Inside an Antarctic time machine - Lee Hotz
come<00:00:16.350> with<00:00:16.560> me<00:00:16.800> to<00:00:17.400> the<00:00:17.550> bottom<00:00:17.790> of<00:00:18.060> the<00:00:18.180> world
come with me to the bottom of the world
come with me to the bottom of the world
Antarctica<00:00:20.189> the<00:00:20.700> highest<00:00:21.150> driest<00:00:21.630> windiest
Antarctica the highest driest windiest
Antarctica the highest driest windiest
and<00:00:22.830> yes<00:00:23.279> coldest<00:00:23.790> region<00:00:24.300> on<00:00:24.510> earth<00:00:24.869> more
and yes coldest region on earth more
and yes coldest region on earth more
arid<00:00:25.980> than<00:00:26.130> the<00:00:26.279> Sahara<00:00:26.700> and<00:00:26.939> in<00:00:27.660> parts<00:00:28.140> colder
arid than the Sahara and in parts colder
arid than the Sahara and in parts colder
than<00:00:28.800> Mars<00:00:29.070> the<00:00:30.000> ice<00:00:30.180> of<00:00:30.450> Antarctica<00:00:30.599> glows
than Mars the ice of Antarctica glows
than Mars the ice of Antarctica glows
with<00:00:31.739> a<00:00:31.770> light<00:00:32.070> so<00:00:32.430> dazzling<00:00:33.090> it<00:00:33.210> blinds<00:00:33.720> the
with a light so dazzling it blinds the
with a light so dazzling it blinds the
unprotected<00:00:34.560> eye<00:00:34.680> early<00:00:35.489> explorers<00:00:36.060> rub
unprotected eye early explorers rub
unprotected eye early explorers rub
cocaine<00:00:36.930> in<00:00:37.079> their<00:00:37.200> eyes<00:00:37.320> to<00:00:37.350> kill<00:00:37.860> the<00:00:38.010> pain
cocaine in their eyes to kill the pain
cocaine in their eyes to kill the pain
of<00:00:38.370> it<00:00:38.630> the<00:00:39.630> weight<00:00:39.840> of<00:00:39.989> the<00:00:40.079> ice<00:00:40.260> is<00:00:40.620> such<00:00:40.950> that
of it the weight of the ice is such that
of it the weight of the ice is such that
the<00:00:41.340> entire<00:00:41.700> continent<00:00:42.420> sags<00:00:42.870> below<00:00:43.320> sea
the entire continent sags below sea
the entire continent sags below sea
level<00:00:43.649> beneath<00:00:44.550> its<00:00:44.969> weight<00:00:45.030> yet<00:00:45.840> the<00:00:46.199> ice<00:00:46.379> of
level beneath its weight yet the ice of
level beneath its weight yet the ice of
Antarctica<00:00:46.649> is<00:00:47.160> a<00:00:47.280> calendar<00:00:47.820> of<00:00:47.969> climate
Antarctica is a calendar of climate
Antarctica is a calendar of climate
change<00:00:48.840> it<00:00:49.620> records<00:00:50.219> the<00:00:50.370> annual<00:00:50.879> rise<00:00:51.149> and
change it records the annual rise and
change it records the annual rise and
fall<00:00:51.840> of<00:00:51.870> greenhouse<00:00:52.620> gases<00:00:53.160> and
fall of greenhouse gases and
fall of greenhouse gases and
temperatures<00:00:53.850> going<00:00:54.329> back<00:00:54.660> before<00:00:54.870> the<00:00:55.170> onset
temperatures going back before the onset
temperatures going back before the onset
of<00:00:55.710> the<00:00:55.829> last<00:00:56.100> ice<00:00:56.399> ages<00:00:56.850> nowhere<00:00:57.539> on<00:00:57.750> earth
of the last ice ages nowhere on earth
of the last ice ages nowhere on earth
offers<00:00:58.649> us<00:00:59.280> such<00:00:59.550> a<00:00:59.579> perfect<00:01:00.149> record<00:01:00.390> and<00:01:00.739> here
offers us such a perfect record and here
offers us such a perfect record and here
scientists<00:01:02.730> are<00:01:02.879> drilling<00:01:03.210> into<00:01:03.839> the<00:01:03.870> past<00:01:04.260> of
scientists are drilling into the past of
scientists are drilling into the past of
our<00:01:04.739> planet<00:01:05.250> to<00:01:05.760> find<00:01:06.150> clues<00:01:06.630> to<00:01:06.960> the<00:01:07.110> future
our planet to find clues to the future
our planet to find clues to the future
of<00:01:07.650> climate<00:01:08.580> change<00:01:08.940> this<00:01:09.900> past<00:01:10.230> January<00:01:10.530> I
of climate change this past January I
of climate change this past January I
traveled<00:01:11.520> to<00:01:11.640> a<00:01:11.670> place<00:01:11.940> called<00:01:12.270> waste<00:01:12.600> divide
traveled to a place called waste divide
traveled to a place called waste divide
about<00:01:13.470> 600<00:01:14.010> miles<00:01:14.220> from<00:01:14.460> the<00:01:14.610> South<00:01:14.820> Pole<00:01:15.180> it
about 600 miles from the South Pole it
about 600 miles from the South Pole it
is<00:01:15.960> the<00:01:16.140> best<00:01:16.410> place<00:01:16.710> on<00:01:16.920> the<00:01:17.070> planet<00:01:17.220> many<00:01:17.700> say
is the best place on the planet many say
is the best place on the planet many say
to<00:01:18.090> study<00:01:18.510> the<00:01:18.690> history<00:01:19.020> of<00:01:19.140> climate<00:01:19.380> change
to study the history of climate change
to study the history of climate change
there<00:01:20.880> about<00:01:21.240> 45<00:01:21.870> scientists<00:01:22.530> from<00:01:22.620> the
there about 45 scientists from the
there about 45 scientists from the
University<00:01:23.250> of<00:01:23.280> Wisconsin<00:01:23.970> the<00:01:24.000> desert
University of Wisconsin the desert
University of Wisconsin the desert
Research<00:01:24.810> Institute<00:01:25.380> in<00:01:25.500> Nevada<00:01:25.830> and<00:01:26.100> others
Research Institute in Nevada and others
Research Institute in Nevada and others
have<00:01:26.940> been<00:01:27.060> working<00:01:27.120> to<00:01:27.630> answer<00:01:27.810> a<00:01:28.020> central
have been working to answer a central
have been working to answer a central
question<00:01:28.770> about<00:01:29.310> global<00:01:29.760> warming<00:01:29.790> what<00:01:30.720> is
question about global warming what is
question about global warming what is
the<00:01:31.140> exact<00:01:31.680> relationship<00:01:32.150> between<00:01:33.150> levels<00:01:33.840> of
the exact relationship between levels of
the exact relationship between levels of
greenhouse<00:01:34.230> gases<00:01:35.130> and<00:01:35.250> planetary
greenhouse gases and planetary
greenhouse gases and planetary
temperatures<00:01:36.900> it's<00:01:37.380> urgent<00:01:37.680> work
temperatures it's urgent work
temperatures it's urgent work
we<00:01:38.760> know<00:01:39.000> that<00:01:39.180> temperatures<00:01:39.690> are<00:01:39.810> rising
we know that temperatures are rising
we know that temperatures are rising
this<00:01:40.740> past<00:01:41.070> May<00:01:41.400> was<00:01:41.640> the<00:01:41.790> warmest<00:01:42.240> worldwide
this past May was the warmest worldwide
this past May was the warmest worldwide
on<00:01:43.050> record<00:01:43.530> and<00:01:43.680> we<00:01:44.040> know<00:01:44.250> that<00:01:44.460> levels<00:01:44.790> of
on record and we know that levels of
on record and we know that levels of
greenhouse<00:01:45.120> gases<00:01:45.870> are<00:01:46.050> rising<00:01:46.290> too<00:01:46.770> what<00:01:47.370> we
greenhouse gases are rising too what we
greenhouse gases are rising too what we
don't<00:01:47.790> know<00:01:47.970> is<00:01:48.330> the<00:01:48.630> exact<00:01:49.350> precise
don't know is the exact precise
don't know is the exact precise
immediate<00:01:50.850> impact<00:01:51.450> of<00:01:51.630> these<00:01:51.780> changes<00:01:52.230> on
immediate impact of these changes on
immediate impact of these changes on
natural<00:01:53.250> climate<00:01:53.610> patterns<00:01:54.150> winds<00:01:54.780> ocean
natural climate patterns winds ocean
natural climate patterns winds ocean
currents<00:01:56.300> precipitation<00:01:57.300> rates<00:01:57.570> cloud
currents precipitation rates cloud
currents precipitation rates cloud
formation<00:01:59.010> things<00:01:59.760> that<00:02:00.000> bear<00:02:00.270> on<00:02:00.420> the<00:02:00.540> health
formation things that bear on the health
formation things that bear on the health
and<00:02:01.050> well-being<00:02:01.260> of<00:02:01.710> billions<00:02:02.670> of<00:02:02.910> people
and well-being of billions of people
and well-being of billions of people
their<00:02:04.950> entire<00:02:05.370> camp<00:02:05.790> every<00:02:06.240> item<00:02:06.630> of<00:02:06.810> gear<00:02:07.170> was
their entire camp every item of gear was
their entire camp every item of gear was
ferried<00:02:08.030> 885<00:02:09.030> miles<00:02:09.509> from<00:02:10.229> McMurdo<00:02:10.619> Station
ferried 885 miles from McMurdo Station
ferried 885 miles from McMurdo Station
the<00:02:11.580> main<00:02:11.819> US<00:02:12.209> supply<00:02:12.569> base<00:02:12.870> on<00:02:13.110> the<00:02:13.230> coast<00:02:13.500> of
the main US supply base on the coast of
the main US supply base on the coast of
Antarctica<00:02:14.750> waste<00:02:15.750> divide<00:02:16.230> itself<00:02:16.709> though<00:02:17.010> is
Antarctica waste divide itself though is
Antarctica waste divide itself though is
a<00:02:17.280> circle<00:02:17.819> of<00:02:17.970> tents<00:02:18.300> and<00:02:18.629> the<00:02:18.870> snow<00:02:19.140> in
a circle of tents and the snow in
a circle of tents and the snow in
Blizzard<00:02:20.910> winds<00:02:21.150> the<00:02:21.810> crew<00:02:22.110> sling<00:02:22.710> ropes
Blizzard winds the crew sling ropes
Blizzard winds the crew sling ropes
between<00:02:23.670> the<00:02:23.820> tents
between the tents
between the tents
that<00:02:24.630> people<00:02:24.959> can<00:02:25.200> feel<00:02:25.560> their<00:02:25.920> way<00:02:26.099> safely<00:02:26.490> to
that people can feel their way safely to
that people can feel their way safely to
the<00:02:27.000> nearest<00:02:27.270> ice<00:02:27.510> house<00:02:27.780> and<00:02:28.020> to<00:02:28.650> the<00:02:28.680> nearest
the nearest ice house and to the nearest
the nearest ice house and to the nearest
outhouse<00:02:29.760> it<00:02:30.660> snows<00:02:31.110> so<00:02:31.470> heavily<00:02:31.800> there<00:02:32.130> the
outhouse it snows so heavily there the
outhouse it snows so heavily there the
installation<00:02:32.970> was<00:02:33.180> almost<00:02:33.540> immediately
installation was almost immediately
installation was almost immediately
buried<00:02:34.650> indeed<00:02:35.370> the<00:02:35.730> researchers<00:02:36.270> picked
buried indeed the researchers picked
buried indeed the researchers picked
this<00:02:36.810> site<00:02:37.020> because<00:02:37.410> ice<00:02:37.650> and<00:02:37.890> snow
this site because ice and snow
this site because ice and snow
accumulates<00:02:38.760> here<00:02:39.060> ten<00:02:39.360> times<00:02:39.660> faster<00:02:40.230> than
accumulates here ten times faster than
accumulates here ten times faster than
anywhere<00:02:40.739> else<00:02:40.800> in<00:02:41.130> Antarctica<00:02:41.670> they<00:02:42.600> have<00:02:42.780> to
anywhere else in Antarctica they have to
anywhere else in Antarctica they have to
dig<00:02:43.170> themselves<00:02:43.380> out<00:02:43.860> every<00:02:44.640> day<00:02:44.850> it<00:02:45.810> makes
dig themselves out every day it makes
dig themselves out every day it makes
for<00:02:46.440> an<00:02:46.500> exotic<00:02:46.890> and<00:02:47.510> chilly<00:02:48.510> commute<00:02:50.870> but
for an exotic and chilly commute but
for an exotic and chilly commute but
under<00:02:52.200> the<00:02:52.319> surface<00:02:52.560> is<00:02:52.950> a<00:02:53.940> hive<00:02:54.360> of
under the surface is a hive of
under the surface is a hive of
industrial<00:02:55.260> activity<00:02:55.440> centered<00:02:56.430> around<00:02:56.580> an
industrial activity centered around an
industrial activity centered around an
eight<00:02:57.420> million<00:02:57.660> dollar<00:02:57.810> drill<00:02:58.470> assembly
eight million dollar drill assembly
eight million dollar drill assembly
periodically<00:03:00.360> this<00:03:00.750> drill<00:03:01.140> like<00:03:01.500> a<00:03:01.530> biopsy
periodically this drill like a biopsy
periodically this drill like a biopsy
needle<00:03:02.730> plunges<00:03:03.299> thousands<00:03:04.140> of<00:03:04.260> feet<00:03:04.440> deep
needle plunges thousands of feet deep
needle plunges thousands of feet deep
into<00:03:04.920> the<00:03:05.040> ice<00:03:05.250> to<00:03:05.489> extract<00:03:06.000> a<00:03:06.150> marrow<00:03:06.540> of
into the ice to extract a marrow of
into the ice to extract a marrow of
gases<00:03:07.440> and<00:03:07.590> isotopes<00:03:08.040> for<00:03:08.340> analysis<00:03:09.709> ten
gases and isotopes for analysis ten
gases and isotopes for analysis ten
times<00:03:11.040> a<00:03:11.250> day<00:03:11.280> they<00:03:11.640> extract<00:03:12.060> a<00:03:12.180> ten-foot<00:03:12.660> long
times a day they extract a ten-foot long
times a day they extract a ten-foot long
cylinder<00:03:13.470> of<00:03:13.590> compressed<00:03:14.190> ice<00:03:14.340> crystals<00:03:14.610> that
cylinder of compressed ice crystals that
cylinder of compressed ice crystals that
contain<00:03:15.480> the<00:03:15.690> unsullied<00:03:16.260> air<00:03:16.650> and<00:03:16.920> trace
contain the unsullied air and trace
contain the unsullied air and trace
chemicals<00:03:18.209> laid<00:03:18.450> down<00:03:18.720> by<00:03:19.019> snow<00:03:19.440> season<00:03:19.890> after
chemicals laid down by snow season after
chemicals laid down by snow season after
season<00:03:20.640> for<00:03:21.060> thousands<00:03:21.600> of<00:03:21.690> years<00:03:23.630> it's
season for thousands of years it's
season for thousands of years it's
really<00:03:24.780> a<00:03:25.319> time<00:03:26.010> machine<00:03:26.250> at<00:03:27.030> the<00:03:27.209> peak<00:03:27.420> of
really a time machine at the peak of
really a time machine at the peak of
activity<00:03:27.690> earlier<00:03:28.380> this<00:03:28.620> year<00:03:28.680> the
activity earlier this year the
activity earlier this year the
researchers<00:03:30.440> lowered<00:03:31.440> the<00:03:31.560> drill<00:03:31.799> an<00:03:32.400> extra
researchers lowered the drill an extra
researchers lowered the drill an extra
hundred<00:03:33.000> feet<00:03:33.480> deeper<00:03:33.870> into<00:03:34.019> the<00:03:34.109> ice<00:03:34.260> every
hundred feet deeper into the ice every
hundred feet deeper into the ice every
day<00:03:34.829> and<00:03:35.100> another<00:03:35.430> three<00:03:35.820> hundred<00:03:36.120> and<00:03:36.239> sixty
day and another three hundred and sixty
day and another three hundred and sixty
five<00:03:36.720> years<00:03:37.230> deeper<00:03:38.010> into<00:03:38.549> the<00:03:38.640> past
five years deeper into the past
five years deeper into the past
periodically<00:03:41.370> they<00:03:41.730> remove<00:03:42.739> cylinder<00:03:43.739> of<00:03:43.890> ice
periodically they remove cylinder of ice
periodically they remove cylinder of ice
like<00:03:44.400> gamekeepers<00:03:45.090> popping<00:03:45.540> a<00:03:45.630> spent<00:03:45.930> shotgun
like gamekeepers popping a spent shotgun
like gamekeepers popping a spent shotgun
shell<00:03:46.709> from<00:03:47.220> the<00:03:47.370> barrel<00:03:47.730> of<00:03:47.820> a<00:03:47.940> drill<00:03:49.549> they
shell from the barrel of a drill they
shell from the barrel of a drill they
inspect<00:03:51.090> it<00:03:51.269> they<00:03:51.690> check<00:03:51.959> it<00:03:52.079> for<00:03:52.200> cracks<00:03:52.470> for
inspect it they check it for cracks for
inspect it they check it for cracks for
drill<00:03:53.400> damage<00:03:53.820> for<00:03:54.120> Spall's<00:03:54.480> for<00:03:54.870> chips<00:03:55.670> more
drill damage for Spall's for chips more
drill damage for Spall's for chips more
importantly<00:03:57.209> they<00:03:57.420> prepare<00:03:57.870> it<00:03:57.900> for
importantly they prepare it for
importantly they prepare it for
inspection<00:03:59.459> and<00:03:59.609> analysis<00:03:59.730> by<00:04:00.420> 27
inspection and analysis by 27
inspection and analysis by 27
independent<00:04:02.130> laboratories<00:04:02.670> in<00:04:02.820> the<00:04:02.850> United
independent laboratories in the United
independent laboratories in the United
States<00:04:03.450> and<00:04:03.690> Europe<00:04:03.930> who<00:04:04.320> will<00:04:04.500> examine<00:04:04.890> it
States and Europe who will examine it
States and Europe who will examine it
for<00:04:05.370> 40<00:04:05.730> different<00:04:06.000> trace<00:04:06.420> chemicals<00:04:06.930> related
for 40 different trace chemicals related
for 40 different trace chemicals related
to<00:04:07.440> climate<00:04:07.680> some<00:04:08.579> in<00:04:08.790> parts<00:04:09.299> per<00:04:09.680> quadrillion
to climate some in parts per quadrillion
to climate some in parts per quadrillion
yes<00:04:11.280> I<00:04:11.489> said<00:04:11.910> that<00:04:11.940> with<00:04:12.239> a<00:04:12.269> Q<00:04:12.630> quadrillion
yes I said that with a Q quadrillion
yes I said that with a Q quadrillion
they<00:04:14.400> cut<00:04:14.609> the<00:04:14.760> cylinders<00:04:15.150> up<00:04:15.359> into<00:04:15.630> three
they cut the cylinders up into three
they cut the cylinders up into three
foot<00:04:16.049> sections<00:04:16.500> for<00:04:16.680> easier<00:04:17.039> handling<00:04:17.100> and
foot sections for easier handling and
foot sections for easier handling and
shipment<00:04:18.539> back<00:04:18.750> to<00:04:18.930> these<00:04:19.079> labs<00:04:19.380> some<00:04:20.010> 8,000
shipment back to these labs some 8,000
shipment back to these labs some 8,000
miles<00:04:21.090> from<00:04:21.299> the<00:04:21.510> drill<00:04:21.720> site<00:04:22.760> each<00:04:23.760> cylinder
miles from the drill site each cylinder
miles from the drill site each cylinder
is<00:04:24.660> a<00:04:25.080> parfait<00:04:25.530> of<00:04:25.979> time<00:04:28.100> this<00:04:29.100> ice<00:04:29.370> formed<00:04:30.000> as
is a parfait of time this ice formed as
is a parfait of time this ice formed as
snow<00:04:30.530> fifteen<00:04:31.530> thousand<00:04:32.250> eight<00:04:32.610> hundred
snow fifteen thousand eight hundred
snow fifteen thousand eight hundred
years<00:04:33.300> ago<00:04:33.840> when<00:04:34.380> our<00:04:34.560> ancestors<00:04:35.070> were
years ago when our ancestors were
years ago when our ancestors were
dobbing<00:04:36.000> themselves<00:04:36.539> with<00:04:36.750> pink<00:04:37.050> and
dobbing themselves with pink and
dobbing themselves with pink and
considering<00:04:38.340> the<00:04:38.520> radical<00:04:39.030> new<00:04:39.210> technology
considering the radical new technology
considering the radical new technology
of<00:04:40.199> the<00:04:40.770> alphabet<00:04:43.400> bathed<00:04:44.400> in<00:04:44.729> polarized
of the alphabet bathed in polarized
of the alphabet bathed in polarized
light<00:04:45.629> and<00:04:45.780> cut<00:04:46.199> in<00:04:46.319> cross-section<00:04:46.560> this
light and cut in cross-section this
light and cut in cross-section this
ancient<00:04:47.819> ice<00:04:48.330> reveals<00:04:48.780> itself<00:04:49.110> as<00:04:49.289> a<00:04:49.349> mosaic
ancient ice reveals itself as a mosaic
ancient ice reveals itself as a mosaic
of<00:04:50.220> colors<00:04:51.060> each<00:04:51.479> one<00:04:52.020> showing<00:04:52.470> how
of colors each one showing how
of colors each one showing how
conditions<00:04:53.819> that<00:04:54.000> depth<00:04:54.270> in<00:04:54.419> the<00:04:54.539> ice<00:04:54.690> have
conditions that depth in the ice have
conditions that depth in the ice have
affected<00:04:55.860> this<00:04:57.229> material<00:04:58.229> at<00:04:58.620> depths<00:04:59.460> where
affected this material at depths where
affected this material at depths where
pressures<00:05:00.120> can<00:05:00.300> reach<00:05:00.509> a<00:05:00.690> ton<00:05:01.050> per<00:05:01.349> square
pressures can reach a ton per square
pressures can reach a ton per square
inch<00:05:02.479> every<00:05:03.479> year<00:05:03.900> it<00:05:04.199> begins<00:05:04.830> with<00:05:05.039> a
inch every year it begins with a
inch every year it begins with a
snowflake<00:05:05.520> and<00:05:05.990> by<00:05:06.990> digging<00:05:07.349> into<00:05:07.500> fresh<00:05:07.800> snow
snowflake and by digging into fresh snow
snowflake and by digging into fresh snow
we<00:05:08.310> can<00:05:08.490> see<00:05:08.669> how<00:05:08.819> this<00:05:08.970> process<00:05:09.240> is<00:05:09.479> ongoing
we can see how this process is ongoing
we can see how this process is ongoing
today<00:05:11.150> this<00:05:12.150> wall<00:05:12.539> of<00:05:12.810> undisturbed<00:05:13.469> snow
today this wall of undisturbed snow
today this wall of undisturbed snow
backlit<00:05:14.580> by<00:05:14.789> sunlight<00:05:15.270> shows<00:05:15.870> the<00:05:16.110> striations
backlit by sunlight shows the striations
backlit by sunlight shows the striations
of<00:05:17.159> winter<00:05:17.520> and<00:05:17.729> summer<00:05:18.030> snow<00:05:18.419> layer<00:05:18.840> upon
of winter and summer snow layer upon
of winter and summer snow layer upon
layer<00:05:22.219> each<00:05:23.219> storm<00:05:24.180> scours<00:05:24.990> the<00:05:25.199> atmosphere
layer each storm scours the atmosphere
layer each storm scours the atmosphere
washing<00:05:26.940> out<00:05:27.120> dust<00:05:27.810> soot<00:05:28.620> trace<00:05:29.310> chemicals
washing out dust soot trace chemicals
washing out dust soot trace chemicals
and<00:05:30.770> depositing<00:05:31.770> them<00:05:31.800> on<00:05:32.069> the<00:05:32.250> snowpack<00:05:32.699> year
and depositing them on the snowpack year
and depositing them on the snowpack year
after<00:05:34.050> year<00:05:34.639> millennia<00:05:35.639> after<00:05:35.940> millennia
after year millennia after millennia
after year millennia after millennia
creating<00:05:37.830> a<00:05:37.919> kind<00:05:38.129> of<00:05:38.340> periodic<00:05:38.819> table<00:05:39.389> of
creating a kind of periodic table of
creating a kind of periodic table of
elements<00:05:39.629> that<00:05:40.110> at<00:05:40.409> this<00:05:40.590> point<00:05:40.860> is<00:05:41.129> more<00:05:41.340> than
elements that at this point is more than
elements that at this point is more than
11,000<00:05:42.569> feet<00:05:42.750> thick<00:05:43.789> from<00:05:44.789> this<00:05:45.060> we<00:05:45.479> can
11,000 feet thick from this we can
11,000 feet thick from this we can
detect<00:05:45.990> an<00:05:46.169> extraordinary<00:05:46.919> number<00:05:47.219> of<00:05:47.250> things
detect an extraordinary number of things
detect an extraordinary number of things
we<00:05:48.150> can<00:05:48.389> see<00:05:49.099> the<00:05:50.099> calcium<00:05:51.000> from<00:05:51.569> world's
we can see the calcium from world's
we can see the calcium from world's
deserts<00:05:52.500> soot<00:05:53.130> from<00:05:53.159> distant<00:05:53.789> wildfires
deserts soot from distant wildfires
deserts soot from distant wildfires
methane<00:05:55.949> is<00:05:56.250> an<00:05:56.400> indicator<00:05:56.819> the<00:05:57.090> strength<00:05:57.419> of
methane is an indicator the strength of
methane is an indicator the strength of
Pacific<00:05:58.110> monsoon<00:05:58.680> all<00:05:58.919> wafted<00:05:59.909> on<00:06:00.029> winds<00:06:00.509> from
Pacific monsoon all wafted on winds from
Pacific monsoon all wafted on winds from
warmer<00:06:01.080> latitudes<00:06:01.590> to<00:06:01.770> this<00:06:01.919> remote<00:06:02.310> from
warmer latitudes to this remote from
warmer latitudes to this remote from
very<00:06:02.789> cold<00:06:03.090> place
very cold place
very cold place
most<00:06:04.979> importantly<00:06:05.699> these<00:06:06.599> cylinders<00:06:07.289> in<00:06:07.770> the
most importantly these cylinders in the
most importantly these cylinders in the
snow<00:06:08.340> trap<00:06:09.120> air<00:06:09.449> each<00:06:10.259> cylinder<00:06:10.860> is<00:06:11.190> about<00:06:11.430> 10%
snow trap air each cylinder is about 10%
snow trap air each cylinder is about 10%
ancient<00:06:12.569> era<00:06:12.810> a<00:06:13.050> pristine<00:06:13.710> time<00:06:14.279> capsule<00:06:14.879> of
ancient era a pristine time capsule of
ancient era a pristine time capsule of
greenhouse<00:06:15.990> gases<00:06:16.650> carbon<00:06:16.830> dioxide<00:06:17.699> methane
greenhouse gases carbon dioxide methane
greenhouse gases carbon dioxide methane
nitrous<00:06:18.930> oxide<00:06:19.409> all<00:06:19.849> unchanged<00:06:20.849> from<00:06:20.940> the<00:06:21.090> day
nitrous oxide all unchanged from the day
nitrous oxide all unchanged from the day
that<00:06:21.629> snow<00:06:21.960> formed<00:06:22.560> and<00:06:22.710> first<00:06:23.520> fell<00:06:24.379> this<00:06:25.379> is
that snow formed and first fell this is
that snow formed and first fell this is
the<00:06:25.770> object<00:06:26.279> of<00:06:26.460> their<00:06:26.639> scrutiny<00:06:27.240> but<00:06:27.870> don't
the object of their scrutiny but don't
the object of their scrutiny but don't
we<00:06:28.889> already<00:06:29.250> know<00:06:29.550> what<00:06:30.060> we<00:06:30.180> need<00:06:30.449> to<00:06:30.509> know
we already know what we need to know
we already know what we need to know
about<00:06:31.080> greenhouse<00:06:31.440> gases<00:06:32.039> why<00:06:32.159> do<00:06:32.219> we<00:06:32.370> need<00:06:32.520> to
about greenhouse gases why do we need to
about greenhouse gases why do we need to
study<00:06:32.789> this<00:06:33.060> anymore<00:06:33.569> don't<00:06:33.750> we<00:06:33.900> already<00:06:34.229> know
study this anymore don't we already know
study this anymore don't we already know
how<00:06:34.620> they<00:06:34.770> affect<00:06:35.129> temperatures<00:06:35.460> don't<00:06:36.090> we
how they affect temperatures don't we
how they affect temperatures don't we
already<00:06:36.629> know<00:06:36.779> the<00:06:36.900> consequences<00:06:37.680> of<00:06:38.129> a
already know the consequences of a
already know the consequences of a
changing<00:06:38.789> climate<00:06:38.819> on<00:06:39.330> our<00:06:39.449> settled
changing climate on our settled
changing climate on our settled
civilization<00:06:40.590> the<00:06:41.219> truth<00:06:41.490> is<00:06:41.699> we<00:06:42.000> only<00:06:42.029> know
civilization the truth is we only know
civilization the truth is we only know
the<00:06:42.659> outlines<00:06:42.870> and<00:06:43.789> what<00:06:44.789> we<00:06:44.969> don't
the outlines and what we don't
the outlines and what we don't
completely<00:06:45.930> understand<00:06:46.649> we<00:06:46.949> can't<00:06:47.279> properly
completely understand we can't properly
completely understand we can't properly
fix<00:06:48.210> indeed<00:06:48.899> we<00:06:49.169> run<00:06:49.380> the<00:06:49.529> risk<00:06:49.740> of<00:06:49.979> making
fix indeed we run the risk of making
fix indeed we run the risk of making
things<00:06:50.789> worse<00:06:51.229> consider<00:06:52.229> the<00:06:52.949> single<00:06:53.189> most
things worse consider the single most
things worse consider the single most
successful<00:06:54.330> international<00:06:54.780> environmental
successful international environmental
successful international environmental
effort<00:06:56.039> of<00:06:56.159> the<00:06:56.220> 20th<00:06:56.610> century<00:06:57.090> the<00:06:57.629> Montreal
effort of the 20th century the Montreal
effort of the 20th century the Montreal
Protocol<00:06:58.740> in<00:06:58.979> which<00:06:59.340> the<00:06:59.520> nations<00:06:59.849> of<00:06:59.969> Earth
Protocol in which the nations of Earth
Protocol in which the nations of Earth
banded<00:07:00.659> together<00:07:00.810> to<00:07:01.139> protect<00:07:01.319> the<00:07:01.590> planet
banded together to protect the planet
banded together to protect the planet
from<00:07:02.520> the<00:07:02.580> harmful<00:07:02.699> effects<00:07:03.509> of<00:07:03.750> ozone
from the harmful effects of ozone
from the harmful effects of ozone
destroying<00:07:04.710> chemicals<00:07:05.370> used<00:07:05.699> at<00:07:05.969> that<00:07:06.270> time
destroying chemicals used at that time
destroying chemicals used at that time
in<00:07:07.469> air<00:07:07.919> conditioners<00:07:08.460> refrigerators<00:07:08.879> and
in air conditioners refrigerators and
in air conditioners refrigerators and
other<00:07:09.509> cooling<00:07:09.990> devices<00:07:10.319> we<00:07:11.219> banned<00:07:11.550> those
other cooling devices we banned those
other cooling devices we banned those
chemicals<00:07:12.479> and<00:07:12.719> we<00:07:13.379> replace<00:07:13.860> them
chemicals and we replace them
chemicals and we replace them
unknowingly<00:07:15.360> with<00:07:16.319> other<00:07:16.680> substances<00:07:17.219> that
unknowingly with other substances that
unknowingly with other substances that
molecule<00:07:18.509> per<00:07:18.750> molecule<00:07:18.960> are<00:07:19.500> a<00:07:19.530> hundred
molecule per molecule are a hundred
molecule per molecule are a hundred
times<00:07:20.370> more<00:07:20.729> potent<00:07:21.180> as<00:07:21.270> heat<00:07:21.930> trapping
times more potent as heat trapping
times more potent as heat trapping
greenhouse<00:07:22.680> gases<00:07:23.490> than<00:07:24.090> carbon<00:07:24.569> dioxide
greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide
greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide
this<00:07:27.270> process<00:07:27.840> requires<00:07:28.490> extraordinary
this process requires extraordinary
this process requires extraordinary
precautions<00:07:30.150> the<00:07:31.139> scientists<00:07:31.770> must<00:07:31.979> ensure
precautions the scientists must ensure
precautions the scientists must ensure
that<00:07:32.400> the<00:07:33.240> ice<00:07:33.599> is<00:07:33.870> not<00:07:34.020> contaminated
that the ice is not contaminated
that the ice is not contaminated
moreover<00:07:35.699> in<00:07:36.060> this<00:07:36.389> 8<00:07:36.659> thousand<00:07:37.139> mile<00:07:37.289> journey
moreover in this 8 thousand mile journey
moreover in this 8 thousand mile journey
they<00:07:37.710> have<00:07:37.860> to<00:07:38.069> ensure<00:07:38.219> this<00:07:38.610> ice<00:07:38.849> doesn't
they have to ensure this ice doesn't
they have to ensure this ice doesn't
melt
melt
melt
imagine<00:07:40.169> juggling<00:07:40.590> a<00:07:40.740> snowball<00:07:41.219> across<00:07:41.610> the
imagine juggling a snowball across the
imagine juggling a snowball across the
tropics<00:07:43.190> they<00:07:44.190> have<00:07:44.430> to<00:07:44.669> in<00:07:44.819> fact<00:07:45.060> make<00:07:45.240> sure
tropics they have to in fact make sure
tropics they have to in fact make sure
this<00:07:45.779> ice<00:07:45.990> never<00:07:46.289> gets<00:07:46.590> warmer<00:07:47.039> than<00:07:47.310> about<00:07:47.520> 20
this ice never gets warmer than about 20
this ice never gets warmer than about 20
degrees<00:07:48.029> below<00:07:48.449> zero<00:07:48.930> otherwise<00:07:49.620> the<00:07:49.979> key
degrees below zero otherwise the key
degrees below zero otherwise the key
gases<00:07:50.819> inside<00:07:51.120> it<00:07:51.539> will<00:07:51.689> dissipate<00:07:52.139> so<00:07:52.740> in<00:07:53.250> the
gases inside it will dissipate so in the
gases inside it will dissipate so in the
coldest<00:07:53.879> place<00:07:54.150> on<00:07:54.180> earth<00:07:54.599> they<00:07:55.529> work<00:07:55.770> inside
coldest place on earth they work inside
coldest place on earth they work inside
a<00:07:56.250> refrigerator<00:07:56.520> as<00:07:57.770> they<00:07:58.770> handle<00:07:59.190> the<00:07:59.310> ice<00:07:59.490> in
a refrigerator as they handle the ice in
a refrigerator as they handle the ice in
fact<00:08:00.029> they<00:08:00.180> keep<00:08:00.389> an<00:08:00.539> extra<00:08:00.659> pair<00:08:01.020> of<00:08:01.050> gloves
fact they keep an extra pair of gloves
fact they keep an extra pair of gloves
warming<00:08:02.009> in<00:08:02.099> an<00:08:02.219> oven<00:08:02.550> so<00:08:03.300> that<00:08:03.509> when<00:08:03.719> their
warming in an oven so that when their
warming in an oven so that when their
work<00:08:04.199> gloves<00:08:04.529> freeze<00:08:04.919> and<00:08:05.250> their<00:08:05.370> fingers
work gloves freeze and their fingers
work gloves freeze and their fingers
stiffened<00:08:06.210> they<00:08:06.419> can<00:08:06.629> Don<00:08:06.870> a<00:08:07.110> fresh<00:08:07.379> pair<00:08:07.680> they
stiffened they can Don a fresh pair they
stiffened they can Don a fresh pair they
work<00:08:08.400> against<00:08:08.789> the<00:08:08.909> clock<00:08:09.150> and<00:08:09.449> against<00:08:10.259> the
work against the clock and against the
work against the clock and against the
thermometer<00:08:11.120> so<00:08:12.120> far<00:08:12.389> they've<00:08:12.960> packed<00:08:13.440> up
thermometer so far they've packed up
thermometer so far they've packed up
about<00:08:15.349> 4,500<00:08:16.349> feet<00:08:16.589> of<00:08:16.800> ice<00:08:17.009> cores<00:08:17.339> for
about 4,500 feet of ice cores for
about 4,500 feet of ice cores for
shipment<00:08:18.539> back<00:08:18.690> to<00:08:18.900> the<00:08:18.990> United<00:08:19.349> States<00:08:19.650> this
shipment back to the United States this
shipment back to the United States this
past<00:08:20.400> season<00:08:20.699> they<00:08:21.360> manhandled<00:08:22.110> them<00:08:22.139> across
past season they manhandled them across
past season they manhandled them across
the<00:08:22.770> ice<00:08:22.919> to<00:08:23.580> waiting<00:08:23.940> aircraft<00:08:25.069> the<00:08:26.069> 109th
the ice to waiting aircraft the 109th
the ice to waiting aircraft the 109th
Air<00:08:27.210> National<00:08:27.599> Guard<00:08:28.169> flew<00:08:28.589> the<00:08:28.740> most<00:08:28.949> recent
Air National Guard flew the most recent
Air National Guard flew the most recent
shipment<00:08:29.669> of<00:08:30.000> ice<00:08:30.379> back<00:08:31.379> to<00:08:31.409> the<00:08:31.740> coast<00:08:31.979> of
shipment of ice back to the coast of
shipment of ice back to the coast of
Antarctica<00:08:32.250> where<00:08:33.000> it<00:08:33.120> was<00:08:33.300> boarded<00:08:33.839> onto<00:08:34.440> a
Antarctica where it was boarded onto a
Antarctica where it was boarded onto a
freighter<00:08:35.149> shipped<00:08:36.149> across<00:08:36.329> the<00:08:36.810> tropics<00:08:37.260> to
freighter shipped across the tropics to
freighter shipped across the tropics to
California<00:08:38.419> unloaded<00:08:39.419> put<00:08:39.630> on<00:08:39.719> a<00:08:39.750> truck
California unloaded put on a truck
California unloaded put on a truck
driven<00:08:40.500> across<00:08:40.890> the<00:08:41.130> desert<00:08:41.519> to<00:08:42.510> the<00:08:42.539> National
driven across the desert to the National
driven across the desert to the National
ice<00:08:43.169> core<00:08:43.380> laboratory<00:08:43.860> in<00:08:43.949> Denver<00:08:44.250> Colorado
ice core laboratory in Denver Colorado
ice core laboratory in Denver Colorado
where<00:08:45.060> as<00:08:45.209> we<00:08:45.510> speak<00:08:45.959> scientists<00:08:46.949> are<00:08:47.040> now
where as we speak scientists are now
where as we speak scientists are now
slicing<00:08:47.640> this<00:08:47.970> material<00:08:48.540> up<00:08:48.720> for<00:08:49.260> samples<00:08:49.769> for
slicing this material up for samples for
slicing this material up for samples for
analysis<00:08:51.000> to<00:08:51.120> be<00:08:51.240> distributed<00:08:51.720> to<00:08:52.199> the
analysis to be distributed to the
analysis to be distributed to the
laboratories<00:08:53.490> around<00:08:53.730> the<00:08:54.089> country<00:08:54.510> and<00:08:54.750> in
laboratories around the country and in
laboratories around the country and in
Europe
Antarctica<00:08:58.729> was<00:08:59.660> this<00:08:59.929> planets<00:09:00.470> last<00:09:00.739> empty
Antarctica was this planets last empty
Antarctica was this planets last empty
quarter<00:09:01.970> the<00:09:02.599> blind<00:09:02.959> spot<00:09:03.349> in<00:09:03.649> our<00:09:03.949> expanding
quarter the blind spot in our expanding
quarter the blind spot in our expanding
vision<00:09:05.209> of<00:09:05.359> the<00:09:05.449> world<00:09:06.129> early<00:09:07.129> explorers
vision of the world early explorers
vision of the world early explorers
sailed<00:09:08.479> off<00:09:08.749> the<00:09:08.989> edge<00:09:09.169> of<00:09:09.349> the<00:09:09.470> map<00:09:09.679> and<00:09:09.949> they
sailed off the edge of the map and they
sailed off the edge of the map and they
found<00:09:10.819> a<00:09:11.029> place<00:09:11.299> where<00:09:11.720> the<00:09:11.869> normal<00:09:12.259> rules<00:09:12.559> of
found a place where the normal rules of
found a place where the normal rules of
time<00:09:13.129> and<00:09:13.399> temperature<00:09:13.669> seemed<00:09:14.659> suspended
time and temperature seemed suspended
time and temperature seemed suspended
here<00:09:17.809> the<00:09:18.349> ice<00:09:18.589> seems<00:09:19.369> a<00:09:19.609> living<00:09:19.999> presence<00:09:20.829> the
here the ice seems a living presence the
here the ice seems a living presence the
wind<00:09:22.099> that<00:09:22.699> rubs<00:09:23.059> against<00:09:23.569> it<00:09:23.749> gives<00:09:24.019> it<00:09:24.169> voice
wind that rubs against it gives it voice
wind that rubs against it gives it voice
it<00:09:25.909> is<00:09:26.569> a<00:09:26.749> voice<00:09:27.049> of<00:09:27.349> experience
it is a voice of experience
it is a voice of experience
it<00:09:29.629> is<00:09:29.839> a<00:09:29.869> voice<00:09:30.339> we<00:09:31.339> should<00:09:31.369> heed<00:09:33.429> thank<00:09:34.429> you
Lee Hotz, south, pole, climate, change, global, warming, ANtarctica, WAIS, Divide, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
