Bản đồ của bộ não-Allan Jones

A map of the brain - Allan Jones

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humans<00:00:16.480> have<00:00:16.640> long<00:00:16.920> held<00:00:17.119> a<00:00:17.320> Fascination<00:00:17.880> for humans have long held a Fascination for humans have long held a Fascination for the<00:00:18.199> human<00:00:18.920> brain<00:00:19.920> we<00:00:20.240> chart<00:00:20.600> it<00:00:21.359> we've the human brain we chart it we've the human brain we chart it we've described<00:00:22.359> it<00:00:23.039> we've<00:00:23.279> drawn<00:00:23.640> it<00:00:24.640> we've<00:00:24.880> mapped described it we've drawn it we've mapped described it we've drawn it we've mapped it<00:00:27.439> now<00:00:28.000> just<00:00:28.240> like<00:00:28.480> the<00:00:28.800> physical<00:00:29.240> maps<00:00:29.800> of<00:00:30.039> of it now just like the physical maps of of it now just like the physical maps of of our<00:00:30.480> world<00:00:31.240> that<00:00:31.359> have<00:00:31.560> been<00:00:31.840> highly our world that have been highly our world that have been highly influenced<00:00:32.840> by<00:00:33.280> technology<00:00:34.079> think<00:00:34.760> Google influenced by technology think Google influenced by technology think Google Maps<00:00:35.879> think<00:00:36.520> GPS<00:00:37.520> the<00:00:37.600> same<00:00:37.800> thing<00:00:38.040> is Maps think GPS the same thing is Maps think GPS the same thing is happening<00:00:38.800> for<00:00:39.480> brain<00:00:39.760> mapping<00:00:40.280> true happening for brain mapping true happening for brain mapping true transformation<00:00:41.440> so<00:00:41.600> let's<00:00:41.800> take<00:00:41.960> a<00:00:42.039> look<00:00:42.200> at transformation so let's take a look at transformation so let's take a look at the the the brain<00:00:44.039> most<00:00:44.239> people<00:00:44.440> when<00:00:44.559> they<00:00:44.719> first<00:00:44.920> look brain most people when they first look brain most people when they first look at<00:00:45.239> a<00:00:45.480> a<00:00:45.600> fresh<00:00:45.960> human<00:00:46.239> brain<00:00:46.640> they<00:00:46.719> said<00:00:46.920> it at a a fresh human brain they said it at a a fresh human brain they said it doesn't<00:00:47.320> look<00:00:47.559> like<00:00:47.760> what<00:00:47.879> you're<00:00:48.079> typically doesn't look like what you're typically doesn't look like what you're typically looking<00:00:49.160> at<00:00:49.680> when<00:00:49.920> someone<00:00:50.199> shows<00:00:50.480> you<00:00:50.640> a looking at when someone shows you a looking at when someone shows you a brain<00:00:51.399> typically<00:00:51.719> what<00:00:51.840> you're<00:00:52.000> looking<00:00:52.199> at brain typically what you're looking at brain typically what you're looking at is<00:00:52.520> a<00:00:52.680> fixed<00:00:53.039> brain<00:00:53.600> it's<00:00:53.960> gray<00:00:54.800> and<00:00:55.000> this is a fixed brain it's gray and this is a fixed brain it's gray and this outer<00:00:55.520> layer<00:00:55.920> this<00:00:56.039> is<00:00:56.199> the<00:00:56.440> vasculature outer layer this is the vasculature outer layer this is the vasculature which<00:00:57.520> is<00:00:57.680> incredible<00:00:58.160> around<00:00:58.399> the<00:00:58.519> human which is incredible around the human which is incredible around the human brain<00:00:59.359> this<00:00:59.440> is<00:00:59.559> the<00:00:59.640> blood<00:01:00.120> vessels<00:01:00.920> 20%<00:01:01.920> of brain this is the blood vessels 20% of brain this is the blood vessels 20% of the<00:01:03.039> oxygen<00:01:03.600> coming<00:01:04.040> from<00:01:04.600> your<00:01:04.879> lungs<00:01:05.560> 20%<00:01:06.040> of the oxygen coming from your lungs 20% of the oxygen coming from your lungs 20% of the<00:01:06.280> blood<00:01:06.600> pred<00:01:06.960> from<00:01:07.119> your<00:01:07.320> heart<00:01:07.799> is the blood pred from your heart is the blood pred from your heart is servicing<00:01:08.560> this<00:01:08.680> one<00:01:08.920> organ<00:01:09.560> that's servicing this one organ that's servicing this one organ that's basically<00:01:10.200> if<00:01:10.280> you<00:01:10.400> hold<00:01:10.680> two<00:01:10.880> fists<00:01:11.320> together basically if you hold two fists together basically if you hold two fists together it's<00:01:11.680> just<00:01:11.880> slightly<00:01:12.280> larger<00:01:12.600> than<00:01:12.759> the<00:01:12.880> two it's just slightly larger than the two it's just slightly larger than the two fists<00:01:14.240> scientists<00:01:14.799> sort<00:01:15.000> of<00:01:15.080> in<00:01:15.200> the<00:01:15.360> end<00:01:15.479> of fists scientists sort of in the end of fists scientists sort of in the end of the<00:01:15.720> 20th<00:01:16.200> century<00:01:16.880> learned<00:01:17.320> that<00:01:17.479> they<00:01:17.600> could the 20th century learned that they could the 20th century learned that they could track<00:01:18.200> blood<00:01:18.479> flow<00:01:19.119> to<00:01:19.600> map<00:01:20.360> uh track blood flow to map uh track blood flow to map uh non-invasively<00:01:22.000> where<00:01:22.560> activity<00:01:23.040> was<00:01:23.240> going non-invasively where activity was going non-invasively where activity was going on<00:01:23.600> in<00:01:23.720> the<00:01:23.880> human<00:01:24.200> brain<00:01:25.159> so<00:01:25.400> for<00:01:25.560> example on in the human brain so for example on in the human brain so for example they<00:01:26.479> can<00:01:26.720> see<00:01:26.960> in<00:01:27.079> the<00:01:27.280> back<00:01:27.479> part<00:01:27.640> of<00:01:27.720> the they can see in the back part of the they can see in the back part of the brain<00:01:28.159> which<00:01:28.280> is<00:01:28.439> just<00:01:28.560> turning<00:01:28.880> around<00:01:29.200> there brain which is just turning around there brain which is just turning around there there's<00:01:29.560> the<00:01:29.880> cerebellum<00:01:30.520> that's<00:01:30.720> keeping there's the cerebellum that's keeping there's the cerebellum that's keeping you<00:01:31.159> upright<00:01:31.680> right<00:01:31.799> now<00:01:31.960> it's<00:01:32.159> keeping<00:01:32.399> me you upright right now it's keeping me you upright right now it's keeping me standing<00:01:33.040> it's<00:01:33.200> involved<00:01:33.560> in<00:01:33.680> coordinated standing it's involved in coordinated standing it's involved in coordinated movement<00:01:35.040> on<00:01:35.200> the<00:01:35.399> side<00:01:35.720> here<00:01:36.040> this<00:01:36.119> is<00:01:36.280> the movement on the side here this is the movement on the side here this is the temporal<00:01:37.119> cortex<00:01:37.720> this<00:01:37.880> is<00:01:38.079> the<00:01:38.240> area<00:01:38.600> where temporal cortex this is the area where temporal cortex this is the area where primary<00:01:39.399> auditory<00:01:40.000> processing<00:01:40.479> so<00:01:40.640> you're primary auditory processing so you're primary auditory processing so you're hearing<00:01:41.119> my<00:01:41.320> words<00:01:42.000> you're<00:01:42.399> sending<00:01:42.759> it<00:01:42.880> up hearing my words you're sending it up hearing my words you're sending it up into<00:01:43.240> higher<00:01:43.520> language<00:01:44.040> processing<00:01:44.560> centers into higher language processing centers into higher language processing centers towards<00:01:45.719> the<00:01:45.880> front<00:01:46.040> of<00:01:46.159> the<00:01:46.280> brain<00:01:46.840> is<00:01:47.040> the towards the front of the brain is the towards the front of the brain is the place<00:01:47.479> in<00:01:47.680> which<00:01:48.079> all<00:01:48.240> of<00:01:48.360> the<00:01:48.640> sort<00:01:48.799> of<00:01:49.079> more place in which all of the sort of more place in which all of the sort of more complex<00:01:50.000> thought<00:01:50.399> decision-<00:01:50.799> making<00:01:51.079> is<00:01:51.240> the complex thought decision- making is the complex thought decision- making is the last<00:01:51.799> mature<00:01:52.200> sort<00:01:52.360> of<00:01:52.680> late<00:01:53.000> adulthood<00:01:53.799> this last mature sort of late adulthood this last mature sort of late adulthood this is<00:01:54.119> where<00:01:54.520> all<00:01:54.680> your<00:01:54.880> decision-<00:01:55.240> making is where all your decision- making is where all your decision- making processes<00:01:56.039> are<00:01:56.240> going<00:01:56.479> on<00:01:56.680> it's<00:01:56.840> the<00:01:57.039> place processes are going on it's the place processes are going on it's the place where<00:01:57.439> you<00:01:57.600> were<00:01:58.159> deciding<00:01:58.680> right<00:01:58.799> now<00:01:59.000> you where you were deciding right now you where you were deciding right now you probably<00:01:59.399> aren't<00:01:59.560> going<00:01:59.640> to<00:01:59.880> order<00:02:00.119> the<00:02:00.280> steak probably aren't going to order the steak probably aren't going to order the steak for for for dinner<00:02:02.399> so<00:02:02.600> if<00:02:02.680> you<00:02:02.799> take<00:02:02.960> a<00:02:03.079> deeper<00:02:03.360> look<00:02:03.479> at dinner so if you take a deeper look at dinner so if you take a deeper look at the<00:02:03.719> brain<00:02:04.000> one<00:02:04.079> of<00:02:04.200> the<00:02:04.320> things<00:02:04.520> if<00:02:04.640> you<00:02:04.840> look the brain one of the things if you look the brain one of the things if you look at<00:02:05.119> it<00:02:05.240> in<00:02:05.439> cross-section<00:02:06.280> what<00:02:06.399> you<00:02:06.520> can<00:02:06.719> see at it in cross-section what you can see at it in cross-section what you can see is<00:02:07.719> that<00:02:08.319> you<00:02:08.440> can't<00:02:08.679> really<00:02:08.879> see<00:02:09.080> a<00:02:09.200> whole<00:02:09.399> lot is that you can't really see a whole lot is that you can't really see a whole lot of<00:02:09.720> structure<00:02:10.200> there<00:02:10.560> but<00:02:10.720> there's<00:02:10.959> actually of structure there but there's actually of structure there but there's actually a<00:02:11.319> lot<00:02:11.440> of<00:02:11.599> structure<00:02:11.959> there<00:02:12.120> it's<00:02:12.319> cells<00:02:12.800> and a lot of structure there it's cells and a lot of structure there it's cells and its<00:02:13.280> wires<00:02:13.680> all<00:02:13.920> wired<00:02:14.400> together<00:02:14.959> so<00:02:15.160> about its wires all wired together so about its wires all wired together so about 100<00:02:15.640> years<00:02:15.920> ago<00:02:16.200> some<00:02:16.400> scientists<00:02:16.840> invented<00:02:17.200> a 100 years ago some scientists invented a 100 years ago some scientists invented a stain<00:02:17.680> that<00:02:17.760> would<00:02:17.920> stain<00:02:18.319> cells<00:02:18.959> and<00:02:19.080> that's stain that would stain cells and that's stain that would stain cells and that's shown<00:02:19.640> here<00:02:20.160> in<00:02:20.280> the<00:02:20.480> very<00:02:20.760> light<00:02:21.080> blue<00:02:21.800> you shown here in the very light blue you shown here in the very light blue you can<00:02:22.120> see<00:02:22.640> areas<00:02:23.200> where<00:02:23.480> neuronal<00:02:24.000> cell<00:02:24.360> bodies can see areas where neuronal cell bodies can see areas where neuronal cell bodies are<00:02:24.879> being<00:02:25.120> stained<00:02:25.800> and<00:02:25.920> what<00:02:26.040> you<00:02:26.120> can<00:02:26.239> see are being stained and what you can see are being stained and what you can see is<00:02:26.519> it's<00:02:26.720> very<00:02:26.920> non-uniform<00:02:27.560> you<00:02:27.640> see<00:02:27.800> a<00:02:27.920> lot is it's very non-uniform you see a lot is it's very non-uniform you see a lot more<00:02:28.360> structure<00:02:28.760> there<00:02:28.879> so<00:02:29.080> the<00:02:29.200> outer<00:02:29.480> part more structure there so the outer part more structure there so the outer part of<00:02:29.959> that<00:02:30.080> brain<00:02:30.680> are<00:02:31.080> the<00:02:31.560> is<00:02:31.720> the<00:02:31.840> neocortex of that brain are the is the neocortex of that brain are the is the neocortex it's<00:02:32.760> one<00:02:32.920> sort<00:02:33.080> of<00:02:33.239> continuous<00:02:34.239> processing it's one sort of continuous processing it's one sort of continuous processing unit<00:02:35.080> if<00:02:35.200> you<00:02:35.319> will<00:02:35.840> but<00:02:35.959> you<00:02:36.080> can<00:02:36.239> also<00:02:36.480> see unit if you will but you can also see unit if you will but you can also see things<00:02:37.160> underneath<00:02:37.640> there<00:02:37.879> as<00:02:38.000> well<00:02:38.200> and<00:02:38.319> all things underneath there as well and all things underneath there as well and all of<00:02:38.560> these<00:02:38.760> blank<00:02:39.159> areas<00:02:39.840> are<00:02:40.159> the<00:02:40.280> areas<00:02:40.599> in of these blank areas are the areas in of these blank areas are the areas in which<00:02:40.920> the<00:02:41.080> wires<00:02:41.440> are<00:02:41.560> running<00:02:41.840> through which the wires are running through which the wires are running through they're<00:02:42.319> probably<00:02:42.680> less<00:02:42.920> cell<00:02:43.200> dense<00:02:43.720> so they're probably less cell dense so they're probably less cell dense so there's<00:02:44.120> about<00:02:44.319> 86<00:02:45.159> billion<00:02:46.000> neurons<00:02:46.519> in<00:02:46.640> our there's about 86 billion neurons in our there's about 86 billion neurons in our brain<00:02:47.480> and<00:02:47.680> as<00:02:47.760> you<00:02:47.879> can<00:02:48.000> see<00:02:48.239> they're<00:02:48.519> very brain and as you can see they're very brain and as you can see they're very non-uniformly<00:02:49.800> distributed<00:02:50.640> and<00:02:50.800> how non-uniformly distributed and how non-uniformly distributed and how they're<00:02:51.239> distributed<00:02:51.920> really<00:02:52.560> contributes they're distributed really contributes they're distributed really contributes to<00:02:53.800> their<00:02:54.040> underlying<00:02:54.640> function<00:02:55.360> and<00:02:55.519> of to their underlying function and of to their underlying function and of course<00:02:55.879> as<00:02:56.000> I<00:02:56.159> mentioned<00:02:56.560> before<00:02:57.200> since<00:02:57.440> we course as I mentioned before since we course as I mentioned before since we can<00:02:57.760> now<00:02:57.920> start<00:02:58.159> to<00:02:58.440> map<00:02:59.040> brain<00:02:59.400> function<00:03:00.080> we can now start to map brain function we can now start to map brain function we can<00:03:00.360> start<00:03:00.560> to<00:03:01.159> tie<00:03:01.480> these<00:03:01.680> into<00:03:01.959> the can start to tie these into the can start to tie these into the individual<00:03:02.599> cell<00:03:02.959> so<00:03:03.120> let's<00:03:03.319> take<00:03:03.480> a<00:03:03.799> deeper individual cell so let's take a deeper individual cell so let's take a deeper look<00:03:04.680> let's<00:03:04.920> look<00:03:05.080> at<00:03:05.319> neurons<00:03:06.120> so<00:03:06.319> as<00:03:06.440> I look let's look at neurons so as I look let's look at neurons so as I mentioned<00:03:07.280> there<00:03:07.360> are<00:03:07.480> 86<00:03:08.040> billion<00:03:08.319> neurons mentioned there are 86 billion neurons mentioned there are 86 billion neurons there<00:03:08.840> are<00:03:09.000> also<00:03:09.239> these<00:03:09.440> smaller<00:03:09.840> cells<00:03:10.200> as there are also these smaller cells as there are also these smaller cells as you'll<00:03:10.480> see<00:03:10.760> these<00:03:10.879> are<00:03:11.040> support<00:03:11.440> cells you'll see these are support cells you'll see these are support cells astroides<00:03:12.480> glea<00:03:13.440> and<00:03:13.879> the<00:03:14.000> nerves<00:03:14.680> themselves astroides glea and the nerves themselves astroides glea and the nerves themselves are<00:03:16.000> the<00:03:16.120> ones<00:03:16.360> who<00:03:16.519> are<00:03:17.000> receiving<00:03:17.280> input are the ones who are receiving input are the ones who are receiving input they're<00:03:18.120> storing<00:03:18.519> it<00:03:18.720> they're<00:03:19.000> processing<00:03:19.519> it they're storing it they're processing it they're storing it they're processing it each<00:03:20.400> neuron<00:03:21.080> is<00:03:21.400> connected<00:03:22.080> via<00:03:22.480> synapses<00:03:23.480> to each neuron is connected via synapses to each neuron is connected via synapses to up<00:03:24.239> to<00:03:24.480> 10,000<00:03:25.200> other<00:03:25.400> neurons<00:03:25.879> in<00:03:26.000> your<00:03:26.159> brain up to 10,000 other neurons in your brain up to 10,000 other neurons in your brain and<00:03:27.680> each<00:03:27.920> neuron<00:03:28.439> itself<00:03:28.920> is<00:03:29.159> largely<00:03:29.840> unique and each neuron itself is largely unique and each neuron itself is largely unique the<00:03:30.720> unique<00:03:31.120> character<00:03:31.680> of<00:03:31.920> both<00:03:32.200> individual the unique character of both individual the unique character of both individual neurons<00:03:33.040> and<00:03:33.200> neurons<00:03:33.640> within<00:03:33.840> a<00:03:34.000> collection neurons and neurons within a collection neurons and neurons within a collection of<00:03:34.560> the<00:03:34.680> brain<00:03:35.360> are<00:03:36.040> driven<00:03:36.560> by<00:03:36.799> fundamental of the brain are driven by fundamental of the brain are driven by fundamental properties<00:03:37.879> of<00:03:38.040> their<00:03:38.200> underlying properties of their underlying properties of their underlying biochemistry<00:03:39.920> these<00:03:40.080> are<00:03:40.760> proteins<00:03:41.319> they're biochemistry these are proteins they're biochemistry these are proteins they're proteins<00:03:42.000> that<00:03:42.120> are<00:03:42.640> controlling<00:03:43.280> things proteins that are controlling things proteins that are controlling things like<00:03:43.760> ION<00:03:44.040> channel<00:03:44.439> movement<00:03:45.000> they're like ION channel movement they're like ION channel movement they're controlling<00:03:45.920> who<00:03:46.400> nervous<00:03:46.760> system<00:03:47.040> cells controlling who nervous system cells controlling who nervous system cells partner<00:03:47.840> up<00:03:48.120> with<00:03:48.720> and<00:03:48.959> they're<00:03:49.360> controlling partner up with and they're controlling partner up with and they're controlling basically<00:03:50.879> everything<00:03:51.439> that<00:03:51.599> the<00:03:51.760> nervous basically everything that the nervous basically everything that the nervous system<00:03:52.439> has<00:03:52.599> to<00:03:52.760> do<00:03:53.120> so<00:03:53.239> if<00:03:53.360> we<00:03:53.480> zoom<00:03:53.799> in<00:03:54.360> to system has to do so if we zoom in to system has to do so if we zoom in to even<00:03:55.079> deeper<00:03:55.480> level<00:03:56.360> all<00:03:56.519> of<00:03:56.720> those<00:03:57.159> proteins even deeper level all of those proteins even deeper level all of those proteins are<00:03:58.159> encoded<00:03:59.079> by<00:03:59.239> our<00:03:59.400> Gene are encoded by our Gene are encoded by our Gene we<00:04:00.560> each<00:04:00.799> have<00:04:01.079> 23<00:04:01.519> pairs<00:04:01.760> of<00:04:01.920> chromosomes<00:04:02.439> we we each have 23 pairs of chromosomes we we each have 23 pairs of chromosomes we get<00:04:02.720> one<00:04:02.920> from<00:04:03.159> Mom<00:04:03.480> one<00:04:03.680> from<00:04:03.920> Dad<00:04:04.560> and<00:04:05.120> on get one from Mom one from Dad and on get one from Mom one from Dad and on these<00:04:05.760> chromosomes<00:04:06.439> are<00:04:06.879> roughly<00:04:07.280> 25,000 these chromosomes are roughly 25,000 these chromosomes are roughly 25,000 genes<00:04:08.920> they're<00:04:09.120> encoded<00:04:09.519> in<00:04:09.640> the<00:04:09.879> DNA<00:04:10.879> and<00:04:11.760> the genes they're encoded in the DNA and the genes they're encoded in the DNA and the nature<00:04:12.599> of<00:04:12.760> a<00:04:12.920> given<00:04:13.280> cell<00:04:13.920> driving<00:04:14.360> its nature of a given cell driving its nature of a given cell driving its underlying<00:04:15.000> biochemistry<00:04:15.680> is<00:04:15.920> dictated<00:04:16.519> by underlying biochemistry is dictated by underlying biochemistry is dictated by which<00:04:17.400> of<00:04:17.560> these<00:04:17.759> 25,000<00:04:18.519> genes<00:04:18.880> are<00:04:19.040> turned which of these 25,000 genes are turned which of these 25,000 genes are turned on<00:04:20.400> and<00:04:20.680> at<00:04:20.880> what<00:04:21.079> level<00:04:21.359> they're<00:04:21.560> turned<00:04:21.919> on on and at what level they're turned on on and at what level they're turned on and<00:04:22.759> so<00:04:23.080> our<00:04:23.400> project<00:04:24.240> is<00:04:24.400> seeking<00:04:24.880> to<00:04:25.080> look<00:04:25.400> at and so our project is seeking to look at and so our project is seeking to look at this<00:04:26.919> readout<00:04:27.919> understanding<00:04:28.320> which<00:04:28.440> of this readout understanding which of this readout understanding which of these<00:04:28.800> 25,000<00:04:29.759> genes<00:04:30.080> is<00:04:30.240> turned<00:04:30.520> on<00:04:31.280> so<00:04:31.680> in these 25,000 genes is turned on so in these 25,000 genes is turned on so in order<00:04:32.160> to<00:04:32.919> undertake<00:04:33.479> such<00:04:33.639> a<00:04:33.880> project<00:04:34.360> we order to undertake such a project we order to undertake such a project we obviously<00:04:35.000> need<00:04:35.320> brains<00:04:36.320> so<00:04:36.720> we<00:04:36.840> sent<00:04:37.080> our<00:04:37.240> lab obviously need brains so we sent our lab obviously need brains so we sent our lab technition technition technition out<00:04:39.680> we<00:04:39.800> were<00:04:40.160> seeking<00:04:41.160> normal<00:04:41.560> human<00:04:41.800> brains out we were seeking normal human brains out we were seeking normal human brains what<00:04:42.360> we<00:04:42.520> actually<00:04:42.759> start<00:04:43.120> with<00:04:43.520> is<00:04:44.280> a<00:04:44.680> medical what we actually start with is a medical what we actually start with is a medical examiner's<00:04:45.520> office<00:04:45.880> this<00:04:46.000> is<00:04:46.080> a<00:04:46.240> place<00:04:46.400> where examiner's office this is a place where examiner's office this is a place where the<00:04:46.680> dead<00:04:46.880> are<00:04:47.039> brought<00:04:47.360> in<00:04:48.080> we<00:04:48.440> are<00:04:48.600> seeking the dead are brought in we are seeking the dead are brought in we are seeking normal<00:04:49.360> human<00:04:49.600> brains<00:04:49.960> there's<00:04:50.120> a<00:04:50.400> lot<00:04:50.560> of normal human brains there's a lot of normal human brains there's a lot of criteria<00:04:51.400> by<00:04:51.560> which<00:04:51.680> we're<00:04:51.880> selecting<00:04:52.320> these criteria by which we're selecting these criteria by which we're selecting these brains<00:04:53.039> we<00:04:53.160> want<00:04:53.280> to<00:04:53.440> make<00:04:53.680> sure<00:04:54.000> that<00:04:54.479> we<00:04:54.759> have brains we want to make sure that we have brains we want to make sure that we have normal<00:04:55.600> human<00:04:55.919> between<00:04:56.160> the<00:04:56.280> ages<00:04:56.520> of<00:04:56.680> 20<00:04:56.960> to normal human between the ages of 20 to normal human between the ages of 20 to 60<00:04:57.520> they<00:04:57.680> died<00:04:58.120> a<00:04:58.320> somewhat<00:04:58.720> natural<00:04:59.120> death 60 they died a somewhat natural death 60 they died a somewhat natural death with<00:04:59.440> no<00:04:59.800> injury<00:05:00.080> to<00:05:00.199> the<00:05:00.360> brain<00:05:01.360> uh<00:05:01.840> no with no injury to the brain uh no with no injury to the brain uh no history<00:05:02.720> of<00:05:02.919> psychiatric<00:05:03.639> disease<00:05:04.360> uh<00:05:04.479> no history of psychiatric disease uh no history of psychiatric disease uh no drugs<00:05:05.039> on<00:05:05.199> board<00:05:05.479> we<00:05:05.600> do<00:05:05.720> a<00:05:05.880> toxicology drugs on board we do a toxicology drugs on board we do a toxicology workout<00:05:07.520> and<00:05:08.160> we<00:05:08.560> we're<00:05:08.840> very<00:05:09.120> careful<00:05:09.600> about workout and we we're very careful about workout and we we're very careful about the<00:05:10.560> uh<00:05:10.639> brains<00:05:11.000> that<00:05:11.120> we<00:05:11.240> do<00:05:11.440> take<00:05:12.240> we're<00:05:12.520> also the uh brains that we do take we're also the uh brains that we do take we're also selecting<00:05:13.479> for<00:05:13.720> brains<00:05:14.039> in<00:05:14.199> which<00:05:14.360> we<00:05:14.479> can<00:05:15.000> get selecting for brains in which we can get selecting for brains in which we can get the<00:05:15.320> tissue<00:05:15.720> we<00:05:15.840> can<00:05:15.960> get<00:05:16.160> consent<00:05:16.520> to<00:05:16.720> take the tissue we can get consent to take the tissue we can get consent to take the<00:05:17.080> tissue<00:05:18.000> uh<00:05:18.160> within<00:05:18.479> 24<00:05:19.000> hours<00:05:19.240> of<00:05:19.440> time<00:05:19.639> of the tissue uh within 24 hours of time of the tissue uh within 24 hours of time of death<00:05:20.280> because<00:05:20.479> what<00:05:20.600> we're<00:05:20.759> trying<00:05:20.960> to death because what we're trying to death because what we're trying to measure<00:05:21.520> the<00:05:21.720> RNA<00:05:22.720> uh<00:05:22.840> which<00:05:22.960> is<00:05:23.080> the<00:05:23.199> readout measure the RNA uh which is the readout measure the RNA uh which is the readout from<00:05:23.840> our<00:05:23.960> genes<00:05:24.919> uh<00:05:25.160> is<00:05:25.759> uh<00:05:26.120> very<00:05:26.319> labile<00:05:26.960> and from our genes uh is uh very labile and from our genes uh is uh very labile and so<00:05:27.400> so<00:05:27.560> we<00:05:27.680> have<00:05:27.800> to<00:05:27.919> move<00:05:28.199> very<00:05:28.400> quickly<00:05:29.199> one so so we have to move very quickly one so so we have to move very quickly one side<00:05:30.000> note<00:05:30.280> on<00:05:30.680> the<00:05:30.840> collection<00:05:31.240> of<00:05:31.400> brains side note on the collection of brains side note on the collection of brains because<00:05:32.520> of<00:05:32.680> the<00:05:32.800> way<00:05:33.000> that<00:05:33.120> we<00:05:33.319> collect<00:05:33.919> and because of the way that we collect and because of the way that we collect and because<00:05:34.400> we're<00:05:34.680> requiring<00:05:35.240> consent<00:05:35.919> we because we're requiring consent we because we're requiring consent we actually<00:05:36.319> have<00:05:36.440> a<00:05:36.560> lot<00:05:36.680> more<00:05:36.919> male<00:05:37.240> brains actually have a lot more male brains actually have a lot more male brains than<00:05:37.800> female<00:05:38.120> brains<00:05:38.479> males<00:05:38.680> are<00:05:38.880> much<00:05:39.000> more than female brains males are much more than female brains males are much more likely<00:05:39.479> to<00:05:39.639> die<00:05:39.960> accidental<00:05:40.440> death<00:05:40.800> in<00:05:40.919> the likely to die accidental death in the likely to die accidental death in the prime<00:05:41.360> of<00:05:41.440> their<00:05:41.639> life<00:05:42.280> and<00:05:42.520> men<00:05:42.720> are<00:05:42.919> much prime of their life and men are much prime of their life and men are much more<00:05:43.319> likely<00:05:43.680> to<00:05:43.960> have<00:05:44.520> their<00:05:44.880> significant more likely to have their significant more likely to have their significant other<00:05:45.960> uh<00:05:46.120> spouse<00:05:46.560> give<00:05:46.800> consent<00:05:47.280> than<00:05:47.440> the other uh spouse give consent than the other uh spouse give consent than the other<00:05:47.759> way

around<00:05:52.520> so<00:05:52.720> the<00:05:52.840> first<00:05:53.080> thing<00:05:53.240> that<00:05:53.360> we<00:05:53.479> do<00:05:53.840> at around so the first thing that we do at around so the first thing that we do at the<00:05:54.080> site<00:05:54.280> of<00:05:54.440> collection<00:05:54.840> is<00:05:55.000> we<00:05:55.120> collect the site of collection is we collect the site of collection is we collect what's<00:05:55.680> called<00:05:55.840> an<00:05:56.039> MR<00:05:56.520> this<00:05:56.600> is<00:05:56.800> magnetic what's called an MR this is magnetic what's called an MR this is magnetic resonance<00:05:57.720> imaging<00:05:58.199> MRI<00:05:59.000> it's<00:05:59.120> a<00:05:59.240> standard resonance imaging MRI it's a standard resonance imaging MRI it's a standard template<00:06:00.520> by<00:06:00.680> which<00:06:00.800> we're<00:06:00.960> going<00:06:01.039> to<00:06:01.199> hang template by which we're going to hang template by which we're going to hang the<00:06:01.639> rest<00:06:01.800> of<00:06:01.960> this<00:06:02.160> data<00:06:02.440> so<00:06:02.600> we<00:06:02.720> collect<00:06:03.080> this the rest of this data so we collect this the rest of this data so we collect this Mr<00:06:03.960> and<00:06:04.160> you<00:06:04.280> can<00:06:04.440> think<00:06:04.600> of<00:06:04.759> this<00:06:04.919> as<00:06:05.039> our Mr and you can think of this as our Mr and you can think of this as our satellite<00:06:05.759> view<00:06:06.000> for<00:06:06.160> our<00:06:06.360> map<00:06:06.880> the<00:06:07.039> next satellite view for our map the next satellite view for our map the next thing<00:06:07.360> we<00:06:07.599> do<00:06:08.039> is<00:06:08.199> we<00:06:08.360> collect<00:06:08.840> What's<00:06:09.080> called thing we do is we collect What's called thing we do is we collect What's called the<00:06:09.400> diffuse<00:06:09.720> and<00:06:09.880> tensor<00:06:10.240> Imaging<00:06:10.680> this<00:06:10.880> Maps the diffuse and tensor Imaging this Maps the diffuse and tensor Imaging this Maps the<00:06:11.599> large<00:06:12.039> cabling<00:06:12.479> in<00:06:12.599> the<00:06:12.720> brain<00:06:13.240> and<00:06:13.400> again the large cabling in the brain and again the large cabling in the brain and again you<00:06:13.639> can<00:06:13.800> think<00:06:13.919> of<00:06:14.039> this<00:06:14.120> is<00:06:14.280> almost<00:06:14.560> mapping you can think of this is almost mapping you can think of this is almost mapping our<00:06:15.199> interstate<00:06:15.800> highways<00:06:16.280> if<00:06:16.360> you<00:06:16.479> will<00:06:17.280> the our interstate highways if you will the our interstate highways if you will the brain<00:06:17.639> is<00:06:17.800> removed<00:06:18.160> from<00:06:18.280> the<00:06:18.400> skull<00:06:19.199> and<00:06:19.319> then brain is removed from the skull and then brain is removed from the skull and then it's<00:06:19.639> sliced<00:06:20.520> into<00:06:20.960> 1<00:06:21.199> cm<00:06:21.759> slices<00:06:22.759> and<00:06:22.880> those it's sliced into 1 cm slices and those it's sliced into 1 cm slices and those are<00:06:23.160> frozen<00:06:23.759> solid<00:06:24.360> and<00:06:24.479> they're<00:06:24.599> shipped<00:06:24.880> to are frozen solid and they're shipped to are frozen solid and they're shipped to Seattle<00:06:25.520> and<00:06:25.639> in<00:06:25.800> Seattle<00:06:26.639> we<00:06:26.840> take<00:06:27.120> these Seattle and in Seattle we take these Seattle and in Seattle we take these this<00:06:27.479> is<00:06:27.599> a<00:06:27.840> whole<00:06:28.039> human<00:06:28.319> Hemisphere<00:06:29.039> and<00:06:29.120> we this is a whole human Hemisphere and we this is a whole human Hemisphere and we put<00:06:29.360> them<00:06:29.639> into<00:06:29.840> what's<00:06:30.120> basically<00:06:30.440> a put them into what's basically a put them into what's basically a glorified<00:06:31.039> meat<00:06:31.280> slicer<00:06:32.000> there's<00:06:32.160> a<00:06:32.319> blade glorified meat slicer there's a blade glorified meat slicer there's a blade here<00:06:32.880> that's<00:06:33.039> going<00:06:33.120> to<00:06:33.280> cut<00:06:33.560> across<00:06:34.319> the here that's going to cut across the here that's going to cut across the section<00:06:34.840> of<00:06:35.400> of<00:06:35.520> the<00:06:35.680> tissue<00:06:36.280> and<00:06:36.440> transfer<00:06:36.840> it section of of the tissue and transfer it section of of the tissue and transfer it to<00:06:37.039> a<00:06:37.160> microscope<00:06:37.680> slide<00:06:38.240> we're<00:06:38.400> going<00:06:38.479> to to a microscope slide we're going to to a microscope slide we're going to then<00:06:38.840> apply<00:06:39.160> one<00:06:39.280> of<00:06:39.440> those<00:06:39.639> stains<00:06:40.080> to<00:06:40.440> it<00:06:41.440> and then apply one of those stains to it and then apply one of those stains to it and we<00:06:41.720> scan<00:06:42.039> it<00:06:42.199> and<00:06:42.319> then<00:06:42.479> what<00:06:42.560> we<00:06:42.720> get<00:06:42.880> is<00:06:43.000> our we scan it and then what we get is our we scan it and then what we get is our first<00:06:44.080> mapping<00:06:44.560> so<00:06:44.720> this<00:06:44.840> is<00:06:44.960> where<00:06:45.080> our first mapping so this is where our first mapping so this is where our experts<00:06:45.759> come<00:06:45.919> in<00:06:46.120> and<00:06:46.240> they<00:06:46.400> make<00:06:47.000> basic experts come in and they make basic experts come in and they make basic anatomic<00:06:48.039> assignments<00:06:48.800> you<00:06:48.919> could<00:06:49.160> consider anatomic assignments you could consider anatomic assignments you could consider this<00:06:50.039> uh<00:06:50.199> State<00:06:50.520> boundaries<00:06:50.960> if<00:06:51.080> you<00:06:51.160> will this uh State boundaries if you will this uh State boundaries if you will those<00:06:51.599> pretty<00:06:51.919> broad<00:06:52.759> outlines<00:06:53.759> from<00:06:54.039> this those pretty broad outlines from this those pretty broad outlines from this we're<00:06:54.400> able<00:06:54.599> to<00:06:54.759> then<00:06:54.960> fragment<00:06:55.440> that<00:06:55.560> brain we're able to then fragment that brain we're able to then fragment that brain into<00:06:56.080> further<00:06:56.560> pieces<00:06:57.560> which<00:06:57.759> then<00:06:57.919> we<00:06:58.000> can into further pieces which then we can into further pieces which then we can put<00:06:58.360> on<00:06:58.639> a<00:06:58.840> smaller<00:06:59.280> C<00:06:59.840> stat<00:07:00.280> and<00:07:00.400> this<00:07:00.479> is<00:07:00.639> just put on a smaller C stat and this is just put on a smaller C stat and this is just showing<00:07:01.080> this<00:07:01.240> here<00:07:01.400> this<00:07:01.599> Frozen<00:07:02.000> tissue<00:07:02.520> and showing this here this Frozen tissue and showing this here this Frozen tissue and it's<00:07:02.800> being<00:07:03.080> cut<00:07:03.560> this<00:07:03.639> is<00:07:03.840> 20<00:07:04.160> microns<00:07:04.720> thin it's being cut this is 20 microns thin it's being cut this is 20 microns thin so<00:07:05.080> this<00:07:05.160> is<00:07:05.319> about<00:07:05.440> a<00:07:05.599> baby<00:07:05.919> hair's<00:07:06.280> width<00:07:06.680> and so this is about a baby hair's width and so this is about a baby hair's width and remember<00:07:07.039> it's<00:07:07.199> frozen<00:07:08.080> and<00:07:08.199> so<00:07:08.520> you<00:07:08.639> can<00:07:08.720> see remember it's frozen and so you can see remember it's frozen and so you can see here<00:07:09.400> old-fashioned<00:07:10.039> technology<00:07:10.479> of<00:07:10.560> a here old-fashioned technology of a here old-fashioned technology of a paintbrush<00:07:11.599> being<00:07:11.879> applied<00:07:12.560> we<00:07:12.759> take<00:07:12.879> a paintbrush being applied we take a paintbrush being applied we take a microscope<00:07:14.080> slide<00:07:15.080> and<00:07:15.199> we<00:07:15.360> very<00:07:15.960> carefully microscope slide and we very carefully microscope slide and we very carefully melt<00:07:17.080> onto<00:07:17.479> this<00:07:17.680> slide<00:07:18.680> this<00:07:18.800> will<00:07:19.000> then<00:07:19.199> go melt onto this slide this will then go melt onto this slide this will then go into<00:07:19.759> a<00:07:19.879> robot<00:07:20.360> that's<00:07:20.560> going<00:07:20.639> to<00:07:20.800> apply<00:07:21.120> one into a robot that's going to apply one into a robot that's going to apply one of<00:07:21.440> those<00:07:21.639> stains<00:07:22.080> to of those stains to of those stains to it

okay<00:07:27.039> and<00:07:27.520> our<00:07:27.759> anatomists<00:07:28.199> are<00:07:28.280> going<00:07:28.400> to<00:07:28.479> go okay and our anatomists are going to go okay and our anatomists are going to go in<00:07:28.680> and<00:07:28.840> take<00:07:28.919> a<00:07:29.039> deeper<00:07:29.280> look<00:07:29.599> at<00:07:29.720> this<00:07:29.840> so in and take a deeper look at this so in and take a deeper look at this so again<00:07:30.199> this<00:07:30.319> is<00:07:30.440> what<00:07:30.599> they<00:07:30.720> can<00:07:30.840> see<00:07:31.000> under again this is what they can see under again this is what they can see under the<00:07:31.319> microscope<00:07:31.879> you<00:07:32.000> can<00:07:32.160> see<00:07:32.680> collections the microscope you can see collections the microscope you can see collections and<00:07:33.440> configurations<00:07:34.080> of<00:07:34.280> large<00:07:34.520> and<00:07:34.720> small and configurations of large and small and configurations of large and small cells<00:07:35.599> and<00:07:35.800> clusters<00:07:36.199> in<00:07:36.400> various<00:07:36.800> places<00:07:37.360> and cells and clusters in various places and cells and clusters in various places and from<00:07:37.680> their<00:07:37.879> expertise<00:07:38.479> they<00:07:38.919> understand from their expertise they understand from their expertise they understand where<00:07:39.280> to<00:07:39.479> make<00:07:39.680> these<00:07:39.879> assignments<00:07:40.360> and<00:07:40.479> they where to make these assignments and they where to make these assignments and they can<00:07:40.759> make<00:07:41.199> basically<00:07:41.599> what's<00:07:41.720> a<00:07:41.879> reference can make basically what's a reference can make basically what's a reference Atlas<00:07:42.599> this<00:07:42.759> is<00:07:42.879> a<00:07:43.240> more<00:07:43.479> detailed Atlas this is a more detailed Atlas this is a more detailed map<00:07:45.560> our<00:07:45.759> scientists<00:07:46.240> then<00:07:46.400> use<00:07:46.800> this<00:07:47.000> to<00:07:47.159> go map our scientists then use this to go map our scientists then use this to go back<00:07:47.479> to<00:07:47.680> another<00:07:48.120> piece<00:07:48.319> of<00:07:48.479> that<00:07:48.720> tissue<00:07:49.520> and back to another piece of that tissue and back to another piece of that tissue and do<00:07:49.840> what's<00:07:50.000> called<00:07:50.199> laser<00:07:50.479> scanning<00:07:50.879> micro do what's called laser scanning micro do what's called laser scanning micro dissection<00:07:52.120> so<00:07:52.440> the<00:07:52.560> technician<00:07:53.080> takes<00:07:53.599> the dissection so the technician takes the dissection so the technician takes the instructions<00:07:54.879> they<00:07:55.120> scribe<00:07:55.639> along<00:07:55.919> a<00:07:56.120> place instructions they scribe along a place instructions they scribe along a place there<00:07:56.919> and<00:07:57.000> then<00:07:57.120> the<00:07:57.240> laser<00:07:57.720> actually<00:07:58.039> Cuts there and then the laser actually Cuts there and then the laser actually Cuts you<00:07:58.440> can<00:07:58.520> see<00:07:58.680> the<00:07:58.800> Blue<00:07:59.120> Dot<00:07:59.560> there<00:07:59.800> cutting you can see the Blue Dot there cutting you can see the Blue Dot there cutting and<00:08:00.720> that<00:08:00.879> tissue<00:08:01.360> falls<00:08:01.720> off<00:08:02.000> you<00:08:02.080> can<00:08:02.199> see<00:08:02.360> on and that tissue falls off you can see on and that tissue falls off you can see on the<00:08:02.560> microscope<00:08:03.120> slide<00:08:03.479> here<00:08:03.879> that's<00:08:04.039> what's the microscope slide here that's what's the microscope slide here that's what's happening<00:08:04.560> in<00:08:04.720> real<00:08:05.000> time<00:08:05.560> there's<00:08:05.720> a happening in real time there's a happening in real time there's a container<00:08:06.599> underneath<00:08:07.080> that's<00:08:07.280> collecting container underneath that's collecting container underneath that's collecting that<00:08:07.960> tissue<00:08:08.919> we<00:08:09.360> take<00:08:09.680> that<00:08:09.879> tissue<00:08:10.599> we that tissue we take that tissue we that tissue we take that tissue we purify<00:08:11.400> the<00:08:11.560> RNA<00:08:12.199> out<00:08:12.360> of<00:08:12.479> it<00:08:13.000> uh<00:08:13.080> using<00:08:13.400> some purify the RNA out of it uh using some purify the RNA out of it uh using some basic<00:08:14.280> technology<00:08:15.280> uh<00:08:15.440> and<00:08:15.560> then<00:08:15.680> we<00:08:15.759> put<00:08:15.879> a basic technology uh and then we put a basic technology uh and then we put a fluorescent<00:08:16.520> tag<00:08:16.759> on<00:08:16.919> it<00:08:17.520> we<00:08:17.680> take<00:08:17.960> that fluorescent tag on it we take that fluorescent tag on it we take that tagged<00:08:18.680> material<00:08:19.440> and<00:08:19.560> we<00:08:19.680> put<00:08:19.800> it<00:08:19.919> onto tagged material and we put it onto tagged material and we put it onto something<00:08:20.479> called<00:08:20.639> a<00:08:20.840> microarray<00:08:21.840> now<00:08:22.400> this something called a microarray now this something called a microarray now this may<00:08:22.800> look<00:08:23.000> like<00:08:23.120> a<00:08:23.240> bunch<00:08:23.479> of<00:08:23.639> dots<00:08:23.879> to<00:08:24.039> you<00:08:24.240> but may look like a bunch of dots to you but may look like a bunch of dots to you but each<00:08:24.560> one<00:08:24.680> of<00:08:24.800> these<00:08:25.000> individual<00:08:25.560> dots<00:08:26.199> is each one of these individual dots is each one of these individual dots is actually<00:08:26.680> a<00:08:26.879> unique<00:08:27.319> piece<00:08:27.479> of<00:08:27.639> the<00:08:27.759> human actually a unique piece of the human actually a unique piece of the human genome<00:08:28.520> that<00:08:28.639> we<00:08:28.800> spotted<00:08:29.120> down<00:08:29.280> on<00:08:29.639> glass genome that we spotted down on glass genome that we spotted down on glass this<00:08:30.840> has<00:08:31.479> roughly<00:08:31.879> 60,000<00:08:32.640> elements<00:08:33.039> on<00:08:33.159> it this has roughly 60,000 elements on it this has roughly 60,000 elements on it so<00:08:33.440> we<00:08:33.599> repeatedly<00:08:34.159> measure<00:08:34.880> various<00:08:35.240> genes so we repeatedly measure various genes so we repeatedly measure various genes of<00:08:35.719> the<00:08:35.839> 25,000<00:08:36.640> genes<00:08:36.919> in<00:08:37.039> the<00:08:37.120> genome<00:08:37.880> and of the 25,000 genes in the genome and of the 25,000 genes in the genome and when<00:08:38.159> we<00:08:38.320> take<00:08:38.440> a<00:08:38.640> sample<00:08:38.959> and<00:08:39.039> we<00:08:39.200> hybridize when we take a sample and we hybridize when we take a sample and we hybridize it<00:08:39.800> to<00:08:40.000> it<00:08:40.440> we<00:08:40.599> get<00:08:40.719> a<00:08:40.880> unique<00:08:41.320> fingerprint<00:08:42.039> if it to it we get a unique fingerprint if it to it we get a unique fingerprint if you<00:08:42.279> will<00:08:42.959> quantitatively<00:08:43.959> of<00:08:44.240> what<00:08:44.360> genes you will quantitatively of what genes you will quantitatively of what genes are<00:08:44.800> turned<00:08:45.080> on<00:08:45.240> in<00:08:45.399> that<00:08:45.640> sample<00:08:46.480> now<00:08:46.600> we<00:08:46.760> do are turned on in that sample now we do are turned on in that sample now we do this<00:08:47.160> over<00:08:47.360> and<00:08:47.560> over<00:08:47.880> again<00:08:48.399> this<00:08:48.680> process this over and over again this process this over and over again this process for<00:08:49.399> any<00:08:49.640> given<00:08:49.959> brain<00:08:50.399> we're<00:08:50.760> taking<00:08:51.200> over<00:08:51.800> a for any given brain we're taking over a for any given brain we're taking over a thousand<00:08:52.519> samples<00:08:53.120> for<00:08:53.320> each<00:08:53.600> brain<00:08:54.360> this thousand samples for each brain this thousand samples for each brain this area<00:08:54.920> shown<00:08:55.279> here<00:08:55.440> is<00:08:55.560> an<00:08:55.760> area<00:08:55.959> called<00:08:56.120> the area shown here is an area called the area shown here is an area called the hippocampus<00:08:56.920> it's<00:08:57.080> involved<00:08:57.440> in<00:08:57.560> learning hippocampus it's involved in learning hippocampus it's involved in learning and<00:08:58.000> memory<00:08:59.000> and<00:08:59.600> it<00:08:59.760> contributes<00:09:00.240> to<00:09:00.399> about and memory and it contributes to about and memory and it contributes to about 70<00:09:01.120> samples<00:09:01.519> of<00:09:01.680> those<00:09:02.000> thousand<00:09:02.720> samples<00:09:03.720> so 70 samples of those thousand samples so 70 samples of those thousand samples so each<00:09:04.519> sample<00:09:04.920> gives<00:09:05.160> us<00:09:05.399> about<00:09:06.360> 50,000<00:09:07.079> data each sample gives us about 50,000 data each sample gives us about 50,000 data points<00:09:08.360> uh<00:09:08.480> with<00:09:08.640> repeat<00:09:09.000> measurements<00:09:09.680> a points uh with repeat measurements a points uh with repeat measurements a thousand<00:09:10.279> samples<00:09:11.120> so<00:09:11.519> roughly<00:09:11.920> we<00:09:12.079> have<00:09:12.320> 50 thousand samples so roughly we have 50 thousand samples so roughly we have 50 million<00:09:13.120> data<00:09:13.440> points<00:09:13.720> for<00:09:13.880> a<00:09:14.000> given<00:09:14.240> human million data points for a given human million data points for a given human brain<00:09:15.399> we've<00:09:15.600> done<00:09:16.240> right<00:09:16.440> now<00:09:16.720> two<00:09:17.040> human brain we've done right now two human brain we've done right now two human brains<00:09:17.680> worth<00:09:17.920> of<00:09:18.399> data<00:09:19.399> we've<00:09:19.920> put<00:09:20.160> all<00:09:20.320> of brains worth of data we've put all of brains worth of data we've put all of that<00:09:20.839> together<00:09:21.800> into<00:09:22.160> one<00:09:22.399> thing<00:09:22.560> and<00:09:22.680> I'll that together into one thing and I'll that together into one thing and I'll show<00:09:22.959> you<00:09:23.079> what<00:09:23.200> that<00:09:23.399> synthesis<00:09:23.839> looks<00:09:24.040> like show you what that synthesis looks like show you what that synthesis looks like it's<00:09:24.399> basically<00:09:25.000> a<00:09:25.160> large<00:09:25.560> data<00:09:25.880> set<00:09:26.320> of it's basically a large data set of it's basically a large data set of information<00:09:27.640> that's<00:09:28.000> all<00:09:28.240> freely<00:09:28.720> available information that's all freely available information that's all freely available to<00:09:29.519> any<00:09:29.760> scientist<00:09:30.240> around<00:09:30.519> the<00:09:30.640> world<00:09:31.120> they to any scientist around the world they to any scientist around the world they don't<00:09:31.399> even<00:09:31.600> have<00:09:31.680> to<00:09:31.880> log<00:09:32.160> in<00:09:32.640> to<00:09:32.800> come<00:09:33.040> use don't even have to log in to come use don't even have to log in to come use this<00:09:33.480> tool<00:09:34.200> mine<00:09:34.560> this<00:09:34.800> data<00:09:35.399> find this tool mine this data find this tool mine this data find interesting<00:09:36.279> things<00:09:36.519> out<00:09:36.760> with<00:09:37.079> this<00:09:38.079> so interesting things out with this so interesting things out with this so here's<00:09:38.519> the<00:09:38.680> modalities<00:09:39.240> that<00:09:39.399> we<00:09:39.560> put here's the modalities that we put here's the modalities that we put together<00:09:40.519> you'll<00:09:40.720> start<00:09:40.920> to<00:09:41.120> recognize<00:09:41.720> these together you'll start to recognize these together you'll start to recognize these things<00:09:42.079> from<00:09:42.279> what<00:09:42.399> we've<00:09:42.600> collected<00:09:43.120> before things from what we've collected before things from what we've collected before here's<00:09:44.079> the<00:09:44.240> Mr<00:09:44.920> it<00:09:45.079> provides<00:09:45.519> the<00:09:45.640> framework here's the Mr it provides the framework here's the Mr it provides the framework there's<00:09:46.640> an<00:09:46.920> operator<00:09:47.399> side<00:09:47.640> on<00:09:47.839> the<00:09:48.160> right there's an operator side on the right there's an operator side on the right that<00:09:48.480> allows<00:09:48.760> you<00:09:48.880> to<00:09:49.040> turn<00:09:49.600> it<00:09:49.720> allows<00:09:50.040> you<00:09:50.120> to that allows you to turn it allows you to that allows you to turn it allows you to zoom<00:09:50.600> in<00:09:51.079> it<00:09:51.200> allows<00:09:51.519> you<00:09:51.640> to<00:09:51.880> highlight zoom in it allows you to highlight zoom in it allows you to highlight individual<00:09:52.920> structures<00:09:53.800> but<00:09:54.000> most individual structures but most individual structures but most importantly<00:09:55.240> we're<00:09:55.519> now<00:09:55.959> mapping<00:09:56.519> into<00:09:56.880> this importantly we're now mapping into this importantly we're now mapping into this anatomic<00:09:57.680> framework<00:09:58.519> which<00:09:58.640> is<00:09:58.760> a<00:09:58.880> common anatomic framework which is a common anatomic framework which is a common framework<00:09:59.720> for<00:09:59.880> people<00:10:00.040> to<00:10:00.480> understand<00:10:01.040> where framework for people to understand where framework for people to understand where genes<00:10:01.519> are<00:10:01.680> turned<00:10:02.000> on<00:10:02.320> so<00:10:02.560> the<00:10:03.079> red<00:10:03.519> levels genes are turned on so the red levels genes are turned on so the red levels are<00:10:04.079> where<00:10:04.200> a<00:10:04.320> gene<00:10:04.560> is<00:10:04.680> turned<00:10:04.959> on<00:10:05.120> to<00:10:05.240> a<00:10:05.399> great are where a gene is turned on to a great are where a gene is turned on to a great degree<00:10:05.959> green<00:10:06.240> is<00:10:06.399> this<00:10:06.760> sort<00:10:06.880> of<00:10:07.000> cool<00:10:07.279> areas degree green is this sort of cool areas degree green is this sort of cool areas where<00:10:08.079> it's<00:10:08.279> not<00:10:08.440> turned<00:10:08.760> on<00:10:09.240> and<00:10:09.399> each<00:10:09.640> gene where it's not turned on and each gene where it's not turned on and each gene gives<00:10:10.240> us<00:10:10.399> a<00:10:10.519> fingerprint<00:10:11.160> and<00:10:11.320> remember<00:10:11.760> that gives us a fingerprint and remember that gives us a fingerprint and remember that we've<00:10:12.519> assayed<00:10:13.160> all<00:10:13.360> the<00:10:13.519> 25,000<00:10:14.360> genes<00:10:14.640> in we've assayed all the 25,000 genes in we've assayed all the 25,000 genes in the<00:10:14.880> genome<00:10:15.519> and<00:10:15.720> have<00:10:15.920> all<00:10:16.040> of<00:10:16.200> that<00:10:16.360> data

available<00:10:19.760> so<00:10:19.959> what<00:10:20.120> can<00:10:20.320> scientists<00:10:20.760> learn available so what can scientists learn available so what can scientists learn about<00:10:21.320> this<00:10:21.480> data<00:10:21.720> and<00:10:21.839> we're<00:10:22.040> just<00:10:22.200> starting about this data and we're just starting about this data and we're just starting to<00:10:22.959> to<00:10:23.360> look<00:10:23.519> at<00:10:23.640> this<00:10:23.800> data<00:10:24.160> ourselves to to look at this data ourselves to to look at this data ourselves there's<00:10:25.360> some<00:10:25.640> basic<00:10:26.079> things<00:10:26.360> that<00:10:26.480> you<00:10:26.600> would there's some basic things that you would there's some basic things that you would want<00:10:26.839> to<00:10:27.360> understand<00:10:27.760> two<00:10:28.200> great<00:10:28.519> examples want to understand two great examples want to understand two great examples are<00:10:30.200> drugs<00:10:30.760> Prozac<00:10:31.240> and<00:10:31.399> Wellbutrin<00:10:32.000> these are drugs Prozac and Wellbutrin these are drugs Prozac and Wellbutrin these are<00:10:32.279> commonly<00:10:32.760> prescribed<00:10:33.839> anti-depressants are commonly prescribed anti-depressants are commonly prescribed anti-depressants now<00:10:35.040> remember<00:10:35.360> we're<00:10:35.560> assing<00:10:36.079> genes<00:10:36.639> genes now remember we're assing genes genes now remember we're assing genes genes send<00:10:37.760> the<00:10:37.880> instructions<00:10:38.399> to<00:10:38.560> make<00:10:38.839> proteins send the instructions to make proteins send the instructions to make proteins proteins<00:10:40.639> are<00:10:40.920> targets<00:10:41.360> for<00:10:41.560> drugs<00:10:41.920> so<00:10:42.160> drugs proteins are targets for drugs so drugs proteins are targets for drugs so drugs bind<00:10:43.000> the<00:10:43.200> proteins<00:10:43.600> and<00:10:44.079> either<00:10:44.279> turn<00:10:44.480> them bind the proteins and either turn them bind the proteins and either turn them off<00:10:44.959> Etc<00:10:45.720> so<00:10:45.880> if<00:10:45.959> you<00:10:46.079> want<00:10:46.200> to<00:10:46.680> understand<00:10:46.880> the off Etc so if you want to understand the off Etc so if you want to understand the action<00:10:47.279> of<00:10:47.440> drugs<00:10:47.720> you<00:10:47.839> want<00:10:47.920> to<00:10:48.240> understand action of drugs you want to understand action of drugs you want to understand how<00:10:48.600> they're<00:10:49.079> acting<00:10:49.600> in<00:10:49.880> the<00:10:50.000> ways<00:10:50.240> you<00:10:50.360> want how they're acting in the ways you want how they're acting in the ways you want them<00:10:50.720> to<00:10:51.279> and<00:10:51.480> also<00:10:51.920> in<00:10:52.000> the<00:10:52.120> ways<00:10:52.320> you<00:10:52.480> don't them to and also in the ways you don't them to and also in the ways you don't want<00:10:52.839> them<00:10:52.959> to<00:10:53.120> in<00:10:53.279> the<00:10:53.399> side<00:10:53.600> effect<00:10:53.920> profile want them to in the side effect profile want them to in the side effect profile Etc<00:10:55.079> you<00:10:55.240> want<00:10:55.399> to<00:10:55.560> see<00:10:55.880> where<00:10:56.120> those<00:10:56.279> genes Etc you want to see where those genes Etc you want to see where those genes are<00:10:56.680> turned<00:10:56.959> on<00:10:57.440> and<00:10:57.560> for<00:10:57.680> the<00:10:57.800> first<00:10:58.040> time<00:10:58.240> we are turned on and for the first time we are turned on and for the first time we can<00:10:58.480> actually<00:10:58.720> do<00:10:58.920> that<00:10:59.360> can<00:10:59.440> do<00:10:59.560> that<00:10:59.639> in can actually do that can do that in can actually do that can do that in multiple<00:11:00.200> individuals<00:11:00.720> since<00:11:00.880> we've<00:11:01.079> assayed multiple individuals since we've assayed multiple individuals since we've assayed to<00:11:02.240> so<00:11:02.440> now<00:11:02.600> we<00:11:02.720> can<00:11:03.040> look<00:11:03.920> uh<00:11:04.120> throughout<00:11:04.600> the to so now we can look uh throughout the to so now we can look uh throughout the brain<00:11:05.160> we<00:11:05.279> can<00:11:05.440> see<00:11:06.079> this<00:11:06.240> unique<00:11:06.639> fingerprint brain we can see this unique fingerprint brain we can see this unique fingerprint and<00:11:07.839> we<00:11:07.959> get<00:11:08.200> confirmation<00:11:08.800> we<00:11:08.959> get and we get confirmation we get and we get confirmation we get confirmation<00:11:09.800> that<00:11:10.160> indeed<00:11:10.519> the<00:11:10.600> gene<00:11:10.839> is confirmation that indeed the gene is confirmation that indeed the gene is turned<00:11:11.320> on<00:11:11.800> for<00:11:12.120> something<00:11:12.440> like<00:11:12.600> proac<00:11:13.200> in turned on for something like proac in turned on for something like proac in serotonergic<00:11:14.560> structures<00:11:15.120> things<00:11:15.399> that<00:11:15.480> are serotonergic structures things that are serotonergic structures things that are already<00:11:15.839> known<00:11:16.079> to<00:11:16.200> be<00:11:16.399> affected<00:11:17.040> but<00:11:17.160> we<00:11:17.279> get already known to be affected but we get already known to be affected but we get to<00:11:17.480> see<00:11:17.680> the<00:11:17.800> whole<00:11:18.000> thing<00:11:18.240> we<00:11:18.360> also<00:11:18.560> get<00:11:18.639> to to see the whole thing we also get to to see the whole thing we also get to see<00:11:18.959> areas<00:11:19.600> that<00:11:19.920> no<00:11:20.040> one<00:11:20.200> has<00:11:20.360> ever<00:11:20.519> looked<00:11:20.760> at see areas that no one has ever looked at see areas that no one has ever looked at before<00:11:21.320> and<00:11:21.440> we<00:11:21.519> see<00:11:21.720> these<00:11:21.880> genes<00:11:22.160> turned<00:11:22.440> on before and we see these genes turned on before and we see these genes turned on there<00:11:23.000> is<00:11:23.200> this<00:11:23.680> interesting<00:11:24.079> side<00:11:24.320> effects there is this interesting side effects there is this interesting side effects it<00:11:24.800> could<00:11:25.000> be<00:11:25.760> one<00:11:25.959> other<00:11:26.160> thing<00:11:26.320> you<00:11:26.440> can<00:11:26.600> do it could be one other thing you can do it could be one other thing you can do with<00:11:26.959> such<00:11:27.120> a<00:11:27.279> thing<00:11:27.600> is<00:11:27.760> you<00:11:27.880> can<00:11:28.240> because with such a thing is you can because with such a thing is you can because it's<00:11:28.639> a<00:11:28.880> it's<00:11:28.959> a<00:11:29.279> pattern<00:11:29.560> matching<00:11:30.120> exercise it's a it's a pattern matching exercise it's a it's a pattern matching exercise because<00:11:30.920> there's<00:11:31.079> a<00:11:31.200> unique<00:11:31.519> fingerprint<00:11:32.480> we because there's a unique fingerprint we because there's a unique fingerprint we can<00:11:32.880> actually<00:11:33.279> scan<00:11:33.720> through<00:11:33.920> the<00:11:34.079> entire can actually scan through the entire can actually scan through the entire genome<00:11:35.200> and<00:11:35.440> find<00:11:35.880> other<00:11:36.399> proteins<00:11:37.320> that<00:11:37.519> show genome and find other proteins that show genome and find other proteins that show a<00:11:38.040> similar<00:11:38.480> fingerprint<00:11:39.279> so<00:11:39.440> if<00:11:39.560> you're<00:11:39.720> in a similar fingerprint so if you're in a similar fingerprint so if you're in drug<00:11:40.519> Discovery<00:11:40.920> for<00:11:41.120> example<00:11:41.839> you<00:11:41.959> can<00:11:42.200> go drug Discovery for example you can go drug Discovery for example you can go through<00:11:43.000> an<00:11:43.200> entire<00:11:43.600> listing<00:11:43.959> of<00:11:44.200> what<00:11:44.480> the through an entire listing of what the through an entire listing of what the genome<00:11:45.079> has<00:11:45.279> on<00:11:45.519> offer<00:11:46.120> to<00:11:46.320> find<00:11:46.760> perhaps genome has on offer to find perhaps genome has on offer to find perhaps better<00:11:47.440> drug<00:11:47.760> targets<00:11:48.160> and better drug targets and better drug targets and optimize<00:11:50.279> most<00:11:50.480> of<00:11:50.639> you<00:11:50.760> are<00:11:51.000> probably optimize most of you are probably optimize most of you are probably familiar<00:11:51.920> with<00:11:52.200> genomewide<00:11:52.839> Association familiar with genomewide Association familiar with genomewide Association studies<00:11:53.920> in<00:11:54.040> the<00:11:54.200> form<00:11:54.519> of<00:11:55.079> people<00:11:55.519> covering studies in the form of people covering studies in the form of people covering in<00:11:55.959> the<00:11:56.079> news<00:11:56.440> saying<00:11:57.120> scientists<00:11:57.600> have in the news saying scientists have in the news saying scientists have recently<00:11:58.720> discovered<00:11:59.279> the<00:11:59.360> gene<00:11:59.680> or<00:11:59.880> genes recently discovered the gene or genes recently discovered the gene or genes which<00:12:00.959> affect<00:12:01.519> X<00:12:02.240> and<00:12:02.360> so<00:12:02.560> these<00:12:02.760> kinds<00:12:02.959> of which affect X and so these kinds of which affect X and so these kinds of studies<00:12:03.560> are<00:12:03.880> routinely<00:12:04.480> published<00:12:04.880> by studies are routinely published by studies are routinely published by scientists<00:12:05.959> and<00:12:06.079> they're<00:12:06.360> great<00:12:06.680> they scientists and they're great they scientists and they're great they analyze<00:12:07.279> large<00:12:07.639> populations<00:12:08.200> they<00:12:08.360> look<00:12:08.480> at analyze large populations they look at analyze large populations they look at their<00:12:08.760> entire<00:12:09.079> genomes<00:12:09.760> and<00:12:09.880> they<00:12:10.000> try<00:12:10.160> to their entire genomes and they try to their entire genomes and they try to find<00:12:10.519> hot<00:12:10.800> spots<00:12:11.079> of<00:12:11.279> activity<00:12:12.240> uh<00:12:12.399> that<00:12:12.519> are find hot spots of activity uh that are find hot spots of activity uh that are that<00:12:12.920> are<00:12:13.040> linked<00:12:13.399> causally<00:12:13.880> to<00:12:14.040> genes<00:12:14.800> but that are linked causally to genes but that are linked causally to genes but what<00:12:15.040> you<00:12:15.199> get<00:12:15.360> out<00:12:15.480> of<00:12:15.639> such<00:12:15.800> an<00:12:16.040> exercise<00:12:16.959> is what you get out of such an exercise is what you get out of such an exercise is simply<00:12:17.600> a<00:12:17.800> list<00:12:18.079> of<00:12:18.279> genes<00:12:18.959> it<00:12:19.079> tells<00:12:19.360> you<00:12:19.519> the simply a list of genes it tells you the simply a list of genes it tells you the what<00:12:20.199> but<00:12:20.320> it<00:12:20.440> doesn't<00:12:20.680> tell<00:12:20.839> you<00:12:20.959> the<00:12:21.160> where what but it doesn't tell you the where what but it doesn't tell you the where and<00:12:22.000> so<00:12:22.279> it's<00:12:22.480> very<00:12:22.720> important<00:12:23.360> for<00:12:24.160> uh<00:12:24.360> those and so it's very important for uh those and so it's very important for uh those researchers<00:12:25.240> that<00:12:25.399> we've<00:12:25.600> created<00:12:26.000> this researchers that we've created this researchers that we've created this resource<00:12:26.839> now<00:12:27.079> they<00:12:27.199> can<00:12:27.360> come<00:12:27.519> in<00:12:27.680> and<00:12:27.800> they resource now they can come in and they resource now they can come in and they can<00:12:28.040> start<00:12:28.240> to<00:12:28.399> get<00:12:28.600> Clues<00:12:29.240> about<00:12:29.800> activity can start to get Clues about activity can start to get Clues about activity they<00:12:30.480> can<00:12:30.680> start<00:12:30.920> to<00:12:31.079> look<00:12:31.199> at<00:12:31.440> common they can start to look at common they can start to look at common Pathways<00:12:32.760> other<00:12:33.040> things<00:12:33.320> that<00:12:33.480> they<00:12:33.639> simply Pathways other things that they simply Pathways other things that they simply haven't<00:12:34.240> been<00:12:34.399> able<00:12:34.600> to<00:12:34.760> do haven't been able to do haven't been able to do before<00:12:36.800> so<00:12:37.639> I<00:12:37.720> think<00:12:38.160> this<00:12:38.360> audience<00:12:38.760> in before so I think this audience in before so I think this audience in particular<00:12:39.519> can<00:12:40.279> understand<00:12:40.760> the<00:12:40.920> importance particular can understand the importance particular can understand the importance of<00:12:42.000> individuality<00:12:43.000> and<00:12:43.639> uh<00:12:43.880> I<00:12:43.959> think<00:12:44.440> every of individuality and uh I think every of individuality and uh I think every human<00:12:45.360> we<00:12:45.480> all<00:12:45.760> have<00:12:46.240> uh<00:12:46.399> different<00:12:47.320> uh human we all have uh different uh human we all have uh different uh genetic<00:12:48.519> backgrounds<00:12:49.360> we<00:12:49.519> all<00:12:50.000> have<00:12:50.160> lived genetic backgrounds we all have lived genetic backgrounds we all have lived separate<00:12:51.079> lives<00:12:51.760> but<00:12:51.920> the<00:12:52.160> fact<00:12:52.480> is<00:12:53.160> our separate lives but the fact is our separate lives but the fact is our genomes<00:12:54.079> are<00:12:54.680> greater<00:12:55.040> than<00:12:55.240> 99%<00:12:56.160> similar genomes are greater than 99% similar genomes are greater than 99% similar we're<00:12:56.920> very<00:12:57.199> very<00:12:57.440> similar<00:12:57.760> at<00:12:57.880> the<00:12:58.040> genetic we're very very similar at the genetic we're very very similar at the genetic level<00:12:59.240> and<00:12:59.360> what<00:12:59.480> we're<00:12:59.639> finding<00:13:00.040> is<00:13:00.320> actually level and what we're finding is actually level and what we're finding is actually even<00:13:01.199> at<00:13:01.360> the<00:13:01.480> brain<00:13:01.920> biochemical<00:13:02.720> level<00:13:03.440> we even at the brain biochemical level we even at the brain biochemical level we are<00:13:04.160> quite<00:13:04.399> similar<00:13:05.279> and<00:13:05.360> so<00:13:05.600> this<00:13:05.720> shows<00:13:06.000> it's are quite similar and so this shows it's are quite similar and so this shows it's not<00:13:06.399> 99%<00:13:07.320> but<00:13:07.440> it's<00:13:07.600> roughly<00:13:08.120> 90% not 99% but it's roughly 90% not 99% but it's roughly 90% correspondence<00:13:10.199> at<00:13:10.360> a<00:13:10.519> reasonable<00:13:11.040> cut<00:13:11.240> off correspondence at a reasonable cut off correspondence at a reasonable cut off so<00:13:11.839> everything<00:13:12.120> in<00:13:12.240> the<00:13:12.399> cloud<00:13:12.720> is<00:13:12.839> sort<00:13:13.000> of so everything in the cloud is sort of so everything in the cloud is sort of roughly<00:13:13.480> correlated<00:13:14.360> and<00:13:14.480> then<00:13:14.639> we<00:13:14.760> find<00:13:15.279> some roughly correlated and then we find some roughly correlated and then we find some outliers<00:13:16.000> some<00:13:16.240> things<00:13:16.440> that<00:13:16.639> lie<00:13:17.199> beyond<00:13:17.680> the outliers some things that lie beyond the outliers some things that lie beyond the cloud<00:13:18.560> and<00:13:18.760> those<00:13:19.160> genes<00:13:20.079> are<00:13:20.519> interesting cloud and those genes are interesting cloud and those genes are interesting but<00:13:21.560> they're<00:13:21.920> very<00:13:22.199> subtle<00:13:22.839> so<00:13:23.519> I<00:13:23.639> think<00:13:24.320> uh but they're very subtle so I think uh but they're very subtle so I think uh it's<00:13:24.639> just<00:13:24.760> an<00:13:24.959> important<00:13:25.399> message<00:13:25.839> to<00:13:26.160> to it's just an important message to to it's just an important message to to take<00:13:26.600> home<00:13:26.880> today<00:13:27.480> that<00:13:27.959> even<00:13:28.279> though<00:13:28.920> we<00:13:29.160> we take home today that even though we we take home today that even though we we celebrate<00:13:30.160> all<00:13:30.320> of<00:13:30.440> our<00:13:30.680> differences<00:13:31.399> we<00:13:31.560> are celebrate all of our differences we are celebrate all of our differences we are quite<00:13:32.120> similar<00:13:32.600> even<00:13:32.800> at<00:13:32.959> the<00:13:33.079> brain quite similar even at the brain quite similar even at the brain level<00:13:34.920> and<00:13:35.040> what<00:13:35.160> do<00:13:35.360> those<00:13:35.519> differences<00:13:36.040> look level and what do those differences look level and what do those differences look like<00:13:37.079> this<00:13:37.160> is<00:13:37.320> an<00:13:37.480> example<00:13:37.880> of<00:13:38.040> a<00:13:38.199> a<00:13:38.320> study like this is an example of a a study like this is an example of a a study that<00:13:38.720> we<00:13:38.839> did<00:13:39.000> to<00:13:39.120> follow<00:13:39.440> up<00:13:39.600> and<00:13:39.800> see<00:13:40.240> what that we did to follow up and see what that we did to follow up and see what exactly<00:13:40.920> those<00:13:41.120> differences<00:13:41.519> were<00:13:41.800> and exactly those differences were and exactly those differences were and they're<00:13:42.160> quite<00:13:42.399> subtle<00:13:43.040> these<00:13:43.160> are<00:13:43.399> things they're quite subtle these are things they're quite subtle these are things where<00:13:44.079> genes<00:13:44.399> are<00:13:44.519> turned<00:13:44.800> on<00:13:45.000> in<00:13:45.160> an where genes are turned on in an where genes are turned on in an individual<00:13:45.800> cell<00:13:46.120> type<00:13:46.440> these<00:13:46.560> are<00:13:46.680> two<00:13:46.880> genes individual cell type these are two genes individual cell type these are two genes that<00:13:47.480> we<00:13:47.880> found<00:13:48.360> that<00:13:48.639> as<00:13:48.839> good<00:13:49.079> examples<00:13:49.680> one that we found that as good examples one that we found that as good examples one is<00:13:50.000> called<00:13:50.240> rein<00:13:50.720> it's<00:13:50.920> involved<00:13:51.320> in<00:13:51.680> early is called rein it's involved in early is called rein it's involved in early developmental<00:13:52.639> cues<00:13:53.320> dis<00:13:53.639> one<00:13:53.959> is<00:13:54.079> a<00:13:54.360> gene developmental cues dis one is a gene developmental cues dis one is a gene that's<00:13:55.040> deleted<00:13:55.519> in<00:13:55.839> schizophrenia<00:13:56.839> these that's deleted in schizophrenia these that's deleted in schizophrenia these aren't<00:13:57.240> schizophrenic<00:13:57.920> individuals<00:13:58.720> but aren't schizophrenic individuals but aren't schizophrenic individuals but they<00:13:59.160> do<00:13:59.360> show<00:13:59.800> some<00:14:00.279> population<00:14:00.880> variation they do show some population variation they do show some population variation and<00:14:01.920> so<00:14:02.120> what<00:14:02.240> you're<00:14:02.440> looking<00:14:02.720> at<00:14:03.040> here<00:14:03.639> in and so what you're looking at here in and so what you're looking at here in donor<00:14:04.320> 1<00:14:04.639> and<00:14:04.800> donor<00:14:05.160> 4<00:14:05.880> which<00:14:06.040> are<00:14:06.240> the donor 1 and donor 4 which are the donor 1 and donor 4 which are the exceptions<00:14:07.000> to<00:14:07.199> the<00:14:07.320> other<00:14:07.519> two<00:14:08.120> that<00:14:08.600> genes exceptions to the other two that genes exceptions to the other two that genes are<00:14:09.120> being<00:14:09.320> turned<00:14:09.639> on<00:14:09.839> in<00:14:09.959> a<00:14:10.240> very<00:14:10.639> specific are being turned on in a very specific are being turned on in a very specific subset<00:14:11.519> of<00:14:11.639> cells<00:14:12.040> it's<00:14:12.279> this<00:14:12.519> dark<00:14:12.880> purple subset of cells it's this dark purple subset of cells it's this dark purple precipitate<00:14:14.399> within<00:14:14.600> the<00:14:14.759> cell<00:14:15.079> that's precipitate within the cell that's precipitate within the cell that's telling<00:14:15.480> us<00:14:15.639> a<00:14:15.759> gene<00:14:16.000> is<00:14:16.120> turned<00:14:16.399> on<00:14:16.680> there telling us a gene is turned on there telling us a gene is turned on there whether<00:14:17.639> or<00:14:17.800> not<00:14:18.040> that's<00:14:18.279> due<00:14:18.600> to<00:14:19.040> the whether or not that's due to the whether or not that's due to the individual's<00:14:19.680> genetic<00:14:20.079> background<00:14:20.519> or<00:14:20.720> their individual's genetic background or their individual's genetic background or their experiences<00:14:22.079> we<00:14:22.360> don't<00:14:22.680> know<00:14:23.399> those<00:14:23.639> kinds<00:14:23.839> of experiences we don't know those kinds of experiences we don't know those kinds of studies<00:14:24.440> require<00:14:25.199> much<00:14:25.519> larger studies require much larger studies require much larger populations<00:14:29.120> so<00:14:29.279> I'm<00:14:29.399> going<00:14:29.480> to<00:14:29.639> leave<00:14:29.880> you populations so I'm going to leave you populations so I'm going to leave you with<00:14:30.399> a<00:14:30.560> final<00:14:30.880> note<00:14:31.320> about<00:14:31.959> the<00:14:32.120> complexity with a final note about the complexity with a final note about the complexity of<00:14:32.800> the<00:14:32.920> brain<00:14:33.759> and<00:14:34.320> how<00:14:34.480> much<00:14:34.680> more<00:14:35.000> we<00:14:35.199> have of the brain and how much more we have of the brain and how much more we have to<00:14:35.519> go<00:14:36.079> I<00:14:36.160> think<00:14:36.279> these<00:14:36.560> resources<00:14:37.079> are to go I think these resources are to go I think these resources are incredibly<00:14:37.800> valuable<00:14:38.240> they<00:14:38.360> give incredibly valuable they give incredibly valuable they give researchers<00:14:39.040> a<00:14:39.240> handle<00:14:40.079> on<00:14:40.440> where<00:14:40.639> to<00:14:40.880> go<00:14:41.600> but researchers a handle on where to go but researchers a handle on where to go but we've<00:14:41.959> only<00:14:42.360> looked<00:14:42.600> at<00:14:42.759> a<00:14:42.920> handful<00:14:43.320> of we've only looked at a handful of we've only looked at a handful of individuals<00:14:44.000> at<00:14:44.120> this<00:14:44.320> point<00:14:44.560> we'<00:14:44.720> certainly individuals at this point we' certainly individuals at this point we' certainly going<00:14:45.240> to<00:14:45.360> be<00:14:45.480> looking<00:14:45.800> at<00:14:46.000> more<00:14:46.680> I'll<00:14:46.880> just going to be looking at more I'll just going to be looking at more I'll just close<00:14:47.440> by<00:14:47.639> saying<00:14:48.079> that<00:14:48.440> that<00:14:49.079> the<00:14:49.560> the<00:14:49.759> the close by saying that that the the the close by saying that that the the the tools<00:14:50.199> are<00:14:50.519> there<00:14:51.079> and<00:14:51.240> this<00:14:51.360> is<00:14:51.600> truly<00:14:52.440> an tools are there and this is truly an tools are there and this is truly an unexplored<00:14:53.440> Undiscovered<00:14:54.199> continent<00:14:54.759> this unexplored Undiscovered continent this unexplored Undiscovered continent this is<00:14:55.240> the<00:14:55.920> the<00:14:56.519> uh<00:14:57.120> the<00:14:57.240> New<00:14:57.440> Frontier<00:14:58.079> if<00:14:58.199> you is the the uh the New Frontier if you is the the uh the New Frontier if you will<00:14:58.600> and<00:14:58.720> so<00:14:59.120> for<00:14:59.800> those<00:15:00.079> who<00:15:00.279> are<00:15:01.000> undaunted will and so for those who are undaunted will and so for those who are undaunted but<00:15:01.880> humbled<00:15:02.279> by<00:15:02.399> the<00:15:02.560> complexity<00:15:03.040> of<00:15:03.120> the but humbled by the complexity of the but humbled by the complexity of the brain<00:15:03.600> the<00:15:03.720> future<00:15:04.480> awaits brain the future awaits brain the future awaits [Applause]

thanks

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