> areas<00:12:55.639> in<00:12:55.800> blue<00:12:56.079> are<00:12:56.279> the<00:12:56.440> areas
surgery the areas in blue are the areas
surgery the areas in blue are the areas
that<00:12:57.000> use<00:12:57.360> less<00:12:57.639> glucose<00:12:58.120> than<00:12:58.279> normal<00:12:59.360> L<00:12:59.480> the
that use less glucose than normal L the
that use less glucose than normal L the
parietal<00:13:00.000> and<00:13:00.160> temporal<00:13:00.519> loes<00:13:01.000> these<00:13:01.160> areas
parietal and temporal loes these areas
parietal and temporal loes these areas
of<00:13:01.480> the<00:13:01.560> brain<00:13:01.920> are<00:13:02.120> shut<00:13:02.399> down<00:13:02.880> the<00:13:03.000> lights
of the brain are shut down the lights
of the brain are shut down the lights
are<00:13:03.440> out<00:13:03.839> in<00:13:04.000> these<00:13:04.160> areas<00:13:04.399> of<00:13:04.519> the<00:13:04.600> brain<00:13:05.279> we
are out in these areas of the brain we
are out in these areas of the brain we
then<00:13:05.880> put<00:13:06.040> in<00:13:06.160> the<00:13:06.279> DBS<00:13:06.680> electrod<00:13:07.160> and<00:13:07.279> we<00:13:07.399> wait
then put in the DBS electrod and we wait
then put in the DBS electrod and we wait
for<00:13:07.920> a<00:13:08.040> month<00:13:08.480> or<00:13:08.600> a<00:13:08.720> year<00:13:08.959> and<00:13:09.040> the<00:13:09.160> areas<00:13:09.440> in
for a month or a year and the areas in
for a month or a year and the areas in
red<00:13:09.920> represent<00:13:10.279> the<00:13:10.360> areas<00:13:10.720> where<00:13:10.880> we
red represent the areas where we
red represent the areas where we
increase<00:13:11.720> glucose<00:13:12.079> utilization<00:13:12.880> and<00:13:13.040> indeed
increase glucose utilization and indeed
increase glucose utilization and indeed
we<00:13:13.480> are<00:13:13.639> able<00:13:13.880> to<00:13:14.120> get<00:13:14.279> these<00:13:14.440> areas<00:13:14.680> of<00:13:14.760> the
we are able to get these areas of the
we are able to get these areas of the
brain<00:13:15.360> that<00:13:15.480> we're<00:13:15.639> not<00:13:15.839> using<00:13:16.160> glucose<00:13:16.600> to
brain that we're not using glucose to
brain that we're not using glucose to
use<00:13:17.160> glucose<00:13:17.720> once<00:13:18.000> again<00:13:18.600> so<00:13:18.800> the<00:13:18.920> message
use glucose once again so the message
use glucose once again so the message
here<00:13:19.600> is<00:13:19.760> that<00:13:19.920> in<00:13:20.040> Alzheimer's<00:13:20.600> disease<00:13:21.160> the
here is that in Alzheimer's disease the
here is that in Alzheimer's disease the
lights<00:13:21.480> are<00:13:21.639> out<00:13:22.160> but<00:13:22.279> there<00:13:22.399> is<00:13:22.560> someone<00:13:22.920> home
lights are out but there is someone home
lights are out but there is someone home
and<00:13:23.440> we're<00:13:23.639> able<00:13:23.880> to<00:13:24.000> turn<00:13:24.279> the<00:13:24.480> power<00:13:24.839> back<00:13:25.079> on
and we're able to turn the power back on
and we're able to turn the power back on
to<00:13:25.760> these<00:13:26.000> areas<00:13:26.279> of<00:13:26.399> the<00:13:26.480> brain<00:13:27.000> and<00:13:27.160> as<00:13:27.279> we<00:13:27.440> do
to these areas of the brain and as we do
to these areas of the brain and as we do
so<00:13:28.199> we<00:13:28.399> expect<00:13:28.720> that<00:13:28.839> they're<00:13:29.199> functions<00:13:29.519> will
so we expect that they're functions will
so we expect that they're functions will
return<00:13:30.920> so<00:13:31.120> this<00:13:31.240> is<00:13:31.440> now<00:13:31.639> in<00:13:31.839> clinical<00:13:32.199> trials
return so this is now in clinical trials
return so this is now in clinical trials
we<00:13:32.880> are<00:13:33.160> going<00:13:33.320> to<00:13:33.480> operate<00:13:33.720> on<00:13:33.920> 50<00:13:34.320> patients
we are going to operate on 50 patients
we are going to operate on 50 patients
with<00:13:35.079> early<00:13:35.560> Alzheimer's<00:13:36.160> disease<00:13:36.680> to<00:13:36.800> see
with early Alzheimer's disease to see
with early Alzheimer's disease to see
whether<00:13:37.440> this<00:13:37.560> is<00:13:37.760> safe<00:13:38.120> and<00:13:38.320> effective
whether this is safe and effective
whether this is safe and effective
whether<00:13:38.959> we<00:13:39.040> can<00:13:39.199> improve<00:13:39.880> their<00:13:40.079> neurologic
function<00:13:49.720> so<00:13:49.920> the<00:13:50.040> message<00:13:50.279> I<00:13:50.399> want<00:13:50.480> to<00:13:50.600> leave
function so the message I want to leave
function so the message I want to leave
you<00:13:50.920> with<00:13:51.120> today<00:13:51.639> is<00:13:51.839> that<00:13:52.240> indeed<00:13:52.759> there<00:13:52.880> are
you with today is that indeed there are
you with today is that indeed there are
several<00:13:53.519> circuits<00:13:54.040> in<00:13:54.160> the<00:13:54.320> brain<00:13:54.920> that<00:13:55.320> are
several circuits in the brain that are
several circuits in the brain that are
malfunctioning<00:13:56.680> across<00:13:57.160> various<00:13:57.560> disease
malfunctioning across various disease
malfunctioning across various disease
States<00:13:58.920> uh<00:13:59.120> whether<00:13:59.279> we're<00:13:59.440> talking<00:13:59.639> about
States uh whether we're talking about
States uh whether we're talking about
Parkinson's<00:14:00.759> disease<00:14:01.519> depression
Parkinson's disease depression
Parkinson's disease depression
schizophrenia<00:14:03.399> Alzheimer's<00:14:04.240> we<00:14:04.360> are<00:14:04.560> now
schizophrenia Alzheimer's we are now
schizophrenia Alzheimer's we are now
learning<00:14:05.480> to<00:14:05.880> understand<00:14:06.240> what<00:14:06.360> are<00:14:06.519> the
learning to understand what are the
learning to understand what are the
circuits<00:14:07.079> what<00:14:07.160> are<00:14:07.279> the<00:14:07.360> areas<00:14:07.600> of<00:14:07.680> the<00:14:07.759> brain
circuits what are the areas of the brain
circuits what are the areas of the brain
that<00:14:08.040> are<00:14:08.279> responsible<00:14:08.920> for<00:14:09.199> the<00:14:09.720> clinical
that are responsible for the clinical
that are responsible for the clinical
signs<00:14:10.399> and<00:14:10.639> symptoms<00:14:11.040> of<00:14:11.199> those<00:14:11.399> diseases<00:14:12.199> we
signs and symptoms of those diseases we
signs and symptoms of those diseases we
can<00:14:12.480> now<00:14:13.000> reach<00:14:13.440> those<00:14:13.639> circuits<00:14:14.279> we<00:14:14.399> can
can now reach those circuits we can
can now reach those circuits we can
introduce<00:14:15.199> electrodes<00:14:15.920> within<00:14:16.279> those
introduce electrodes within those
introduce electrodes within those
circuits<00:14:17.240> we<00:14:17.399> can<00:14:18.000> graduate<00:14:18.639> the<00:14:18.839> activity<00:14:19.240> of
circuits we can graduate the activity of
circuits we can graduate the activity of
those<00:14:19.519> circuits<00:14:19.920> we<00:14:20.000> can<00:14:20.199> turn<00:14:20.519> them<00:14:21.519> down<00:14:22.000> if
those circuits we can turn them down if
those circuits we can turn them down if
they<00:14:22.240> are<00:14:22.480> overactive<00:14:23.160> if<00:14:23.279> they're<00:14:23.480> causing
they are overactive if they're causing
they are overactive if they're causing
trouble<00:14:24.600> trouble<00:14:24.880> that<00:14:25.000> has<00:14:25.120> fell<00:14:25.320> throughout
trouble trouble that has fell throughout
trouble trouble that has fell throughout
the<00:14:25.680> brain<00:14:25.920> or<00:14:26.079> we<00:14:26.160> can<00:14:26.320> turn<00:14:26.560> them<00:14:26.800> up<00:14:27.360> if<00:14:27.519> they
the brain or we can turn them up if they
the brain or we can turn them up if they
are<00:14:27.800> underperforming<00:14:28.800> and<00:14:29.199> so<00:14:29.360> doing<00:14:29.720> we
are underperforming and so doing we
are underperforming and so doing we
think<00:14:30.079> that<00:14:30.199> we<00:14:30.320> may<00:14:30.480> be<00:14:30.600> able<00:14:30.759> to<00:14:30.920> help<00:14:31.160> the
think that we may be able to help the
think that we may be able to help the
overall<00:14:31.759> function<00:14:32.160> of<00:14:32.279> the<00:14:32.680> brain<00:14:33.680> the
overall function of the brain the
overall function of the brain the
implications<00:14:34.399> of<00:14:34.600> this<00:14:34.759> of<00:14:34.880> course<00:14:35.079> is<00:14:35.240> that
implications of this of course is that
implications of this of course is that
we<00:14:35.519> may<00:14:35.680> be<00:14:35.839> able<00:14:36.079> to<00:14:36.399> modify<00:14:36.800> the<00:14:36.959> symptoms<00:14:37.360> of
we may be able to modify the symptoms of
we may be able to modify the symptoms of
disease<00:14:38.040> but<00:14:38.160> I<00:14:38.240> haven't<00:14:38.440> told<00:14:38.639> you<00:14:38.800> but
disease but I haven't told you but
disease but I haven't told you but
there's<00:14:39.199> also<00:14:39.399> some<00:14:39.600> evidence<00:14:39.920> that<00:14:40.079> we<00:14:40.199> can
there's also some evidence that we can
there's also some evidence that we can
might<00:14:40.759> be<00:14:40.880> able<00:14:41.040> to<00:14:41.199> help<00:14:41.399> the<00:14:41.600> repair<00:14:42.279> of
might be able to help the repair of
might be able to help the repair of
damaged<00:14:42.800> areas<00:14:43.040> of<00:14:43.160> brain<00:14:43.399> using<00:14:43.680> electricity
damaged areas of brain using electricity
damaged areas of brain using electricity
and<00:14:44.560> this<00:14:44.639> is<00:14:44.800> something<00:14:45.160> for<00:14:45.360> the<00:14:45.480> future<00:14:45.800> to
and this is something for the future to
and this is something for the future to
see<00:14:46.079> if<00:14:46.240> indeed<00:14:47.199> we<00:14:47.399> not<00:14:47.519> only<00:14:47.680> change<00:14:47.920> the
see if indeed we not only change the
see if indeed we not only change the
activity<00:14:48.440> but<00:14:48.600> also<00:14:49.160> some<00:14:49.360> of<00:14:49.519> the<00:14:49.720> reparative
activity but also some of the reparative
activity but also some of the reparative
functions<00:14:50.560> of<00:14:50.639> the<00:14:50.759> brain<00:14:51.000> can<00:14:51.160> be<00:14:51.440> harvested
functions of the brain can be harvested
functions of the brain can be harvested
so<00:14:52.759> I<00:14:53.000> Enis<00:14:53.480> that<00:14:53.560> we're<00:14:53.720> going<00:14:53.880> to<00:14:54.000> see<00:14:54.279> a
so I Enis that we're going to see a
so I Enis that we're going to see a
great<00:14:54.800> expansion<00:14:55.360> of<00:14:55.560> indications<00:14:56.560> of<00:14:56.759> this
great expansion of indications of this
great expansion of indications of this
technique<00:14:57.839> uh<00:14:57.920> we're<00:14:58.079> going<00:14:58.199> to<00:14:58.279> see
technique uh we're going to see
technique uh we're going to see
electrodes<00:14:59.120> being<00:14:59.240> placed<00:14:59.480> for<00:14:59.680> many
electrodes being placed for many
electrodes being placed for many
disorders<00:15:00.360> on<00:15:00.480> the<00:15:00.600> brain<00:15:01.160> one<00:15:01.279> of<00:15:01.360> the<00:15:01.480> most
disorders on the brain one of the most
disorders on the brain one of the most
exciting<00:15:02.120> things<00:15:02.360> about<00:15:02.600> this<00:15:02.759> is<00:15:02.920> that
exciting things about this is that
exciting things about this is that
indeed<00:15:03.639> it<00:15:03.800> involves<00:15:04.320> multidisiplinary<00:15:04.880> work
indeed it involves multidisiplinary work
indeed it involves multidisiplinary work
it<00:15:05.560> involves<00:15:05.880> the<00:15:05.959> work<00:15:06.120> of<00:15:06.360> Engineers<00:15:07.279> of
it involves the work of Engineers of
it involves the work of Engineers of
Imaging<00:15:07.920> scientists<00:15:08.480> of<00:15:08.680> basic<00:15:09.040> scientists
Imaging scientists of basic scientists
Imaging scientists of basic scientists
of<00:15:09.639> neurologists<00:15:10.320> psychiatrists
of neurologists psychiatrists
of neurologists psychiatrists
neurosurgeons<00:15:11.800> it's<00:15:11.959> really<00:15:12.199> at<00:15:12.360> the
neurosurgeons it's really at the
neurosurgeons it's really at the
interface<00:15:13.600> of<00:15:13.800> these<00:15:14.000> multiple<00:15:14.440> disciplines
interface of these multiple disciplines
interface of these multiple disciplines
that<00:15:15.120> there's<00:15:15.360> the<00:15:15.560> excitement<00:15:16.519> and<00:15:16.680> I<00:15:16.800> think
that there's the excitement and I think
that there's the excitement and I think
that<00:15:17.680> we<00:15:17.800> will<00:15:18.000> see<00:15:18.560> that<00:15:18.759> indeed<00:15:19.279> we<00:15:19.399> will<00:15:19.560> be
that we will see that indeed we will be
that we will see that indeed we will be
able<00:15:19.920> to<00:15:20.079> chase<00:15:20.680> more<00:15:21.240> of<00:15:21.440> these<00:15:21.639> evil<00:15:22.000> spirits
able to chase more of these evil spirits
able to chase more of these evil spirits
out<00:15:22.720> from<00:15:22.920> the<00:15:23.079> brain<00:15:23.639> as<00:15:23.839> time<00:15:24.040> goes<00:15:24.240> on<00:15:24.639> and
out from the brain as time goes on and
out from the brain as time goes on and
the<00:15:24.880> consequence<00:15:25.320> of<00:15:25.440> that<00:15:25.600> of<00:15:25.680> course<00:15:25.839> will
the consequence of that of course will
the consequence of that of course will
be<00:15:26.320> that<00:15:26.480> we<00:15:26.560> will<00:15:26.720> be<00:15:26.839> able<00:15:27.000> to<00:15:27.160> help<00:15:27.519> many
be that we will be able to help many
be that we will be able to help many
more<00:15:27.959> patients<00:15:28.600> Thank<00:15:28.720> you<00:15:28.800> very<00:15:29.040> very
much
Andres Lozano, TED, TEDx, TEDxCaltech, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEdEducation, Parkinson’s, Parkinson’s, disease
