Fighting a contagious cancer - Elizabeth Murchison
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everyone's<00:00:16.800> familiar<00:00:17.359> with<00:00:17.600> cancer
everyone's familiar with cancer
everyone's familiar with cancer
but<00:00:19.920> we<00:00:20.080> don't<00:00:20.320> normally<00:00:20.800> think<00:00:21.039> of<00:00:21.279> cancer<00:00:22.160> as
but we don't normally think of cancer as
but we don't normally think of cancer as
being<00:00:22.560> a<00:00:22.720> contagious<00:00:23.840> disease
being a contagious disease
being a contagious disease
the<00:00:25.920> tasmanian<00:00:26.560> devil<00:00:26.880> has<00:00:27.119> shown<00:00:27.359> us<00:00:27.599> that
the tasmanian devil has shown us that
the tasmanian devil has shown us that
not<00:00:27.920> only<00:00:28.160> can<00:00:28.320> cancer<00:00:28.720> be<00:00:28.880> a<00:00:28.960> contagious
not only can cancer be a contagious
not only can cancer be a contagious
disease
disease
disease
but<00:00:31.039> it<00:00:31.119> can<00:00:31.359> also<00:00:31.760> threaten<00:00:32.320> an<00:00:32.480> entire
but it can also threaten an entire
but it can also threaten an entire
species<00:00:34.160> with<00:00:34.399> extinction
so<00:00:37.360> first<00:00:37.600> of<00:00:37.680> all<00:00:37.840> what<00:00:38.239> is<00:00:38.640> a<00:00:38.800> tasmanian
so first of all what is a tasmanian
so first of all what is a tasmanian
devil
devil
devil
many<00:00:40.640> of<00:00:40.800> you<00:00:40.960> might<00:00:41.120> be<00:00:41.280> familiar<00:00:41.760> with<00:00:42.000> taz
many of you might be familiar with taz
many of you might be familiar with taz
the<00:00:42.640> cartoon<00:00:43.120> character<00:00:43.440> the<00:00:43.520> one<00:00:43.680> that<00:00:43.840> spins
the cartoon character the one that spins
the cartoon character the one that spins
around<00:00:44.480> and<00:00:44.559> around<00:00:44.879> and<00:00:44.960> around
around and around and around
around and around and around
but<00:00:46.480> not<00:00:46.719> many<00:00:46.960> people<00:00:47.280> know<00:00:47.440> that<00:00:47.600> there
but not many people know that there
but not many people know that there
actually<00:00:48.239> is<00:00:48.480> a<00:00:48.640> real<00:00:48.960> animal<00:00:49.360> called<00:00:49.520> the
actually is a real animal called the
actually is a real animal called the
tasmanian<00:00:50.320> devil<00:00:50.719> and<00:00:50.879> it's<00:00:51.120> the<00:00:51.200> world's
tasmanian devil and it's the world's
tasmanian devil and it's the world's
largest<00:00:52.320> carnivorous<00:00:53.199> marsupial<00:00:54.079> a
largest carnivorous marsupial a
largest carnivorous marsupial a
marsupial<00:00:54.879> is<00:00:54.960> a<00:00:55.039> mammal<00:00:55.360> with<00:00:55.440> a<00:00:55.600> pouch<00:00:56.079> like
marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like
marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like
a<00:00:56.840> kangaroo
a kangaroo
a kangaroo
the<00:00:58.879> tasmanian<00:00:59.520> devil<00:00:59.760> got<00:01:00.000> its<00:01:00.160> name<00:01:00.640> from
the tasmanian devil got its name from
the tasmanian devil got its name from
the<00:01:01.039> terrifying<00:01:01.840> nocturnal<00:01:02.640> scream<00:01:03.039> that<00:01:03.280> it
the terrifying nocturnal scream that it
the terrifying nocturnal scream that it
makes
makes
makes
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[Applause]
the<00:01:17.840> tasmanian<00:01:18.400> devil<00:01:18.720> is<00:01:18.799> predominantly<00:01:19.439> a
the tasmanian devil is predominantly a
the tasmanian devil is predominantly a
scavenger<00:01:20.479> and<00:01:20.640> it<00:01:20.799> uses<00:01:21.280> its<00:01:21.600> powerful<00:01:22.159> jaws
scavenger and it uses its powerful jaws
scavenger and it uses its powerful jaws
and<00:01:22.799> its
and its
and its
sharp<00:01:24.000> teeth<00:01:24.400> to<00:01:24.640> chomp<00:01:24.960> on<00:01:25.119> the<00:01:25.200> bones<00:01:25.600> of
sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of
sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of
rotting<00:01:26.159> dead<00:01:26.400> animals
rotting dead animals
rotting dead animals
tasmanian<00:01:28.400> devil<00:01:28.799> is<00:01:28.960> found<00:01:29.280> only<00:01:29.600> on<00:01:29.759> the
tasmanian devil is found only on the
tasmanian devil is found only on the
island<00:01:30.159> of<00:01:30.320> tasmania<00:01:30.880> which<00:01:31.040> is<00:01:31.119> that<00:01:31.280> small
island of tasmania which is that small
island of tasmania which is that small
island<00:01:31.920> just<00:01:32.159> to<00:01:32.320> the<00:01:32.400> south<00:01:32.880> of<00:01:32.960> the<00:01:33.040> mainland
island just to the south of the mainland
island just to the south of the mainland
of<00:01:33.600> australia
of australia
of australia
and<00:01:35.119> despite<00:01:35.600> their<00:01:35.840> ferocious
and despite their ferocious
and despite their ferocious
appearance<00:01:38.400> tasmanian<00:01:38.960> devils<00:01:39.360> are<00:01:39.520> actually
appearance tasmanian devils are actually
appearance tasmanian devils are actually
quite
quite
quite
adorable<00:01:41.920> little<00:01:42.240> animals
adorable little animals
adorable little animals
in<00:01:43.600> fact<00:01:44.320> growing<00:01:44.640> up<00:01:44.799> in<00:01:44.880> tasmania<00:01:45.600> always
in fact growing up in tasmania always
in fact growing up in tasmania always
was<00:01:46.320> incredibly<00:01:46.880> exciting<00:01:47.439> when<00:01:47.600> we<00:01:47.759> got<00:01:47.920> a
was incredibly exciting when we got a
was incredibly exciting when we got a
chance<00:01:48.320> to<00:01:48.479> see<00:01:49.119> a<00:01:49.280> tasmanian<00:01:49.840> devil<00:01:50.159> in<00:01:50.240> the
chance to see a tasmanian devil in the
chance to see a tasmanian devil in the
wild
wild
wild
but<00:01:52.159> the<00:01:52.320> tasmanian<00:01:52.880> devil<00:01:53.200> population<00:01:53.920> has
but the tasmanian devil population has
but the tasmanian devil population has
been<00:01:54.320> undergoing<00:01:55.280> a<00:01:55.520> really<00:01:55.920> extremely<00:01:56.560> fast
been undergoing a really extremely fast
been undergoing a really extremely fast
decline
decline
decline
and<00:01:58.399> in<00:01:58.560> fact<00:01:58.880> there's<00:01:59.200> concern<00:01:59.840> that<00:02:00.000> the
and in fact there's concern that the
and in fact there's concern that the
species<00:02:00.880> could<00:02:01.040> go<00:02:01.200> extinct<00:02:01.680> in<00:02:01.759> the<00:02:01.920> wild
species could go extinct in the wild
species could go extinct in the wild
within<00:02:03.280> 20<00:02:03.680> to<00:02:03.920> 30<00:02:04.399> years
within 20 to 30 years
within 20 to 30 years
and<00:02:06.000> the<00:02:06.159> reason<00:02:06.479> for<00:02:06.640> that<00:02:06.880> is<00:02:07.040> the<00:02:07.200> emergence
and the reason for that is the emergence
and the reason for that is the emergence
of<00:02:07.920> a<00:02:08.000> new<00:02:08.479> disease<00:02:09.360> a<00:02:09.520> contagious<00:02:10.239> cancer
the<00:02:13.520> story<00:02:13.920> begins<00:02:14.319> in<00:02:14.440> 1996<00:02:15.599> when<00:02:15.840> a<00:02:15.920> wildlife
the story begins in 1996 when a wildlife
the story begins in 1996 when a wildlife
photographer<00:02:16.959> took<00:02:17.200> this<00:02:17.360> photograph<00:02:18.000> here
photographer took this photograph here
photographer took this photograph here
of<00:02:18.800> a<00:02:18.879> tasmanian<00:02:19.440> devil<00:02:19.760> with<00:02:19.920> a<00:02:20.000> large<00:02:20.480> tumor
of a tasmanian devil with a large tumor
of a tasmanian devil with a large tumor
on<00:02:21.040> its<00:02:21.280> face
on its face
on its face
at<00:02:23.280> the<00:02:23.360> time<00:02:23.680> this<00:02:23.840> was<00:02:24.000> thought<00:02:24.239> to<00:02:24.319> be<00:02:24.480> a
at the time this was thought to be a
at the time this was thought to be a
one-off
one-off
one-off
animals<00:02:26.239> just<00:02:26.480> like<00:02:26.720> humans<00:02:27.680> sometimes<00:02:28.239> get
animals just like humans sometimes get
animals just like humans sometimes get
strange<00:02:28.959> tumors
strange tumors
strange tumors
however<00:02:30.879> we<00:02:31.040> now<00:02:31.280> believe<00:02:31.599> that<00:02:31.760> this<00:02:31.920> is<00:02:32.080> the
however we now believe that this is the
however we now believe that this is the
first<00:02:32.720> sighting
first sighting
first sighting
of<00:02:34.080> a<00:02:34.160> new<00:02:34.400> disease<00:02:35.280> which<00:02:35.519> is<00:02:35.599> now<00:02:35.840> an
of a new disease which is now an
of a new disease which is now an
epidemic<00:02:36.720> spreading<00:02:37.200> through<00:02:37.440> tasmania
epidemic spreading through tasmania
epidemic spreading through tasmania
the<00:02:40.080> disease<00:02:40.480> was<00:02:40.720> first<00:02:41.040> sighted<00:02:41.440> in<00:02:41.519> the
the disease was first sighted in the
the disease was first sighted in the
northeast<00:02:42.160> of<00:02:42.319> tasmania<00:02:42.959> in<00:02:43.120> 1996<00:02:44.319> and<00:02:44.480> has
northeast of tasmania in 1996 and has
northeast of tasmania in 1996 and has
spread<00:02:45.200> across<00:02:45.519> tasmania<00:02:46.160> like<00:02:46.319> a<00:02:46.480> huge<00:02:46.959> wave
spread across tasmania like a huge wave
spread across tasmania like a huge wave
now<00:02:48.319> there's<00:02:48.560> only<00:02:48.800> a<00:02:48.879> small<00:02:49.200> part<00:02:49.360> of<00:02:49.440> the
now there's only a small part of the
now there's only a small part of the
population<00:02:50.160> which<00:02:50.319> remains<00:02:50.720> unaffected
population which remains unaffected
population which remains unaffected
this<00:02:53.360> disease<00:02:53.840> appears<00:02:54.400> first<00:02:54.800> as<00:02:55.040> tumors
this disease appears first as tumors
this disease appears first as tumors
usually<00:02:55.920> on<00:02:56.000> the<00:02:56.160> face<00:02:56.560> or<00:02:56.720> inside<00:02:57.120> the<00:02:57.200> mouth
usually on the face or inside the mouth
usually on the face or inside the mouth
of<00:02:57.599> affected<00:02:58.000> tasmanian<00:02:58.640> devils
of affected tasmanian devils
of affected tasmanian devils
these<00:03:00.080> tumors<00:03:00.480> inevitably<00:03:01.200> grow
these tumors inevitably grow
these tumors inevitably grow
into<00:03:02.400> larger<00:03:02.800> tumors<00:03:03.120> such<00:03:03.360> as<00:03:03.440> these<00:03:03.680> ones
into larger tumors such as these ones
into larger tumors such as these ones
here
here
here
and<00:03:05.599> the<00:03:05.680> next<00:03:06.000> image<00:03:06.239> i'm<00:03:06.319> going<00:03:06.480> to<00:03:06.560> show<00:03:06.800> is
and the next image i'm going to show is
and the next image i'm going to show is
quite<00:03:07.200> gruesome<00:03:08.159> but<00:03:08.480> inevitably<00:03:09.200> these
quite gruesome but inevitably these
quite gruesome but inevitably these
tumors
tumors
tumors
progress<00:03:10.879> towards<00:03:11.280> being<00:03:11.680> enormous
progress towards being enormous
progress towards being enormous
uh<00:03:14.080> ulcerating<00:03:14.959> tumors<00:03:15.440> like<00:03:15.599> this<00:03:15.840> one<00:03:16.080> here
uh ulcerating tumors like this one here
uh ulcerating tumors like this one here
this<00:03:17.200> one<00:03:17.360> in<00:03:17.519> particular<00:03:18.000> sticks<00:03:18.319> in<00:03:18.400> my<00:03:18.640> mind
this one in particular sticks in my mind
this one in particular sticks in my mind
because<00:03:19.040> this<00:03:19.200> is<00:03:19.280> the<00:03:19.440> first<00:03:19.920> case<00:03:20.239> of<00:03:20.319> this
because this is the first case of this
because this is the first case of this
disease<00:03:20.879> that<00:03:21.040> i<00:03:21.200> saw<00:03:21.519> myself
disease that i saw myself
disease that i saw myself
and<00:03:22.879> i<00:03:22.959> remember<00:03:23.280> the<00:03:23.440> horror<00:03:24.080> of<00:03:24.319> seeing<00:03:24.560> this
and i remember the horror of seeing this
and i remember the horror of seeing this
little<00:03:25.040> female<00:03:25.519> devil<00:03:25.840> with<00:03:26.000> this<00:03:26.480> huge
little female devil with this huge
little female devil with this huge
ulcerating<00:03:28.080> foul-smelling<00:03:28.879> tumor<00:03:29.280> inside
ulcerating foul-smelling tumor inside
ulcerating foul-smelling tumor inside
her<00:03:29.680> mouth<00:03:29.920> that<00:03:30.080> had<00:03:30.239> actually<00:03:30.560> cracked<00:03:31.040> off
her mouth that had actually cracked off
her mouth that had actually cracked off
her<00:03:31.760> entire<00:03:32.239> lower<00:03:32.560> jaw
her entire lower jaw
her entire lower jaw
she<00:03:34.000> hadn't<00:03:34.319> eaten<00:03:34.640> for<00:03:34.799> days
she hadn't eaten for days
she hadn't eaten for days
her<00:03:36.239> guts<00:03:36.640> were<00:03:36.799> swimming<00:03:37.280> with<00:03:37.519> parasitic
her guts were swimming with parasitic
her guts were swimming with parasitic
worms<00:03:39.120> her<00:03:39.360> body<00:03:39.599> was<00:03:39.840> riddled<00:03:40.159> with
worms her body was riddled with
worms her body was riddled with
secondary<00:03:40.799> tumors<00:03:41.280> and<00:03:41.360> yet<00:03:41.599> she<00:03:41.760> was<00:03:42.000> still
secondary tumors and yet she was still
secondary tumors and yet she was still
feeding<00:03:43.200> three<00:03:43.360> little<00:03:43.599> baby<00:03:43.920> tasmanian
feeding three little baby tasmanian
feeding three little baby tasmanian
devils<00:03:44.959> in<00:03:45.120> her<00:03:45.280> pouch
devils in her pouch
devils in her pouch
of<00:03:47.519> course<00:03:47.840> they<00:03:48.319> died<00:03:48.640> along<00:03:48.879> with<00:03:49.120> the
of course they died along with the
of course they died along with the
mother
mother
mother
they
they
they
too<00:03:51.120> young<00:03:51.360> to<00:03:51.519> survive<00:03:51.920> without<00:03:52.239> their
too young to survive without their
too young to survive without their
mother
mother
mother
in<00:03:54.159> fact<00:03:54.400> in<00:03:54.480> the<00:03:54.640> area<00:03:55.120> where<00:03:55.360> she<00:03:55.519> comes<00:03:55.840> from
in fact in the area where she comes from
in fact in the area where she comes from
more<00:03:56.560> than<00:03:56.799> 90<00:03:57.120> percent<00:03:57.519> of<00:03:57.599> the<00:03:57.760> tasmanian
more than 90 percent of the tasmanian
more than 90 percent of the tasmanian
devil<00:03:58.560> population<00:03:59.120> has<00:03:59.360> already<00:03:59.680> died<00:04:00.000> of
devil population has already died of
devil population has already died of
this<00:04:00.319> disease
scientists<00:04:04.400> around<00:04:04.720> the<00:04:04.799> world<00:04:05.200> were
scientists around the world were
scientists around the world were
intrigued<00:04:05.920> by<00:04:06.159> this<00:04:06.400> cancer<00:04:07.040> this<00:04:07.360> infectious
intrigued by this cancer this infectious
intrigued by this cancer this infectious
cancer<00:04:08.319> that<00:04:08.480> was<00:04:08.640> spreading<00:04:08.959> through<00:04:09.120> the
cancer that was spreading through the
cancer that was spreading through the
tasmanian<00:04:09.760> devil<00:04:10.000> population
tasmanian devil population
tasmanian devil population
and<00:04:11.680> our<00:04:11.840> minds<00:04:12.159> immediately<00:04:12.720> turned<00:04:13.120> to
and our minds immediately turned to
and our minds immediately turned to
cervical<00:04:13.760> cancer<00:04:14.239> in<00:04:14.319> women<00:04:14.720> which<00:04:14.959> is<00:04:15.040> spread
cervical cancer in women which is spread
cervical cancer in women which is spread
by<00:04:15.519> a<00:04:15.599> virus
by a virus
by a virus
and<00:04:16.959> to<00:04:17.120> the<00:04:17.280> aids<00:04:17.600> epidemic<00:04:18.479> which<00:04:18.720> is
and to the aids epidemic which is
and to the aids epidemic which is
associated<00:04:19.519> with<00:04:19.680> a<00:04:19.759> number<00:04:20.079> of<00:04:20.239> different
associated with a number of different
associated with a number of different
types<00:04:20.959> of<00:04:21.199> cancer
types of cancer
types of cancer
all<00:04:22.639> the<00:04:22.800> evidence<00:04:23.199> suggested<00:04:23.759> that<00:04:23.919> this
all the evidence suggested that this
all the evidence suggested that this
devil<00:04:24.560> cancer<00:04:25.360> was<00:04:25.600> spread<00:04:26.000> by<00:04:26.160> a<00:04:26.320> virus
devil cancer was spread by a virus
devil cancer was spread by a virus
however<00:04:29.520> we<00:04:29.680> now<00:04:29.919> know<00:04:30.160> and<00:04:30.320> i'll<00:04:30.479> tell<00:04:30.639> you
however we now know and i'll tell you
however we now know and i'll tell you
right<00:04:30.960> now<00:04:31.120> that<00:04:31.280> we<00:04:31.520> know<00:04:31.919> that<00:04:32.080> this<00:04:32.400> cancer
right now that we know that this cancer
right now that we know that this cancer
is<00:04:33.040> not<00:04:33.280> spread<00:04:33.600> by<00:04:33.759> a<00:04:33.919> virus<00:04:34.880> in<00:04:35.040> fact<00:04:35.600> the
is not spread by a virus in fact the
is not spread by a virus in fact the
infectious<00:04:36.320> agent<00:04:36.639> of<00:04:36.800> disease<00:04:37.280> in<00:04:37.360> this
infectious agent of disease in this
infectious agent of disease in this
cancer<00:04:38.560> is<00:04:38.639> something<00:04:39.120> altogether<00:04:39.840> more
cancer is something altogether more
cancer is something altogether more
sinister<00:04:40.560> and<00:04:40.720> something<00:04:40.960> that<00:04:41.120> we<00:04:41.280> hadn't
sinister and something that we hadn't
sinister and something that we hadn't
really<00:04:41.919> thought<00:04:42.160> of<00:04:42.320> before
really thought of before
really thought of before
but<00:04:44.000> in<00:04:44.160> order<00:04:44.400> for<00:04:44.479> me<00:04:44.639> to<00:04:44.800> explain<00:04:45.680> what<00:04:45.840> that
but in order for me to explain what that
but in order for me to explain what that
is<00:04:46.320> i<00:04:46.400> need<00:04:46.560> to<00:04:46.639> spend<00:04:46.880> just<00:04:47.120> a<00:04:47.199> couple<00:04:47.440> of
is i need to spend just a couple of
is i need to spend just a couple of
minutes<00:04:47.919> talking<00:04:48.320> more<00:04:48.560> about<00:04:48.880> cancer<00:04:49.360> itself
minutes talking more about cancer itself
minutes talking more about cancer itself
cancer<00:04:52.160> is<00:04:52.320> a<00:04:52.400> disease<00:04:52.720> that<00:04:52.880> affects
cancer is a disease that affects
cancer is a disease that affects
millions<00:04:53.759> of<00:04:53.919> people<00:04:54.320> around<00:04:54.639> the<00:04:54.800> world
millions of people around the world
millions of people around the world
every<00:04:55.680> year
every year
every year
one<00:04:57.199> in<00:04:57.360> three<00:04:57.520> people<00:04:57.840> in<00:04:57.919> this<00:04:58.160> room<00:04:58.400> will
one in three people in this room will
one in three people in this room will
develop<00:04:59.040> cancer<00:04:59.520> at<00:04:59.600> some<00:04:59.840> stage<00:05:00.160> in<00:05:00.240> their
develop cancer at some stage in their
develop cancer at some stage in their
lives<00:05:01.199> i<00:05:01.440> myself<00:05:01.840> had<00:05:02.000> a<00:05:02.160> tumor<00:05:02.479> removed<00:05:02.880> from
lives i myself had a tumor removed from
lives i myself had a tumor removed from
my<00:05:03.280> large<00:05:03.520> intestine<00:05:04.080> when<00:05:04.320> i<00:05:04.400> was<00:05:04.639> only<00:05:04.960> 14.
my large intestine when i was only 14.
my large intestine when i was only 14.
cancer<00:05:08.000> occurs<00:05:08.320> when<00:05:08.560> a<00:05:08.720> single<00:05:09.120> cell<00:05:09.440> in<00:05:09.520> your
cancer occurs when a single cell in your
cancer occurs when a single cell in your
body
body
body
acquires<00:05:10.880> a<00:05:10.960> set<00:05:11.120> of<00:05:11.280> random<00:05:11.680> mutations<00:05:12.800> in
acquires a set of random mutations in
acquires a set of random mutations in
important<00:05:13.520> genes<00:05:13.840> that<00:05:14.080> cause<00:05:14.479> that<00:05:14.800> cell<00:05:15.280> to
important genes that cause that cell to
important genes that cause that cell to
start<00:05:15.759> to<00:05:15.919> produce<00:05:16.400> more<00:05:16.800> and<00:05:17.039> more<00:05:17.360> and<00:05:17.520> more
start to produce more and more and more
start to produce more and more and more
and<00:05:17.919> more<00:05:18.080> copies<00:05:18.479> of<00:05:18.639> itself
and more copies of itself
and more copies of itself
paradoxically<00:05:21.840> once<00:05:22.240> established<00:05:23.280> natural
paradoxically once established natural
paradoxically once established natural
selection<00:05:24.400> actually<00:05:24.880> favors<00:05:25.360> the<00:05:25.520> continued
selection actually favors the continued
selection actually favors the continued
growth<00:05:26.400> of<00:05:26.560> cancer
growth of cancer
growth of cancer
natural<00:05:28.320> selection<00:05:28.800> is<00:05:28.960> survival<00:05:29.440> of<00:05:29.520> the
natural selection is survival of the
natural selection is survival of the
fittest<00:05:30.639> and<00:05:30.720> when<00:05:30.880> you<00:05:31.039> have<00:05:31.199> a<00:05:31.280> population
fittest and when you have a population
fittest and when you have a population
of<00:05:32.160> fast<00:05:32.400> dividing<00:05:32.880> cancer<00:05:33.280> cells<00:05:33.840> if<00:05:34.000> one<00:05:34.160> of
of fast dividing cancer cells if one of
of fast dividing cancer cells if one of
them<00:05:34.479> acquires<00:05:34.880> new<00:05:35.039> mutations<00:05:35.680> which<00:05:35.919> allow
them acquires new mutations which allow
them acquires new mutations which allow
them<00:05:36.479> to<00:05:37.039> grow<00:05:37.280> more<00:05:37.520> quickly<00:05:38.160> acquire
them to grow more quickly acquire
them to grow more quickly acquire
nutrients<00:05:39.120> more<00:05:39.280> successfully<00:05:40.000> invade<00:05:40.320> the
nutrients more successfully invade the
nutrients more successfully invade the
body
body
body
they'll<00:05:41.600> be<00:05:41.840> selected<00:05:42.479> for<00:05:42.720> by<00:05:42.960> evolution
they'll be selected for by evolution
they'll be selected for by evolution
that's<00:05:45.120> why<00:05:45.360> cancer<00:05:45.759> is<00:05:45.919> such<00:05:46.160> a<00:05:46.320> difficult
that's why cancer is such a difficult
that's why cancer is such a difficult
disease<00:05:47.360> to<00:05:47.520> treat
disease to treat
disease to treat
it<00:05:49.360> evolves
it evolves
it evolves
throw<00:05:51.440> a<00:05:51.520> drug<00:05:51.840> at<00:05:52.000> it<00:05:52.400> and<00:05:52.639> resistant<00:05:53.280> cells
throw a drug at it and resistant cells
throw a drug at it and resistant cells
will<00:05:53.919> grow<00:05:54.240> back
will grow back
will grow back
an<00:05:56.000> amazing<00:05:56.479> fact<00:05:56.720> is<00:05:56.880> that<00:05:57.039> given<00:05:57.360> the<00:05:57.520> right
an amazing fact is that given the right
an amazing fact is that given the right
environment<00:05:58.960> and<00:05:59.120> the<00:05:59.280> right<00:05:59.520> nutrients<00:06:00.400> a
environment and the right nutrients a
environment and the right nutrients a
cancer<00:06:00.960> cell<00:06:01.280> has<00:06:01.520> the<00:06:01.680> potential<00:06:02.479> to<00:06:02.639> go<00:06:02.960> on
cancer cell has the potential to go on
cancer cell has the potential to go on
growing<00:06:03.680> forever
growing forever
growing forever
however<00:06:06.160> cancer<00:06:07.039> is<00:06:07.199> constrained<00:06:07.840> by<00:06:08.000> living
however cancer is constrained by living
however cancer is constrained by living
inside<00:06:08.960> our<00:06:09.120> bodies<00:06:09.840> and<00:06:10.000> its<00:06:10.160> continued
inside our bodies and its continued
inside our bodies and its continued
growth<00:06:11.520> is<00:06:11.759> spreading<00:06:12.160> through<00:06:12.400> our<00:06:12.479> bodies
growth is spreading through our bodies
growth is spreading through our bodies
are<00:06:12.960> eating<00:06:13.199> away<00:06:13.520> at<00:06:13.680> our<00:06:13.840> tissues
are eating away at our tissues
are eating away at our tissues
leads<00:06:15.520> to<00:06:15.680> the<00:06:15.840> death
leads to the death
leads to the death
of<00:06:16.880> the<00:06:17.039> cancer<00:06:17.440> patient
of the cancer patient
of the cancer patient
and<00:06:18.800> also<00:06:19.440> to<00:06:19.600> the<00:06:19.680> death<00:06:20.080> of<00:06:20.160> the<00:06:20.319> cancer
and also to the death of the cancer
and also to the death of the cancer
itself
itself
itself
so<00:06:22.720> cancer<00:06:23.120> can<00:06:23.280> be<00:06:23.440> thought<00:06:23.759> of<00:06:24.000> as<00:06:24.160> a<00:06:24.400> strange
so cancer can be thought of as a strange
so cancer can be thought of as a strange
short-lived
short-lived
short-lived
self-destructive<00:06:27.840> life<00:06:28.160> form
self-destructive life form
self-destructive life form
an<00:06:29.680> evolutionary<00:06:30.560> dead<00:06:30.880> end
but<00:06:33.680> that<00:06:34.319> is<00:06:34.479> where<00:06:34.639> the<00:06:34.720> tasmanian<00:06:35.280> devil
but that is where the tasmanian devil
but that is where the tasmanian devil
cancer<00:06:35.919> has<00:06:36.160> acquired<00:06:36.639> an<00:06:36.880> absolutely
cancer has acquired an absolutely
cancer has acquired an absolutely
amazing<00:06:38.880> evolutionary<00:06:39.600> adaptation
amazing evolutionary adaptation
amazing evolutionary adaptation
and<00:06:42.240> the<00:06:42.400> answer<00:06:42.720> came<00:06:42.960> from<00:06:43.199> studying<00:06:43.520> the
and the answer came from studying the
and the answer came from studying the
tasmanian<00:06:44.160> devil<00:06:44.400> cancer's<00:06:44.800> dna<00:06:45.600> this<00:06:45.840> has
tasmanian devil cancer's dna this has
tasmanian devil cancer's dna this has
worked<00:06:46.240> for<00:06:46.400> many<00:06:46.720> people<00:06:46.960> but<00:06:47.120> i'm<00:06:47.199> going<00:06:47.360> to
worked for many people but i'm going to
worked for many people but i'm going to
explain<00:06:47.919> it<00:06:48.080> through<00:06:48.240> a<00:06:48.400> confirmatory
explain it through a confirmatory
explain it through a confirmatory
experiment<00:06:49.520> that<00:06:49.680> i<00:06:49.759> did<00:06:50.080> a<00:06:50.160> few<00:06:50.319> years<00:06:50.560> ago
experiment that i did a few years ago
experiment that i did a few years ago
next<00:06:51.919> slide<00:06:52.160> is<00:06:52.240> going<00:06:52.400> to<00:06:52.479> be<00:06:52.639> gruesome
next slide is going to be gruesome
next slide is going to be gruesome
this<00:06:54.639> is<00:06:54.880> jonas<00:06:55.919> he's<00:06:56.479> a<00:06:56.880> tasmanian<00:06:57.440> devil
this is jonas he's a tasmanian devil
this is jonas he's a tasmanian devil
that<00:06:57.919> we<00:06:58.000> found<00:06:58.319> with<00:06:58.479> a<00:06:58.560> large<00:06:59.039> tumor<00:06:59.360> on<00:06:59.520> his
that we found with a large tumor on his
that we found with a large tumor on his
face
face
face
and<00:07:01.599> being<00:07:01.840> a<00:07:01.919> geneticist<00:07:02.720> i'm<00:07:03.039> always
and being a geneticist i'm always
and being a geneticist i'm always
interested<00:07:03.840> to<00:07:03.919> look<00:07:04.080> at<00:07:04.160> dna<00:07:04.720> and<00:07:04.880> mutations
interested to look at dna and mutations
interested to look at dna and mutations
so<00:07:06.400> i<00:07:06.479> took<00:07:06.639> this<00:07:06.880> opportunity<00:07:07.440> to<00:07:07.680> collect
so i took this opportunity to collect
so i took this opportunity to collect
some<00:07:08.319> samples<00:07:08.800> from<00:07:08.960> jonas's<00:07:09.520> tumor<00:07:10.240> and<00:07:10.400> also
some samples from jonas's tumor and also
some samples from jonas's tumor and also
some<00:07:10.880> samples<00:07:11.360> from<00:07:11.759> other<00:07:12.000> parts<00:07:12.240> of<00:07:12.319> his
some samples from other parts of his
some samples from other parts of his
body
body
body
i<00:07:13.759> took<00:07:13.919> these<00:07:14.160> back<00:07:14.319> to<00:07:14.479> the<00:07:14.560> lab<00:07:15.280> i<00:07:15.440> extracted
i took these back to the lab i extracted
i took these back to the lab i extracted
dna<00:07:16.400> from<00:07:16.639> them
dna from them
dna from them
and<00:07:18.080> when<00:07:18.240> i<00:07:18.319> looked<00:07:18.560> at<00:07:18.639> the<00:07:18.800> sequence<00:07:19.199> of<00:07:19.280> the
and when i looked at the sequence of the
and when i looked at the sequence of the
dna<00:07:20.240> and<00:07:20.479> compared<00:07:21.199> the<00:07:21.440> sequence<00:07:21.919> of<00:07:22.000> jonas's
dna and compared the sequence of jonas's
dna and compared the sequence of jonas's
tumor<00:07:23.440> to<00:07:23.599> that<00:07:23.840> of<00:07:24.000> the<00:07:24.080> rest<00:07:24.319> of<00:07:24.400> his<00:07:24.639> body
tumor to that of the rest of his body
tumor to that of the rest of his body
i<00:07:25.680> discovered<00:07:26.160> that<00:07:26.319> they<00:07:26.479> had<00:07:26.639> a<00:07:26.800> completely
i discovered that they had a completely
i discovered that they had a completely
different<00:07:28.319> genetic<00:07:28.880> profile<00:07:30.319> in<00:07:30.479> fact<00:07:30.800> jonas
different genetic profile in fact jonas
different genetic profile in fact jonas
and<00:07:31.680> his<00:07:31.919> tumor
and his tumor
and his tumor
were<00:07:33.280> as<00:07:33.440> different<00:07:33.759> from<00:07:34.000> each<00:07:34.240> other
were as different from each other
were as different from each other
as<00:07:35.360> you<00:07:35.759> and<00:07:35.919> the<00:07:36.080> person<00:07:36.400> sitting<00:07:36.720> next<00:07:36.960> to
as you and the person sitting next to
as you and the person sitting next to
you
you
you
what<00:07:39.199> this<00:07:39.440> told<00:07:39.680> us<00:07:39.840> was<00:07:40.000> that<00:07:40.080> jonas's<00:07:40.639> tumor
what this told us was that jonas's tumor
what this told us was that jonas's tumor
did<00:07:41.520> not<00:07:41.919> arise<00:07:42.720> from<00:07:42.960> cells<00:07:43.280> of<00:07:43.440> his<00:07:43.599> own<00:07:43.840> body
did not arise from cells of his own body
did not arise from cells of his own body
in<00:07:45.360> fact<00:07:45.680> more<00:07:45.840> genetic<00:07:46.319> profiling<00:07:47.280> told<00:07:47.520> us
in fact more genetic profiling told us
in fact more genetic profiling told us
that<00:07:47.840> this<00:07:48.160> tumor
that this tumor
that this tumor
in<00:07:49.360> jonas<00:07:50.000> actually<00:07:50.479> probably<00:07:50.960> first<00:07:51.280> arose
in jonas actually probably first arose
in jonas actually probably first arose
from<00:07:51.919> the<00:07:52.000> cells<00:07:52.319> of<00:07:52.479> a<00:07:52.560> female<00:07:52.960> tasmanian
from the cells of a female tasmanian
from the cells of a female tasmanian
devil<00:07:53.840> and<00:07:54.000> jonas<00:07:54.400> is<00:07:54.560> clearly<00:07:54.960> a<00:07:55.039> male
devil and jonas is clearly a male
devil and jonas is clearly a male
so<00:07:56.319> how<00:07:56.720> come<00:07:57.520> a<00:07:57.680> tumor<00:07:58.000> that<00:07:58.160> that<00:07:58.400> arose<00:07:58.800> from
so how come a tumor that that arose from
so how come a tumor that that arose from
the<00:07:59.039> cells<00:07:59.360> of<00:07:59.520> another<00:08:00.319> individual<00:08:01.039> are
the cells of another individual are
the cells of another individual are
growing<00:08:01.759> on<00:08:01.919> jonas's<00:08:02.560> face
growing on jonas's face
growing on jonas's face
well<00:08:04.160> the<00:08:04.319> next<00:08:04.800> breakthrough<00:08:05.360> came<00:08:05.599> from
well the next breakthrough came from
well the next breakthrough came from
studying<00:08:06.400> hundreds<00:08:06.879> of<00:08:06.960> tasmanian<00:08:07.520> devil
studying hundreds of tasmanian devil
studying hundreds of tasmanian devil
cancers<00:08:08.240> from<00:08:08.479> all<00:08:08.720> around<00:08:08.960> tasmania<00:08:10.160> we
cancers from all around tasmania we
cancers from all around tasmania we
found<00:08:10.560> that<00:08:10.800> all<00:08:11.120> of<00:08:11.199> these<00:08:11.440> cancers
found that all of these cancers
found that all of these cancers
shared<00:08:12.800> the<00:08:13.039> same<00:08:13.680> dna
shared the same dna
shared the same dna
think<00:08:16.000> about<00:08:16.240> that<00:08:16.400> for<00:08:16.479> a<00:08:16.560> minute<00:08:16.879> that<00:08:17.280> means
think about that for a minute that means
think about that for a minute that means
that<00:08:18.240> all<00:08:18.400> of<00:08:18.479> these<00:08:18.639> cancers<00:08:19.120> actually<00:08:19.520> are
that all of these cancers actually are
that all of these cancers actually are
the<00:08:19.840> same<00:08:20.160> cancer<00:08:20.479> that<00:08:20.639> arose<00:08:21.120> once<00:08:21.360> from<00:08:21.599> one
the same cancer that arose once from one
the same cancer that arose once from one
individual<00:08:22.400> devil<00:08:23.199> that<00:08:23.440> have<00:08:23.520> broken<00:08:24.000> free
individual devil that have broken free
individual devil that have broken free
of<00:08:24.400> that<00:08:24.879> first<00:08:25.120> devil's<00:08:25.520> body<00:08:25.759> and<00:08:26.000> spread
of that first devil's body and spread
of that first devil's body and spread
through<00:08:26.800> the<00:08:26.960> entire<00:08:27.520> tasmanian<00:08:28.080> devil
through the entire tasmanian devil
through the entire tasmanian devil
population
population
population
but<00:08:30.400> how<00:08:30.560> can<00:08:30.720> a<00:08:30.800> cancer<00:08:31.199> spread<00:08:31.919> in<00:08:32.080> a
but how can a cancer spread in a
but how can a cancer spread in a
population<00:08:33.120> well<00:08:33.279> the<00:08:33.440> final<00:08:33.760> piece<00:08:34.000> of<00:08:34.080> the
population well the final piece of the
population well the final piece of the
puzzle<00:08:34.560> came<00:08:34.800> when<00:08:34.959> we<00:08:35.039> remembered<00:08:35.440> how
puzzle came when we remembered how
puzzle came when we remembered how
devils<00:08:36.000> behave<00:08:36.479> when<00:08:36.640> they<00:08:36.800> meet<00:08:37.039> each<00:08:37.200> other
devils behave when they meet each other
devils behave when they meet each other
in<00:08:37.519> the<00:08:37.599> wild
in the wild
in the wild
they<00:08:39.039> tend<00:08:39.200> to<00:08:39.360> bite<00:08:39.680> each<00:08:39.919> other<00:08:40.320> often<00:08:40.719> quite
they tend to bite each other often quite
they tend to bite each other often quite
ferociously<00:08:41.760> and<00:08:41.919> usually<00:08:42.320> on<00:08:42.399> the<00:08:42.560> face
ferociously and usually on the face
ferociously and usually on the face
we<00:08:44.560> think
we think
we think
that<00:08:45.680> cancer<00:08:46.160> cells<00:08:46.480> actually<00:08:46.959> come<00:08:47.200> off<00:08:47.360> the
that cancer cells actually come off the
that cancer cells actually come off the
tumor<00:08:47.920> get<00:08:48.080> into<00:08:48.320> the<00:08:48.399> saliva<00:08:49.360> when<00:08:49.519> the<00:08:49.680> devil
tumor get into the saliva when the devil
tumor get into the saliva when the devil
bites<00:08:50.320> another<00:08:50.720> devil<00:08:51.040> it<00:08:51.200> actually
bites another devil it actually
bites another devil it actually
physically<00:08:52.240> implants<00:08:52.800> living<00:08:53.040> cancer<00:08:53.440> cells
physically implants living cancer cells
physically implants living cancer cells
into<00:08:54.000> the<00:08:54.080> next<00:08:54.480> devil<00:08:54.720> so<00:08:54.880> the<00:08:55.040> tumor
into the next devil so the tumor
into the next devil so the tumor
continues<00:08:55.920> to<00:08:56.080> grow
continues to grow
continues to grow
this<00:08:57.519> tasmanian<00:08:58.080> devil<00:08:58.320> cancer<00:08:58.640> is<00:08:58.800> perhaps
this tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps
this tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps
the<00:08:59.360> ultimate<00:08:59.920> cancer<00:09:00.800> it's<00:09:01.040> not<00:09:01.200> constrained
the ultimate cancer it's not constrained
the ultimate cancer it's not constrained
by<00:09:01.920> living<00:09:02.160> within<00:09:02.480> the<00:09:02.560> body<00:09:02.880> that<00:09:03.040> gave<00:09:03.279> rise
by living within the body that gave rise
by living within the body that gave rise
to<00:09:03.680> it<00:09:03.839> it<00:09:03.920> spreads<00:09:04.240> through<00:09:04.399> the<00:09:04.560> population
to it it spreads through the population
to it it spreads through the population
has<00:09:05.600> mutations<00:09:06.160> that<00:09:06.240> allow<00:09:06.560> it<00:09:06.640> to<00:09:06.800> evade<00:09:07.040> the
has mutations that allow it to evade the
has mutations that allow it to evade the
immune<00:09:07.519> system
immune system
immune system
and<00:09:09.200> it's<00:09:09.360> the<00:09:09.519> only<00:09:09.839> cancer<00:09:10.240> that<00:09:10.320> we<00:09:10.480> know<00:09:10.640> of
and it's the only cancer that we know of
and it's the only cancer that we know of
that's<00:09:11.040> threatening<00:09:11.360> an<00:09:11.600> entire<00:09:12.000> species
that's threatening an entire species
that's threatening an entire species
with<00:09:12.720> extinction
with extinction
with extinction
but<00:09:15.040> if<00:09:15.120> this<00:09:15.360> can<00:09:15.519> happen<00:09:16.080> in<00:09:16.480> tasmanian
but if this can happen in tasmanian
but if this can happen in tasmanian
devils<00:09:18.000> why<00:09:18.160> hasn't<00:09:18.560> it<00:09:18.640> happened<00:09:18.959> in<00:09:19.120> other
devils why hasn't it happened in other
devils why hasn't it happened in other
animals<00:09:19.839> or<00:09:20.000> even<00:09:20.240> humans
animals or even humans
animals or even humans
well<00:09:21.680> the<00:09:21.760> answer<00:09:22.160> is
well the answer is
well the answer is
it<00:09:23.200> has
this<00:09:26.240> is<00:09:26.480> kimbo<00:09:27.440> he's<00:09:27.680> a<00:09:27.839> dog<00:09:28.160> that<00:09:28.399> belongs<00:09:28.720> to
this is kimbo he's a dog that belongs to
this is kimbo he's a dog that belongs to
a<00:09:28.959> family<00:09:29.440> in<00:09:29.519> mombasa<00:09:30.080> in<00:09:30.240> kenya
a family in mombasa in kenya
a family in mombasa in kenya
last<00:09:32.160> year<00:09:32.399> his<00:09:32.640> owner<00:09:33.040> noticed<00:09:33.519> some<00:09:33.680> blood
last year his owner noticed some blood
last year his owner noticed some blood
trickling<00:09:34.800> from<00:09:34.959> his<00:09:35.200> genital<00:09:35.600> region
trickling from his genital region
trickling from his genital region
she<00:09:38.000> took<00:09:38.240> him<00:09:38.320> to<00:09:38.480> the<00:09:38.560> vet
she took him to the vet
she took him to the vet
and<00:09:39.600> the<00:09:39.760> vet<00:09:40.160> discovered<00:09:40.800> something<00:09:41.519> quite
and the vet discovered something quite
and the vet discovered something quite
disgusting<00:09:42.800> and<00:09:42.959> if<00:09:43.040> you're<00:09:43.200> squeamish
disgusting and if you're squeamish
disgusting and if you're squeamish
please<00:09:43.920> look<00:09:44.080> away<00:09:44.399> now
please look away now
please look away now
he<00:09:46.160> discovered<00:09:46.640> this
he discovered this
he discovered this
a<00:09:47.760> huge<00:09:48.399> bleeding<00:09:49.040> tumor<00:09:49.440> at<00:09:49.600> the<00:09:49.760> base<00:09:50.480> of
a huge bleeding tumor at the base of
a huge bleeding tumor at the base of
kimbo's<00:09:51.200> penis
the<00:09:53.920> vet<00:09:54.160> diagnosed<00:09:54.720> this<00:09:54.959> as<00:09:55.200> transmissible
the vet diagnosed this as transmissible
the vet diagnosed this as transmissible
venereal<00:09:56.560> tumor<00:09:57.200> a<00:09:57.360> sexually<00:09:57.839> transmitted
venereal tumor a sexually transmitted
venereal tumor a sexually transmitted
cancer<00:09:59.279> that<00:09:59.519> affects<00:10:00.000> dogs
cancer that affects dogs
cancer that affects dogs
and<00:10:01.440> just<00:10:01.760> as<00:10:01.839> the<00:10:02.000> tasmanian<00:10:02.640> devil<00:10:03.200> is
and just as the tasmanian devil is
and just as the tasmanian devil is
contagious<00:10:04.000> through<00:10:04.160> the<00:10:04.320> spread<00:10:04.640> of<00:10:04.720> living
contagious through the spread of living
contagious through the spread of living
cancer<00:10:05.519> cells
cancer cells
cancer cells
so<00:10:06.800> is<00:10:06.959> this<00:10:07.279> dog<00:10:07.600> cancer
so is this dog cancer
so is this dog cancer
but<00:10:09.120> this<00:10:09.360> dog<00:10:09.600> cancer<00:10:09.920> is<00:10:10.080> quite<00:10:10.320> remarkable
but this dog cancer is quite remarkable
but this dog cancer is quite remarkable
because<00:10:11.200> it's<00:10:11.360> spread<00:10:11.760> all<00:10:12.000> around<00:10:12.320> the<00:10:12.480> world
because it's spread all around the world
because it's spread all around the world
and<00:10:13.279> in<00:10:13.360> fact<00:10:13.920> these<00:10:14.240> same<00:10:14.560> cells<00:10:14.880> that<00:10:15.040> are
and in fact these same cells that are
and in fact these same cells that are
affecting<00:10:15.680> kimbo<00:10:16.160> here
affecting kimbo here
affecting kimbo here
are<00:10:17.440> also<00:10:17.920> found<00:10:18.480> affecting<00:10:19.040> dogs<00:10:19.600> in<00:10:20.000> new
are also found affecting dogs in new
are also found affecting dogs in new
york<00:10:20.480> city
york city
york city
in<00:10:21.839> mountain<00:10:22.160> villages<00:10:22.560> in<00:10:22.720> the<00:10:22.800> himalayas<00:10:23.519> in
in mountain villages in the himalayas in
in mountain villages in the himalayas in
outback<00:10:24.240> australia
outback australia
outback australia
we<00:10:26.959> also<00:10:27.200> believe<00:10:27.519> this<00:10:27.680> cancer<00:10:28.079> might<00:10:28.240> be
we also believe this cancer might be
we also believe this cancer might be
very<00:10:28.800> old<00:10:29.120> in<00:10:29.200> fact<00:10:29.519> genetic<00:10:30.000> profiling<00:10:30.560> tells
very old in fact genetic profiling tells
very old in fact genetic profiling tells
that<00:10:30.959> it<00:10:31.120> may<00:10:31.360> be<00:10:31.600> tens<00:10:32.000> of<00:10:32.240> thousands<00:10:32.720> of
that it may be tens of thousands of
that it may be tens of thousands of
years<00:10:33.200> old<00:10:34.000> which<00:10:34.240> means<00:10:34.480> that<00:10:34.640> this<00:10:34.959> cancer
years old which means that this cancer
years old which means that this cancer
may<00:10:36.160> have<00:10:36.399> first<00:10:36.800> arisen
may have first arisen
may have first arisen
from<00:10:37.920> the<00:10:38.079> cells<00:10:38.560> of<00:10:38.720> a<00:10:38.880> wolf<00:10:39.519> that<00:10:39.760> lived
from the cells of a wolf that lived
from the cells of a wolf that lived
alongside<00:10:40.640> the<00:10:40.800> neanderthals
alongside the neanderthals
alongside the neanderthals
this<00:10:43.279> cancer<00:10:43.680> is<00:10:43.920> remarkable<00:10:44.640> it's<00:10:44.800> the
this cancer is remarkable it's the
this cancer is remarkable it's the
oldest<00:10:46.079> mammalian<00:10:46.720> derived<00:10:47.279> life<00:10:47.519> form<00:10:47.839> that
oldest mammalian derived life form that
oldest mammalian derived life form that
we<00:10:48.160> know<00:10:48.399> of
we know of
we know of
it's<00:10:49.600> a<00:10:49.760> living<00:10:50.160> relic<00:10:50.800> of<00:10:50.959> the<00:10:51.120> distant<00:10:51.680> past
so<00:10:54.560> we've<00:10:54.720> seen<00:10:54.880> that<00:10:55.040> this<00:10:55.200> can<00:10:55.360> happen<00:10:55.680> in
so we've seen that this can happen in
so we've seen that this can happen in
animals
animals
animals
could<00:10:57.279> cancers<00:10:57.839> be<00:10:58.079> contagious<00:10:59.040> between
could cancers be contagious between
could cancers be contagious between
people
people
people
well<00:11:01.920> this<00:11:02.160> is<00:11:02.320> a<00:11:02.399> question<00:11:03.040> which<00:11:03.600> fascinated
well this is a question which fascinated
well this is a question which fascinated
chester<00:11:04.880> southern
chester southern
chester southern
a<00:11:06.000> cancer<00:11:06.399> doctor<00:11:06.800> in<00:11:06.959> the<00:11:07.040> 1950s
a cancer doctor in the 1950s
a cancer doctor in the 1950s
and<00:11:09.279> he<00:11:09.519> decided<00:11:09.920> to<00:11:10.079> put<00:11:10.240> this<00:11:10.399> to<00:11:10.560> the<00:11:10.720> test
and he decided to put this to the test
and he decided to put this to the test
by<00:11:11.600> actually<00:11:12.000> deliberately<00:11:12.839> inoculating
by actually deliberately inoculating
by actually deliberately inoculating
people
people
people
with<00:11:14.959> cancer<00:11:15.519> from<00:11:15.760> somebody<00:11:16.240> else
with cancer from somebody else
with cancer from somebody else
and<00:11:17.760> this<00:11:17.920> is<00:11:18.079> a<00:11:18.160> photograph<00:11:18.959> of<00:11:19.200> dr<00:11:19.600> southam
and this is a photograph of dr southam
and this is a photograph of dr southam
in<00:11:20.560> 1957<00:11:21.680> injecting<00:11:22.399> cancer
in 1957 injecting cancer
in 1957 injecting cancer
into<00:11:24.079> a<00:11:24.240> volunteer<00:11:24.880> who<00:11:25.040> in<00:11:25.200> this<00:11:25.440> case<00:11:25.760> was<00:11:25.920> an
into a volunteer who in this case was an
into a volunteer who in this case was an
inmate<00:11:26.720> in<00:11:27.279> ohio<00:11:27.680> state<00:11:28.000> penitentiary
inmate in ohio state penitentiary
inmate in ohio state penitentiary
most<00:11:30.640> of<00:11:30.720> the<00:11:30.880> people<00:11:31.200> that<00:11:31.440> dr<00:11:31.760> southam
most of the people that dr southam
most of the people that dr southam
injected<00:11:32.720> did<00:11:32.959> not<00:11:33.440> go<00:11:33.680> on<00:11:33.920> to<00:11:34.079> develop<00:11:34.560> cancer
injected did not go on to develop cancer
injected did not go on to develop cancer
from<00:11:35.120> the<00:11:35.279> injected<00:11:35.760> cells
from the injected cells
from the injected cells
but<00:11:37.440> a<00:11:37.519> small<00:11:37.920> number<00:11:38.320> of<00:11:38.399> them<00:11:38.640> did<00:11:38.959> and<00:11:39.040> they
but a small number of them did and they
but a small number of them did and they
were<00:11:39.440> mostly<00:11:39.920> people<00:11:40.480> who<00:11:40.640> were<00:11:40.880> otherwise
were mostly people who were otherwise
were mostly people who were otherwise
ill<00:11:41.760> whose<00:11:42.000> immune<00:11:42.399> systems<00:11:42.959> were<00:11:43.200> probably
ill whose immune systems were probably
ill whose immune systems were probably
compromised
what<00:11:46.640> this<00:11:46.959> tells<00:11:47.360> us
what this tells us
what this tells us
ethical<00:11:48.800> issues<00:11:49.200> aside
ethical issues aside
ethical issues aside
is<00:11:50.800> that
it's<00:11:55.040> probably<00:11:55.680> extremely<00:11:56.480> rare<00:11:57.200> for<00:11:57.360> cancers
it's probably extremely rare for cancers
it's probably extremely rare for cancers
to<00:11:58.000> be<00:11:58.240> transferred<00:11:59.040> between<00:11:59.440> people
to be transferred between people
to be transferred between people
however
however
however
under<00:12:02.640> some<00:12:02.959> circumstances<00:12:04.000> it<00:12:04.240> can<00:12:04.800> happen
under some circumstances it can happen
under some circumstances it can happen
and<00:12:07.279> i<00:12:07.360> think<00:12:07.519> that<00:12:07.680> this<00:12:07.920> is<00:12:08.000> something<00:12:08.560> that
and i think that this is something that
and i think that this is something that
oncologists<00:12:09.519> and<00:12:09.680> epidemiologists<00:12:10.639> should
oncologists and epidemiologists should
oncologists and epidemiologists should
be<00:12:10.959> aware<00:12:11.279> of<00:12:11.440> in<00:12:11.519> the<00:12:11.600> future
be aware of in the future
be aware of in the future
so<00:12:13.920> just<00:12:14.240> finally
so just finally
so just finally
cancer<00:12:16.639> is<00:12:16.800> an<00:12:16.880> inevitable<00:12:17.519> outcome<00:12:18.240> of<00:12:18.399> the
cancer is an inevitable outcome of the
cancer is an inevitable outcome of the
ability<00:12:18.959> of<00:12:19.120> our<00:12:19.360> cells<00:12:19.839> to<00:12:20.000> divide
ability of our cells to divide
ability of our cells to divide
and<00:12:21.279> to<00:12:21.440> adapt<00:12:21.920> to<00:12:22.079> their<00:12:22.320> environments
and to adapt to their environments
and to adapt to their environments
but<00:12:24.720> that<00:12:24.880> does<00:12:25.120> not<00:12:25.279> mean<00:12:25.519> that<00:12:25.600> we<00:12:25.760> should
but that does not mean that we should
but that does not mean that we should
give<00:12:26.160> up<00:12:26.320> hope<00:12:26.720> in<00:12:26.880> the<00:12:27.040> fight<00:12:27.279> against<00:12:27.680> cancer
give up hope in the fight against cancer
give up hope in the fight against cancer
in<00:12:29.519> fact<00:12:29.760> i<00:12:30.000> believe<00:12:30.320> given<00:12:30.560> more<00:12:30.800> knowledge
in fact i believe given more knowledge
in fact i believe given more knowledge
of<00:12:31.200> the<00:12:31.360> complex<00:12:31.839> evolutionary<00:12:32.639> processes
of the complex evolutionary processes
of the complex evolutionary processes
that<00:12:33.440> drive<00:12:33.839> cancer's<00:12:34.320> growth<00:12:34.959> we<00:12:35.200> can<00:12:35.600> defeat
that drive cancer's growth we can defeat
that drive cancer's growth we can defeat
cancer
cancer
cancer
my<00:12:38.720> personal<00:12:39.279> aim<00:12:39.760> is<00:12:40.000> to<00:12:40.160> defeat<00:12:40.639> the
my personal aim is to defeat the
my personal aim is to defeat the
tasmanian<00:12:41.440> devil<00:12:41.760> cancer
tasmanian devil cancer
tasmanian devil cancer
let's<00:12:43.920> prevent<00:12:44.320> the<00:12:44.399> tasmanian<00:12:45.040> devil<00:12:45.600> from
let's prevent the tasmanian devil from
let's prevent the tasmanian devil from
being<00:12:46.000> the<00:12:46.160> first<00:12:46.720> animal<00:12:47.200> to<00:12:47.360> go<00:12:47.600> extinct
being the first animal to go extinct
being the first animal to go extinct
from<00:12:48.720> cancer
from cancer
from cancer
thank<00:12:50.880> you
[Music]
Elizabeth Murchison, cancer, facial, cancer, cancer, research, tasmanian, devil
