We need better drugs -- now - Francis Collins
thank<00:00:11.639> you
so<00:00:16.560> let<00:00:16.740> me<00:00:16.859> ask<00:00:16.920> for<00:00:17.100> a<00:00:17.220> show<00:00:17.340> of<00:00:17.520> hands<00:00:17.940> how
so let me ask for a show of hands how
so let me ask for a show of hands how
many<00:00:18.660> people<00:00:18.900> here<00:00:19.260> are<00:00:19.859> over<00:00:20.100> the<00:00:20.340> age<00:00:20.460> of<00:00:20.760> 48.
many people here are over the age of 48.
many people here are over the age of 48.
well<00:00:23.460> there<00:00:23.760> do<00:00:23.939> seem<00:00:24.119> to<00:00:24.240> be<00:00:24.359> a<00:00:24.480> few<00:00:24.800> well
well there do seem to be a few well
well there do seem to be a few well
congratulations
congratulations
congratulations
because<00:00:27.960> if<00:00:28.380> you<00:00:28.439> look<00:00:28.619> at<00:00:28.800> this<00:00:29.039> particular
because if you look at this particular
because if you look at this particular
slide<00:00:30.119> of<00:00:30.300> U.S<00:00:30.599> life<00:00:30.779> expectancy<00:00:31.439> you<00:00:31.740> are<00:00:31.920> now
slide of U.S life expectancy you are now
slide of U.S life expectancy you are now
in<00:00:33.239> excess<00:00:33.540> of<00:00:33.719> the<00:00:33.899> average<00:00:34.079> lifespan<00:00:34.680> of
in excess of the average lifespan of
in excess of the average lifespan of
somebody<00:00:35.160> who<00:00:35.399> was<00:00:35.460> born<00:00:35.640> in<00:00:35.880> 1900.
somebody who was born in 1900.
somebody who was born in 1900.
but<00:00:38.040> look<00:00:38.219> what<00:00:38.399> happened<00:00:38.640> in<00:00:39.059> the<00:00:39.180> course<00:00:39.300> of
but look what happened in the course of
but look what happened in the course of
that<00:00:39.899> century
that century
that century
if<00:00:41.340> you<00:00:41.460> follow<00:00:41.700> that<00:00:41.940> curve<00:00:42.360> you'll<00:00:42.899> see<00:00:43.020> that
if you follow that curve you'll see that
if you follow that curve you'll see that
it<00:00:43.500> starts<00:00:43.860> way<00:00:44.219> down<00:00:44.399> there<00:00:44.640> there's<00:00:45.480> that
it starts way down there there's that
it starts way down there there's that
dip<00:00:45.899> there<00:00:46.140> for<00:00:46.320> the<00:00:46.500> 1918<00:00:47.040> flu<00:00:47.399> and<00:00:48.180> here<00:00:48.300> we
dip there for the 1918 flu and here we
dip there for the 1918 flu and here we
are<00:00:48.600> at<00:00:48.840> 2010<00:00:49.399> average<00:00:50.399> life<00:00:50.700> expectancy<00:00:51.300> of<00:00:51.480> a
are at 2010 average life expectancy of a
are at 2010 average life expectancy of a
child<00:00:51.719> born<00:00:51.899> today<00:00:52.079> age<00:00:52.379> 79<00:00:52.860> and<00:00:53.160> we<00:00:53.340> are<00:00:53.460> not
child born today age 79 and we are not
child born today age 79 and we are not
done<00:00:53.879> yet
done yet
done yet
that's<00:00:55.260> the<00:00:55.500> good<00:00:55.620> news<00:00:55.860> but<00:00:56.640> there's<00:00:56.820> still<00:00:57.000> a
that's the good news but there's still a
that's the good news but there's still a
lot<00:00:57.239> of<00:00:57.360> work<00:00:57.480> to<00:00:57.660> do<00:00:58.260> so<00:00:58.500> for<00:00:58.800> instance<00:00:59.039> if<00:00:59.399> you
lot of work to do so for instance if you
lot of work to do so for instance if you
ask<00:00:59.760> how<00:01:00.180> many<00:01:00.300> diseases<00:01:00.840> do<00:01:01.260> we<00:01:01.500> now<00:01:01.680> know<00:01:02.039> the
ask how many diseases do we now know the
ask how many diseases do we now know the
exact<00:01:03.059> molecular<00:01:03.539> basis<00:01:04.159> turns<00:01:05.159> out<00:01:05.220> it's
exact molecular basis turns out it's
exact molecular basis turns out it's
about<00:01:05.640> four<00:01:06.060> thousand<00:01:06.479> which<00:01:06.960> is<00:01:07.140> pretty
about four thousand which is pretty
about four thousand which is pretty
amazing<00:01:08.280> because<00:01:08.820> most<00:01:09.180> of<00:01:09.299> those<00:01:09.479> molecular
amazing because most of those molecular
amazing because most of those molecular
discoveries<00:01:10.500> have<00:01:10.680> just<00:01:10.860> happened<00:01:11.040> in<00:01:11.340> the
discoveries have just happened in the
discoveries have just happened in the
last<00:01:11.640> little<00:01:11.820> while
last little while
last little while
it's<00:01:13.619> exciting<00:01:14.100> to<00:01:14.340> see<00:01:14.520> that<00:01:14.700> in<00:01:15.119> terms<00:01:15.299> of
it's exciting to see that in terms of
it's exciting to see that in terms of
what<00:01:15.600> we've<00:01:15.840> learned<00:01:16.200> but<00:01:16.799> how<00:01:17.040> many<00:01:17.220> of<00:01:17.340> those
what we've learned but how many of those
what we've learned but how many of those
4<00:01:18.000> 000<00:01:18.060> diseases<00:01:18.600> now<00:01:19.020> have<00:01:19.320> treatments
4 000 diseases now have treatments
4 000 diseases now have treatments
available
available
available
only<00:01:21.299> about<00:01:21.680> 250.<00:01:22.680> so<00:01:23.100> we<00:01:23.280> have<00:01:23.400> this<00:01:23.700> huge
only about 250. so we have this huge
only about 250. so we have this huge
challenge<00:01:24.240> this<00:01:24.540> huge<00:01:24.840> gap
challenge this huge gap
challenge this huge gap
you<00:01:26.280> would<00:01:26.340> think<00:01:26.520> this<00:01:26.759> wouldn't<00:01:26.939> be<00:01:27.119> too
you would think this wouldn't be too
you would think this wouldn't be too
hard<00:01:27.540> that<00:01:28.020> we<00:01:28.200> would<00:01:28.380> simply<00:01:28.680> have<00:01:28.920> the
hard that we would simply have the
hard that we would simply have the
ability<00:01:29.340> to<00:01:29.700> take<00:01:29.880> this<00:01:30.180> fundamental
ability to take this fundamental
ability to take this fundamental
information<00:01:30.960> that<00:01:31.920> we're<00:01:32.040> learning<00:01:32.520> about
information that we're learning about
information that we're learning about
how<00:01:33.299> it<00:01:33.420> is<00:01:33.600> that<00:01:34.080> basic<00:01:34.560> biology<00:01:35.220> teaches<00:01:35.759> us
how it is that basic biology teaches us
how it is that basic biology teaches us
about<00:01:36.119> the<00:01:36.420> causes<00:01:36.720> of<00:01:36.900> disease<00:01:37.259> and<00:01:38.159> build<00:01:38.400> a
about the causes of disease and build a
about the causes of disease and build a
bridge<00:01:38.820> across<00:01:39.659> this<00:01:39.900> yawning<00:01:40.320> gap<00:01:40.619> between
bridge across this yawning gap between
bridge across this yawning gap between
what<00:01:41.759> we've<00:01:41.939> learned<00:01:42.180> about<00:01:42.420> basic<00:01:42.840> science
what we've learned about basic science
what we've learned about basic science
and<00:01:43.560> its<00:01:43.860> application<00:01:44.220> a<00:01:44.880> bridge<00:01:45.000> that<00:01:45.299> would
and its application a bridge that would
and its application a bridge that would
look<00:01:45.600> maybe<00:01:45.960> something<00:01:46.380> like<00:01:46.860> this
look maybe something like this
look maybe something like this
where<00:01:48.600> you'd<00:01:48.840> have<00:01:48.960> to<00:01:49.079> put<00:01:49.439> together<00:01:49.680> a<00:01:50.220> nice
where you'd have to put together a nice
where you'd have to put together a nice
shiny<00:01:51.180> way<00:01:51.360> to<00:01:51.960> get<00:01:52.079> from<00:01:52.320> one<00:01:52.560> side<00:01:52.740> to<00:01:52.920> the
shiny way to get from one side to the
shiny way to get from one side to the
other
other
other
well<00:01:54.840> wouldn't<00:01:54.960> it<00:01:55.140> be<00:01:55.259> nice<00:01:55.380> if<00:01:55.560> it<00:01:55.680> was<00:01:55.799> that
well wouldn't it be nice if it was that
well wouldn't it be nice if it was that
easy
easy
easy
fortunately<00:01:57.840> it's<00:01:58.140> not<00:01:58.799> in<00:01:59.340> reality<00:01:59.700> trying
fortunately it's not in reality trying
fortunately it's not in reality trying
to<00:02:00.600> go<00:02:00.720> from<00:02:00.960> fundamental<00:02:01.500> knowledge<00:02:01.860> to<00:02:02.100> its
to go from fundamental knowledge to its
to go from fundamental knowledge to its
application<00:02:02.759> is<00:02:03.420> more<00:02:03.659> like<00:02:03.840> this<00:02:04.079> there<00:02:04.380> are
application is more like this there are
application is more like this there are
no<00:02:04.680> shiny<00:02:05.100> Bridges<00:02:05.600> you<00:02:06.600> sort<00:02:06.780> of<00:02:06.960> place<00:02:07.320> your
no shiny Bridges you sort of place your
no shiny Bridges you sort of place your
bets<00:02:08.039> maybe<00:02:08.160> you've<00:02:08.459> got<00:02:08.580> a<00:02:08.759> swimmer<00:02:09.119> in<00:02:09.300> a
bets maybe you've got a swimmer in a
bets maybe you've got a swimmer in a
rowboat<00:02:09.959> and<00:02:10.140> a<00:02:10.319> sailboat<00:02:10.920> and<00:02:10.979> a<00:02:11.099> tugboat<00:02:11.580> and
rowboat and a sailboat and a tugboat and
rowboat and a sailboat and a tugboat and
you<00:02:11.819> set<00:02:12.000> them<00:02:12.180> off<00:02:12.360> on<00:02:12.540> their<00:02:12.720> way<00:02:12.900> and<00:02:13.620> the
you set them off on their way and the
you set them off on their way and the
rains<00:02:14.220> come<00:02:14.459> and<00:02:14.760> the<00:02:14.879> lightning<00:02:15.120> flashes<00:02:15.599> and
rains come and the lightning flashes and
rains come and the lightning flashes and
oh<00:02:15.900> my<00:02:16.020> gosh<00:02:16.140> there's<00:02:16.379> sharks<00:02:16.739> in<00:02:16.860> the<00:02:17.040> water
oh my gosh there's sharks in the water
oh my gosh there's sharks in the water
and<00:02:17.700> the<00:02:18.180> swimmer<00:02:18.540> gets<00:02:18.780> into<00:02:18.959> trouble<00:02:19.200> and<00:02:19.620> uh
and the swimmer gets into trouble and uh
and the swimmer gets into trouble and uh
oh<00:02:20.160> the<00:02:20.459> swimmer<00:02:20.819> drowned<00:02:21.120> and<00:02:21.239> you<00:02:21.420> know<00:02:21.480> the
oh the swimmer drowned and you know the
oh the swimmer drowned and you know the
sailboat<00:02:22.140> capsized
sailboat capsized
sailboat capsized
and<00:02:24.480> that<00:02:24.660> Tugboat<00:02:25.140> while<00:02:25.200> it<00:02:25.319> hit<00:02:25.500> the<00:02:25.620> rocks
and that Tugboat while it hit the rocks
and that Tugboat while it hit the rocks
and<00:02:25.980> maybe<00:02:26.160> if<00:02:26.340> you're<00:02:26.459> lucky<00:02:26.700> somebody<00:02:27.420> gets
and maybe if you're lucky somebody gets
and maybe if you're lucky somebody gets
across<00:02:28.319> well<00:02:29.040> what<00:02:29.220> does<00:02:29.340> this<00:02:29.459> really<00:02:29.700> look
across well what does this really look
across well what does this really look
like
like
like
well<00:02:31.020> what<00:02:31.200> is<00:02:31.319> it<00:02:31.440> to<00:02:31.560> make<00:02:31.680> a<00:02:31.860> therapeutic<00:02:32.340> in
well what is it to make a therapeutic in
well what is it to make a therapeutic in
here<00:02:32.580> what's<00:02:32.760> a<00:02:32.940> drug<00:02:33.120> a<00:02:34.020> drug<00:02:34.140> is<00:02:34.440> made<00:02:34.680> up<00:02:34.920> of
here what's a drug a drug is made up of
here what's a drug a drug is made up of
a<00:02:36.000> small<00:02:36.180> molecule<00:02:36.720> of<00:02:37.020> hydrogen<00:02:37.500> carbon
a small molecule of hydrogen carbon
a small molecule of hydrogen carbon
oxygen<00:02:38.700> nitrogen<00:02:39.180> and<00:02:39.360> a<00:02:39.540> few<00:02:39.599> other<00:02:39.720> atoms
oxygen nitrogen and a few other atoms
oxygen nitrogen and a few other atoms
all<00:02:40.319> cobbled<00:02:40.739> together<00:02:40.800> in<00:02:41.160> a<00:02:41.340> shape<00:02:41.580> and<00:02:42.420> it's
all cobbled together in a shape and it's
all cobbled together in a shape and it's
those<00:02:42.840> shapes<00:02:43.319> that<00:02:43.500> determine<00:02:43.980> whether<00:02:44.519> in
those shapes that determine whether in
those shapes that determine whether in
fact<00:02:44.940> that<00:02:45.420> particular<00:02:45.780> drug<00:02:46.379> is<00:02:46.680> going<00:02:46.800> to
fact that particular drug is going to
fact that particular drug is going to
hit<00:02:47.040> its<00:02:47.400> Target<00:02:47.580> is<00:02:48.300> it<00:02:48.420> going<00:02:48.540> to<00:02:48.660> land<00:02:48.840> where
hit its Target is it going to land where
hit its Target is it going to land where
it's<00:02:49.319> supposed<00:02:49.560> to<00:02:49.800> so<00:02:50.459> look<00:02:50.640> at<00:02:50.760> this<00:02:50.879> picture
it's supposed to so look at this picture
it's supposed to so look at this picture
here<00:02:51.360> a<00:02:51.540> lot<00:02:51.660> of<00:02:51.780> shapes<00:02:52.140> dancing<00:02:52.319> around<00:02:52.620> for
here a lot of shapes dancing around for
here a lot of shapes dancing around for
you
you
you
now<00:02:54.180> what<00:02:54.360> you<00:02:54.480> need<00:02:54.660> to<00:02:54.780> do<00:02:54.900> if<00:02:55.140> you're<00:02:55.260> trying
now what you need to do if you're trying
now what you need to do if you're trying
to<00:02:55.620> develop<00:02:55.860> a<00:02:56.040> new<00:02:56.160> treatment<00:02:56.340> for<00:02:56.700> autism<00:02:57.120> or
to develop a new treatment for autism or
to develop a new treatment for autism or
Alzheimer's<00:02:58.140> disease<00:02:58.560> or<00:02:58.739> cancer<00:02:59.040> is<00:02:59.760> to<00:02:59.940> find
Alzheimer's disease or cancer is to find
Alzheimer's disease or cancer is to find
the<00:03:00.239> right<00:03:00.360> shape<00:03:00.660> in<00:03:00.840> that<00:03:00.959> mix<00:03:01.140> that<00:03:01.379> will
the right shape in that mix that will
the right shape in that mix that will
ultimately<00:03:01.920> provide<00:03:02.400> benefit<00:03:02.640> and<00:03:03.060> will<00:03:03.239> be
ultimately provide benefit and will be
ultimately provide benefit and will be
safe<00:03:03.660> and<00:03:04.379> when<00:03:04.500> you<00:03:04.620> look<00:03:04.739> at<00:03:04.860> what<00:03:05.099> happens
safe and when you look at what happens
safe and when you look at what happens
to<00:03:05.700> that<00:03:06.060> pipeline<00:03:07.019> you<00:03:07.500> start<00:03:07.680> out<00:03:07.860> maybe
to that pipeline you start out maybe
to that pipeline you start out maybe
with<00:03:08.400> thousands<00:03:08.819> tens<00:03:09.120> of<00:03:09.300> thousands<00:03:09.660> of
with thousands tens of thousands of
with thousands tens of thousands of
compounds<00:03:10.319> you<00:03:10.920> weed<00:03:11.280> down<00:03:11.459> through<00:03:11.879> various
compounds you weed down through various
compounds you weed down through various
steps<00:03:12.720> that<00:03:12.900> cause<00:03:13.080> many<00:03:13.319> of<00:03:13.440> these<00:03:13.620> to<00:03:13.800> fail
steps that cause many of these to fail
steps that cause many of these to fail
ultimately<00:03:14.519> maybe<00:03:14.819> you<00:03:15.060> can<00:03:15.180> run<00:03:15.300> a<00:03:15.480> clinical
ultimately maybe you can run a clinical
ultimately maybe you can run a clinical
trial<00:03:16.080> with<00:03:16.260> four<00:03:16.500> or<00:03:16.680> five<00:03:16.800> of<00:03:16.980> these<00:03:17.159> and<00:03:17.760> if
trial with four or five of these and if
trial with four or five of these and if
all<00:03:18.000> goes<00:03:18.300> well<00:03:18.420> 14<00:03:18.840> years<00:03:19.200> after<00:03:19.500> you<00:03:19.800> started
all goes well 14 years after you started
all goes well 14 years after you started
you<00:03:20.760> will<00:03:20.819> get<00:03:21.000> one<00:03:21.120> approval
you will get one approval
you will get one approval
and<00:03:22.800> it<00:03:22.920> will<00:03:23.040> cost<00:03:23.220> you<00:03:23.400> upwards<00:03:23.879> of<00:03:23.940> a
and it will cost you upwards of a
and it will cost you upwards of a
billion<00:03:24.360> dollars<00:03:24.659> for<00:03:24.840> that<00:03:25.019> one's<00:03:25.319> success
billion dollars for that one's success
billion dollars for that one's success
so<00:03:27.060> we<00:03:27.420> have<00:03:27.720> to<00:03:27.840> look<00:03:28.019> at<00:03:28.200> this<00:03:28.379> pipeline<00:03:28.860> the
so we have to look at this pipeline the
so we have to look at this pipeline the
way<00:03:29.159> an<00:03:29.340> engineer<00:03:29.640> would<00:03:29.879> and<00:03:30.120> say<00:03:30.300> how<00:03:30.480> can<00:03:30.599> we
way an engineer would and say how can we
way an engineer would and say how can we
do<00:03:30.840> better<00:03:31.019> and<00:03:31.200> that's<00:03:31.379> the<00:03:31.620> main<00:03:31.800> theme<00:03:32.040> of
do better and that's the main theme of
do better and that's the main theme of
what<00:03:32.519> I<00:03:32.640> want<00:03:32.700> to<00:03:32.819> say<00:03:32.940> to<00:03:33.120> you<00:03:33.239> this<00:03:33.480> morning
what I want to say to you this morning
what I want to say to you this morning
how<00:03:34.080> can<00:03:34.200> we<00:03:34.319> make<00:03:34.500> this<00:03:34.739> go<00:03:34.920> faster<00:03:35.280> how<00:03:35.760> can
how can we make this go faster how can
how can we make this go faster how can
we<00:03:36.060> make<00:03:36.239> it<00:03:36.360> more<00:03:36.599> successful
we make it more successful
we make it more successful
well<00:03:38.819> let<00:03:39.000> me<00:03:39.120> tell<00:03:39.239> you<00:03:39.300> about<00:03:39.480> a<00:03:39.720> few
well let me tell you about a few
well let me tell you about a few
examples<00:03:40.140> where<00:03:40.440> this<00:03:40.620> has<00:03:40.799> actually<00:03:41.040> worked
examples where this has actually worked
examples where this has actually worked
one<00:03:42.720> that<00:03:42.900> has<00:03:43.080> just<00:03:43.260> happened<00:03:43.379> in<00:03:43.739> the<00:03:43.920> last
one that has just happened in the last
one that has just happened in the last
few<00:03:44.580> months<00:03:44.940> is<00:03:45.780> a<00:03:46.019> successful<00:03:46.379> approval<00:03:46.860> of<00:03:46.980> a
few months is a successful approval of a
few months is a successful approval of a
drug<00:03:47.220> for<00:03:47.400> Cystic<00:03:47.819> Fibrosis<00:03:48.420> but<00:03:49.140> it's<00:03:49.260> taking
drug for Cystic Fibrosis but it's taking
drug for Cystic Fibrosis but it's taking
a<00:03:49.560> long<00:03:49.620> time<00:03:49.799> to<00:03:49.980> get<00:03:50.099> there<00:03:50.280> cystic<00:03:51.239> fibrosis
a long time to get there cystic fibrosis
a long time to get there cystic fibrosis
had<00:03:52.140> its<00:03:52.500> molecular<00:03:52.799> cause<00:03:53.159> discovered<00:03:53.760> in
had its molecular cause discovered in
had its molecular cause discovered in
1989<00:03:54.720> by<00:03:55.440> my<00:03:55.620> group<00:03:55.739> working<00:03:55.980> with<00:03:56.159> another
1989 by my group working with another
1989 by my group working with another
group<00:03:56.580> in<00:03:56.819> Toronto<00:03:57.299> discovering<00:03:57.840> what<00:03:58.080> the
group in Toronto discovering what the
group in Toronto discovering what the
mutation<00:03:58.500> was<00:03:58.860> in<00:03:59.040> a<00:03:59.280> particular<00:03:59.519> gene<00:03:59.819> on
mutation was in a particular gene on
mutation was in a particular gene on
chromosome<00:04:00.420> seven
chromosome seven
chromosome seven
that<00:04:01.799> picture<00:04:01.980> you<00:04:02.280> see<00:04:02.459> there<00:04:02.700> here<00:04:03.420> it<00:04:03.659> is
that picture you see there here it is
that picture you see there here it is
that's<00:04:04.260> the<00:04:04.500> same<00:04:04.680> kid<00:04:04.920> that's<00:04:05.640> Danny
that's the same kid that's Danny
that's the same kid that's Danny
Bessette<00:04:06.680> 23<00:04:07.680> years<00:04:07.980> later<00:04:08.280> because<00:04:09.060> this<00:04:09.480> is
Bessette 23 years later because this is
Bessette 23 years later because this is
the<00:04:09.720> year<00:04:09.840> and<00:04:10.080> it's<00:04:10.200> also<00:04:10.500> the<00:04:10.620> year<00:04:10.799> where
the year and it's also the year where
the year and it's also the year where
Danny<00:04:11.640> got<00:04:11.819> married<00:04:12.000> where<00:04:12.900> we<00:04:13.080> have<00:04:13.260> for<00:04:13.379> the
Danny got married where we have for the
Danny got married where we have for the
first<00:04:13.680> time<00:04:13.860> the<00:04:14.099> approval<00:04:14.640> by<00:04:15.000> the<00:04:15.180> FDA<00:04:15.599> of<00:04:15.720> a
first time the approval by the FDA of a
first time the approval by the FDA of a
drug<00:04:15.959> that<00:04:16.320> precisely<00:04:16.799> targets<00:04:17.280> the<00:04:17.459> defect
drug that precisely targets the defect
drug that precisely targets the defect
in<00:04:17.940> cystic<00:04:18.359> fibrosis
in cystic fibrosis
in cystic fibrosis
based<00:04:20.100> upon<00:04:20.220> all<00:04:20.400> this<00:04:20.519> molecular
based upon all this molecular
based upon all this molecular
understanding<00:04:21.299> that's<00:04:21.540> the<00:04:21.720> good<00:04:21.900> news<00:04:22.079> the
understanding that's the good news the
understanding that's the good news the
bad<00:04:23.100> news<00:04:23.280> is<00:04:23.460> this<00:04:23.699> drug<00:04:23.820> doesn't<00:04:24.120> actually
bad news is this drug doesn't actually
bad news is this drug doesn't actually
treat<00:04:24.660> all<00:04:24.900> cases<00:04:25.259> of<00:04:25.380> cystic<00:04:25.740> fibrosis<00:04:26.220> and
treat all cases of cystic fibrosis and
treat all cases of cystic fibrosis and
it<00:04:26.580> won't<00:04:26.699> work<00:04:26.820> for<00:04:27.000> Danny<00:04:27.419> and<00:04:27.540> we're<00:04:27.660> still
it won't work for Danny and we're still
it won't work for Danny and we're still
waiting<00:04:28.199> for<00:04:28.500> that<00:04:28.680> next<00:04:28.919> Generation<00:04:29.400> to<00:04:29.940> help
waiting for that next Generation to help
waiting for that next Generation to help
him<00:04:30.300> but<00:04:30.840> it<00:04:30.960> took<00:04:31.139> 23<00:04:31.500> years<00:04:31.740> to<00:04:31.979> get<00:04:32.100> this<00:04:32.340> far
him but it took 23 years to get this far
him but it took 23 years to get this far
that's<00:04:32.880> too<00:04:33.120> long
that's too long
that's too long
how<00:04:34.139> do<00:04:34.320> we<00:04:34.440> go<00:04:34.560> faster<00:04:34.919> well<00:04:35.639> one<00:04:35.820> way<00:04:35.940> to<00:04:36.120> go
how do we go faster well one way to go
how do we go faster well one way to go
faster<00:04:36.479> is<00:04:37.020> to<00:04:37.199> take<00:04:37.380> advantage<00:04:37.740> of
faster is to take advantage of
faster is to take advantage of
technology<00:04:38.400> and<00:04:38.759> a<00:04:39.000> very<00:04:39.120> important
technology and a very important
technology and a very important
technology<00:04:39.960> that<00:04:40.320> we<00:04:40.440> depend<00:04:40.740> on<00:04:40.860> for<00:04:41.160> all<00:04:41.280> of
technology that we depend on for all of
technology that we depend on for all of
this<00:04:41.580> is<00:04:42.180> the<00:04:42.419> human<00:04:42.540> genome<00:04:43.440> the<00:04:43.979> ability<00:04:44.220> to
this is the human genome the ability to
this is the human genome the ability to
be<00:04:44.639> able<00:04:44.940> to<00:04:45.180> look<00:04:45.240> at<00:04:45.419> a<00:04:45.540> chromosome<00:04:46.020> to<00:04:46.440> unzip
be able to look at a chromosome to unzip
be able to look at a chromosome to unzip
it<00:04:47.100> to<00:04:47.699> pull<00:04:47.820> out<00:04:48.000> all<00:04:48.240> the<00:04:48.360> DNA<00:04:48.720> and<00:04:49.139> to<00:04:49.259> be
it to pull out all the DNA and to be
it to pull out all the DNA and to be
able<00:04:49.500> to<00:04:49.620> then<00:04:49.800> read<00:04:50.040> out<00:04:50.220> the<00:04:50.400> letters<00:04:50.699> in
able to then read out the letters in
able to then read out the letters in
that<00:04:51.060> DNA<00:04:51.419> code<00:04:51.660> the<00:04:51.960> ACs<00:04:52.440> G's<00:04:52.740> and<00:04:52.860> T's<00:04:53.220> that
that DNA code the ACs G's and T's that
that DNA code the ACs G's and T's that
are<00:04:54.120> our<00:04:54.300> instruction<00:04:54.540> book<00:04:54.960> in<00:04:55.139> the
are our instruction book in the
are our instruction book in the
instruction<00:04:55.380> book<00:04:55.800> for<00:04:55.979> all<00:04:56.160> living<00:04:56.340> things
instruction book for all living things
instruction book for all living things
and<00:04:57.060> the<00:04:57.240> cost<00:04:57.419> of<00:04:57.660> doing<00:04:57.840> this<00:04:58.080> which<00:04:58.800> used<00:04:58.979> to
and the cost of doing this which used to
and the cost of doing this which used to
be<00:04:59.220> in<00:04:59.400> the<00:04:59.580> hundreds<00:04:59.880> of<00:04:59.940> millions<00:05:00.240> of
be in the hundreds of millions of
be in the hundreds of millions of
dollars<00:05:00.660> has<00:05:01.380> in<00:05:01.620> the<00:05:01.740> course<00:05:01.919> of<00:05:02.100> the<00:05:02.280> last<00:05:02.400> 10
dollars has in the course of the last 10
dollars has in the course of the last 10
years<00:05:02.880> Fallen<00:05:03.540> faster<00:05:03.840> than<00:05:04.020> Moore's<00:05:04.440> law
years Fallen faster than Moore's law
years Fallen faster than Moore's law
down<00:05:04.979> to<00:05:05.160> the<00:05:05.280> point<00:05:05.400> where<00:05:05.580> it<00:05:05.759> is<00:05:05.940> less<00:05:06.120> than
down to the point where it is less than
down to the point where it is less than
ten<00:05:06.600> thousand<00:05:07.020> dollars<00:05:07.259> today<00:05:07.440> to<00:05:07.740> have<00:05:07.860> your
ten thousand dollars today to have your
ten thousand dollars today to have your
genome<00:05:08.400> sequenced<00:05:08.880> or<00:05:09.060> mine
genome sequenced or mine
genome sequenced or mine
and<00:05:10.320> we're<00:05:10.440> headed<00:05:10.740> for<00:05:10.860> the<00:05:10.979> thousand<00:05:11.280> dollar
and we're headed for the thousand dollar
and we're headed for the thousand dollar
genome<00:05:11.880> fairly<00:05:12.300> soon<00:05:12.900> well<00:05:13.380> that's<00:05:13.560> exciting
genome fairly soon well that's exciting
genome fairly soon well that's exciting
how<00:05:14.759> does<00:05:14.880> that<00:05:15.000> play<00:05:15.240> out<00:05:15.419> in<00:05:15.780> terms<00:05:15.960> of
how does that play out in terms of
how does that play out in terms of
application<00:05:16.680> to<00:05:16.979> a<00:05:17.160> disease
application to a disease
application to a disease
I<00:05:18.360> want<00:05:18.419> to<00:05:18.540> tell<00:05:18.600> you<00:05:18.660> about<00:05:18.780> another
I want to tell you about another
I want to tell you about another
disorder
disorder
disorder
this<00:05:20.699> one<00:05:20.820> is<00:05:21.000> a<00:05:21.180> disorder<00:05:21.540> which<00:05:21.720> is<00:05:21.840> quite
this one is a disorder which is quite
this one is a disorder which is quite
rare<00:05:22.440> it's<00:05:23.100> called<00:05:23.400> Hutchinson<00:05:24.180> Guilford
rare it's called Hutchinson Guilford
rare it's called Hutchinson Guilford
progeria
progeria
progeria
and<00:05:26.280> it<00:05:26.400> is<00:05:26.580> the<00:05:26.820> most<00:05:26.940> dramatic<00:05:27.479> form<00:05:27.660> of
and it is the most dramatic form of
and it is the most dramatic form of
premature<00:05:28.320> aging<00:05:29.220> only<00:05:29.639> about<00:05:29.880> one<00:05:30.180> in<00:05:30.419> every
premature aging only about one in every
premature aging only about one in every
four<00:05:30.900> million<00:05:31.380> kids<00:05:31.620> has<00:05:31.979> this<00:05:32.220> disease
four million kids has this disease
four million kids has this disease
and<00:05:33.720> in<00:05:34.080> a<00:05:34.259> simple<00:05:34.380> way<00:05:34.680> what<00:05:35.280> happens<00:05:35.460> is
and in a simple way what happens is
and in a simple way what happens is
because<00:05:36.419> of<00:05:36.660> a<00:05:36.840> mutation<00:05:37.139> in<00:05:37.500> a<00:05:37.680> particular
because of a mutation in a particular
because of a mutation in a particular
Gene<00:05:38.639> a<00:05:39.479> protein<00:05:39.780> is<00:05:40.020> made<00:05:40.199> that's<00:05:40.500> toxic<00:05:40.919> to
Gene a protein is made that's toxic to
Gene a protein is made that's toxic to
the<00:05:41.280> cell<00:05:41.460> and<00:05:41.699> it<00:05:41.940> causes<00:05:42.419> these<00:05:42.900> individuals
the cell and it causes these individuals
the cell and it causes these individuals
to<00:05:43.560> age<00:05:43.680> at<00:05:43.919> about<00:05:44.100> seven<00:05:44.460> times<00:05:44.699> the<00:05:45.000> normal
to age at about seven times the normal
to age at about seven times the normal
rate
rate
rate
let<00:05:46.919> me<00:05:47.039> show<00:05:47.220> you<00:05:47.340> a<00:05:47.520> video<00:05:47.639> of<00:05:47.820> what<00:05:48.000> that
let me show you a video of what that
let me show you a video of what that
does<00:05:48.360> to<00:05:48.660> the<00:05:48.840> cell<00:05:49.039> the<00:05:50.039> normal<00:05:50.160> cell<00:05:50.520> if<00:05:51.180> you
does to the cell the normal cell if you
does to the cell the normal cell if you
looked<00:05:51.539> at<00:05:51.600> it<00:05:51.720> under<00:05:51.900> the<00:05:52.080> microscope<00:05:52.560> would
looked at it under the microscope would
looked at it under the microscope would
have<00:05:53.639> a<00:05:53.940> nucleus<00:05:54.419> sitting<00:05:54.960> in<00:05:55.080> the<00:05:55.199> middle<00:05:55.259> of
have a nucleus sitting in the middle of
have a nucleus sitting in the middle of
the<00:05:55.560> cell<00:05:55.740> which<00:05:56.460> is<00:05:56.759> nice<00:05:57.060> and<00:05:57.300> round<00:05:57.539> and
the cell which is nice and round and
the cell which is nice and round and
smooth<00:05:58.139> in<00:05:58.500> its<00:05:58.860> boundaries<00:05:59.699> and<00:06:00.180> it<00:06:00.300> looks
smooth in its boundaries and it looks
smooth in its boundaries and it looks
kind<00:06:00.660> of<00:06:00.720> like<00:06:00.840> that<00:06:01.020> a<00:06:01.380> progeria<00:06:01.860> cell<00:06:02.160> on<00:06:02.400> the
kind of like that a progeria cell on the
kind of like that a progeria cell on the
other<00:06:02.580> hand<00:06:02.759> because<00:06:03.419> of<00:06:03.660> this<00:06:03.900> toxic<00:06:04.259> protein
other hand because of this toxic protein
other hand because of this toxic protein
called<00:06:05.340> progeran<00:06:06.120> has<00:06:06.479> these<00:06:06.780> lumps<00:06:07.139> and
called progeran has these lumps and
called progeran has these lumps and
bumps<00:06:07.740> in<00:06:07.919> it<00:06:08.580> so<00:06:08.940> what<00:06:09.120> we<00:06:09.240> would<00:06:09.360> like<00:06:09.539> to<00:06:09.780> do
bumps in it so what we would like to do
bumps in it so what we would like to do
after<00:06:10.380> discovering<00:06:11.100> this<00:06:11.400> back<00:06:12.000> in<00:06:12.180> 2003<00:06:12.900> is
after discovering this back in 2003 is
after discovering this back in 2003 is
to<00:06:13.680> come<00:06:13.860> up<00:06:13.979> with<00:06:14.340> a<00:06:14.520> way<00:06:14.699> to<00:06:15.360> try<00:06:15.539> to<00:06:15.660> correct
to come up with a way to try to correct
to come up with a way to try to correct
that<00:06:16.139> well<00:06:16.979> again<00:06:17.220> by<00:06:17.520> knowing<00:06:17.820> something
that well again by knowing something
that well again by knowing something
about<00:06:18.300> the<00:06:18.539> molecular<00:06:18.960> Pathways<00:06:19.620> it<00:06:19.919> was
about the molecular Pathways it was
about the molecular Pathways it was
possible<00:06:20.400> to<00:06:20.880> pick<00:06:21.120> one<00:06:21.840> of<00:06:21.960> those<00:06:22.139> many<00:06:22.500> many
possible to pick one of those many many
possible to pick one of those many many
compounds<00:06:23.400> that<00:06:23.580> might<00:06:23.759> have<00:06:23.880> been<00:06:24.000> useful
compounds that might have been useful
compounds that might have been useful
and<00:06:24.539> try<00:06:24.780> it<00:06:24.960> out<00:06:25.080> in<00:06:26.039> an<00:06:26.220> experiment<00:06:26.940> done<00:06:27.300> in
and try it out in an experiment done in
and try it out in an experiment done in
cell<00:06:27.720> culture<00:06:28.199> and<00:06:28.800> shown<00:06:29.100> here<00:06:29.280> in<00:06:29.460> a<00:06:29.639> cartoon
cell culture and shown here in a cartoon
cell culture and shown here in a cartoon
if<00:06:30.780> you<00:06:30.900> take<00:06:31.080> that<00:06:31.440> particular<00:06:31.800> compound
if you take that particular compound
if you take that particular compound
and<00:06:34.020> you<00:06:34.380> add<00:06:34.620> it<00:06:34.740> to<00:06:34.860> that<00:06:35.100> cell<00:06:35.280> that<00:06:35.580> has
and you add it to that cell that has
and you add it to that cell that has
Progeria<00:06:36.360> and<00:06:36.960> you<00:06:37.080> watch<00:06:37.319> to<00:06:37.560> see<00:06:37.740> what
Progeria and you watch to see what
Progeria and you watch to see what
happened<00:06:38.100> in<00:06:38.400> just<00:06:38.639> 72<00:06:39.180> hours
happened in just 72 hours
happened in just 72 hours
that<00:06:40.860> cell<00:06:41.039> becomes<00:06:41.580> for<00:06:42.120> all<00:06:42.300> purposes<00:06:42.660> that
that cell becomes for all purposes that
that cell becomes for all purposes that
we<00:06:43.080> can<00:06:43.199> determine<00:06:43.560> almost<00:06:43.919> like<00:06:44.280> a<00:06:44.460> normal
we can determine almost like a normal
we can determine almost like a normal
cell<00:06:44.940> well<00:06:45.780> that<00:06:45.900> was<00:06:46.080> exciting<00:06:46.500> but<00:06:47.039> would<00:06:47.220> it
cell well that was exciting but would it
cell well that was exciting but would it
actually<00:06:47.580> work<00:06:47.880> in<00:06:48.060> a<00:06:48.300> real<00:06:48.419> human<00:06:48.780> being
actually work in a real human being
actually work in a real human being
this<00:06:50.520> is<00:06:50.699> Led<00:06:51.000> in<00:06:51.360> the<00:06:51.539> space<00:06:51.660> of<00:06:52.139> only<00:06:52.440> four
this is Led in the space of only four
this is Led in the space of only four
years<00:06:53.280> from<00:06:53.580> the<00:06:53.699> time<00:06:53.880> the<00:06:54.060> gene<00:06:54.419> was
years from the time the gene was
years from the time the gene was
discovered<00:06:54.900> to<00:06:55.440> the<00:06:55.620> start<00:06:55.740> of<00:06:55.919> a<00:06:56.039> clinical
discovered to the start of a clinical
discovered to the start of a clinical
trial<00:06:56.699> to<00:06:57.180> a<00:06:57.360> test<00:06:57.479> of<00:06:57.660> that<00:06:57.840> very<00:06:58.020> compound
trial to a test of that very compound
trial to a test of that very compound
and<00:06:59.160> the<00:06:59.280> kids<00:06:59.460> that<00:06:59.699> you<00:06:59.819> see<00:07:00.060> here<00:07:00.240> all
and the kids that you see here all
and the kids that you see here all
volunteered<00:07:01.860> to<00:07:02.280> be<00:07:02.400> part<00:07:02.580> of<00:07:02.759> this<00:07:03.020> 28<00:07:04.020> of
volunteered to be part of this 28 of
volunteered to be part of this 28 of
them<00:07:04.440> and<00:07:05.220> uh<00:07:05.520> you<00:07:05.759> can<00:07:05.880> see<00:07:06.120> uh<00:07:06.780> as<00:07:07.020> soon<00:07:07.139> as
them and uh you can see uh as soon as
them and uh you can see uh as soon as
the<00:07:07.380> picture<00:07:07.560> comes<00:07:07.979> up<00:07:08.039> that<00:07:08.520> they<00:07:08.759> are<00:07:08.880> in
the picture comes up that they are in
the picture comes up that they are in
fact<00:07:09.240> a<00:07:09.660> remarkable<00:07:10.080> group<00:07:10.380> of<00:07:10.979> young<00:07:11.160> people
fact a remarkable group of young people
fact a remarkable group of young people
all<00:07:11.699> afflicted<00:07:12.180> by<00:07:12.360> this<00:07:12.600> disease<00:07:12.900> all
all afflicted by this disease all
all afflicted by this disease all
looking<00:07:13.440> quite<00:07:13.800> similar<00:07:14.160> to<00:07:14.280> each<00:07:14.460> other<00:07:14.580> and
looking quite similar to each other and
looking quite similar to each other and
instead<00:07:15.780> of<00:07:15.840> telling<00:07:16.139> you<00:07:16.199> more<00:07:16.380> about<00:07:16.560> it<00:07:16.740> I'm
instead of telling you more about it I'm
instead of telling you more about it I'm
going<00:07:17.340> to<00:07:17.400> invite<00:07:17.639> one<00:07:17.880> of<00:07:18.000> them<00:07:18.180> Sam<00:07:19.139> burns
going to invite one of them Sam burns
going to invite one of them Sam burns
from<00:07:20.160> Boston<00:07:20.340> who's<00:07:20.699> here<00:07:21.000> this<00:07:21.180> morning<00:07:21.360> to
from Boston who's here this morning to
from Boston who's here this morning to
come<00:07:22.139> up<00:07:22.259> on<00:07:22.440> the<00:07:22.620> stage<00:07:22.919> and<00:07:23.580> tell<00:07:23.759> us<00:07:23.880> about
come up on the stage and tell us about
come up on the stage and tell us about
his<00:07:24.360> experience<00:07:24.900> as<00:07:25.740> a<00:07:25.860> child<00:07:25.979> affected<00:07:26.460> with
his experience as a child affected with
his experience as a child affected with
progeria<00:07:27.180> Sam<00:07:27.599> is<00:07:27.900> 15<00:07:28.080> years<00:07:28.380> old<00:07:28.620> his<00:07:29.400> parents
progeria Sam is 15 years old his parents
progeria Sam is 15 years old his parents
Scott<00:07:30.240> Burns<00:07:30.720> and<00:07:30.840> Leslie<00:07:31.139> Gordon<00:07:31.440> both
Scott Burns and Leslie Gordon both
Scott Burns and Leslie Gordon both
Physicians<00:07:32.099> are<00:07:32.340> here<00:07:32.520> with<00:07:32.699> us<00:07:32.819> this<00:07:33.060> morning
Physicians are here with us this morning
Physicians are here with us this morning
as<00:07:33.419> well<00:07:33.660> Sam<00:07:34.440> please<00:07:34.740> have<00:07:34.979> a<00:07:35.160> seat
so<00:07:44.099> Sam<00:07:44.280> why<00:07:44.520> don't<00:07:44.699> you<00:07:44.819> tell<00:07:45.000> these<00:07:45.360> folks
so Sam why don't you tell these folks
so Sam why don't you tell these folks
what<00:07:45.960> it's<00:07:46.139> like<00:07:46.440> being<00:07:46.919> affected<00:07:47.280> with<00:07:47.460> his
what it's like being affected with his
what it's like being affected with his
condition<00:07:47.880> called<00:07:48.300> Progeria<00:07:48.900> well<00:07:50.039> um
condition called Progeria well um
condition called Progeria well um
Progeria<00:07:50.840> limits<00:07:51.840> me<00:07:51.960> in<00:07:52.259> some<00:07:52.380> ways<00:07:52.740> I<00:07:53.280> cannot
Progeria limits me in some ways I cannot
Progeria limits me in some ways I cannot
play<00:07:53.880> sports<00:07:54.240> or<00:07:55.199> do<00:07:55.440> physical<00:07:55.740> activities
play sports or do physical activities
play sports or do physical activities
but<00:07:57.419> I<00:07:57.720> have<00:07:57.900> been<00:07:58.440> able<00:07:58.740> to<00:07:58.860> take<00:07:59.039> interest<00:07:59.280> in
but I have been able to take interest in
but I have been able to take interest in
things<00:07:59.940> that<00:08:00.360> Progeria<00:08:01.259> luckily<00:08:01.740> does<00:08:01.979> not
things that Progeria luckily does not
things that Progeria luckily does not
limit<00:08:02.400> but<00:08:03.360> when<00:08:03.599> there<00:08:03.780> is<00:08:03.900> something<00:08:04.139> that<00:08:04.440> I
limit but when there is something that I
limit but when there is something that I
really<00:08:04.680> do<00:08:04.860> want<00:08:05.099> to<00:08:05.280> do<00:08:05.460> that<00:08:05.819> Progeria<00:08:06.300> gets
really do want to do that Progeria gets
really do want to do that Progeria gets
in<00:08:06.660> the<00:08:06.780> way<00:08:06.900> of<00:08:07.080> like<00:08:07.440> marching<00:08:08.160> band<00:08:08.340> or
in the way of like marching band or
in the way of like marching band or
umpiring<00:08:09.419> we<00:08:09.900> always<00:08:10.080> find<00:08:10.440> a<00:08:10.680> way<00:08:10.860> to<00:08:11.340> do<00:08:11.639> it
umpiring we always find a way to do it
umpiring we always find a way to do it
and<00:08:12.120> that<00:08:12.539> just<00:08:12.720> shows<00:08:12.960> that<00:08:13.080> Progeria<00:08:13.620> isn't
and that just shows that Progeria isn't
and that just shows that Progeria isn't
in<00:08:14.520> control<00:08:14.699> of<00:08:14.940> my<00:08:15.180> life
in control of my life
in control of my life
so<00:08:17.639> what<00:08:17.819> would<00:08:18.000> you<00:08:18.120> like<00:08:18.240> to<00:08:18.419> say<00:08:18.539> the
so what would you like to say the
so what would you like to say the
researchers<00:08:19.319> here<00:08:19.620> in<00:08:19.919> the<00:08:20.099> in<00:08:20.340> the
researchers here in the in the
researchers here in the in the
auditorium<00:08:20.879> and<00:08:21.060> others<00:08:21.360> listening<00:08:21.780> uh<00:08:22.080> to
auditorium and others listening uh to
auditorium and others listening uh to
this<00:08:22.379> what<00:08:22.680> would<00:08:22.800> you<00:08:22.919> say<00:08:23.039> to<00:08:23.220> them<00:08:23.340> both
this what would you say to them both
this what would you say to them both
about<00:08:23.759> research<00:08:24.180> on<00:08:24.360> Progeria<00:08:24.900> and<00:08:25.080> maybe
about research on Progeria and maybe
about research on Progeria and maybe
about<00:08:25.319> other<00:08:25.620> conditions<00:08:26.099> as<00:08:26.280> well<00:08:26.520> well
about other conditions as well well
about other conditions as well well
research<00:08:27.780> on<00:08:27.960> Progeria<00:08:28.500> has<00:08:28.800> come<00:08:29.039> so<00:08:29.400> far<00:08:29.580> in
research on Progeria has come so far in
research on Progeria has come so far in
less<00:08:30.660> than<00:08:30.840> 15<00:08:31.500> years<00:08:31.860> and<00:08:32.539> that<00:08:33.539> just<00:08:33.719> shows
less than 15 years and that just shows
less than 15 years and that just shows
the<00:08:34.620> drive<00:08:34.860> that<00:08:35.279> researchers<00:08:35.760> can<00:08:36.060> have<00:08:36.380> to
the drive that researchers can have to
the drive that researchers can have to
get<00:08:37.620> this<00:08:38.279> far<00:08:38.459> and<00:08:38.940> it<00:08:39.120> really<00:08:39.360> means<00:08:39.899> a<00:08:40.080> lot
get this far and it really means a lot
get this far and it really means a lot
to<00:08:40.440> myself<00:08:40.860> and<00:08:41.159> other<00:08:41.339> kids<00:08:41.640> with<00:08:42.360> progeria
to myself and other kids with progeria
to myself and other kids with progeria
and<00:08:43.620> it<00:08:43.860> shows<00:08:44.159> that<00:08:44.339> if<00:08:44.640> that<00:08:44.820> drive<00:08:45.000> exists
and it shows that if that drive exists
and it shows that if that drive exists
anybody<00:08:46.440> can<00:08:46.800> cure<00:08:47.100> any<00:08:47.760> disease<00:08:48.240> and
anybody can cure any disease and
anybody can cure any disease and
hopefully<00:08:49.140> Progeria<00:08:49.740> can<00:08:50.100> be<00:08:50.279> cured<00:08:50.839> in<00:08:51.839> the
hopefully Progeria can be cured in the
hopefully Progeria can be cured in the
near<00:08:52.140> future<00:08:52.380> and<00:08:52.860> so<00:08:53.399> we<00:08:53.760> can<00:08:53.880> eliminate
near future and so we can eliminate
near future and so we can eliminate
those<00:08:54.839> 4<00:08:55.380> 000<00:08:55.500> diseases<00:08:56.100> that<00:08:56.940> Francis<00:08:57.480> was
those 4 000 diseases that Francis was
those 4 000 diseases that Francis was
talking<00:08:58.620> about<00:08:58.940> excellent<00:08:59.940> so<00:09:00.660> Sam<00:09:00.839> took<00:09:01.200> the
talking about excellent so Sam took the
talking about excellent so Sam took the
day<00:09:01.440> off<00:09:01.620> from<00:09:01.860> school<00:09:02.040> today<00:09:02.339> to<00:09:02.760> be<00:09:02.880> here<00:09:03.000> and
day off from school today to be here and
day off from school today to be here and
he<00:09:03.540> is
he is
he is
ah
ah
ah
he<00:09:08.580> he<00:09:08.640> is<00:09:09.420> by<00:09:09.660> the<00:09:09.779> way<00:09:09.839> a<00:09:10.260> straight<00:09:10.440> A<00:09:10.800> Plus
he he is by the way a straight A Plus
he he is by the way a straight A Plus
student<00:09:11.519> in<00:09:11.940> the<00:09:12.060> ninth<00:09:12.300> grade<00:09:12.420> in<00:09:12.839> his<00:09:13.019> school
student in the ninth grade in his school
student in the ninth grade in his school
in<00:09:13.440> Boston<00:09:13.620> please<00:09:14.160> join<00:09:14.519> me<00:09:14.640> in<00:09:14.880> thanking<00:09:15.240> and
in Boston please join me in thanking and
in Boston please join me in thanking and
welcoming<00:09:15.839> Sam<00:09:16.220> well<00:09:17.220> done<00:09:17.480> well<00:09:18.480> done<00:09:18.660> buddy
so<00:09:32.820> I<00:09:33.000> just<00:09:33.120> want<00:09:33.240> to<00:09:33.420> say<00:09:33.480> a<00:09:33.660> couple<00:09:33.779> more
so I just want to say a couple more
so I just want to say a couple more
things<00:09:34.200> about<00:09:34.500> that<00:09:35.220> particular<00:09:35.580> story<00:09:35.940> and
things about that particular story and
things about that particular story and
then<00:09:36.360> try<00:09:36.600> to<00:09:36.779> generalize<00:09:37.260> how<00:09:37.560> could<00:09:37.740> we<00:09:37.920> have
then try to generalize how could we have
then try to generalize how could we have
stories<00:09:39.000> of<00:09:39.360> success<00:09:39.860> all<00:09:40.860> over<00:09:40.980> the<00:09:41.220> place
stories of success all over the place
stories of success all over the place
for<00:09:41.700> these<00:09:41.940> diseases<00:09:42.300> as<00:09:42.720> Sam<00:09:42.899> says<00:09:43.260> these
for these diseases as Sam says these
for these diseases as Sam says these
four<00:09:43.740> thousand<00:09:44.100> that<00:09:44.279> are<00:09:44.459> waiting<00:09:44.700> for
four thousand that are waiting for
four thousand that are waiting for
answers<00:09:45.240> you<00:09:46.019> might<00:09:46.140> have<00:09:46.260> noticed<00:09:46.620> that<00:09:46.980> the
answers you might have noticed that the
answers you might have noticed that the
drug<00:09:47.399> that<00:09:47.880> is<00:09:48.000> now<00:09:48.180> in<00:09:48.360> clinical<00:09:48.660> trial<00:09:49.019> for
drug that is now in clinical trial for
drug that is now in clinical trial for
Progeria<00:09:49.860> is<00:09:50.519> not<00:09:50.700> a<00:09:50.880> drug<00:09:51.000> that<00:09:51.240> was<00:09:51.420> designed
Progeria is not a drug that was designed
Progeria is not a drug that was designed
for<00:09:51.899> that<00:09:52.080> it's<00:09:52.380> such<00:09:52.680> a<00:09:52.860> rare<00:09:53.100> disease<00:09:53.399> it
for that it's such a rare disease it
for that it's such a rare disease it
would<00:09:53.760> be<00:09:53.880> hard<00:09:54.180> for<00:09:54.540> a<00:09:54.720> company<00:09:54.839> to<00:09:55.260> justify
would be hard for a company to justify
would be hard for a company to justify
spending<00:09:56.160> hundreds<00:09:56.760> of<00:09:56.820> millions<00:09:57.120> of<00:09:57.300> dollars
spending hundreds of millions of dollars
spending hundreds of millions of dollars
to<00:09:57.959> generate<00:09:58.320> a<00:09:58.500> drug<00:09:58.620> this<00:09:58.980> is<00:09:59.040> a<00:09:59.160> drug<00:09:59.279> that
to generate a drug this is a drug that
to generate a drug this is a drug that
was<00:09:59.640> developed<00:10:00.000> for<00:10:00.180> cancer<00:10:00.420> turned<00:10:01.320> out<00:10:01.380> it
was developed for cancer turned out it
was developed for cancer turned out it
didn't<00:10:01.680> work<00:10:01.860> very<00:10:01.980> well<00:10:02.220> for<00:10:02.459> cancer<00:10:02.760> but<00:10:03.300> it
didn't work very well for cancer but it
didn't work very well for cancer but it
has<00:10:03.600> exactly<00:10:03.959> the<00:10:04.140> right<00:10:04.320> properties<00:10:04.740> the
has exactly the right properties the
has exactly the right properties the
right<00:10:05.160> shape<00:10:05.519> to<00:10:06.360> work<00:10:06.480> for<00:10:06.660> Progeria<00:10:07.200> and
right shape to work for Progeria and
right shape to work for Progeria and
that's<00:10:07.500> what's<00:10:07.740> happened<00:10:07.980> wouldn't<00:10:08.580> it<00:10:08.760> be
that's what's happened wouldn't it be
that's what's happened wouldn't it be
great<00:10:09.060> if<00:10:09.180> we<00:10:09.300> could<00:10:09.480> do<00:10:09.720> that<00:10:09.959> more
great if we could do that more
great if we could do that more
systematically<00:10:11.100> could<00:10:11.940> we<00:10:12.120> in<00:10:12.360> fact
systematically could we in fact
systematically could we in fact
encourage<00:10:13.320> all<00:10:13.920> the<00:10:14.100> companies<00:10:14.459> that<00:10:14.640> are<00:10:14.760> out
encourage all the companies that are out
encourage all the companies that are out
there<00:10:15.120> that<00:10:15.779> have<00:10:15.959> drugs<00:10:16.380> in<00:10:16.500> their<00:10:16.620> freezers
there that have drugs in their freezers
there that have drugs in their freezers
that<00:10:17.580> are<00:10:17.700> known<00:10:17.880> to<00:10:18.000> be<00:10:18.180> safe<00:10:18.360> in<00:10:18.600> humans<00:10:18.959> but
that are known to be safe in humans but
that are known to be safe in humans but
have<00:10:19.740> never<00:10:19.980> actually<00:10:20.399> succeeded<00:10:21.240> in<00:10:21.660> terms
have never actually succeeded in terms
have never actually succeeded in terms
of<00:10:21.959> being<00:10:22.200> effective<00:10:22.620> for<00:10:22.920> the<00:10:23.040> treatments
of being effective for the treatments
of being effective for the treatments
they<00:10:23.700> were<00:10:23.820> tried<00:10:24.120> for<00:10:24.300> now<00:10:24.899> we're<00:10:25.080> learning
they were tried for now we're learning
they were tried for now we're learning
about<00:10:25.440> all<00:10:25.680> these<00:10:25.800> new<00:10:25.920> molecular<00:10:26.339> Pathways
about all these new molecular Pathways
about all these new molecular Pathways
some<00:10:27.600> of<00:10:27.720> those<00:10:27.839> could<00:10:28.140> be<00:10:28.320> repositioned<00:10:29.160> or
some of those could be repositioned or
some of those could be repositioned or
repurposed<00:10:30.000> or<00:10:30.120> whatever<00:10:30.300> word<00:10:30.540> you<00:10:30.720> want<00:10:30.899> to
repurposed or whatever word you want to
repurposed or whatever word you want to
use<00:10:31.140> for<00:10:31.740> new<00:10:31.860> application<00:10:32.279> it's<00:10:32.760> basically
use for new application it's basically
use for new application it's basically
teaching<00:10:33.660> old<00:10:33.899> drugs<00:10:34.320> new<00:10:34.500> tricks<00:10:34.920> that<00:10:35.820> could
teaching old drugs new tricks that could
teaching old drugs new tricks that could
be<00:10:36.120> a<00:10:36.300> phenomenal<00:10:36.720> valuable<00:10:37.320> activity<00:10:37.800> we
be a phenomenal valuable activity we
be a phenomenal valuable activity we
have<00:10:38.399> many<00:10:38.640> discussions<00:10:39.180> now<00:10:39.420> between<00:10:39.600> NIH
have many discussions now between NIH
have many discussions now between NIH
and<00:10:40.680> companies<00:10:41.040> about<00:10:41.220> doing<00:10:41.519> this<00:10:41.700> that<00:10:41.940> are
and companies about doing this that are
and companies about doing this that are
looking<00:10:42.240> very<00:10:42.480> promising<00:10:43.019> and<00:10:43.620> you<00:10:43.740> could
looking very promising and you could
looking very promising and you could
expect<00:10:44.040> quite<00:10:44.519> a<00:10:44.640> lot<00:10:44.760> to<00:10:44.880> come<00:10:45.060> from<00:10:45.300> this
expect quite a lot to come from this
expect quite a lot to come from this
there<00:10:46.320> are<00:10:46.440> quite<00:10:46.560> a<00:10:46.680> number<00:10:46.800> of<00:10:46.980> success
there are quite a number of success
there are quite a number of success
stories<00:10:47.760> one<00:10:48.060> can<00:10:48.240> point<00:10:48.480> to<00:10:48.660> about<00:10:49.140> how<00:10:49.440> this
stories one can point to about how this
stories one can point to about how this
has<00:10:49.800> led<00:10:50.040> to<00:10:50.220> Major<00:10:50.399> advances<00:10:51.060> the<00:10:51.660> first<00:10:51.779> drug
has led to Major advances the first drug
has led to Major advances the first drug
for<00:10:52.260> HIV<00:10:52.680> AIDS<00:10:53.220> was<00:10:53.760> not<00:10:53.940> developed<00:10:54.300> for<00:10:54.420> HIV
for HIV AIDS was not developed for HIV
for HIV AIDS was not developed for HIV
AIDS<00:10:55.200> it<00:10:55.320> was<00:10:55.440> developed<00:10:55.740> for<00:10:55.920> cancer<00:10:56.100> it<00:10:56.519> was
AIDS it was developed for cancer it was
AIDS it was developed for cancer it was
AZT<00:10:57.180> didn't<00:10:57.839> work<00:10:58.079> very<00:10:58.260> well<00:10:58.440> for<00:10:58.680> cancer<00:10:58.920> but
AZT didn't work very well for cancer but
AZT didn't work very well for cancer but
became<00:10:59.820> the<00:11:00.060> first<00:11:00.300> successful
became the first successful
became the first successful
antiretroviral<00:11:01.800> and<00:11:01.920> you<00:11:02.040> can<00:11:02.160> see<00:11:02.279> from<00:11:02.459> the
antiretroviral and you can see from the
antiretroviral and you can see from the
table<00:11:02.760> there<00:11:03.240> are<00:11:03.360> others<00:11:03.660> as<00:11:03.839> well
table there are others as well
table there are others as well
so<00:11:05.040> how<00:11:05.220> do<00:11:05.339> we<00:11:05.519> actually<00:11:05.700> make<00:11:06.540> that<00:11:06.720> a<00:11:06.899> more
so how do we actually make that a more
so how do we actually make that a more
generalizable<00:11:07.680> effort<00:11:07.980> well<00:11:08.220> we<00:11:08.399> have<00:11:08.519> to
generalizable effort well we have to
generalizable effort well we have to
come<00:11:08.760> up<00:11:08.880> with<00:11:09.060> a<00:11:09.180> partnership<00:11:09.600> between
come up with a partnership between
come up with a partnership between
Academia<00:11:11.640> government<00:11:11.940> the<00:11:12.360> private<00:11:12.779> sector
Academia government the private sector
Academia government the private sector
and<00:11:13.320> patient<00:11:13.620> organizations<00:11:14.100> to<00:11:14.459> make<00:11:14.579> that
and patient organizations to make that
and patient organizations to make that
so<00:11:15.000> at<00:11:15.779> NIH<00:11:16.200> we<00:11:16.500> have<00:11:16.620> started<00:11:16.920> this<00:11:17.160> new
so at NIH we have started this new
so at NIH we have started this new
National<00:11:17.519> Center<00:11:17.940> for<00:11:18.300> advancing
National Center for advancing
National Center for advancing
translational<00:11:19.320> Sciences<00:11:20.040> just<00:11:20.880> started<00:11:21.180> last
translational Sciences just started last
translational Sciences just started last
December<00:11:21.899> and<00:11:22.320> this<00:11:22.440> is<00:11:22.560> one<00:11:22.740> of<00:11:22.860> its<00:11:23.100> goals
December and this is one of its goals
December and this is one of its goals
let<00:11:24.060> me<00:11:24.120> tell<00:11:24.240> you<00:11:24.360> another<00:11:24.480> thing<00:11:24.720> we<00:11:24.899> could
let me tell you another thing we could
let me tell you another thing we could
do<00:11:25.200> wouldn't<00:11:25.860> it<00:11:26.100> be<00:11:26.220> nice<00:11:26.459> to<00:11:26.880> be<00:11:26.940> able<00:11:27.120> to
do wouldn't it be nice to be able to
do wouldn't it be nice to be able to
test<00:11:27.660> a<00:11:28.019> drug<00:11:28.140> to<00:11:28.440> see<00:11:28.560> if<00:11:28.680> it's<00:11:28.860> effective<00:11:29.399> and
test a drug to see if it's effective and
test a drug to see if it's effective and
safe<00:11:30.060> without<00:11:30.959> having<00:11:31.320> to<00:11:31.560> put<00:11:31.680> patients<00:11:32.160> at
safe without having to put patients at
safe without having to put patients at
risk<00:11:32.640> because<00:11:32.940> that<00:11:33.420> first<00:11:33.660> time<00:11:33.899> you're
risk because that first time you're
risk because that first time you're
never<00:11:34.320> quite<00:11:34.620> sure<00:11:34.920> how<00:11:35.700> do<00:11:35.760> we<00:11:35.880> know<00:11:36.060> for
never quite sure how do we know for
never quite sure how do we know for
instance<00:11:36.480> whether<00:11:36.779> drugs<00:11:37.200> are<00:11:37.260> safe<00:11:37.500> before
instance whether drugs are safe before
instance whether drugs are safe before
we<00:11:37.980> give<00:11:38.160> them<00:11:38.279> to<00:11:38.459> people<00:11:38.640> we<00:11:39.240> test<00:11:39.420> them<00:11:39.660> on
we give them to people we test them on
we give them to people we test them on
animals<00:11:40.320> and<00:11:41.100> it's<00:11:41.279> not<00:11:41.519> all<00:11:41.700> that<00:11:41.820> reliable
animals and it's not all that reliable
animals and it's not all that reliable
and<00:11:42.540> it's<00:11:42.720> costly<00:11:43.260> and<00:11:43.980> it's<00:11:44.160> time<00:11:44.339> consuming
and it's costly and it's time consuming
and it's costly and it's time consuming
suppose<00:11:45.600> we<00:11:45.779> could<00:11:45.959> do<00:11:46.140> this<00:11:46.320> instead<00:11:46.680> on
suppose we could do this instead on
suppose we could do this instead on
human<00:11:47.100> cells<00:11:47.760> you<00:11:48.660> probably<00:11:48.779> know<00:11:49.079> if<00:11:49.260> you've
human cells you probably know if you've
human cells you probably know if you've
been<00:11:49.560> paying<00:11:49.860> attention<00:11:50.100> to<00:11:50.399> some<00:11:50.640> of<00:11:50.760> the
been paying attention to some of the
been paying attention to some of the
science<00:11:51.000> literature<00:11:51.480> that<00:11:51.660> you<00:11:51.839> can<00:11:51.899> now<00:11:52.079> take
science literature that you can now take
science literature that you can now take
a<00:11:52.500> skin<00:11:52.680> cell<00:11:52.980> and<00:11:53.700> encourage<00:11:54.060> it<00:11:54.240> to<00:11:54.480> become<00:11:54.839> a
a skin cell and encourage it to become a
a skin cell and encourage it to become a
liver<00:11:55.740> cell<00:11:55.920> or<00:11:56.220> a<00:11:56.339> heart<00:11:56.459> cell<00:11:56.640> or<00:11:56.880> a<00:11:57.000> kidney
liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney
liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney
cell<00:11:57.420> or<00:11:57.600> a<00:11:57.720> brain<00:11:57.899> cell<00:11:58.019> for<00:11:58.260> any<00:11:58.440> of<00:11:58.620> us
cell or a brain cell for any of us
cell or a brain cell for any of us
so<00:11:59.820> what<00:12:00.000> if<00:12:00.180> you<00:12:00.300> use<00:12:00.540> those<00:12:00.959> cells<00:12:01.440> as<00:12:01.860> your
so what if you use those cells as your
so what if you use those cells as your
test<00:12:02.339> for<00:12:02.760> whether<00:12:02.940> a<00:12:03.180> drug<00:12:03.300> is<00:12:03.480> going<00:12:03.660> to<00:12:03.720> work
test for whether a drug is going to work
test for whether a drug is going to work
and<00:12:03.959> whether<00:12:04.140> it's<00:12:04.320> going<00:12:04.440> to<00:12:04.560> be<00:12:04.680> safe<00:12:04.860> here
and whether it's going to be safe here
and whether it's going to be safe here
you<00:12:05.880> see<00:12:06.120> a<00:12:06.540> picture<00:12:06.680> of<00:12:07.680> a<00:12:08.279> lung<00:12:08.579> on<00:12:08.820> a<00:12:08.940> chip
you see a picture of a lung on a chip
you see a picture of a lung on a chip
this<00:12:10.200> is<00:12:10.320> something<00:12:10.560> created<00:12:10.920> by<00:12:11.160> the<00:12:11.339> this
this is something created by the this
this is something created by the this
institute<00:12:12.120> in<00:12:12.420> Boston<00:12:12.600> and<00:12:13.500> what<00:12:13.680> they<00:12:13.800> have
institute in Boston and what they have
institute in Boston and what they have
done<00:12:14.100> here<00:12:14.399> if<00:12:14.820> we<00:12:14.940> can<00:12:15.060> run<00:12:15.240> the<00:12:15.420> little<00:12:15.540> video
done here if we can run the little video
done here if we can run the little video
is<00:12:16.500> to<00:12:16.680> take<00:12:16.860> cells<00:12:17.339> from<00:12:17.459> an<00:12:17.640> individual<00:12:18.000> turn
is to take cells from an individual turn
is to take cells from an individual turn
them<00:12:18.779> into<00:12:19.019> the<00:12:19.260> kinds<00:12:19.500> of<00:12:19.620> cells<00:12:19.980> that<00:12:20.160> are
them into the kinds of cells that are
them into the kinds of cells that are
present<00:12:20.579> in<00:12:20.760> the<00:12:20.940> lung<00:12:21.120> and<00:12:21.959> determine<00:12:22.320> what
present in the lung and determine what
present in the lung and determine what
would<00:12:22.740> happen<00:12:22.980> if<00:12:23.399> you<00:12:23.579> added<00:12:24.000> to<00:12:24.300> this
would happen if you added to this
would happen if you added to this
various<00:12:25.560> drug<00:12:25.800> compounds<00:12:26.399> to<00:12:26.579> see<00:12:26.760> if<00:12:26.880> they
various drug compounds to see if they
various drug compounds to see if they
are<00:12:27.240> toxic<00:12:27.480> or<00:12:27.720> safe<00:12:27.959> you<00:12:28.680> can<00:12:28.800> see<00:12:28.980> this<00:12:29.220> chip
are toxic or safe you can see this chip
are toxic or safe you can see this chip
even<00:12:29.700> breathes<00:12:30.240> it<00:12:31.140> has<00:12:31.260> an<00:12:31.440> air<00:12:31.560> channel<00:12:31.860> it
even breathes it has an air channel it
even breathes it has an air channel it
has<00:12:32.579> a<00:12:32.700> blood<00:12:32.880> Channel<00:12:33.120> and<00:12:33.779> it<00:12:33.899> has<00:12:34.019> cells<00:12:34.500> in
has a blood Channel and it has cells in
has a blood Channel and it has cells in
between<00:12:34.860> that<00:12:35.700> allow<00:12:36.000> you<00:12:36.060> to<00:12:36.240> see<00:12:36.360> what
between that allow you to see what
between that allow you to see what
happens<00:12:36.779> when<00:12:37.079> you<00:12:37.200> add<00:12:37.380> a<00:12:37.500> compound<00:12:37.800> are
happens when you add a compound are
happens when you add a compound are
those<00:12:38.160> cells<00:12:38.459> happy<00:12:38.640> or<00:12:38.880> not
those cells happy or not
those cells happy or not
you<00:12:40.140> can<00:12:40.200> do<00:12:40.380> the<00:12:40.620> same<00:12:40.860> kind<00:12:41.100> of<00:12:41.220> chip
you can do the same kind of chip
you can do the same kind of chip
technology<00:12:42.120> for<00:12:42.959> kidneys<00:12:43.440> for<00:12:43.680> hearts<00:12:44.100> for
technology for kidneys for hearts for
technology for kidneys for hearts for
muscles<00:12:44.880> all<00:12:45.120> the<00:12:45.240> places<00:12:45.420> where<00:12:45.779> you<00:12:45.899> want<00:12:46.079> to
muscles all the places where you want to
muscles all the places where you want to
see<00:12:46.320> whether<00:12:46.680> a<00:12:46.860> drug<00:12:46.980> is<00:12:47.220> going<00:12:47.399> to<00:12:47.519> be<00:12:47.579> a
see whether a drug is going to be a
see whether a drug is going to be a
problem<00:12:47.880> for<00:12:48.180> liver
problem for liver
problem for liver
and<00:12:49.620> ultimately<00:12:49.980> because<00:12:50.639> you<00:12:50.880> can<00:12:51.000> do<00:12:51.120> this
and ultimately because you can do this
and ultimately because you can do this
for<00:12:51.480> the<00:12:51.660> individual
for the individual
for the individual
we<00:12:53.100> could<00:12:53.279> even<00:12:53.399> see<00:12:53.639> this<00:12:53.880> moving<00:12:54.240> to<00:12:54.360> the
we could even see this moving to the
we could even see this moving to the
point<00:12:54.720> where<00:12:55.260> the<00:12:55.500> ability<00:12:55.800> to<00:12:56.279> develop<00:12:56.700> and
point where the ability to develop and
point where the ability to develop and
test<00:12:57.240> medicines<00:12:57.839> will<00:12:58.560> be<00:12:58.740> you<00:12:58.980> on<00:12:59.220> a<00:12:59.339> chip
test medicines will be you on a chip
test medicines will be you on a chip
what<00:12:59.820> we're<00:13:00.060> trying<00:13:00.180> to<00:13:00.360> say<00:13:00.540> here<00:13:00.779> is<00:13:01.019> the
what we're trying to say here is the
what we're trying to say here is the
individualizing<00:13:02.339> of<00:13:02.639> the<00:13:02.820> process<00:13:03.120> of
individualizing of the process of
individualizing of the process of
developing<00:13:04.380> drugs<00:13:04.920> and<00:13:05.160> testing<00:13:05.519> their
developing drugs and testing their
developing drugs and testing their
safety
safety
safety
so<00:13:07.380> let<00:13:07.560> me<00:13:07.680> sum<00:13:07.860> up<00:13:08.519> we<00:13:09.000> are<00:13:09.120> at<00:13:09.300> a<00:13:09.480> remarkable
so let me sum up we are at a remarkable
so let me sum up we are at a remarkable
moment<00:13:10.200> here<00:13:10.860> for<00:13:11.399> me<00:13:11.519> at<00:13:11.639> NIH<00:13:12.060> now<00:13:12.240> for<00:13:12.480> almost
moment here for me at NIH now for almost
moment here for me at NIH now for almost
20<00:13:12.779> years<00:13:13.019> there<00:13:13.560> has<00:13:13.680> never<00:13:13.920> been<00:13:14.160> a<00:13:14.339> time
20 years there has never been a time
20 years there has never been a time
where<00:13:14.820> there<00:13:15.000> was<00:13:15.180> more<00:13:15.360> excitement<00:13:15.720> about
where there was more excitement about
where there was more excitement about
the<00:13:16.260> potential<00:13:16.680> that<00:13:17.160> lies<00:13:17.459> in<00:13:17.579> front<00:13:17.760> of<00:13:17.880> us
the potential that lies in front of us
the potential that lies in front of us
we<00:13:18.959> have<00:13:19.079> made<00:13:19.260> all<00:13:19.500> these<00:13:19.680> discoveries
we have made all these discoveries
we have made all these discoveries
pouring<00:13:20.700> out<00:13:20.880> of<00:13:21.000> Laboratories<00:13:21.540> across<00:13:21.959> the
pouring out of Laboratories across the
pouring out of Laboratories across the
world<00:13:22.200> what<00:13:22.740> do<00:13:22.860> we<00:13:22.980> need<00:13:23.100> to<00:13:23.279> capitalize<00:13:23.700> on
world what do we need to capitalize on
world what do we need to capitalize on
this<00:13:24.060> first<00:13:24.420> of<00:13:24.600> all<00:13:24.660> we<00:13:24.839> need<00:13:24.959> resources<00:13:25.560> this
this first of all we need resources this
this first of all we need resources this
is<00:13:26.519> research<00:13:27.060> that's<00:13:27.240> high<00:13:27.540> risk<00:13:27.899> sometimes
is research that's high risk sometimes
is research that's high risk sometimes
high<00:13:28.800> cost<00:13:29.040> the<00:13:29.519> payoff<00:13:29.820> is<00:13:30.000> enormous<00:13:30.420> both<00:13:30.600> in
high cost the payoff is enormous both in
high cost the payoff is enormous both in
terms<00:13:30.959> of<00:13:31.019> health<00:13:31.260> and<00:13:31.620> in<00:13:31.800> terms<00:13:31.980> of<00:13:32.100> economic
terms of health and in terms of economic
terms of health and in terms of economic
growth<00:13:32.820> we<00:13:33.060> need<00:13:33.240> to<00:13:33.360> support<00:13:33.480> that<00:13:33.839> second<00:13:34.500> we
growth we need to support that second we
growth we need to support that second we
need<00:13:34.860> new<00:13:35.040> kinds<00:13:35.399> of<00:13:35.459> Partnerships<00:13:36.000> between
need new kinds of Partnerships between
need new kinds of Partnerships between
Academia<00:13:37.440> and<00:13:37.740> government<00:13:37.860> and<00:13:38.160> the<00:13:38.339> private
Academia and government and the private
Academia and government and the private
sector<00:13:38.820> and<00:13:39.120> patient<00:13:39.360> organizations<00:13:39.899> just
sector and patient organizations just
sector and patient organizations just
like<00:13:40.440> the<00:13:40.620> one<00:13:40.740> I've<00:13:40.920> been<00:13:41.100> describing<00:13:41.519> here
like the one I've been describing here
like the one I've been describing here
in<00:13:42.300> terms<00:13:42.480> of<00:13:42.600> the<00:13:42.779> way<00:13:42.899> which<00:13:43.139> we<00:13:43.440> could<00:13:43.620> go
in terms of the way which we could go
in terms of the way which we could go
after<00:13:43.860> repurposing<00:13:44.579> new<00:13:44.820> compounds<00:13:45.360> and
after repurposing new compounds and
after repurposing new compounds and
third<00:13:46.380> and<00:13:46.800> maybe<00:13:46.980> most<00:13:47.220> important<00:13:47.579> we<00:13:48.000> need
third and maybe most important we need
third and maybe most important we need
talent<00:13:48.660> we<00:13:49.380> need<00:13:49.560> the<00:13:49.680> best<00:13:49.860> and<00:13:50.040> the
talent we need the best and the
talent we need the best and the
brightest<00:13:50.579> from<00:13:51.360> many<00:13:51.540> different
brightest from many different
brightest from many different
disciplines<00:13:52.380> to<00:13:52.680> come<00:13:52.860> and<00:13:52.980> join<00:13:53.220> this<00:13:53.399> effort
disciplines to come and join this effort
disciplines to come and join this effort
all<00:13:54.480> ages<00:13:54.839> all<00:13:55.380> different<00:13:55.740> groups<00:13:56.220> because
all ages all different groups because
all ages all different groups because
this<00:13:57.420> is<00:13:57.600> the<00:13:57.839> time<00:13:57.959> folks<00:13:58.380> this<00:13:58.620> is<00:13:58.740> the<00:13:58.920> 21st
this is the time folks this is the 21st
this is the time folks this is the 21st
century<00:13:59.820> biology<00:14:00.480> that<00:14:01.200> you've<00:14:01.320> been<00:14:01.440> waiting
century biology that you've been waiting
century biology that you've been waiting
for<00:14:01.920> and<00:14:02.399> we<00:14:02.519> have<00:14:02.639> the<00:14:02.820> chance<00:14:03.060> to<00:14:03.600> take<00:14:03.779> that
for and we have the chance to take that
for and we have the chance to take that
and<00:14:04.620> turn<00:14:04.860> it<00:14:04.980> into<00:14:05.160> something<00:14:05.519> which<00:14:06.240> will<00:14:06.540> in
and turn it into something which will in
and turn it into something which will in
fact<00:14:06.959> knock<00:14:07.680> out<00:14:07.860> disease<00:14:08.339> that's<00:14:08.940> my<00:14:09.240> goal<00:14:09.600> I
fact knock out disease that's my goal I
fact knock out disease that's my goal I
hope<00:14:10.260> that's<00:14:10.500> your<00:14:10.800> goal<00:14:11.100> I<00:14:11.519> think<00:14:11.639> it'll<00:14:11.880> be
hope that's your goal I think it'll be
hope that's your goal I think it'll be
the<00:14:12.180> goal<00:14:12.420> of<00:14:12.480> the<00:14:12.660> poets<00:14:12.899> and<00:14:13.200> the<00:14:13.320> Muppets
the goal of the poets and the Muppets
the goal of the poets and the Muppets
and<00:14:14.220> the<00:14:14.339> Surfers<00:14:14.700> and<00:14:15.420> the<00:14:15.600> bankers<00:14:15.899> and<00:14:16.200> all
and the Surfers and the bankers and all
and the Surfers and the bankers and all
the<00:14:16.380> other<00:14:16.500> people<00:14:16.680> who<00:14:16.920> join<00:14:17.220> this<00:14:17.459> stage<00:14:17.820> and
the other people who join this stage and
the other people who join this stage and
think<00:14:18.839> about<00:14:19.019> what<00:14:19.380> we're<00:14:19.500> trying<00:14:19.740> to<00:14:19.860> do<00:14:19.980> here
think about what we're trying to do here
think about what we're trying to do here
and<00:14:20.279> why<00:14:20.519> it<00:14:20.639> matters<00:14:20.940> it<00:14:21.240> matters<00:14:21.540> for<00:14:21.779> now<00:14:22.019> it
and why it matters it matters for now it
and why it matters it matters for now it
matters<00:14:22.920> as<00:14:23.160> soon<00:14:23.339> as<00:14:23.459> possible<00:14:23.820> if<00:14:24.360> you<00:14:24.480> don't
matters as soon as possible if you don't
matters as soon as possible if you don't
believe<00:14:24.779> me<00:14:25.079> just<00:14:25.860> ask<00:14:26.100> Sam<00:14:26.399> thank<00:14:27.300> you<00:14:27.420> all
believe me just ask Sam thank you all
believe me just ask Sam thank you all
very<00:14:27.779> much
foreign
Francis Collins, drugs, medicine, disease, treatment, doctor, medical, TED, Ed’, TED, TED-Ed, TEDEducation
