Transcriber: TED Translators Admin
Reviewer: Mirjana Čutura
About 10,000 years ago,
humans began to farm.
This agricultural revolution
was a turning point in our history
that enabled people to settle,
build and create.
In short, agriculture
enabled the existence of civilization.
Today, approximately 40 percent
of our planet is farmland.
Spread all over the world,
these agricultural lands
are the pieces to a global puzzle
we are all facing:
in the future, how can we feed
every member of a growing population
a healthy diet?
Meeting this goal will require
nothing short of a second
agricultural revolution.
The first agricultural revolution
was characterized
by expansion and exploitation,
feeding people at the expense
of forests, wildlife and water
and destabilizing the climate
in the process.
That's not an option the next time around.
Agriculture depends on a stable climate
with predictable seasons
and weather patterns.
This means we can't keep
expanding our agricultural lands,
because doing so will undermine
the environmental conditions
that make agriculture possible
in the first place.
Instead, the next agricultural revolution
will have to increase the output
of our existing farmland for the long term
while protecting biodiversity,
conserving water
and reducing pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions.
So what will the future farms look like?
This drone is part of a fleet
that monitors the crops below.
The farm may look haphazard
but is a delicately engineered
use of the land
that intertwines crops and livestock
with wild habitats.
Conventional farming methods
cleared large swathes of land
and planted them with a single crop,
eradicating wildlife
and emitting huge amounts
of greenhouse gases in the process.
This approach aims to correct that damage.
Meanwhile, moving among the crops,
teams of field robots
apply fertilizer in targeted doses.
Inside the soil,
hundreds of sensors gather data
on nutrients and water levels.
This information reduces
unnecessary water use
and tells farmers where they should apply
more and less fertilizer
instead of causing pollution
by showering it across the whole farm.
But the farms of the future
won't be all sensors and robots.
These technologies are designed
to help us produce food
in a way that works with the environment
rather than against it,
taking into account
the nuances of local ecosystems.
Lower-cost agricultural practices can also serve those same goals and are much more accessible to many farmers. In fact, many such practices are already in use today and stand to have an increasingly large impact as more farmers adopt them. In Costa Rica, farmers have intertwined farmland with tropical habitat so successfully that they have significantly contributed to doubling the country's forest cover. This provides food and habitat for wildlife as well as natural pollination and pest control from the birds and insects these farms attract, producing food while restoring the planet. In the United States, ranchers are raising cattle on grasslands composed of native species, generating a valuable protein source using production methods that store carbon and protect biodiversity. In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal, new approaches to rice production may dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Rice is a staple food for three billion people and the main source of livelihood for millions of households. More than 90 percent of rice is grown in flooded paddies, which use a lot of water and release 11 percent of annual methane emissions, which accounts for one to two percent of total annual greenhouse gas emissions globally. By experimenting with new strains of rice, irrigating less and adopting less labor-intensive ways of planting seeds, farmers in these countries have already increased their incomes and crop yields while cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. In Zambia, numerous organizations are investing in locally specific methods to improve crop production, reduce forest loss and improve livelihoods for local farmers. These efforts are projected to increase crop yield by almost a quarter over the next few decades. If combined with methods to combat deforestation in the region, they could move the country toward a resilient, climate-focused agricultural sector. And in India, where up to 40 percent of post-harvest food is lost or wasted due to poor infrastructure, farmers have already started to implement solar-powered cold storage capsules that help thousands of rural farmers preserve their produce and become a viable part of the supply chain. It will take all of these methods, from the most high-tech to the lowest-cost, to revolutionize farming. High-tech interventions stand to amplify climate- and conservation-oriented approaches to farming, and large producers will need to invest in implementing these technologies. Meanwhile, we'll have to expand access to the lower-cost methods for smaller-scale farmers. This vision of future farming will also require a global shift toward more plant-based diets and huge reductions in food loss and waste, both of which will reduce pressure on the land and allow farmers to do more with what they have available. If we optimize food production, both on land and sea, we can feed humanity within the environmental limits of the earth, but there's a very small margin of error, and it will take unprecedented global cooperation and coordination of the agricultural lands we have today.
Lower-cost agricultural practices can also serve those same goals and are much more accessible to many farmers. In fact, many such practices are already in use today and stand to have an increasingly large impact as more farmers adopt them. In Costa Rica, farmers have intertwined farmland with tropical habitat so successfully that they have significantly contributed to doubling the country's forest cover. This provides food and habitat for wildlife as well as natural pollination and pest control from the birds and insects these farms attract, producing food while restoring the planet. In the United States, ranchers are raising cattle on grasslands composed of native species, generating a valuable protein source using production methods that store carbon and protect biodiversity. In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal, new approaches to rice production may dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Rice is a staple food for three billion people and the main source of livelihood for millions of households. More than 90 percent of rice is grown in flooded paddies, which use a lot of water and release 11 percent of annual methane emissions, which accounts for one to two percent of total annual greenhouse gas emissions globally. By experimenting with new strains of rice, irrigating less and adopting less labor-intensive ways of planting seeds, farmers in these countries have already increased their incomes and crop yields while cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. In Zambia, numerous organizations are investing in locally specific methods to improve crop production, reduce forest loss and improve livelihoods for local farmers. These efforts are projected to increase crop yield by almost a quarter over the next few decades. If combined with methods to combat deforestation in the region, they could move the country toward a resilient, climate-focused agricultural sector. And in India, where up to 40 percent of post-harvest food is lost or wasted due to poor infrastructure, farmers have already started to implement solar-powered cold storage capsules that help thousands of rural farmers preserve their produce and become a viable part of the supply chain. It will take all of these methods, from the most high-tech to the lowest-cost, to revolutionize farming. High-tech interventions stand to amplify climate- and conservation-oriented approaches to farming, and large producers will need to invest in implementing these technologies. Meanwhile, we'll have to expand access to the lower-cost methods for smaller-scale farmers. This vision of future farming will also require a global shift toward more plant-based diets and huge reductions in food loss and waste, both of which will reduce pressure on the land and allow farmers to do more with what they have available. If we optimize food production, both on land and sea, we can feed humanity within the environmental limits of the earth, but there's a very small margin of error, and it will take unprecedented global cooperation and coordination of the agricultural lands we have today.
