Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? - Peter Attia
[Music]
[Music]
i'll<00:00:16.000> never<00:00:16.240> forget<00:00:16.560> that<00:00:16.800> day<00:00:17.199> back<00:00:17.520> in<00:00:17.600> the
i'll never forget that day back in the
i'll never forget that day back in the
spring<00:00:19.199> of<00:00:19.359> 2006
spring of 2006
spring of 2006
i<00:00:21.119> was<00:00:21.359> a<00:00:21.520> surgical<00:00:22.000> resident<00:00:22.720> at<00:00:22.880> the<00:00:23.119> johns
i was a surgical resident at the johns
i was a surgical resident at the johns
hopkins<00:00:23.840> hospital
hopkins hospital
hopkins hospital
taking<00:00:25.439> emergency<00:00:26.080> call
taking emergency call
taking emergency call
i<00:00:27.119> got<00:00:27.359> paged<00:00:27.680> by<00:00:27.840> the<00:00:28.000> er<00:00:28.480> around<00:00:28.720> two<00:00:28.960> in<00:00:29.039> the
i got paged by the er around two in the
i got paged by the er around two in the
morning<00:00:30.000> to<00:00:30.160> come<00:00:30.400> and<00:00:30.480> see<00:00:30.640> a<00:00:30.720> woman<00:00:31.039> with<00:00:31.199> a
morning to come and see a woman with a
morning to come and see a woman with a
diabetic<00:00:31.840> ulcer<00:00:32.239> on<00:00:32.320> her<00:00:32.480> foot
diabetic ulcer on her foot
diabetic ulcer on her foot
i<00:00:34.079> can<00:00:34.239> still<00:00:34.480> remember<00:00:35.280> sort<00:00:35.440> of<00:00:35.520> that<00:00:35.760> smell
i can still remember sort of that smell
i can still remember sort of that smell
of<00:00:36.559> rotting<00:00:37.040> flesh<00:00:37.680> as<00:00:37.840> i<00:00:38.000> pulled<00:00:38.239> the<00:00:38.399> curtain
of rotting flesh as i pulled the curtain
of rotting flesh as i pulled the curtain
back
back
back
to<00:00:40.079> see<00:00:40.320> her
to see her
to see her
and<00:00:41.840> everybody<00:00:42.160> there<00:00:42.320> agreed<00:00:42.640> this<00:00:42.719> woman
and everybody there agreed this woman
and everybody there agreed this woman
was<00:00:43.200> very<00:00:43.440> sick<00:00:43.680> and<00:00:43.840> she<00:00:44.000> needed<00:00:44.239> to<00:00:44.320> be<00:00:44.399> in
was very sick and she needed to be in
was very sick and she needed to be in
the<00:00:44.640> hospital<00:00:44.960> that<00:00:45.200> wasn't<00:00:45.840> being<00:00:46.079> asked<00:00:46.480> the
the hospital that wasn't being asked the
the hospital that wasn't being asked the
question<00:00:47.120> that<00:00:47.200> was<00:00:47.360> being<00:00:47.520> asked<00:00:47.760> of<00:00:47.840> me<00:00:48.079> was
question that was being asked of me was
question that was being asked of me was
a<00:00:48.320> different<00:00:48.559> one<00:00:48.800> which<00:00:48.960> was
a different one which was
a different one which was
did<00:00:50.160> she<00:00:50.320> also<00:00:50.559> need<00:00:50.719> an<00:00:50.879> amputation
did she also need an amputation
did she also need an amputation
now
now
now
looking<00:00:54.480> back<00:00:54.719> on<00:00:54.800> that<00:00:55.039> night
looking back on that night
looking back on that night
i'd<00:00:56.160> love<00:00:56.480> so<00:00:57.039> desperately<00:00:57.520> to<00:00:57.600> believe<00:00:58.079> that
i'd love so desperately to believe that
i'd love so desperately to believe that
i<00:00:59.600> treated<00:00:59.920> that<00:01:00.160> woman
i treated that woman
i treated that woman
on<00:01:01.280> that<00:01:01.520> night<00:01:01.840> with<00:01:02.000> the<00:01:02.079> same<00:01:02.399> empathy<00:01:02.879> and
on that night with the same empathy and
on that night with the same empathy and
compassion
compassion
compassion
i'd<00:01:04.640> shown<00:01:04.879> the<00:01:05.040> 27<00:01:05.760> year<00:01:05.920> old
i'd shown the 27 year old
i'd shown the 27 year old
newlywed<00:01:08.080> who<00:01:08.240> came<00:01:08.479> to<00:01:08.560> the<00:01:08.640> er<00:01:09.040> three<00:01:09.200> nights
newlywed who came to the er three nights
newlywed who came to the er three nights
earlier<00:01:10.159> with<00:01:10.320> lower<00:01:10.640> back<00:01:10.880> pain
earlier with lower back pain
earlier with lower back pain
that<00:01:12.000> turned<00:01:12.320> out<00:01:12.479> to<00:01:12.640> be<00:01:13.040> advanced
that turned out to be advanced
that turned out to be advanced
pancreatic<00:01:14.000> cancer
pancreatic cancer
pancreatic cancer
in<00:01:16.560> her<00:01:16.720> case<00:01:16.960> i<00:01:17.040> knew<00:01:17.200> there<00:01:17.280> was<00:01:17.439> nothing<00:01:17.680> i
in her case i knew there was nothing i
in her case i knew there was nothing i
could<00:01:17.920> do<00:01:18.080> that<00:01:18.240> was<00:01:18.400> actually<00:01:18.640> going<00:01:18.720> to<00:01:18.960> save
could do that was actually going to save
could do that was actually going to save
her<00:01:19.520> life<00:01:19.840> the<00:01:19.920> cancer<00:01:20.320> was<00:01:20.479> too<00:01:20.720> advanced
her life the cancer was too advanced
her life the cancer was too advanced
but<00:01:22.320> i<00:01:22.479> was<00:01:22.720> committed<00:01:23.040> to<00:01:23.119> making<00:01:23.360> sure<00:01:23.600> that
but i was committed to making sure that
but i was committed to making sure that
i<00:01:24.720> could<00:01:24.960> do<00:01:25.600> anything<00:01:25.920> possible<00:01:26.320> to<00:01:26.479> make<00:01:26.640> her
i could do anything possible to make her
i could do anything possible to make her
stay<00:01:27.040> more<00:01:27.280> comfortable<00:01:27.920> i<00:01:28.400> brought<00:01:28.560> her<00:01:28.799> a
stay more comfortable i brought her a
stay more comfortable i brought her a
warm<00:01:29.119> blanket<00:01:29.600> and<00:01:29.759> a<00:01:30.240> cup<00:01:30.479> of<00:01:30.560> coffee
warm blanket and a cup of coffee
warm blanket and a cup of coffee
um
um
um
brought<00:01:32.880> some<00:01:33.119> for<00:01:33.280> her<00:01:33.439> parents
brought some for her parents
brought some for her parents
but<00:01:34.799> more<00:01:35.040> importantly<00:01:35.520> you<00:01:35.600> see<00:01:35.759> i<00:01:36.000> passed<00:01:36.240> no
but more importantly you see i passed no
but more importantly you see i passed no
judgment<00:01:36.960> on<00:01:37.200> her<00:01:37.600> because<00:01:37.920> obviously<00:01:38.320> she
judgment on her because obviously she
judgment on her because obviously she
had<00:01:38.640> done<00:01:38.799> nothing<00:01:39.280> to<00:01:39.439> bring<00:01:39.600> this<00:01:39.920> on
had done nothing to bring this on
had done nothing to bring this on
herself
herself
herself
so<00:01:42.400> why<00:01:42.640> was<00:01:42.880> it<00:01:43.040> that<00:01:43.280> just<00:01:43.680> a<00:01:43.759> few<00:01:44.000> nights
so why was it that just a few nights
so why was it that just a few nights
later<00:01:44.560> as<00:01:44.720> i<00:01:44.880> stood<00:01:45.119> in<00:01:45.280> that<00:01:45.600> same<00:01:46.159> er
later as i stood in that same er
later as i stood in that same er
and<00:01:47.280> determined<00:01:47.680> that<00:01:47.840> my<00:01:48.079> diabetic<00:01:48.560> patient
and determined that my diabetic patient
and determined that my diabetic patient
did<00:01:49.119> indeed<00:01:49.439> need<00:01:49.600> an<00:01:49.759> amputation
did indeed need an amputation
did indeed need an amputation
why<00:01:51.200> did<00:01:51.360> i<00:01:51.439> hold<00:01:51.680> her<00:01:52.000> in<00:01:52.240> such<00:01:52.720> bitter
why did i hold her in such bitter
why did i hold her in such bitter
contempt
contempt
contempt
you<00:01:54.960> see<00:01:55.200> unlike<00:01:55.439> the<00:01:55.600> woman<00:01:56.079> the<00:01:56.240> night
you see unlike the woman the night
you see unlike the woman the night
before
before
before
this<00:01:57.680> woman<00:01:57.920> had<00:01:58.159> type<00:01:58.399> 2<00:01:58.560> diabetes
this woman had type 2 diabetes
this woman had type 2 diabetes
she<00:02:00.159> was<00:02:00.479> fat
she was fat
she was fat
and<00:02:01.600> we<00:02:01.840> all<00:02:02.079> know<00:02:02.320> that's<00:02:02.560> from<00:02:02.719> eating<00:02:02.960> too
and we all know that's from eating too
and we all know that's from eating too
much<00:02:03.360> and<00:02:03.439> not<00:02:03.680> exercising<00:02:04.320> enough<00:02:04.640> right
much and not exercising enough right
much and not exercising enough right
i<00:02:05.680> mean<00:02:06.159> how<00:02:06.560> hard<00:02:06.880> can<00:02:07.119> it<00:02:07.280> be
i mean how hard can it be
i mean how hard can it be
as<00:02:08.560> i<00:02:08.640> looked<00:02:08.800> down<00:02:09.039> at<00:02:09.119> her<00:02:09.280> in<00:02:09.360> the<00:02:09.440> bed<00:02:09.679> i
as i looked down at her in the bed i
as i looked down at her in the bed i
thought<00:02:10.000> to<00:02:10.160> myself<00:02:10.640> if<00:02:10.720> you<00:02:10.959> just<00:02:11.280> try<00:02:11.680> caring
thought to myself if you just try caring
thought to myself if you just try caring
even<00:02:12.480> a<00:02:12.720> little<00:02:12.959> bit<00:02:13.520> you<00:02:13.760> wouldn't<00:02:14.080> be<00:02:14.239> in
even a little bit you wouldn't be in
even a little bit you wouldn't be in
this<00:02:14.560> situation<00:02:15.440> at<00:02:15.680> this<00:02:15.920> moment<00:02:16.640> with<00:02:16.879> some
this situation at this moment with some
this situation at this moment with some
doctor<00:02:17.520> you've<00:02:17.760> never<00:02:18.080> met<00:02:18.319> about<00:02:18.640> to
doctor you've never met about to
doctor you've never met about to
amputate<00:02:19.360> your<00:02:19.599> foot
amputate your foot
amputate your foot
why<00:02:22.480> did<00:02:22.640> i<00:02:22.720> feel<00:02:22.959> justified<00:02:23.599> in<00:02:23.680> judging<00:02:24.080> her
why did i feel justified in judging her
why did i feel justified in judging her
i'd<00:02:26.239> like<00:02:26.400> to<00:02:26.480> say<00:02:26.640> i<00:02:26.800> don't<00:02:27.120> know
i'd like to say i don't know
i'd like to say i don't know
but<00:02:28.800> i<00:02:28.959> actually<00:02:29.440> do
but i actually do
but i actually do
you<00:02:30.640> see<00:02:30.959> in<00:02:31.040> the<00:02:31.280> hubris<00:02:31.760> of<00:02:31.920> my<00:02:32.160> youth
you see in the hubris of my youth
you see in the hubris of my youth
i<00:02:33.280> thought<00:02:33.440> i<00:02:33.519> had<00:02:33.760> her<00:02:33.920> all<00:02:34.080> figured<00:02:34.480> out
i thought i had her all figured out
i thought i had her all figured out
she<00:02:35.920> ate<00:02:36.160> too<00:02:36.319> much<00:02:36.720> she<00:02:36.879> got<00:02:37.120> unlucky<00:02:37.599> she<00:02:37.760> got
she ate too much she got unlucky she got
she ate too much she got unlucky she got
diabetes<00:02:38.879> case<00:02:39.280> closed
diabetes case closed
diabetes case closed
ironically<00:02:41.519> at<00:02:41.680> that<00:02:41.840> time<00:02:42.080> in<00:02:42.160> my<00:02:42.319> life<00:02:42.560> i<00:02:42.640> was
ironically at that time in my life i was
ironically at that time in my life i was
also<00:02:43.120> doing<00:02:43.440> cancer<00:02:43.840> research<00:02:44.640> immune<00:02:44.959> based
also doing cancer research immune based
also doing cancer research immune based
therapies<00:02:45.680> for<00:02:45.840> melanoma<00:02:46.400> to<00:02:46.560> be<00:02:46.720> specific
therapies for melanoma to be specific
therapies for melanoma to be specific
and<00:02:47.599> in<00:02:47.840> that<00:02:48.080> world<00:02:48.319> i<00:02:48.480> was<00:02:48.640> actually<00:02:48.879> taught
and in that world i was actually taught
and in that world i was actually taught
to<00:02:49.440> question
to question
to question
everything<00:02:51.280> to<00:02:51.519> challenge<00:02:52.239> all<00:02:52.480> assumptions
everything to challenge all assumptions
everything to challenge all assumptions
and<00:02:53.200> hold<00:02:53.440> them<00:02:53.599> to<00:02:53.680> the<00:02:53.840> highest<00:02:54.400> possible
and hold them to the highest possible
and hold them to the highest possible
scientific<00:02:55.440> standards
scientific standards
scientific standards
yet<00:02:57.440> when<00:02:57.680> it<00:02:57.760> came<00:02:58.080> to<00:02:58.239> a<00:02:58.319> disease<00:02:58.720> like
yet when it came to a disease like
yet when it came to a disease like
diabetes
diabetes
diabetes
that<00:03:00.480> kills<00:03:00.800> americans<00:03:01.599> eight<00:03:01.920> times<00:03:02.239> more
that kills americans eight times more
that kills americans eight times more
frequently<00:03:02.959> than<00:03:03.120> melanoma<00:03:04.159> i<00:03:04.319> never<00:03:04.720> once
frequently than melanoma i never once
frequently than melanoma i never once
questioned<00:03:05.760> the<00:03:05.920> conventional<00:03:06.480> wisdom
questioned the conventional wisdom
questioned the conventional wisdom
i<00:03:07.680> actually<00:03:07.920> just<00:03:08.159> assumed<00:03:08.560> the<00:03:08.879> pathologic
i actually just assumed the pathologic
i actually just assumed the pathologic
sequence<00:03:09.920> of<00:03:10.000> events<00:03:10.319> was<00:03:10.560> settled<00:03:10.959> science
sequence of events was settled science
sequence of events was settled science
three<00:03:13.200> years<00:03:13.440> later<00:03:13.840> i<00:03:14.000> found<00:03:14.239> out<00:03:14.480> how<00:03:14.879> wrong
three years later i found out how wrong
three years later i found out how wrong
i<00:03:15.360> was
i was
i was
but<00:03:16.560> this<00:03:16.800> time<00:03:17.200> i<00:03:17.280> was<00:03:17.440> the<00:03:17.680> patient
but this time i was the patient
but this time i was the patient
uh<00:03:19.280> despite<00:03:19.680> exercising<00:03:20.720> three<00:03:20.959> or<00:03:21.040> four
uh despite exercising three or four
uh despite exercising three or four
hours<00:03:21.680> every<00:03:21.920> single<00:03:22.239> day<00:03:22.959> and<00:03:23.120> following<00:03:23.519> the
hours every single day and following the
hours every single day and following the
food<00:03:23.920> pyramid<00:03:24.319> to<00:03:24.480> the<00:03:24.560> letter
food pyramid to the letter
food pyramid to the letter
i'd<00:03:25.680> gained<00:03:26.000> a<00:03:26.080> lot<00:03:26.239> of<00:03:26.400> weight<00:03:26.879> and<00:03:27.040> developed
i'd gained a lot of weight and developed
i'd gained a lot of weight and developed
something<00:03:27.760> called<00:03:28.080> metabolic<00:03:28.720> syndrome
something called metabolic syndrome
something called metabolic syndrome
some<00:03:29.920> of<00:03:30.080> you<00:03:30.159> may<00:03:30.319> have<00:03:30.400> heard<00:03:30.640> of<00:03:30.720> this
some of you may have heard of this
some of you may have heard of this
i<00:03:31.840> had<00:03:32.000> become<00:03:32.560> insulin<00:03:33.200> resistant
i had become insulin resistant
i had become insulin resistant
you<00:03:35.360> can<00:03:35.440> think<00:03:35.599> of<00:03:35.760> insulin<00:03:36.319> as<00:03:36.560> this<00:03:36.879> master
you can think of insulin as this master
you can think of insulin as this master
hormone<00:03:37.840> that<00:03:38.000> controls<00:03:38.879> what<00:03:39.120> our<00:03:39.280> body<00:03:39.599> does
hormone that controls what our body does
hormone that controls what our body does
with<00:03:40.239> the<00:03:40.319> foods<00:03:40.720> we<00:03:40.959> eat
with the foods we eat
with the foods we eat
whether<00:03:42.000> we<00:03:42.159> burn<00:03:42.400> it<00:03:42.640> or<00:03:42.799> store<00:03:43.120> it
whether we burn it or store it
whether we burn it or store it
this<00:03:44.080> is<00:03:44.159> called<00:03:44.400> fuel<00:03:44.720> partitioning<00:03:45.280> in<00:03:45.360> the
this is called fuel partitioning in the
this is called fuel partitioning in the
lingo
lingo
lingo
now<00:03:46.879> failure<00:03:47.200> to<00:03:47.280> produce<00:03:47.599> enough<00:03:47.840> insulin<00:03:48.239> is
now failure to produce enough insulin is
now failure to produce enough insulin is
incompatible<00:03:49.120> with<00:03:49.440> life<00:03:49.760> and<00:03:49.920> insulin
incompatible with life and insulin
incompatible with life and insulin
resistance<00:03:50.879> as<00:03:51.040> its<00:03:51.200> name<00:03:51.440> suggests<00:03:52.480> is<00:03:52.560> when
resistance as its name suggests is when
resistance as its name suggests is when
your<00:03:52.959> cells<00:03:53.280> get<00:03:53.519> increasingly<00:03:54.480> resistant<00:03:55.280> to
your cells get increasingly resistant to
your cells get increasingly resistant to
the<00:03:55.599> effect<00:03:55.920> of<00:03:56.000> insulin<00:03:56.480> trying<00:03:56.799> to<00:03:56.959> do<00:03:57.200> its
the effect of insulin trying to do its
the effect of insulin trying to do its
job
job
job
once<00:03:59.280> you're<00:03:59.439> insulin<00:03:59.840> resistant<00:04:00.640> you're<00:04:00.879> on
once you're insulin resistant you're on
once you're insulin resistant you're on
your<00:04:01.120> way<00:04:01.280> to<00:04:01.360> getting<00:04:01.599> diabetes<00:04:02.239> which<00:04:02.480> is
your way to getting diabetes which is
your way to getting diabetes which is
what<00:04:02.720> happens<00:04:02.959> when<00:04:03.120> your<00:04:03.360> pancreas<00:04:04.319> can't
what happens when your pancreas can't
what happens when your pancreas can't
keep<00:04:04.959> up<00:04:05.040> with<00:04:05.200> the<00:04:05.360> resistance<00:04:05.840> and<00:04:06.000> make
keep up with the resistance and make
keep up with the resistance and make
enough<00:04:06.480> insulin
enough insulin
enough insulin
now<00:04:07.840> your<00:04:08.080> blood<00:04:08.319> sugar<00:04:08.640> levels<00:04:09.040> start<00:04:09.280> to
now your blood sugar levels start to
now your blood sugar levels start to
rise<00:04:10.159> and<00:04:10.319> an<00:04:10.480> entire<00:04:10.879> cascade<00:04:11.439> of<00:04:11.599> pathologic
rise and an entire cascade of pathologic
rise and an entire cascade of pathologic
events
events
events
sort<00:04:13.439> of<00:04:13.519> spirals<00:04:14.080> out<00:04:14.239> of<00:04:14.319> control<00:04:14.799> that<00:04:14.959> can
sort of spirals out of control that can
sort of spirals out of control that can
lead<00:04:15.439> to<00:04:15.599> heart<00:04:15.920> disease
lead to heart disease
lead to heart disease
cancer
cancer
cancer
even<00:04:18.320> alzheimer's<00:04:18.880> disease
even alzheimer's disease
even alzheimer's disease
and<00:04:20.400> amputations
and amputations
and amputations
just<00:04:21.919> like<00:04:22.079> that<00:04:22.240> woman<00:04:22.479> a<00:04:22.560> few<00:04:22.720> years<00:04:23.040> earlier
just like that woman a few years earlier
just like that woman a few years earlier
with<00:04:25.360> that<00:04:25.520> scare<00:04:25.919> i<00:04:26.000> got<00:04:26.240> busy<00:04:26.560> changing<00:04:26.880> my
with that scare i got busy changing my
with that scare i got busy changing my
diet<00:04:27.440> radically<00:04:28.080> adding<00:04:28.400> and<00:04:28.479> subtracting
diet radically adding and subtracting
diet radically adding and subtracting
things<00:04:29.360> most<00:04:29.600> of<00:04:29.680> you<00:04:29.840> would<00:04:30.080> find<00:04:30.400> almost
things most of you would find almost
things most of you would find almost
assuredly<00:04:31.440> shocking
assuredly shocking
assuredly shocking
i<00:04:33.600> did<00:04:33.759> this<00:04:34.080> and<00:04:34.240> lost<00:04:34.560> 40<00:04:34.880> pounds<00:04:35.199> weirdly
i did this and lost 40 pounds weirdly
i did this and lost 40 pounds weirdly
while<00:04:35.840> exercising<00:04:36.560> less<00:04:37.120> i
while exercising less i
while exercising less i
as<00:04:38.160> you<00:04:38.240> can<00:04:38.400> see<00:04:38.560> i<00:04:38.639> guess<00:04:38.880> i'm<00:04:38.960> not<00:04:39.120> over<00:04:39.440> it
as you can see i guess i'm not over it
as you can see i guess i'm not over it
anymore<00:04:39.919> more<00:04:40.160> importantly<00:04:40.560> i<00:04:40.639> don't<00:04:40.800> have
anymore more importantly i don't have
anymore more importantly i don't have
insulin<00:04:41.360> resistance
insulin resistance
insulin resistance
but<00:04:42.960> most<00:04:43.280> important<00:04:43.680> i<00:04:43.759> was<00:04:44.000> left<00:04:44.160> with<00:04:44.320> these
but most important i was left with these
but most important i was left with these
three<00:04:45.040> burning<00:04:45.440> questions<00:04:45.840> that<00:04:46.000> wouldn't<00:04:46.320> go
three burning questions that wouldn't go
three burning questions that wouldn't go
away
away
away
how<00:04:48.720> did<00:04:48.800> this<00:04:48.960> happen<00:04:49.280> to<00:04:49.440> me<00:04:49.759> if<00:04:50.000> i<00:04:50.080> was
how did this happen to me if i was
how did this happen to me if i was
supposedly<00:04:50.800> doing<00:04:51.120> everything<00:04:51.759> right
supposedly doing everything right
supposedly doing everything right
if<00:04:53.840> the<00:04:53.919> conventional<00:04:54.479> wisdom<00:04:54.800> about
if the conventional wisdom about
if the conventional wisdom about
nutrition<00:04:55.520> had<00:04:55.840> failed<00:04:56.160> me
nutrition had failed me
nutrition had failed me
was<00:04:57.360> it<00:04:57.440> possible<00:04:57.840> it<00:04:57.919> was<00:04:58.080> failing<00:04:58.400> someone
was it possible it was failing someone
was it possible it was failing someone
else
else
else
and<00:05:00.720> underlying<00:05:01.199> these<00:05:01.440> questions<00:05:02.320> i<00:05:02.479> became
and underlying these questions i became
and underlying these questions i became
almost<00:05:03.759> maniacally<00:05:04.479> obsessed
almost maniacally obsessed
almost maniacally obsessed
in<00:05:05.759> trying<00:05:06.080> to<00:05:06.240> understand<00:05:06.720> the<00:05:06.880> real
in trying to understand the real
in trying to understand the real
relationship<00:05:08.080> between<00:05:08.560> obesity<00:05:09.600> and<00:05:09.840> insulin
relationship between obesity and insulin
relationship between obesity and insulin
resistance
resistance
resistance
now
now
now
most<00:05:12.800> researchers<00:05:13.440> believe<00:05:13.919> obesity<00:05:14.560> is<00:05:14.720> the
most researchers believe obesity is the
most researchers believe obesity is the
cause<00:05:15.919> of<00:05:16.080> insulin<00:05:16.479> resistance
cause of insulin resistance
cause of insulin resistance
logically<00:05:18.400> then<00:05:18.639> if<00:05:18.720> you<00:05:18.800> want<00:05:18.960> to<00:05:19.039> treat
logically then if you want to treat
logically then if you want to treat
insulin<00:05:19.680> resistance<00:05:20.160> you<00:05:20.320> get<00:05:20.560> people<00:05:20.800> to
insulin resistance you get people to
insulin resistance you get people to
lose<00:05:21.199> weight<00:05:21.520> right<00:05:22.080> you<00:05:22.320> treat<00:05:22.639> the<00:05:22.840> obesity
lose weight right you treat the obesity
lose weight right you treat the obesity
but<00:05:24.960> what<00:05:25.120> if<00:05:25.280> we<00:05:25.440> have<00:05:25.680> it<00:05:25.840> backwards
but what if we have it backwards
but what if we have it backwards
what<00:05:27.600> if<00:05:27.759> obesity<00:05:28.479> isn't<00:05:28.800> the<00:05:29.039> cause<00:05:29.360> of
what if obesity isn't the cause of
what if obesity isn't the cause of
insulin<00:05:29.840> resistance<00:05:30.320> at<00:05:30.479> all<00:05:30.639> in<00:05:30.800> fact<00:05:30.960> what
insulin resistance at all in fact what
insulin resistance at all in fact what
if<00:05:31.360> it's<00:05:31.520> a<00:05:31.680> symptom<00:05:32.080> of<00:05:32.160> a<00:05:32.240> much<00:05:32.560> deeper
if it's a symptom of a much deeper
if it's a symptom of a much deeper
problem
problem
problem
the<00:05:34.880> tip<00:05:35.120> of<00:05:35.280> a<00:05:35.440> proverbial<00:05:36.080> iceberg
the tip of a proverbial iceberg
the tip of a proverbial iceberg
i<00:05:37.600> know<00:05:37.759> it<00:05:37.840> sounds<00:05:38.160> crazy<00:05:38.639> because<00:05:39.039> we're
i know it sounds crazy because we're
i know it sounds crazy because we're
obviously<00:05:39.680> in<00:05:39.759> the<00:05:39.840> midst<00:05:40.080> of<00:05:40.240> an<00:05:40.400> obesity
obviously in the midst of an obesity
obviously in the midst of an obesity
epidemic<00:05:41.840> but<00:05:42.320> hear<00:05:42.479> me<00:05:42.720> out
epidemic but hear me out
epidemic but hear me out
what<00:05:43.759> if<00:05:44.000> obesity<00:05:44.560> is<00:05:44.720> a<00:05:44.960> coping<00:05:45.360> mechanism
what if obesity is a coping mechanism
what if obesity is a coping mechanism
for<00:05:46.960> a<00:05:47.120> far<00:05:47.360> more<00:05:47.840> sinister<00:05:48.479> problem<00:05:49.360> going<00:05:49.680> on
for a far more sinister problem going on
for a far more sinister problem going on
underneath<00:05:50.560> the<00:05:50.800> cell
underneath the cell
underneath the cell
i'm<00:05:51.919> not<00:05:52.160> suggesting<00:05:52.639> that<00:05:52.800> obesity<00:05:53.280> is
i'm not suggesting that obesity is
i'm not suggesting that obesity is
benign<00:05:54.000> but<00:05:54.160> what<00:05:54.320> i<00:05:54.479> am<00:05:54.639> suggesting<00:05:55.120> is<00:05:55.280> it
benign but what i am suggesting is it
benign but what i am suggesting is it
may<00:05:55.520> be<00:05:55.680> the<00:05:55.919> lesser<00:05:56.320> of<00:05:56.560> two<00:05:56.720> metabolic<00:05:57.440> evils
may be the lesser of two metabolic evils
may be the lesser of two metabolic evils
you<00:05:59.280> can<00:05:59.360> think<00:05:59.600> of<00:05:59.759> insulin<00:06:00.080> resistance<00:06:00.560> as
you can think of insulin resistance as
you can think of insulin resistance as
the<00:06:00.880> reduced<00:06:01.360> capacity<00:06:02.080> of<00:06:02.240> our<00:06:02.400> cells<00:06:02.960> to
the reduced capacity of our cells to
the reduced capacity of our cells to
partition<00:06:03.759> fuel<00:06:04.080> as<00:06:04.240> i<00:06:04.319> alluded<00:06:04.639> to<00:06:04.800> a<00:06:04.880> moment
partition fuel as i alluded to a moment
partition fuel as i alluded to a moment
ago<00:06:06.240> taking<00:06:06.560> those<00:06:06.800> calories<00:06:07.360> that<00:06:07.520> we<00:06:07.759> take
ago taking those calories that we take
ago taking those calories that we take
in<00:06:08.319> and<00:06:08.479> burning<00:06:08.880> some<00:06:09.120> appropriately<00:06:09.759> and
in and burning some appropriately and
in and burning some appropriately and
storing<00:06:10.240> some<00:06:10.479> appropriately
storing some appropriately
storing some appropriately
when<00:06:12.000> we<00:06:12.160> become<00:06:12.479> insulin<00:06:12.880> resistant<00:06:13.360> the
when we become insulin resistant the
when we become insulin resistant the
homeostasis<00:06:14.319> in<00:06:14.400> that<00:06:14.639> balance<00:06:15.120> deviates
homeostasis in that balance deviates
homeostasis in that balance deviates
from<00:06:15.840> this<00:06:16.080> state<00:06:16.800> so<00:06:17.039> now<00:06:17.280> when<00:06:17.520> insulin<00:06:17.840> says
from this state so now when insulin says
from this state so now when insulin says
to<00:06:18.240> a<00:06:18.400> cell
to a cell
to a cell
i<00:06:19.360> want<00:06:19.520> you<00:06:19.680> to<00:06:19.759> burn<00:06:20.000> more<00:06:20.240> energy<00:06:20.800> than<00:06:20.960> the
i want you to burn more energy than the
i want you to burn more energy than the
cell<00:06:21.360> considers<00:06:21.840> safe<00:06:22.160> the<00:06:22.319> cell<00:06:22.800> in<00:06:22.960> effect
cell considers safe the cell in effect
cell considers safe the cell in effect
says<00:06:24.000> no<00:06:24.160> thanks<00:06:24.720> i'd<00:06:24.960> actually<00:06:25.280> rather<00:06:25.759> store
says no thanks i'd actually rather store
says no thanks i'd actually rather store
this<00:06:26.319> energy
this energy
this energy
and<00:06:27.840> because<00:06:28.160> fat<00:06:28.400> cells<00:06:28.720> are<00:06:28.880> actually
and because fat cells are actually
and because fat cells are actually
missing<00:06:29.520> most<00:06:29.680> of<00:06:29.840> the<00:06:29.919> complex<00:06:30.319> cellular
missing most of the complex cellular
missing most of the complex cellular
machinery<00:06:31.280> found<00:06:31.520> in<00:06:31.600> other<00:06:31.840> cells
machinery found in other cells
machinery found in other cells
probably<00:06:33.120> the<00:06:33.199> safest<00:06:33.600> place<00:06:33.919> to<00:06:34.080> store<00:06:34.400> it
probably the safest place to store it
probably the safest place to store it
so<00:06:36.240> for<00:06:36.400> many<00:06:36.720> of<00:06:36.880> us<00:06:37.440> about<00:06:37.759> 75<00:06:38.400> million
so for many of us about 75 million
so for many of us about 75 million
americans
americans
americans
the<00:06:40.960> appropriate<00:06:41.680> response<00:06:42.240> to<00:06:42.479> insulin
the appropriate response to insulin
the appropriate response to insulin
resistance<00:06:43.919> may<00:06:44.240> actually<00:06:44.720> be<00:06:44.960> to<00:06:45.120> store<00:06:45.440> it
resistance may actually be to store it
resistance may actually be to store it
as<00:06:45.759> fat
as fat
as fat
not<00:06:47.120> the<00:06:47.360> reverse
not the reverse
not the reverse
getting<00:06:49.440> insulin<00:06:49.919> resistance<00:06:50.720> in<00:06:50.960> response
getting insulin resistance in response
getting insulin resistance in response
to<00:06:51.759> getting<00:06:52.160> fat
to getting fat
to getting fat
this<00:06:54.240> is<00:06:54.400> a<00:06:54.479> really<00:06:54.800> subtle<00:06:55.199> distinction
this is a really subtle distinction
this is a really subtle distinction
but<00:06:56.720> the<00:06:56.880> implication
but the implication
but the implication
could<00:06:58.319> be<00:06:58.479> profound
could be profound
could be profound
consider<00:07:00.720> the<00:07:00.880> following<00:07:01.280> analogy
consider the following analogy
consider the following analogy
think<00:07:02.800> of<00:07:02.880> the<00:07:03.039> bruise<00:07:03.520> you<00:07:03.680> get<00:07:03.919> on<00:07:04.080> your<00:07:04.400> shin
think of the bruise you get on your shin
think of the bruise you get on your shin
when<00:07:05.360> you<00:07:05.520> inadvertently<00:07:06.240> bang<00:07:06.479> your<00:07:06.720> leg
when you inadvertently bang your leg
when you inadvertently bang your leg
into<00:07:07.199> the<00:07:07.360> coffee<00:07:07.759> table
into the coffee table
into the coffee table
sure<00:07:09.280> the<00:07:09.440> bruise<00:07:09.840> hurts<00:07:10.160> like<00:07:10.400> hell<00:07:10.800> and<00:07:10.960> you
sure the bruise hurts like hell and you
sure the bruise hurts like hell and you
almost<00:07:11.440> certainly<00:07:11.759> don't<00:07:12.000> like<00:07:12.160> the
almost certainly don't like the
almost certainly don't like the
discolored<00:07:13.039> look
discolored look
discolored look
but<00:07:14.160> we<00:07:14.319> all<00:07:14.479> know<00:07:14.720> the<00:07:14.960> bruise<00:07:15.520> per<00:07:15.840> se<00:07:16.240> is<00:07:16.400> not
but we all know the bruise per se is not
but we all know the bruise per se is not
the<00:07:16.960> problem
the problem
the problem
in<00:07:18.400> fact<00:07:18.560> it's<00:07:18.720> the<00:07:18.880> opposite<00:07:19.360> it's<00:07:19.520> a<00:07:19.680> healthy
in fact it's the opposite it's a healthy
in fact it's the opposite it's a healthy
response<00:07:20.639> to<00:07:20.800> the<00:07:21.039> trauma<00:07:21.840> all<00:07:22.000> of<00:07:22.080> those
response to the trauma all of those
response to the trauma all of those
immune<00:07:22.720> cells<00:07:23.120> rushing<00:07:23.440> to<00:07:23.599> the<00:07:23.759> site<00:07:24.000> of<00:07:24.080> the
immune cells rushing to the site of the
immune cells rushing to the site of the
injury<00:07:24.560> to<00:07:24.800> salvage<00:07:25.199> cellular<00:07:25.680> debris
injury to salvage cellular debris
injury to salvage cellular debris
and<00:07:26.880> prevent<00:07:27.280> the<00:07:27.360> spread<00:07:27.680> of<00:07:27.840> infection<00:07:28.240> to
and prevent the spread of infection to
and prevent the spread of infection to
elsewhere<00:07:28.720> in<00:07:28.800> the<00:07:28.880> body<00:07:30.160> now
elsewhere in the body now
elsewhere in the body now
imagine<00:07:31.599> we<00:07:31.840> thought<00:07:32.160> bruises<00:07:32.720> were<00:07:32.880> the
imagine we thought bruises were the
imagine we thought bruises were the
problem<00:07:33.919> and<00:07:34.080> we<00:07:34.319> evolved<00:07:34.880> a<00:07:35.120> giant<00:07:35.599> medical
problem and we evolved a giant medical
problem and we evolved a giant medical
establishment<00:07:36.800> and<00:07:36.960> a<00:07:37.120> culture<00:07:37.759> around
establishment and a culture around
establishment and a culture around
treating<00:07:38.880> bruises
treating bruises
treating bruises
masking<00:07:40.800> creams<00:07:41.599> painkillers<00:07:42.560> you<00:07:42.720> name<00:07:42.960> it
masking creams painkillers you name it
masking creams painkillers you name it
all<00:07:43.440> the<00:07:43.599> while<00:07:44.000> ignoring<00:07:44.479> the<00:07:44.639> fact<00:07:45.120> that
all the while ignoring the fact that
all the while ignoring the fact that
people<00:07:45.680> are<00:07:45.840> still<00:07:46.160> banging<00:07:46.479> their<00:07:46.639> shins
people are still banging their shins
people are still banging their shins
into<00:07:47.280> coffee<00:07:47.680> tables
into coffee tables
into coffee tables
how<00:07:49.360> much<00:07:49.599> better<00:07:49.840> would<00:07:50.000> we<00:07:50.160> be<00:07:50.400> if<00:07:50.479> we
how much better would we be if we
how much better would we be if we
treated<00:07:51.039> the<00:07:51.280> cause
treated the cause
treated the cause
telling<00:07:52.720> people<00:07:52.880> to<00:07:53.039> pay<00:07:53.199> attention<00:07:53.840> when
telling people to pay attention when
telling people to pay attention when
they<00:07:54.160> walk<00:07:54.400> through<00:07:54.560> the<00:07:54.639> living<00:07:54.960> room<00:07:55.680> rather
they walk through the living room rather
they walk through the living room rather
than<00:07:56.400> the<00:07:56.800> effect
than the effect
than the effect
getting<00:07:59.199> the<00:07:59.360> cause<00:07:59.680> and<00:07:59.759> the<00:07:59.919> effect<00:08:00.319> right
getting the cause and the effect right
getting the cause and the effect right
makes<00:08:00.960> all<00:08:01.120> the<00:08:01.280> difference<00:08:01.680> in<00:08:01.759> the<00:08:01.919> world
makes all the difference in the world
makes all the difference in the world
getting<00:08:03.440> it<00:08:03.680> wrong
getting it wrong
getting it wrong
and<00:08:04.800> the<00:08:04.960> pharmaceutical<00:08:05.680> industry<00:08:06.080> can
and the pharmaceutical industry can
and the pharmaceutical industry can
still<00:08:06.479> do<00:08:06.800> very<00:08:07.039> well<00:08:07.280> for<00:08:07.440> its<00:08:07.680> shareholders
still do very well for its shareholders
still do very well for its shareholders
but<00:08:09.199> nothing<00:08:09.599> improves<00:08:10.080> for<00:08:10.240> the<00:08:10.319> people<00:08:10.639> with
but nothing improves for the people with
but nothing improves for the people with
bruised<00:08:11.440> shins
bruised shins
bruised shins
cause
cause
cause
and<00:08:14.240> effect
and effect
and effect
so<00:08:16.479> what<00:08:16.639> i'm<00:08:16.800> suggesting<00:08:17.520> is<00:08:17.599> maybe<00:08:17.919> we<00:08:18.000> have
so what i'm suggesting is maybe we have
so what i'm suggesting is maybe we have
the<00:08:18.400> cause<00:08:18.879> and<00:08:19.039> effect<00:08:19.759> wrong<00:08:20.240> on<00:08:20.400> obesity
the cause and effect wrong on obesity
the cause and effect wrong on obesity
and<00:08:21.120> insulin<00:08:21.440> resistance
and insulin resistance
and insulin resistance
maybe<00:08:23.120> we<00:08:23.280> should<00:08:23.440> be<00:08:23.599> asking<00:08:23.919> ourselves<00:08:24.720> is
maybe we should be asking ourselves is
maybe we should be asking ourselves is
it<00:08:25.039> possible<00:08:25.520> that<00:08:25.840> insulin<00:08:26.319> resistance
it possible that insulin resistance
it possible that insulin resistance
causes<00:08:28.080> weight<00:08:28.319> gain<00:08:28.560> and<00:08:28.639> the<00:08:28.720> diseases
causes weight gain and the diseases
causes weight gain and the diseases
associated<00:08:29.759> with<00:08:29.919> obesity<00:08:30.560> at<00:08:30.639> least<00:08:30.879> in<00:08:30.960> most
associated with obesity at least in most
associated with obesity at least in most
people
people
people
what<00:08:32.560> if<00:08:32.640> being<00:08:32.959> obese<00:08:33.440> is<00:08:33.519> just<00:08:33.680> a<00:08:33.760> metabolic
what if being obese is just a metabolic
what if being obese is just a metabolic
response<00:08:35.120> to<00:08:35.279> something<00:08:35.760> much<00:08:36.000> more
response to something much more
response to something much more
threatening<00:08:37.200> an<00:08:37.519> underlying<00:08:38.240> epidemic
threatening an underlying epidemic
threatening an underlying epidemic
the<00:08:39.519> one<00:08:39.680> we<00:08:39.919> ought<00:08:40.159> to<00:08:40.240> be<00:08:40.399> worried<00:08:40.719> about
the one we ought to be worried about
the one we ought to be worried about
let's<00:08:42.240> look<00:08:42.399> at<00:08:42.479> some<00:08:42.640> suggestive<00:08:43.200> facts<00:08:43.519> we
let's look at some suggestive facts we
let's look at some suggestive facts we
know<00:08:43.839> that<00:08:44.159> 30<00:08:44.640> million<00:08:45.120> obese<00:08:45.600> americans<00:08:46.160> in
know that 30 million obese americans in
know that 30 million obese americans in
the<00:08:46.320> united<00:08:46.640> states<00:08:47.279> don't<00:08:47.519> have<00:08:47.680> insulin
the united states don't have insulin
the united states don't have insulin
resistance<00:08:48.959> and<00:08:49.120> by<00:08:49.279> the<00:08:49.360> way<00:08:49.760> they<00:08:49.920> don't
resistance and by the way they don't
resistance and by the way they don't
appear<00:08:50.320> to<00:08:50.480> be<00:08:50.640> at<00:08:50.880> any<00:08:51.120> greater<00:08:51.519> risk<00:08:52.240> of
appear to be at any greater risk of
appear to be at any greater risk of
disease<00:08:52.800> than<00:08:52.959> lean<00:08:53.279> people<00:08:54.160> conversely<00:08:54.800> we
disease than lean people conversely we
disease than lean people conversely we
know<00:08:55.120> that<00:08:55.440> six<00:08:55.760> million<00:08:56.320> lean<00:08:56.640> people<00:08:57.040> in<00:08:57.120> the
know that six million lean people in the
know that six million lean people in the
united<00:08:57.600> states<00:08:58.160> are<00:08:58.480> insulin<00:08:58.880> resistant
united states are insulin resistant
united states are insulin resistant
and<00:09:00.399> by<00:09:00.560> the<00:09:00.720> way<00:09:01.279> they<00:09:01.519> appear<00:09:01.760> to<00:09:01.839> be<00:09:02.000> at<00:09:02.160> even
and by the way they appear to be at even
and by the way they appear to be at even
greater<00:09:03.040> risk<00:09:03.279> for<00:09:03.440> those<00:09:03.600> metabolic
greater risk for those metabolic
greater risk for those metabolic
diseases<00:09:04.560> i<00:09:04.640> mentioned<00:09:04.959> a<00:09:05.040> moment<00:09:05.360> ago<00:09:05.680> than
diseases i mentioned a moment ago than
diseases i mentioned a moment ago than
their<00:09:06.000> obese<00:09:06.399> counterparts<00:09:07.360> now<00:09:07.600> i<00:09:07.680> don't
their obese counterparts now i don't
their obese counterparts now i don't
know<00:09:08.080> why<00:09:08.720> but<00:09:08.959> it<00:09:09.040> might<00:09:09.279> be<00:09:09.519> because<00:09:09.839> in
know why but it might be because in
know why but it might be because in
their<00:09:10.160> case<00:09:10.399> their<00:09:10.640> cells<00:09:11.360> haven't<00:09:11.680> actually
their case their cells haven't actually
their case their cells haven't actually
figured<00:09:12.160> out<00:09:12.320> the<00:09:12.480> right<00:09:12.720> thing<00:09:12.959> to<00:09:13.120> do<00:09:13.519> with
figured out the right thing to do with
figured out the right thing to do with
that<00:09:13.920> excess<00:09:14.320> energy
that excess energy
that excess energy
so
so
so
if<00:09:16.399> you<00:09:16.560> can<00:09:16.640> be<00:09:16.880> obese<00:09:17.279> and<00:09:17.360> not<00:09:17.519> have<00:09:17.680> insulin
if you can be obese and not have insulin
if you can be obese and not have insulin
resistance
resistance
resistance
and<00:09:19.360> you<00:09:19.519> can<00:09:19.600> be<00:09:19.760> lean<00:09:20.080> and<00:09:20.240> have<00:09:20.480> it
and you can be lean and have it
and you can be lean and have it
this<00:09:21.519> suggests<00:09:21.920> that<00:09:22.080> obesity<00:09:23.040> may<00:09:23.279> just<00:09:23.440> be<00:09:23.680> a
this suggests that obesity may just be a
this suggests that obesity may just be a
proxy
proxy
proxy
for<00:09:25.279> what's<00:09:25.519> going<00:09:25.839> on
so<00:09:28.720> what<00:09:28.880> if<00:09:29.040> we're<00:09:29.200> fighting<00:09:29.440> the<00:09:29.600> wrong<00:09:29.839> war
so what if we're fighting the wrong war
so what if we're fighting the wrong war
fighting<00:09:31.200> obesity<00:09:32.240> rather<00:09:32.480> than<00:09:32.640> insulin
fighting obesity rather than insulin
fighting obesity rather than insulin
resistance
resistance
resistance
even<00:09:35.040> worse<00:09:36.000> what<00:09:36.160> if<00:09:36.399> blaming<00:09:36.880> the<00:09:37.120> obese
even worse what if blaming the obese
even worse what if blaming the obese
means<00:09:38.000> we're<00:09:38.160> blaming<00:09:38.560> the<00:09:38.720> victims
means we're blaming the victims
means we're blaming the victims
what<00:09:41.120> if<00:09:41.279> some<00:09:41.440> of<00:09:41.600> our<00:09:41.680> fundamental<00:09:42.320> ideas
what if some of our fundamental ideas
what if some of our fundamental ideas
about<00:09:43.120> obesity<00:09:44.000> are<00:09:44.160> just<00:09:44.480> wrong
about obesity are just wrong
about obesity are just wrong
personally<00:09:47.120> i<00:09:47.279> can't<00:09:47.600> afford<00:09:48.080> the<00:09:48.240> luxury<00:09:48.720> of
personally i can't afford the luxury of
personally i can't afford the luxury of
arrogance<00:09:49.440> anymore<00:09:50.080> let<00:09:50.240> alone<00:09:50.480> the<00:09:50.640> luxury
arrogance anymore let alone the luxury
arrogance anymore let alone the luxury
of<00:09:51.120> certainty
of certainty
of certainty
i<00:09:53.279> have<00:09:53.440> my<00:09:53.680> own<00:09:53.839> ideas<00:09:54.160> about<00:09:54.399> what<00:09:54.560> could<00:09:54.720> be
i have my own ideas about what could be
i have my own ideas about what could be
at<00:09:54.880> the<00:09:54.959> heart<00:09:55.200> of<00:09:55.279> this<00:09:55.680> but<00:09:55.839> i'm<00:09:56.080> i'm<00:09:56.320> wide
at the heart of this but i'm i'm wide
at the heart of this but i'm i'm wide
open<00:09:56.880> to<00:09:57.120> others<00:09:57.440> now<00:09:57.760> my<00:09:57.920> hypothesis<00:09:58.720> because
open to others now my hypothesis because
open to others now my hypothesis because
everybody<00:09:59.279> always<00:09:59.600> asks<00:09:59.920> me<00:10:00.160> is<00:10:00.320> this
everybody always asks me is this
everybody always asks me is this
if<00:10:02.000> you<00:10:02.240> ask<00:10:02.399> yourself<00:10:02.800> what's<00:10:03.040> a<00:10:03.120> cell<00:10:03.440> trying
if you ask yourself what's a cell trying
if you ask yourself what's a cell trying
to<00:10:03.839> protect<00:10:04.320> itself<00:10:04.640> from<00:10:04.800> when<00:10:04.959> it<00:10:05.120> becomes
to protect itself from when it becomes
to protect itself from when it becomes
insulin<00:10:05.839> resistant<00:10:06.480> the<00:10:06.640> answer<00:10:07.040> probably
insulin resistant the answer probably
insulin resistant the answer probably
isn't<00:10:08.080> too<00:10:08.320> much<00:10:08.640> food<00:10:09.279> it's<00:10:09.519> more<00:10:09.680> likely<00:10:10.080> too
isn't too much food it's more likely too
isn't too much food it's more likely too
much<00:10:10.480> glucose
much glucose
much glucose
blood<00:10:12.080> sugar
blood sugar
blood sugar
now<00:10:13.360> we<00:10:13.519> know<00:10:13.680> that<00:10:13.839> refined<00:10:14.320> grains<00:10:14.800> and
now we know that refined grains and
now we know that refined grains and
starches<00:10:15.680> elevate<00:10:16.079> your<00:10:16.240> blood<00:10:16.480> sugar<00:10:16.720> in<00:10:16.800> the
starches elevate your blood sugar in the
starches elevate your blood sugar in the
short<00:10:17.120> run<00:10:17.279> and<00:10:17.360> there's<00:10:17.519> even<00:10:17.680> reason<00:10:18.000> to
short run and there's even reason to
short run and there's even reason to
believe<00:10:18.399> that<00:10:18.560> sugar<00:10:19.360> may<00:10:19.600> lead<00:10:19.760> to<00:10:19.920> insulin
believe that sugar may lead to insulin
believe that sugar may lead to insulin
resistance<00:10:20.720> directly
resistance directly
resistance directly
so<00:10:22.480> if<00:10:22.640> you<00:10:22.720> kind<00:10:22.880> of<00:10:22.959> put<00:10:23.200> these
so if you kind of put these
so if you kind of put these
physiological<00:10:24.480> processes<00:10:24.959> to<00:10:25.200> work
physiological processes to work
physiological processes to work
i'd<00:10:26.640> hypothesize<00:10:27.680> that<00:10:27.839> it<00:10:28.000> might<00:10:28.240> be<00:10:28.560> our
i'd hypothesize that it might be our
i'd hypothesize that it might be our
increased<00:10:29.279> intake<00:10:29.600> of<00:10:29.680> refined<00:10:30.160> grains
increased intake of refined grains
increased intake of refined grains
sugars<00:10:30.880> and<00:10:30.959> starches<00:10:31.440> that's<00:10:31.760> driving<00:10:32.720> this
sugars and starches that's driving this
sugars and starches that's driving this
epidemic<00:10:33.680> of<00:10:34.160> obesity<00:10:34.640> and<00:10:34.720> insulin
epidemic of obesity and insulin
epidemic of obesity and insulin
resistance<00:10:35.839> sorry<00:10:36.160> obesity<00:10:36.480> and<00:10:36.560> diabetes
resistance sorry obesity and diabetes
resistance sorry obesity and diabetes
but<00:10:37.360> through<00:10:37.920> insulin<00:10:38.320> resistance<00:10:38.880> you<00:10:38.959> see
but through insulin resistance you see
but through insulin resistance you see
and<00:10:39.440> not<00:10:39.600> necessarily<00:10:40.079> through<00:10:40.320> just
and not necessarily through just
and not necessarily through just
overeating<00:10:40.959> and<00:10:41.120> under<00:10:41.360> exercising
overeating and under exercising
overeating and under exercising
now<00:10:43.279> when<00:10:43.440> i<00:10:43.519> lost<00:10:43.839> my<00:10:44.079> 40<00:10:44.399> pounds<00:10:44.720> a<00:10:44.800> few<00:10:44.959> years
now when i lost my 40 pounds a few years
now when i lost my 40 pounds a few years
ago<00:10:45.440> i<00:10:45.519> did<00:10:45.680> it<00:10:45.839> simply<00:10:46.160> by<00:10:46.399> restricting<00:10:47.279> those
ago i did it simply by restricting those
ago i did it simply by restricting those
things<00:10:48.320> which<00:10:48.640> admittedly
things which admittedly
things which admittedly
suggests<00:10:50.640> i<00:10:50.800> have<00:10:51.040> a<00:10:51.200> bias<00:10:51.760> based<00:10:52.079> on<00:10:52.240> my
suggests i have a bias based on my
suggests i have a bias based on my
personal<00:10:52.880> experience
personal experience
personal experience
but<00:10:54.240> that<00:10:54.480> doesn't<00:10:54.800> mean<00:10:55.040> my<00:10:55.200> bias<00:10:55.600> is<00:10:55.760> wrong
but that doesn't mean my bias is wrong
but that doesn't mean my bias is wrong
and<00:10:56.800> most<00:10:57.120> important<00:10:57.920> all<00:10:58.160> of<00:10:58.240> this<00:10:58.399> can<00:10:58.560> be
and most important all of this can be
and most important all of this can be
tested<00:10:59.120> scientifically
tested scientifically
tested scientifically
but<00:11:00.720> step<00:11:01.040> one<00:11:01.279> is<00:11:01.440> accepting<00:11:01.920> the
but step one is accepting the
but step one is accepting the
possibility<00:11:03.600> that<00:11:03.839> our<00:11:04.160> current<00:11:04.480> beliefs
possibility that our current beliefs
possibility that our current beliefs
about<00:11:05.360> obesity<00:11:06.320> diabetes<00:11:06.880> and<00:11:06.959> insulin
about obesity diabetes and insulin
about obesity diabetes and insulin
resistance<00:11:08.240> could<00:11:08.399> be<00:11:08.640> wrong<00:11:08.959> and<00:11:09.040> therefore
resistance could be wrong and therefore
resistance could be wrong and therefore
must<00:11:09.680> be<00:11:09.839> tested
must be tested
must be tested
i'm<00:11:12.240> betting<00:11:12.560> my<00:11:12.720> career<00:11:13.200> on<00:11:13.279> this
i'm betting my career on this
i'm betting my career on this
today<00:11:14.959> i<00:11:15.120> devote<00:11:16.000> all<00:11:16.160> of<00:11:16.320> my<00:11:16.560> time<00:11:16.959> to<00:11:17.200> working
today i devote all of my time to working
today i devote all of my time to working
on<00:11:17.600> this<00:11:17.920> problem<00:11:18.640> and<00:11:18.800> i'll<00:11:19.120> go<00:11:19.279> wherever<00:11:19.680> the
on this problem and i'll go wherever the
on this problem and i'll go wherever the
science<00:11:20.240> takes<00:11:20.560> me
science takes me
science takes me
i've<00:11:21.680> decided<00:11:22.079> that<00:11:22.240> what<00:11:22.399> i<00:11:22.720> can't<00:11:23.279> and<00:11:23.440> won't
i've decided that what i can't and won't
i've decided that what i can't and won't
do<00:11:24.079> anymore
do anymore
do anymore
is<00:11:25.440> pretend<00:11:25.839> i<00:11:25.920> have<00:11:26.160> the<00:11:26.320> answers<00:11:26.720> when<00:11:26.880> i
is pretend i have the answers when i
is pretend i have the answers when i
don't<00:11:28.079> i've<00:11:28.560> been<00:11:28.720> humbled<00:11:29.120> enough<00:11:29.440> by<00:11:29.600> all<00:11:29.839> i
don't i've been humbled enough by all i
don't i've been humbled enough by all i
don't<00:11:30.160> know
for<00:11:32.640> the<00:11:32.720> past<00:11:33.040> year<00:11:33.360> i've<00:11:33.519> been<00:11:33.680> fortunate
for the past year i've been fortunate
for the past year i've been fortunate
enough<00:11:34.320> to<00:11:34.399> work<00:11:34.640> on<00:11:34.720> this<00:11:34.959> problem<00:11:35.680> with<00:11:36.160> the
enough to work on this problem with the
enough to work on this problem with the
most<00:11:36.640> amazing<00:11:37.200> team<00:11:37.920> of<00:11:38.079> diabetes<00:11:38.640> and
most amazing team of diabetes and
most amazing team of diabetes and
obesity<00:11:39.279> researchers<00:11:40.240> in<00:11:40.320> the<00:11:40.480> country<00:11:41.200> and
obesity researchers in the country and
obesity researchers in the country and
the<00:11:41.440> best<00:11:41.680> part<00:11:42.000> is<00:11:42.640> just<00:11:42.880> like<00:11:43.120> abraham
the best part is just like abraham
the best part is just like abraham
lincoln<00:11:44.000> surrounded<00:11:44.480> himself<00:11:44.880> with<00:11:45.040> a<00:11:45.120> team
lincoln surrounded himself with a team
lincoln surrounded himself with a team
of<00:11:45.519> rivals<00:11:46.320> we've<00:11:46.560> done<00:11:46.800> the<00:11:46.959> same<00:11:47.279> thing
of rivals we've done the same thing
of rivals we've done the same thing
we've<00:11:48.079> recruited<00:11:48.560> a<00:11:48.720> team<00:11:49.040> of<00:11:49.200> scientific
we've recruited a team of scientific
we've recruited a team of scientific
rivals<00:11:51.200> the<00:11:51.360> best<00:11:51.680> and<00:11:51.839> brightest<00:11:52.480> who<00:11:52.720> all
rivals the best and brightest who all
rivals the best and brightest who all
have<00:11:53.120> different<00:11:53.519> hypotheses<00:11:54.480> for<00:11:54.640> what's<00:11:54.880> at
have different hypotheses for what's at
have different hypotheses for what's at
the<00:11:55.040> heart<00:11:55.279> of<00:11:55.360> this<00:11:55.600> epidemic<00:11:56.240> some<00:11:56.399> think
the heart of this epidemic some think
the heart of this epidemic some think
it's<00:11:57.279> too<00:11:57.440> many<00:11:57.680> calories<00:11:58.240> consumed<00:11:58.720> others
it's too many calories consumed others
it's too many calories consumed others
think<00:11:59.200> it's<00:11:59.680> too<00:11:59.839> much<00:12:00.079> dietary<00:12:00.720> fat<00:12:01.040> others
think it's too much dietary fat others
think it's too much dietary fat others
think<00:12:01.519> it's<00:12:01.680> too<00:12:01.839> many<00:12:02.000> refined<00:12:02.399> grains<00:12:02.800> and
think it's too many refined grains and
think it's too many refined grains and
starches
starches
starches
but<00:12:04.720> this<00:12:05.040> team<00:12:05.360> of<00:12:05.800> multidisciplinary
but this team of multidisciplinary
but this team of multidisciplinary
highly<00:12:07.600> skeptical<00:12:08.240> and<00:12:08.399> exceedingly
highly skeptical and exceedingly
highly skeptical and exceedingly
talented<00:12:09.440> researchers<00:12:10.480> do<00:12:10.720> agree<00:12:11.040> on<00:12:11.200> two
talented researchers do agree on two
talented researchers do agree on two
things
things
things
first
first
first
this<00:12:14.079> problem<00:12:14.560> is<00:12:14.800> just<00:12:14.959> simply<00:12:15.360> too
this problem is just simply too
this problem is just simply too
important<00:12:16.000> to<00:12:16.160> continue<00:12:16.560> ignoring<00:12:16.959> because
important to continue ignoring because
important to continue ignoring because
we<00:12:17.200> think<00:12:17.440> we<00:12:17.519> know<00:12:17.680> the<00:12:17.920> answer
we think we know the answer
we think we know the answer
and<00:12:19.200> two<00:12:19.519> if<00:12:19.680> we're<00:12:19.839> willing<00:12:20.160> to<00:12:20.320> be<00:12:20.560> wrong
and two if we're willing to be wrong
and two if we're willing to be wrong
if<00:12:21.519> we're<00:12:21.680> willing<00:12:22.000> to<00:12:22.160> challenge<00:12:22.560> the
if we're willing to challenge the
if we're willing to challenge the
conventional<00:12:23.279> wisdom<00:12:24.160> with<00:12:24.399> the<00:12:24.560> best
conventional wisdom with the best
conventional wisdom with the best
experiment<00:12:25.440> science<00:12:25.839> can<00:12:26.079> offer
experiment science can offer
experiment science can offer
we<00:12:27.120> can<00:12:27.360> solve<00:12:27.680> this<00:12:27.920> problem
we can solve this problem
we can solve this problem
i<00:12:29.920> know<00:12:30.079> it's<00:12:30.240> tempting<00:12:30.639> to<00:12:30.800> want<00:12:30.959> an<00:12:31.120> answer
i know it's tempting to want an answer
i know it's tempting to want an answer
right<00:12:31.839> now
right now
right now
some<00:12:33.200> form<00:12:33.519> of<00:12:33.680> action<00:12:34.160> or<00:12:34.399> policy<00:12:35.440> some
some form of action or policy some
some form of action or policy some
dietary<00:12:36.320> prescription<00:12:36.959> eat<00:12:37.200> this<00:12:37.519> not<00:12:37.760> that
dietary prescription eat this not that
dietary prescription eat this not that
but<00:12:39.040> if<00:12:39.200> we<00:12:39.360> want<00:12:39.519> to<00:12:39.680> get<00:12:39.839> it<00:12:40.000> right<00:12:40.399> we're
but if we want to get it right we're
but if we want to get it right we're
going<00:12:40.720> to<00:12:40.800> have<00:12:40.959> to<00:12:41.040> do<00:12:41.279> much<00:12:41.600> more<00:12:41.839> rigorous
going to have to do much more rigorous
going to have to do much more rigorous
science<00:12:42.720> before<00:12:43.040> we<00:12:43.200> can<00:12:43.360> write<00:12:43.600> that
science before we can write that
science before we can write that
prescription
prescription
prescription
briefly<00:12:46.000> to<00:12:46.240> address<00:12:46.560> this<00:12:47.120> our<00:12:47.279> research
briefly to address this our research
briefly to address this our research
program<00:12:48.399> is<00:12:48.720> focused<00:12:49.120> around<00:12:49.519> three<00:12:50.000> meta
program is focused around three meta
program is focused around three meta
themes<00:12:50.639> or<00:12:50.880> questions<00:12:51.360> first<00:12:51.920> how<00:12:52.079> do<00:12:52.240> the
themes or questions first how do the
themes or questions first how do the
various<00:12:52.800> foods<00:12:53.120> we<00:12:53.279> consume<00:12:54.240> impact<00:12:54.880> our
various foods we consume impact our
various foods we consume impact our
metabolism<00:12:55.839> hormones<00:12:56.240> and<00:12:56.399> enzymes<00:12:56.959> and
metabolism hormones and enzymes and
metabolism hormones and enzymes and
through<00:12:57.680> what<00:12:58.000> nuanced<00:12:58.480> molecular
through what nuanced molecular
through what nuanced molecular
mechanisms<00:13:00.240> second<00:13:00.800> based<00:13:01.200> on<00:13:01.279> these
mechanisms second based on these
mechanisms second based on these
insights<00:13:02.320> can<00:13:02.560> people<00:13:02.800> make<00:13:03.040> the<00:13:03.200> necessary
insights can people make the necessary
insights can people make the necessary
changes<00:13:04.240> in<00:13:04.320> their<00:13:04.480> diets<00:13:05.120> that<00:13:05.360> in<00:13:05.519> a<00:13:05.839> safe
changes in their diets that in a safe
changes in their diets that in a safe
and<00:13:06.720> practical<00:13:07.360> way<00:13:07.600> to<00:13:07.839> implement
and practical way to implement
and practical way to implement
and<00:13:09.120> finally<00:13:09.760> once<00:13:10.000> we<00:13:10.240> identify<00:13:10.880> what<00:13:11.200> safe
and finally once we identify what safe
and finally once we identify what safe
and<00:13:12.079> practical<00:13:12.639> changes<00:13:13.040> people<00:13:13.279> can<00:13:13.440> make<00:13:13.760> to
and practical changes people can make to
and practical changes people can make to
their<00:13:14.240> diet
their diet
their diet
how<00:13:15.360> can<00:13:15.600> we<00:13:15.839> move<00:13:16.160> their<00:13:16.399> behavior<00:13:17.440> in<00:13:17.600> that
how can we move their behavior in that
how can we move their behavior in that
direction<00:13:18.560> so<00:13:18.720> that<00:13:18.880> it<00:13:19.040> becomes<00:13:19.440> more<00:13:19.680> the
direction so that it becomes more the
direction so that it becomes more the
default
default
default
rather<00:13:21.279> than<00:13:21.440> the<00:13:21.600> exception
rather than the exception
rather than the exception
just<00:13:23.279> because<00:13:23.600> you<00:13:23.760> know<00:13:23.920> what<00:13:24.079> to<00:13:24.240> do<00:13:24.480> doesn't
just because you know what to do doesn't
just because you know what to do doesn't
mean<00:13:24.880> you're<00:13:25.040> always<00:13:25.360> going<00:13:25.440> to<00:13:25.600> do<00:13:25.839> it
mean you're always going to do it
mean you're always going to do it
sometimes<00:13:26.959> we<00:13:27.120> have<00:13:27.279> to<00:13:27.440> put<00:13:27.760> cues<00:13:28.079> around
sometimes we have to put cues around
sometimes we have to put cues around
people<00:13:28.800> to<00:13:28.959> make<00:13:29.200> it<00:13:29.360> easier<00:13:30.079> and<00:13:30.240> believe<00:13:30.480> it
people to make it easier and believe it
people to make it easier and believe it
or<00:13:30.720> not<00:13:31.120> that<00:13:31.279> can<00:13:31.440> be<00:13:31.600> studied
or not that can be studied
or not that can be studied
scientifically
scientifically
scientifically
i<00:13:35.040> don't<00:13:35.120> know<00:13:35.200> how<00:13:35.360> this<00:13:35.600> journey's<00:13:36.240> going<00:13:36.480> to
i don't know how this journey's going to
i don't know how this journey's going to
end<00:13:37.200> but<00:13:37.440> this<00:13:37.680> much<00:13:38.000> seems<00:13:38.320> clear
end but this much seems clear
end but this much seems clear
to<00:13:39.440> me<00:13:39.680> at<00:13:39.760> least
to me at least
to me at least
we<00:13:42.000> can't<00:13:42.240> keep<00:13:42.800> blaming
we can't keep blaming
we can't keep blaming
our<00:13:44.720> overweight<00:13:45.279> and<00:13:45.519> diabetic<00:13:46.000> patients
our overweight and diabetic patients
our overweight and diabetic patients
like<00:13:46.720> i<00:13:46.800> did
like i did
like i did
most<00:13:49.600> of<00:13:49.680> them<00:13:49.839> actually<00:13:50.079> want<00:13:50.160> to<00:13:50.240> do<00:13:50.399> the
most of them actually want to do the
most of them actually want to do the
right<00:13:50.800> thing
right thing
right thing
but
but
but
they<00:13:52.639> have<00:13:52.800> to<00:13:52.959> know<00:13:53.120> what<00:13:53.279> that<00:13:53.519> is
they have to know what that is
they have to know what that is
and<00:13:55.040> it's<00:13:55.200> gotta<00:13:55.440> work
i<00:13:58.399> dream<00:13:58.720> of<00:13:58.880> a<00:13:58.959> day<00:13:59.519> when
i dream of a day when
i dream of a day when
our<00:14:01.519> patients<00:14:02.079> can<00:14:02.480> you<00:14:02.560> know<00:14:02.800> shed<00:14:03.040> their
our patients can you know shed their
our patients can you know shed their
excess<00:14:03.680> pounds<00:14:04.560> and<00:14:04.720> cure<00:14:04.959> themselves<00:14:05.360> of
excess pounds and cure themselves of
excess pounds and cure themselves of
insulin<00:14:05.839> resistance
insulin resistance
insulin resistance
because<00:14:07.600> as<00:14:07.839> medical<00:14:08.240> professionals
because as medical professionals
because as medical professionals
we've<00:14:10.240> shed<00:14:10.399> our<00:14:10.560> excess<00:14:10.880> mental<00:14:11.279> baggage<00:14:11.839> and
we've shed our excess mental baggage and
we've shed our excess mental baggage and
cured<00:14:12.480> ourselves<00:14:12.880> of<00:14:13.120> new<00:14:13.360> idea<00:14:13.680> resistance
cured ourselves of new idea resistance
cured ourselves of new idea resistance
sufficiently
sufficiently
sufficiently
to<00:14:15.920> go<00:14:16.079> back<00:14:16.240> to<00:14:16.399> our<00:14:16.639> original<00:14:17.120> ideals
to go back to our original ideals
to go back to our original ideals
open<00:14:18.880> minds
open minds
open minds
the<00:14:20.639> courage<00:14:20.959> to<00:14:21.120> throw<00:14:21.360> out<00:14:21.519> yesterday's
the courage to throw out yesterday's
the courage to throw out yesterday's
ideas<00:14:22.880> when<00:14:23.040> they<00:14:23.360> don't<00:14:23.600> appear<00:14:23.839> to<00:14:23.920> be
ideas when they don't appear to be
ideas when they don't appear to be
working
working
working
and<00:14:26.000> the<00:14:26.160> understanding<00:14:26.560> that<00:14:26.800> scientific
and the understanding that scientific
and the understanding that scientific
truth<00:14:27.760> isn't<00:14:28.079> final
truth isn't final
truth isn't final
but<00:14:29.440> constantly<00:14:30.000> evolving
but constantly evolving
but constantly evolving
staying<00:14:32.240> true<00:14:32.480> to<00:14:32.560> that<00:14:32.800> path<00:14:33.440> will<00:14:33.920> be<00:14:34.079> better
staying true to that path will be better
staying true to that path will be better
for<00:14:34.480> our<00:14:34.639> patients<00:14:35.199> and<00:14:35.519> better<00:14:35.760> for<00:14:36.000> science
for our patients and better for science
for our patients and better for science
if<00:14:38.560> obesity<00:14:39.120> is<00:14:39.360> nothing<00:14:39.680> more<00:14:39.920> than<00:14:40.079> a<00:14:40.240> proxy
if obesity is nothing more than a proxy
if obesity is nothing more than a proxy
for<00:14:41.680> metabolic<00:14:42.399> illness
for metabolic illness
for metabolic illness
what<00:14:43.920> good<00:14:44.240> does<00:14:44.480> it<00:14:44.560> do<00:14:44.800> us<00:14:44.880> to<00:14:45.040> punish<00:14:45.360> those
what good does it do us to punish those
what good does it do us to punish those
with<00:14:45.760> the<00:14:45.920> proxy
sometimes<00:14:49.519> i<00:14:49.760> think<00:14:50.000> back<00:14:50.320> to<00:14:50.560> that
sometimes i think back to that
sometimes i think back to that
night<00:14:52.240> in<00:14:52.320> the<00:14:52.399> er
night in the er
night in the er
seven<00:14:53.760> years<00:14:54.000> ago
seven years ago
seven years ago
i<00:14:55.760> wish<00:14:56.000> i<00:14:56.079> could<00:14:56.320> speak<00:14:56.639> with<00:14:56.720> that<00:14:56.880> woman
i wish i could speak with that woman
i wish i could speak with that woman
again
again
again
i'd<00:14:59.440> like<00:14:59.600> to<00:14:59.680> tell<00:14:59.839> her<00:15:00.000> how<00:15:00.320> sorry<00:15:00.639> i<00:15:00.800> am
i'd like to tell her how sorry i am
i'd like to tell her how sorry i am
i'd<00:15:03.040> say<00:15:03.279> um
i'd say um
i'd say um
you<00:15:04.160> know<00:15:04.320> as<00:15:04.480> a<00:15:04.560> doctor<00:15:04.959> i<00:15:05.120> delivered<00:15:05.519> the
you know as a doctor i delivered the
you know as a doctor i delivered the
best<00:15:05.839> clinical<00:15:06.240> care<00:15:06.480> i<00:15:06.639> could
but<00:15:09.680> as<00:15:09.920> a<00:15:10.240> as<00:15:10.480> a
but as a as a
but as a as a
human<00:15:11.440> being
human being
human being
i<00:15:13.279> let<00:15:13.440> you<00:15:13.600> down
i let you down
i let you down
you<00:15:15.360> didn't<00:15:15.920> need<00:15:16.160> my<00:15:16.480> judgment<00:15:17.279> and<00:15:17.360> my
you didn't need my judgment and my
you didn't need my judgment and my
contempt
contempt
contempt
you<00:15:19.600> needed<00:15:20.079> my<00:15:20.399> empathy
you needed my empathy
you needed my empathy
and<00:15:21.760> compassion
above<00:15:24.720> all<00:15:24.880> else<00:15:25.199> you<00:15:25.360> needed<00:15:25.600> a<00:15:25.760> doctor<00:15:26.079> who
above all else you needed a doctor who
above all else you needed a doctor who
was<00:15:26.399> willing<00:15:26.800> to<00:15:26.959> consider
was willing to consider
was willing to consider
maybe<00:15:29.279> you<00:15:29.440> didn't<00:15:29.680> let<00:15:29.920> the<00:15:30.079> system<00:15:30.480> down
maybe you didn't let the system down
maybe you didn't let the system down
maybe<00:15:32.079> the<00:15:32.240> system
maybe the system
maybe the system
of<00:15:33.360> which<00:15:33.600> i<00:15:33.680> was<00:15:33.839> apart
of which i was apart
of which i was apart
was<00:15:35.360> letting<00:15:35.600> you<00:15:35.760> down
was letting you down
was letting you down
if<00:15:37.360> you're<00:15:37.519> watching<00:15:37.920> this<00:15:38.160> now
if you're watching this now
if you're watching this now
i<00:15:40.399> hope<00:15:40.639> you<00:15:40.720> can<00:15:40.880> forgive<00:15:41.199> me
[Applause]
you
Peter Attia, obesity, diabetes, medical, doctor, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation, TED
