Moral behavior in animals - Frans de Waal
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I<00:00:16.199> was<00:00:16.320> born<00:00:16.640> in<00:00:16.840> then<00:00:17.080> boss<00:00:17.640> where<00:00:17.840> the
I was born in then boss where the
I was born in then boss where the
painter<00:00:18.400> heronimus<00:00:19.080> boss<00:00:19.359> named<00:00:19.640> himself
painter heronimus boss named himself
painter heronimus boss named himself
after<00:00:20.960> and<00:00:21.039> so<00:00:21.199> I've<00:00:21.400> always<00:00:21.640> been<00:00:21.840> very<00:00:22.000> fond
after and so I've always been very fond
after and so I've always been very fond
of<00:00:22.480> this<00:00:22.680> painter<00:00:23.519> who<00:00:23.680> lived<00:00:24.000> and<00:00:24.080> worked<00:00:24.320> in
of this painter who lived and worked in
of this painter who lived and worked in
the<00:00:24.519> 15th<00:00:25.039> century<00:00:26.039> and<00:00:26.279> what<00:00:26.400> is<00:00:26.560> interesting
the 15th century and what is interesting
the 15th century and what is interesting
about<00:00:27.160> him<00:00:27.279> in<00:00:27.400> relation<00:00:27.679> to<00:00:27.920> morality<00:00:28.359> is<00:00:28.480> he
about him in relation to morality is he
about him in relation to morality is he
lived<00:00:28.840> at<00:00:28.960> a<00:00:29.160> time<00:00:29.400> where<00:00:29.560> religion<00:00:30.279> influence
lived at a time where religion influence
lived at a time where religion influence
was<00:00:30.920> waning<00:00:31.359> and<00:00:31.480> he<00:00:31.599> was<00:00:31.720> sort<00:00:31.880> of<00:00:32.000> wondering
was waning and he was sort of wondering
was waning and he was sort of wondering
I<00:00:32.599> think<00:00:33.360> what<00:00:33.520> would<00:00:33.680> happen<00:00:33.920> with<00:00:34.160> Society
I think what would happen with Society
I think what would happen with Society
if<00:00:34.680> there<00:00:34.800> was<00:00:34.920> no<00:00:35.120> religion<00:00:35.520> or<00:00:35.680> if<00:00:35.800> there<00:00:35.920> was
if there was no religion or if there was
if there was no religion or if there was
less<00:00:36.320> religion<00:00:37.320> and<00:00:37.399> so<00:00:37.559> he<00:00:37.719> painted<00:00:38.160> this
less religion and so he painted this
less religion and so he painted this
famous<00:00:38.760> painting<00:00:39.200> The<00:00:39.360> Garden<00:00:39.640> of<00:00:39.800> Earthly
famous painting The Garden of Earthly
famous painting The Garden of Earthly
Delights<00:00:41.160> which<00:00:41.320> some<00:00:41.559> have<00:00:41.760> interpreted<00:00:42.440> as
Delights which some have interpreted as
Delights which some have interpreted as
being<00:00:43.520> Humanity<00:00:44.160> before<00:00:44.520> the<00:00:44.640> fall<00:00:45.239> or<00:00:45.640> being
being Humanity before the fall or being
being Humanity before the fall or being
Humanity<00:00:46.440> without<00:00:46.760> any<00:00:46.920> fall<00:00:47.360> at<00:00:47.480> all<00:00:48.280> and<00:00:48.559> and
Humanity without any fall at all and and
Humanity without any fall at all and and
so<00:00:48.840> it<00:00:48.960> makes<00:00:49.120> you<00:00:49.280> wonder<00:00:49.600> what<00:00:49.719> would<00:00:49.920> happen
so it makes you wonder what would happen
so it makes you wonder what would happen
if<00:00:50.320> we<00:00:50.440> hadn't<00:00:50.719> tasted<00:00:51.120> the<00:00:51.239> fruit<00:00:51.480> of
if we hadn't tasted the fruit of
if we hadn't tasted the fruit of
knowledge<00:00:51.960> so<00:00:52.160> to<00:00:52.320> speak<00:00:52.840> and<00:00:53.000> and<00:00:53.120> what<00:00:53.239> kind
knowledge so to speak and and what kind
knowledge so to speak and and what kind
of<00:00:53.520> morality<00:00:54.399> we<00:00:54.520> would
of morality we would
of morality we would
have<00:00:56.640> much<00:00:56.920> later<00:00:57.399> as<00:00:57.520> a<00:00:57.680> student<00:00:58.120> I<00:00:58.239> went<00:00:58.399> to<00:00:58.559> a
have much later as a student I went to a
have much later as a student I went to a
very<00:00:58.879> different<00:00:59.239> Garden<00:00:59.719> as<00:01:00.160> olical<00:01:00.559> Garden
very different Garden as olical Garden
very different Garden as olical Garden
in<00:01:01.519> in<00:01:01.960> Aram<00:01:02.960> where<00:01:03.120> we<00:01:03.280> keep<00:01:03.519> chimpanzees
in in Aram where we keep chimpanzees
in in Aram where we keep chimpanzees
this<00:01:04.400> is<00:01:04.640> me<00:01:05.239> at<00:01:05.360> an<00:01:05.519> early<00:01:05.799> age<00:01:06.080> with<00:01:06.240> a<00:01:06.439> baby
chimpanzee<00:01:10.320> and<00:01:10.840> uh<00:01:11.080> I<00:01:11.400> discovered<00:01:11.720> there
chimpanzee and uh I discovered there
chimpanzee and uh I discovered there
that<00:01:12.119> the<00:01:12.240> chimpan<00:01:12.759> are<00:01:12.880> very<00:01:13.159> power<00:01:13.520> hungry
that the chimpan are very power hungry
that the chimpan are very power hungry
and<00:01:14.040> wrote<00:01:14.240> a<00:01:14.400> book<00:01:14.600> about<00:01:14.840> it<00:01:15.119> and<00:01:15.320> at<00:01:15.479> that
and wrote a book about it and at that
and wrote a book about it and at that
time<00:01:15.880> the<00:01:16.040> focus<00:01:16.360> in<00:01:16.520> a<00:01:16.600> lot<00:01:16.759> of<00:01:16.920> animal
time the focus in a lot of animal
time the focus in a lot of animal
research<00:01:17.720> was<00:01:17.880> on<00:01:18.520> aggression<00:01:19.119> and
research was on aggression and
research was on aggression and
competition<00:01:20.000> and<00:01:20.159> actually<00:01:20.400> the<00:01:20.520> whole
competition and actually the whole
competition and actually the whole
picture<00:01:20.960> of<00:01:21.079> the<00:01:21.200> animal<00:01:21.560> kingdom<00:01:21.960> and
picture of the animal kingdom and
picture of the animal kingdom and
Humanity<00:01:22.799> included<00:01:23.759> was<00:01:24.079> that<00:01:24.280> deep<00:01:24.600> down<00:01:24.920> we
Humanity included was that deep down we
Humanity included was that deep down we
are<00:01:25.360> competitors<00:01:26.079> we<00:01:26.200> are<00:01:26.799> aggressive<00:01:27.720> we<00:01:27.960> all
are competitors we are aggressive we all
are competitors we are aggressive we all
out<00:01:28.400> for<00:01:28.600> our<00:01:28.840> own<00:01:29.159> profit<00:01:29.600> basically
out for our own profit basically
out for our own profit basically
basically<00:01:30.880> this<00:01:31.000> is<00:01:31.119> the<00:01:31.280> lounge<00:01:31.680> of<00:01:31.840> my<00:01:32.040> book
basically this is the lounge of my book
basically this is the lounge of my book
I'm<00:01:33.040> not<00:01:33.200> sure<00:01:33.680> how<00:01:33.840> well<00:01:34.000> the<00:01:34.159> chimpan<00:01:34.759> read
I'm not sure how well the chimpan read
I'm not sure how well the chimpan read
it<00:01:35.240> but<00:01:35.920> they<00:01:36.040> surely<00:01:36.439> seemed<00:01:36.920> interested<00:01:37.399> in
it but they surely seemed interested in
it but they surely seemed interested in
the
the
the
book<00:01:40.040> now<00:01:40.240> in<00:01:40.439> the<00:01:40.840> process<00:01:41.240> of<00:01:41.399> doing<00:01:41.680> all
book now in the process of doing all
book now in the process of doing all
this<00:01:42.720> work<00:01:43.000> on<00:01:43.320> Power<00:01:43.759> and<00:01:44.119> dominance<00:01:44.680> and
this work on Power and dominance and
this work on Power and dominance and
aggression<00:01:45.280> and<00:01:45.399> so<00:01:45.520> on<00:01:45.960> I<00:01:46.280> discovered<00:01:46.520> that
aggression and so on I discovered that
aggression and so on I discovered that
chimpan<00:01:47.240> reconcile<00:01:47.840> after<00:01:48.159> fights<00:01:49.159> and<00:01:49.280> so
chimpan reconcile after fights and so
chimpan reconcile after fights and so
what<00:01:49.680> you<00:01:49.799> see<00:01:50.079> here<00:01:50.280> is<00:01:50.520> two<00:01:50.719> males<00:01:51.040> who<00:01:51.200> have
what you see here is two males who have
what you see here is two males who have
had<00:01:51.479> a<00:01:51.640> fight<00:01:51.840> they<00:01:51.960> ended<00:01:52.240> up<00:01:52.360> in<00:01:52.439> a<00:01:52.560> tree<00:01:52.799> and
had a fight they ended up in a tree and
had a fight they ended up in a tree and
one<00:01:53.079> of<00:01:53.200> them<00:01:53.320> holds<00:01:53.640> out<00:01:53.880> a<00:01:54.000> hand<00:01:54.159> to<00:01:54.320> the
one of them holds out a hand to the
one of them holds out a hand to the
other<00:01:54.600> and<00:01:54.719> about<00:01:54.880> a<00:01:55.040> second<00:01:55.320> after<00:01:55.520> I<00:01:55.640> took
other and about a second after I took
other and about a second after I took
the<00:01:55.960> picture<00:01:56.640> they<00:01:56.799> came<00:01:57.119> together<00:01:57.280> in<00:01:57.399> the
the picture they came together in the
the picture they came together in the
fork<00:01:57.799> of<00:01:57.920> the<00:01:58.000> tree<00:01:58.240> and<00:01:58.360> they<00:01:58.479> kissed<00:01:58.719> and
fork of the tree and they kissed and
fork of the tree and they kissed and
embraced<00:01:59.200> each<00:01:59.320> other<00:02:00.039> now<00:02:00.240> this<00:02:00.360> is<00:02:00.520> very
embraced each other now this is very
embraced each other now this is very
interesting<00:02:01.280> because<00:02:02.280> at<00:02:02.439> the<00:02:02.640> time
interesting because at the time
interesting because at the time
everything<00:02:03.240> was<00:02:03.399> about<00:02:03.719> competition<00:02:04.200> and
everything was about competition and
everything was about competition and
aggression<00:02:04.840> and<00:02:04.920> so<00:02:05.119> it<00:02:05.200> wouldn't<00:02:05.439> make<00:02:05.640> any
aggression and so it wouldn't make any
aggression and so it wouldn't make any
sense<00:02:06.119> the<00:02:06.240> only<00:02:06.439> thing<00:02:06.600> that<00:02:06.759> matters<00:02:07.079> is
sense the only thing that matters is
sense the only thing that matters is
that<00:02:07.320> you<00:02:07.439> win<00:02:07.640> or<00:02:07.759> that<00:02:07.920> you<00:02:08.039> lose<00:02:08.920> but<00:02:09.239> why
that you win or that you lose but why
that you win or that you lose but why
would<00:02:09.599> you<00:02:09.800> reconcile<00:02:10.399> after<00:02:10.640> a<00:02:10.800> fight<00:02:11.039> that
would you reconcile after a fight that
would you reconcile after a fight that
doesn't<00:02:11.440> make<00:02:11.599> any<00:02:11.840> sense<00:02:12.840> this<00:02:12.920> is<00:02:13.080> the<00:02:13.200> way
doesn't make any sense this is the way
doesn't make any sense this is the way
bonobas<00:02:13.879> do<00:02:14.040> it<00:02:14.200> bonobas<00:02:14.599> do<00:02:14.720> everything<00:02:15.040> with
bonobas do it bonobas do everything with
bonobas do it bonobas do everything with
sex<00:02:15.920> and<00:02:16.000> so<00:02:16.160> they<00:02:16.319> also<00:02:16.560> reconcile<00:02:17.120> with<00:02:17.280> sex
sex and so they also reconcile with sex
sex and so they also reconcile with sex
but<00:02:18.000> the<00:02:18.239> principle<00:02:18.680> is<00:02:18.879> exactly<00:02:19.319> the<00:02:19.440> same
but the principle is exactly the same
but the principle is exactly the same
the<00:02:20.000> principle<00:02:20.599> is<00:02:20.800> that<00:02:20.959> you<00:02:21.200> have<00:02:21.920> a
the principle is that you have a
the principle is that you have a
valuable<00:02:22.879> relationship<00:02:23.879> that<00:02:24.040> is<00:02:24.239> damaged<00:02:24.760> by
valuable relationship that is damaged by
valuable relationship that is damaged by
conflict<00:02:25.800> so<00:02:26.000> you<00:02:26.120> need<00:02:26.280> to<00:02:26.440> do<00:02:26.680> something
conflict so you need to do something
conflict so you need to do something
about<00:02:27.319> it<00:02:27.959> and<00:02:28.040> so<00:02:28.720> my<00:02:28.840> whole<00:02:29.080> picture<00:02:29.400> of<00:02:29.680> the
about it and so my whole picture of the
about it and so my whole picture of the
Animal<00:02:30.319> Kingdom<00:02:30.720> and<00:02:30.879> including<00:02:31.480> humans<00:02:31.879> also
Animal Kingdom and including humans also
Animal Kingdom and including humans also
started<00:02:32.599> to<00:02:32.720> change<00:02:33.040> at<00:02:33.239> that<00:02:33.440> time<00:02:34.360> so<00:02:34.519> we
started to change at that time so we
started to change at that time so we
have<00:02:34.920> this<00:02:35.160> image<00:02:35.480> in<00:02:35.760> political<00:02:36.239> science
have this image in political science
have this image in political science
economics<00:02:37.400> the<00:02:37.599> Humanity's<00:02:38.400> Philosophy<00:02:39.200> for
economics the Humanity's Philosophy for
economics the Humanity's Philosophy for
that<00:02:39.599> matter<00:02:40.360> that<00:02:40.640> man<00:02:40.879> is<00:02:41.000> a<00:02:41.200> wolf<00:02:41.560> to<00:02:41.720> man
that matter that man is a wolf to man
that matter that man is a wolf to man
and<00:02:42.120> so<00:02:42.400> deep<00:02:42.720> down<00:02:43.159> our<00:02:43.440> nature<00:02:43.760> is<00:02:44.000> actually
and so deep down our nature is actually
and so deep down our nature is actually
nasty<00:02:45.360> I<00:02:45.440> think<00:02:45.599> it's<00:02:45.720> a<00:02:45.920> very<00:02:46.200> unfair<00:02:46.720> image
nasty I think it's a very unfair image
nasty I think it's a very unfair image
for<00:02:47.200> the<00:02:47.400> wolf<00:02:48.400> the<00:02:48.560> wolf<00:02:48.920> is<00:02:49.200> is<00:02:49.400> after<00:02:49.640> all<00:02:49.840> a
for the wolf the wolf is is after all a
for the wolf the wolf is is after all a
very<00:02:50.200> Cooperative<00:02:50.879> animal<00:02:51.800> and<00:02:51.920> and<00:02:52.040> that's
very Cooperative animal and and that's
very Cooperative animal and and that's
why<00:02:52.400> many<00:02:52.599> of<00:02:52.720> you<00:02:52.920> have<00:02:53.040> a<00:02:53.200> dog<00:02:53.519> at<00:02:53.680> home<00:02:54.000> which
why many of you have a dog at home which
why many of you have a dog at home which
has<00:02:54.360> all<00:02:54.519> these<00:02:54.720> characteristics<00:02:55.440> also<00:02:56.280> and
has all these characteristics also and
has all these characteristics also and
it's<00:02:56.599> very<00:02:56.840> unfair<00:02:57.239> to<00:02:57.440> humanity<00:02:58.000> because
it's very unfair to humanity because
it's very unfair to humanity because
humanity<00:02:58.680> is<00:02:58.879> actually<00:02:59.200> much<00:02:59.360> more
humanity is actually much more
humanity is actually much more
cooperative<00:03:00.680> and<00:03:00.879> empathic<00:03:01.480> than<00:03:01.680> you<00:03:01.920> than
cooperative and empathic than you than
cooperative and empathic than you than
they're<00:03:02.319> given<00:03:02.640> credit<00:03:02.959> for<00:03:03.560> and<00:03:03.640> so<00:03:03.799> I
they're given credit for and so I
they're given credit for and so I
started<00:03:04.319> getting<00:03:04.599> interested<00:03:05.000> in<00:03:05.200> those
started getting interested in those
started getting interested in those
issues<00:03:05.760> and<00:03:05.959> studying<00:03:06.400> that<00:03:06.560> in<00:03:06.680> other
issues and studying that in other
issues and studying that in other
animals<00:03:08.159> so<00:03:08.400> these<00:03:08.519> are<00:03:08.720> the<00:03:08.879> pillars<00:03:09.280> of
animals so these are the pillars of
animals so these are the pillars of
morality<00:03:10.680> if<00:03:10.760> you<00:03:10.959> ask<00:03:11.239> anyone<00:03:11.680> what<00:03:11.799> is
morality if you ask anyone what is
morality if you ask anyone what is
morality<00:03:12.519> based<00:03:12.879> on<00:03:13.840> these<00:03:14.000> are<00:03:14.159> the<00:03:14.319> two
morality based on these are the two
morality based on these are the two
factors<00:03:14.920> that<00:03:15.120> always<00:03:15.360> come<00:03:15.560> out<00:03:15.920> one<00:03:16.080> is
factors that always come out one is
factors that always come out one is
reciprocity<00:03:17.560> and<00:03:17.799> associated<00:03:18.400> with<00:03:18.560> it<00:03:18.720> is<00:03:18.799> a
reciprocity and associated with it is a
reciprocity and associated with it is a
sense<00:03:19.120> of<00:03:19.280> justice<00:03:19.640> and<00:03:19.760> a<00:03:19.879> sense<00:03:20.040> of<00:03:20.200> fairness
sense of justice and a sense of fairness
sense of justice and a sense of fairness
and<00:03:21.239> the<00:03:21.360> other<00:03:21.519> one<00:03:21.640> is<00:03:21.840> empathy<00:03:22.280> and
and the other one is empathy and
and the other one is empathy and
compassion<00:03:23.080> and<00:03:23.440> human<00:03:23.799> morality<00:03:24.239> is<00:03:24.400> more
compassion and human morality is more
compassion and human morality is more
than<00:03:24.959> this<00:03:25.720> but<00:03:25.879> if<00:03:26.000> you<00:03:26.159> would<00:03:26.400> remove<00:03:26.799> these
than this but if you would remove these
than this but if you would remove these
two<00:03:27.159> pillars<00:03:28.000> there<00:03:28.120> would<00:03:28.280> be<00:03:28.480> not<00:03:28.720> much
two pillars there would be not much
two pillars there would be not much
remaining<00:03:29.439> I<00:03:29.519> think<00:03:29.799> and<00:03:29.920> so<00:03:30.040> they're
remaining I think and so they're
remaining I think and so they're
absolutely<00:03:30.640> essential<00:03:31.360> so<00:03:31.519> let<00:03:31.640> me<00:03:31.799> give<00:03:31.920> you
absolutely essential so let me give you
absolutely essential so let me give you
a<00:03:32.239> few<00:03:32.480> examples<00:03:33.000> here<00:03:33.319> this<00:03:33.439> is<00:03:33.519> a<00:03:33.720> very<00:03:33.920> old
a few examples here this is a very old
a few examples here this is a very old
video<00:03:34.519> from<00:03:34.640> the<00:03:34.799> yorkish<00:03:35.200> primary<00:03:35.560> Center
video from the yorkish primary Center
video from the yorkish primary Center
where<00:03:36.000> they<00:03:36.159> train<00:03:36.439> chimpances<00:03:37.120> to
where they train chimpances to
where they train chimpances to
cooperate<00:03:39.239> so<00:03:39.480> this<00:03:39.560> is<00:03:39.760> already<00:03:40.120> about<00:03:40.480> 100
cooperate so this is already about 100
cooperate so this is already about 100
years<00:03:40.959> ago<00:03:41.599> that<00:03:41.760> we<00:03:41.879> were<00:03:42.080> doing<00:03:42.439> experiments
years ago that we were doing experiments
years ago that we were doing experiments
on<00:03:43.640> cooperation<00:03:44.640> and<00:03:44.799> what<00:03:44.879> you<00:03:45.040> have<00:03:45.280> here<00:03:45.400> is
on cooperation and what you have here is
on cooperation and what you have here is
two<00:03:45.840> young<00:03:46.319> chimpan<00:03:47.319> who<00:03:47.519> have<00:03:47.680> a<00:03:47.840> box<00:03:48.159> and<00:03:48.280> the
two young chimpan who have a box and the
two young chimpan who have a box and the
box<00:03:48.640> is<00:03:48.799> too<00:03:49.080> heavy<00:03:49.319> for<00:03:49.519> one<00:03:49.720> chimp<00:03:50.040> to<00:03:50.159> pull
box is too heavy for one chimp to pull
box is too heavy for one chimp to pull
in<00:03:51.200> and<00:03:51.360> of<00:03:51.439> course<00:03:51.599> there's<00:03:51.799> food<00:03:52.079> on<00:03:52.200> the<00:03:52.319> box
in and of course there's food on the box
in and of course there's food on the box
otherwise<00:03:52.959> they<00:03:53.079> wouldn't<00:03:53.280> be<00:03:53.400> pulling<00:03:53.640> so
otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so
otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so
hard<00:03:54.920> and<00:03:55.000> so<00:03:55.159> they're<00:03:55.319> bringing<00:03:55.640> in<00:03:55.840> the<00:03:56.319> box
hard and so they're bringing in the box
hard and so they're bringing in the box
and<00:03:57.480> you<00:03:57.560> can<00:03:57.680> see<00:03:57.920> that<00:03:58.040> they're
and you can see that they're
and you can see that they're
synchronized<00:03:59.480> you<00:03:59.760> you<00:03:59.799> can<00:03:59.920> see<00:04:00.040> that<00:04:00.159> they
synchronized you you can see that they
synchronized you you can see that they
work<00:04:00.680> together<00:04:00.920> they<00:04:01.079> pull<00:04:01.280> at<00:04:01.400> the<00:04:01.519> same
work together they pull at the same
work together they pull at the same
moment<00:04:02.040> it's<00:04:02.280> already<00:04:02.760> a<00:04:02.879> big<00:04:03.120> Advance<00:04:03.599> over
moment it's already a big Advance over
moment it's already a big Advance over
over<00:04:04.360> many<00:04:04.560> other<00:04:04.799> animals<00:04:05.079> who<00:04:05.239> wouldn't<00:04:05.439> be
over many other animals who wouldn't be
over many other animals who wouldn't be
able<00:04:05.720> to<00:04:05.879> do<00:04:06.079> that<00:04:06.920> and<00:04:07.040> now<00:04:07.159> you're<00:04:07.319> going<00:04:07.439> to
able to do that and now you're going to
able to do that and now you're going to
get<00:04:07.799> a<00:04:07.920> more<00:04:08.159> interesting<00:04:08.599> picture<00:04:08.920> because
get a more interesting picture because
get a more interesting picture because
now<00:04:09.400> one<00:04:09.560> of<00:04:09.720> the<00:04:09.840> two<00:04:10.040> chimps<00:04:11.040> has<00:04:11.200> been<00:04:11.400> fed
now one of the two chimps has been fed
now one of the two chimps has been fed
so<00:04:12.159> one<00:04:12.280> of<00:04:12.439> the<00:04:12.560> two<00:04:12.799> is<00:04:12.920> not<00:04:13.120> really
so one of the two is not really
so one of the two is not really
interested<00:04:13.760> in<00:04:13.920> the<00:04:14.079> task<00:04:14.439> anymore
interested in the task anymore
interested in the task anymore
[Laughter]
[Laughter]
now<00:04:51.199> look<00:04:51.320> at<00:04:51.520> what<00:04:51.639> happens<00:04:51.919> at<00:04:52.039> the<00:04:52.160> very<00:04:52.360> end
now look at what happens at the very end
now look at what happens at the very end
of<00:04:52.840> this
he<00:05:08.240> he<00:05:08.360> takes<00:05:08.680> basically
everything<00:05:12.800> so<00:05:12.960> so<00:05:13.120> there<00:05:13.199> are<00:05:13.320> two
everything so so there are two
everything so so there are two
interesting<00:05:13.960> Parts<00:05:14.240> about<00:05:14.440> this<00:05:14.639> one<00:05:14.800> is<00:05:14.919> that
interesting Parts about this one is that
interesting Parts about this one is that
the<00:05:15.160> Chimp<00:05:15.440> on<00:05:15.560> the<00:05:15.720> right<00:05:16.479> has<00:05:16.639> a<00:05:16.840> full
the Chimp on the right has a full
the Chimp on the right has a full
understanding<00:05:17.759> he<00:05:17.880> needs<00:05:18.120> the<00:05:18.319> partner<00:05:18.680> so
understanding he needs the partner so
understanding he needs the partner so
full<00:05:19.440> understanding<00:05:19.639> of<00:05:19.840> the<00:05:19.919> need<00:05:20.120> for
full understanding of the need for
full understanding of the need for
cooperation<00:05:21.280> the<00:05:21.400> second<00:05:21.680> one<00:05:21.800> is<00:05:21.919> that<00:05:22.080> the
cooperation the second one is that the
cooperation the second one is that the
partner<00:05:22.880> is<00:05:23.039> willing<00:05:23.319> to<00:05:23.440> work<00:05:23.800> even<00:05:23.960> though
partner is willing to work even though
partner is willing to work even though
he's<00:05:24.240> not<00:05:24.400> interested<00:05:24.759> in<00:05:24.880> the<00:05:25.000> food<00:05:26.000> why
he's not interested in the food why
he's not interested in the food why
would<00:05:26.319> that<00:05:26.520> be<00:05:27.080> well<00:05:27.199> that<00:05:27.360> probably<00:05:27.600> has<00:05:27.720> to
would that be well that probably has to
would that be well that probably has to
do<00:05:28.000> with<00:05:28.160> reciprocity<00:05:28.720> there<00:05:28.919> actually<00:05:29.160> a<00:05:29.240> lot
do with reciprocity there actually a lot
do with reciprocity there actually a lot
of<00:05:29.720> evidence<00:05:30.039> in<00:05:30.199> in<00:05:30.360> primates<00:05:30.840> and<00:05:30.960> other
of evidence in in primates and other
of evidence in in primates and other
animals<00:05:31.960> that<00:05:32.160> they<00:05:32.520> return<00:05:32.759> favors<00:05:33.160> and<00:05:33.280> so
animals that they return favors and so
animals that they return favors and so
he<00:05:33.720> he<00:05:33.919> will<00:05:34.120> get<00:05:34.240> a<00:05:34.600> return<00:05:34.800> favor<00:05:35.160> at<00:05:35.280> some
he he will get a return favor at some
he he will get a return favor at some
point<00:05:35.639> in<00:05:35.759> the<00:05:35.919> future<00:05:36.680> and<00:05:36.800> so<00:05:37.000> that's<00:05:37.160> how
point in the future and so that's how
point in the future and so that's how
this<00:05:37.440> all
this all
this all
operates<00:05:39.600> we<00:05:39.759> do<00:05:39.919> the<00:05:40.080> same<00:05:40.319> task<00:05:40.600> with
operates we do the same task with
operates we do the same task with
elephants<00:05:41.280> now<00:05:41.440> with<00:05:41.560> elephants<00:05:42.120> it's<00:05:42.280> very
elephants now with elephants it's very
elephants now with elephants it's very
dangerous<00:05:42.800> to<00:05:42.960> work<00:05:43.160> with<00:05:43.280> elephants<00:05:44.000> and
dangerous to work with elephants and
dangerous to work with elephants and
another<00:05:44.479> problem<00:05:44.680> with<00:05:44.840> elephants<00:05:45.240> is<00:05:45.360> that
another problem with elephants is that
another problem with elephants is that
you<00:05:45.600> cannot<00:05:45.919> make<00:05:46.080> an<00:05:46.319> apparatus<00:05:47.120> that<00:05:47.280> is<00:05:47.479> too
you cannot make an apparatus that is too
you cannot make an apparatus that is too
heavy<00:05:48.000> for<00:05:48.199> a<00:05:48.319> single<00:05:48.600> elephant<00:05:49.560> now<00:05:49.720> now<00:05:49.880> you
heavy for a single elephant now now you
heavy for a single elephant now now you
can<00:05:50.240> probably<00:05:50.560> make<00:05:50.800> it<00:05:51.080> but<00:05:51.199> it's<00:05:51.360> going<00:05:51.479> to
can probably make it but it's going to
can probably make it but it's going to
be<00:05:52.080> a<00:05:52.199> pretty<00:05:52.440> clumsy<00:05:52.840> apparatus<00:05:53.360> I<00:05:53.479> think<00:05:54.160> and
be a pretty clumsy apparatus I think and
be a pretty clumsy apparatus I think and
so<00:05:54.400> what<00:05:54.520> we<00:05:54.639> did<00:05:54.800> in<00:05:54.960> their<00:05:55.280> case<00:05:55.800> this<00:05:55.960> we<00:05:56.080> do
so what we did in their case this we do
so what we did in their case this we do
these<00:05:56.360> studies<00:05:56.680> in<00:05:56.840> Thailand<00:05:57.240> with<00:05:57.400> Josh
these studies in Thailand with Josh
these studies in Thailand with Josh
plotnik<00:05:58.479> is<00:05:58.639> we<00:05:58.759> have<00:05:58.880> an<00:05:59.039> apparatus<00:05:59.720> around
plotnik is we have an apparatus around
plotnik is we have an apparatus around
of<00:06:00.319> which<00:06:00.680> there's<00:06:00.880> a<00:06:01.039> rope<00:06:01.360> a<00:06:01.479> single<00:06:01.800> rope
of which there's a rope a single rope
of which there's a rope a single rope
and<00:06:02.560> if<00:06:02.639> you<00:06:02.800> pull<00:06:03.000> on<00:06:03.240> this<00:06:03.400> side<00:06:03.560> of<00:06:03.680> the<00:06:03.840> Rope
and if you pull on this side of the Rope
and if you pull on this side of the Rope
the<00:06:04.280> Rope<00:06:04.520> disappears<00:06:05.000> on<00:06:05.120> the<00:06:05.240> other<00:06:05.440> side<00:06:05.639> so
the Rope disappears on the other side so
the Rope disappears on the other side so
two<00:06:06.080> elephants<00:06:06.720> need<00:06:06.919> to<00:06:07.080> pick<00:06:07.240> it<00:06:07.360> up<00:06:07.599> at
two elephants need to pick it up at
two elephants need to pick it up at
exactly<00:06:08.199> the<00:06:08.319> same<00:06:08.560> time<00:06:08.759> and<00:06:08.960> pull<00:06:09.680> otherwise
exactly the same time and pull otherwise
exactly the same time and pull otherwise
nothing<00:06:10.319> is<00:06:10.479> going<00:06:10.560> to<00:06:10.759> happen<00:06:11.080> and<00:06:11.199> the<00:06:11.280> Rope
nothing is going to happen and the Rope
nothing is going to happen and the Rope
disappears<00:06:12.720> and<00:06:12.800> so<00:06:13.000> the<00:06:13.160> first<00:06:13.599> tape<00:06:13.880> you're
disappears and so the first tape you're
disappears and so the first tape you're
going<00:06:14.080> to<00:06:14.240> see<00:06:14.960> is<00:06:15.160> two<00:06:15.360> elephants<00:06:15.960> who<00:06:16.240> are
going to see is two elephants who are
going to see is two elephants who are
released<00:06:17.120> together<00:06:17.720> arrive<00:06:18.080> at<00:06:18.240> the
released together arrive at the
released together arrive at the
apparatus<00:06:18.960> the<00:06:19.080> apparatus<00:06:19.599> is<00:06:19.720> on<00:06:19.840> the<00:06:20.039> left
apparatus the apparatus is on the left
apparatus the apparatus is on the left
with<00:06:20.880> food<00:06:21.160> on<00:06:21.319> it<00:06:22.199> and<00:06:22.280> so<00:06:22.479> they<00:06:22.639> come
with food on it and so they come
with food on it and so they come
together<00:06:23.720> they<00:06:23.840> arrive<00:06:24.400> together<00:06:25.080> they<00:06:25.240> pick
together they arrive together they pick
together they arrive together they pick
it<00:06:25.560> up<00:06:25.880> together<00:06:26.400> and<00:06:26.520> they<00:06:26.639> pull<00:06:27.039> together<00:06:27.280> so
it up together and they pull together so
it up together and they pull together so
it's<00:06:27.800> actually<00:06:28.120> fairly<00:06:28.400> simple<00:06:28.720> for<00:06:28.919> them
there<00:06:31.840> they
are<00:06:40.479> and<00:06:40.599> so<00:06:40.960> that's<00:06:41.120> how<00:06:41.240> they<00:06:41.400> bring<00:06:41.560> it<00:06:41.680> in
are and so that's how they bring it in
are and so that's how they bring it in
but<00:06:42.240> now<00:06:42.360> we're<00:06:42.479> going<00:06:42.599> to<00:06:42.720> make<00:06:42.800> it<00:06:42.919> more
but now we're going to make it more
but now we're going to make it more
difficult<00:06:43.479> because<00:06:43.800> the<00:06:44.080> the<00:06:44.199> whole<00:06:44.440> purpose
difficult because the the whole purpose
difficult because the the whole purpose
of<00:06:44.880> this<00:06:45.080> experiment<00:06:45.479> is<00:06:45.599> to<00:06:45.720> see<00:06:45.919> how<00:06:46.120> well
of this experiment is to see how well
of this experiment is to see how well
they<00:06:46.800> understand<00:06:47.080> Corporation<00:06:47.639> do<00:06:47.800> they
they understand Corporation do they
they understand Corporation do they
understand<00:06:48.319> it<00:06:48.520> as<00:06:48.680> well<00:06:49.039> as<00:06:49.160> The<00:06:49.280> Chimps<00:06:49.639> for
understand it as well as The Chimps for
understand it as well as The Chimps for
example<00:06:50.599> and<00:06:50.720> so<00:06:50.880> what<00:06:51.000> we<00:06:51.120> do<00:06:51.240> in<00:06:51.319> the<00:06:51.479> next
example and so what we do in the next
example and so what we do in the next
step<00:06:52.240> is<00:06:52.360> we<00:06:52.560> release<00:06:52.960> one<00:06:53.160> elephant<00:06:53.639> before
step is we release one elephant before
step is we release one elephant before
the<00:06:54.039> other<00:06:54.759> and<00:06:54.919> that<00:06:55.080> elephant<00:06:55.400> needs<00:06:55.599> to<00:06:55.720> be
the other and that elephant needs to be
the other and that elephant needs to be
smart<00:06:56.240> enough<00:06:56.440> to<00:06:56.720> stay<00:06:57.080> there<00:06:57.440> and<00:06:57.680> wait<00:06:58.039> and
smart enough to stay there and wait and
smart enough to stay there and wait and
not<00:06:58.319> pull<00:06:58.520> it<00:06:58.639> a<00:06:58.800> rope<00:06:59.080> because<00:06:59.199> if<00:06:59.280> you<00:06:59.360> p<00:06:59.720> at
not pull it a rope because if you p at
not pull it a rope because if you p at
the<00:06:59.919> Rope<00:07:00.080> it<00:07:00.240> disappears<00:07:00.639> and<00:07:00.759> the<00:07:00.840> whole
the Rope it disappears and the whole
the Rope it disappears and the whole
test<00:07:01.240> is<00:07:01.400> over<00:07:02.000> now<00:07:02.160> this<00:07:02.319> elephant<00:07:02.720> does
test is over now this elephant does
test is over now this elephant does
something<00:07:03.280> illegal<00:07:04.280> that<00:07:04.440> we<00:07:04.599> did<00:07:04.759> not<00:07:04.960> teach
something illegal that we did not teach
something illegal that we did not teach
it<00:07:06.240> but<00:07:06.360> it<00:07:06.479> shows<00:07:06.840> the<00:07:07.240> understanding<00:07:07.599> that
it but it shows the understanding that
it but it shows the understanding that
he<00:07:07.919> has<00:07:08.199> because<00:07:08.400> he<00:07:08.520> puts<00:07:08.759> his<00:07:08.919> big<00:07:09.080> foot<00:07:09.759> on
he has because he puts his big foot on
he has because he puts his big foot on
the<00:07:10.160> Rope<00:07:10.879> stands<00:07:11.240> on<00:07:11.360> the<00:07:11.520> rope<00:07:11.759> and<00:07:11.919> waits
the Rope stands on the rope and waits
the Rope stands on the rope and waits
there<00:07:12.520> for<00:07:12.680> the<00:07:12.800> other<00:07:13.080> and<00:07:13.160> then<00:07:13.319> the<00:07:13.400> other
there for the other and then the other
there for the other and then the other
is<00:07:13.680> going<00:07:13.759> to<00:07:13.879> do<00:07:14.000> all<00:07:14.120> the<00:07:14.280> work<00:07:14.440> for<00:07:14.639> him<00:07:15.639> so
is going to do all the work for him so
is going to do all the work for him so
so<00:07:16.160> it's<00:07:16.879> it's<00:07:17.080> what<00:07:17.199> we<00:07:17.360> call
freeloading<00:07:21.440> but<00:07:21.680> but<00:07:21.759> it<00:07:21.879> shows<00:07:22.639> the
freeloading but but it shows the
freeloading but but it shows the
intelligence<00:07:23.240> that<00:07:23.400> the<00:07:23.479> elephants<00:07:23.919> had<00:07:24.199> they
intelligence that the elephants had they
intelligence that the elephants had they
they<00:07:24.599> developed<00:07:25.000> several<00:07:25.280> of<00:07:25.400> these
they developed several of these
they developed several of these
alternative<00:07:26.120> techniques<00:07:26.599> that<00:07:26.759> we<00:07:26.919> did<00:07:27.039> not
alternative techniques that we did not
alternative techniques that we did not
approve<00:07:27.520> of<00:07:27.759> necessarily
approve of necessarily
approve of necessarily
so<00:07:30.000> the<00:07:30.120> other<00:07:30.280> elephant<00:07:30.599> is<00:07:30.759> now
coming<00:07:35.360> and<00:07:35.520> it's<00:07:35.680> going<00:07:35.800> to<00:07:35.919> pull<00:07:36.080> it
in<00:07:54.639> now<00:07:54.800> look<00:07:54.919> at<00:07:55.039> the<00:07:55.120> other<00:07:55.360> the<00:07:55.440> other
in now look at the other the other
in now look at the other the other
doesn't<00:07:55.879> forget<00:07:56.159> to<00:07:56.280> eat<00:07:56.560> of<00:07:56.720> course
this<00:08:01.400> was<00:08:01.520> the<00:08:01.639> corporation<00:08:02.199> reciprocity
this was the corporation reciprocity
this was the corporation reciprocity
part<00:08:03.120> now<00:08:03.280> something<00:08:03.560> on<00:08:03.759> empathy<00:08:04.520> empathy<00:08:04.919> is
part now something on empathy empathy is
part now something on empathy empathy is
my<00:08:05.360> main<00:08:05.639> topic<00:08:05.879> at<00:08:06.000> the<00:08:06.120> moment<00:08:06.360> of<00:08:06.520> research
my main topic at the moment of research
my main topic at the moment of research
and<00:08:07.039> empathy<00:08:07.479> has<00:08:07.599> sort<00:08:07.720> of<00:08:07.840> two<00:08:08.000> qualities
and empathy has sort of two qualities
and empathy has sort of two qualities
one<00:08:08.560> is<00:08:08.680> the<00:08:09.199> understanding<00:08:09.680> part<00:08:09.879> of<00:08:10.039> it<00:08:10.560> this
one is the understanding part of it this
one is the understanding part of it this
is<00:08:10.800> just<00:08:10.960> a<00:08:11.080> regular<00:08:11.440> definition<00:08:11.840> the<00:08:12.000> ability
is just a regular definition the ability
is just a regular definition the ability
to<00:08:12.840> understand<00:08:13.360> and<00:08:13.520> share<00:08:13.800> the<00:08:13.919> feelings<00:08:14.240> of
to understand and share the feelings of
to understand and share the feelings of
another<00:08:15.000> and<00:08:15.159> the<00:08:15.280> emotional<00:08:15.840> part<00:08:16.120> and<00:08:16.199> so
another and the emotional part and so
another and the emotional part and so
empathy<00:08:16.800> has<00:08:16.960> basically<00:08:17.360> two<00:08:17.599> channels<00:08:18.520> one
empathy has basically two channels one
empathy has basically two channels one
is<00:08:18.800> the<00:08:18.960> body<00:08:19.280> Channel<00:08:19.800> if<00:08:19.879> you<00:08:20.039> talk<00:08:20.280> with<00:08:20.440> a
is the body Channel if you talk with a
is the body Channel if you talk with a
sad<00:08:21.039> person<00:08:21.400> you're<00:08:21.560> going<00:08:21.639> to<00:08:21.879> adopt<00:08:22.280> a<00:08:22.520> sad
sad person you're going to adopt a sad
sad person you're going to adopt a sad
expression<00:08:23.759> and<00:08:23.919> a<00:08:24.199> sad<00:08:24.599> posture<00:08:24.960> and<00:08:25.159> before
expression and a sad posture and before
expression and a sad posture and before
you<00:08:25.479> know<00:08:25.639> it<00:08:25.800> you<00:08:25.879> feel<00:08:26.159> sad<00:08:26.440> and<00:08:26.599> that's<00:08:26.720> sort
you know it you feel sad and that's sort
you know it you feel sad and that's sort
of<00:08:27.039> the<00:08:27.400> the<00:08:27.560> body<00:08:27.919> channel<00:08:28.400> of<00:08:28.599> em<00:08:28.879> of<00:08:29.039> emotion
of the the body channel of em of emotion
of the the body channel of em of emotion
empathy<00:08:31.000> which<00:08:31.199> many<00:08:31.479> animals<00:08:31.879> have<00:08:32.200> your
empathy which many animals have your
empathy which many animals have your
average<00:08:32.839> dog<00:08:33.120> has<00:08:33.279> that<00:08:33.440> also<00:08:33.719> that's
average dog has that also that's
average dog has that also that's
actually<00:08:34.200> why<00:08:34.360> people<00:08:34.599> keep<00:08:34.800> mammals<00:08:35.159> in<00:08:35.240> the
actually why people keep mammals in the
actually why people keep mammals in the
home<00:08:35.560> and<00:08:35.719> not<00:08:36.159> turtles<00:08:36.599> or<00:08:36.760> snakes<00:08:37.080> or
home and not turtles or snakes or
home and not turtles or snakes or
something<00:08:37.519> like<00:08:37.719> that<00:08:38.080> who<00:08:38.240> don't<00:08:38.479> have<00:08:38.680> that
something like that who don't have that
something like that who don't have that
kind<00:08:39.000> of<00:08:39.159> empathy<00:08:39.959> and<00:08:40.080> then<00:08:40.200> there's<00:08:40.360> a
kind of empathy and then there's a
kind of empathy and then there's a
cognitive<00:08:41.000> Channel<00:08:41.440> which<00:08:41.599> is<00:08:41.760> more<00:08:42.000> that<00:08:42.120> you
cognitive Channel which is more that you
cognitive Channel which is more that you
can<00:08:42.399> take<00:08:42.560> the<00:08:42.760> perspective<00:08:43.200> of<00:08:43.320> somebody
can take the perspective of somebody
can take the perspective of somebody
else<00:08:44.399> and<00:08:44.560> and<00:08:44.680> that's<00:08:44.880> more<00:08:45.080> limited<00:08:45.560> there's
else and and that's more limited there's
else and and that's more limited there's
few<00:08:45.959> animals<00:08:46.320> I<00:08:46.399> think<00:08:46.600> elephants<00:08:47.000> and<00:08:47.160> apes
few animals I think elephants and apes
few animals I think elephants and apes
can<00:08:47.600> do<00:08:47.760> that<00:08:47.920> kind<00:08:48.040> of<00:08:48.200> thing<00:08:48.399> but<00:08:48.519> there<00:08:48.720> very
can do that kind of thing but there very
can do that kind of thing but there very
few<00:08:49.080> animals<00:08:49.360> who<00:08:49.519> can<00:08:49.640> do
few animals who can do
few animals who can do
that<00:08:51.920> so<00:08:52.320> synchronization<00:08:53.320> which<00:08:53.480> is<00:08:53.680> part<00:08:53.880> of
that so synchronization which is part of
that so synchronization which is part of
that<00:08:54.200> whole<00:08:54.399> empathy<00:08:54.800> mechanism<00:08:55.240> is<00:08:55.360> a<00:08:55.519> very
that whole empathy mechanism is a very
that whole empathy mechanism is a very
old<00:08:56.040> one<00:08:56.240> in<00:08:56.360> the<00:08:56.480> animal<00:08:56.839> kingdom<00:08:57.760> and<00:08:57.880> in
old one in the animal kingdom and in
old one in the animal kingdom and in
humans<00:08:58.480> of<00:08:58.600> course<00:08:58.760> we<00:08:58.880> can<00:08:59.000> study<00:08:59.320> that<00:08:59.440> that
humans of course we can study that that
humans of course we can study that that
with<00:08:59.760> yarn<00:09:00.120> contagion<00:09:00.920> humans<00:09:01.320> yawn<00:09:01.880> when
with yarn contagion humans yawn when
with yarn contagion humans yawn when
others<00:09:02.360> yawn<00:09:02.720> and<00:09:02.880> it's<00:09:03.040> related<00:09:03.399> to<00:09:03.560> empathy
others yawn and it's related to empathy
others yawn and it's related to empathy
it<00:09:04.320> it<00:09:04.640> it<00:09:04.800> activates<00:09:05.200> the<00:09:05.360> same<00:09:05.560> areas<00:09:05.920> in<00:09:06.040> the
it it it activates the same areas in the
it it it activates the same areas in the
brain<00:09:06.959> also<00:09:07.200> we<00:09:07.399> know<00:09:07.560> that<00:09:07.720> people<00:09:07.920> who<00:09:08.079> have
brain also we know that people who have
brain also we know that people who have
a<00:09:08.279> lot<00:09:08.399> of<00:09:08.519> yarn<00:09:08.800> contagion<00:09:09.200> are<00:09:09.399> highly
a lot of yarn contagion are highly
a lot of yarn contagion are highly
empathic<00:09:10.680> people<00:09:10.920> who<00:09:11.120> have<00:09:11.399> problems<00:09:11.760> with
empathic people who have problems with
empathic people who have problems with
empathy<00:09:12.480> such<00:09:12.640> as<00:09:12.800> autistic<00:09:13.279> children<00:09:13.880> they
empathy such as autistic children they
empathy such as autistic children they
don't<00:09:14.279> have<00:09:14.440> yarn<00:09:14.720> contagion<00:09:15.200> so<00:09:15.399> it<00:09:15.519> is
don't have yarn contagion so it is
don't have yarn contagion so it is
connected<00:09:16.519> and<00:09:16.600> we<00:09:16.720> study<00:09:17.079> that<00:09:17.240> in<00:09:17.360> our
connected and we study that in our
connected and we study that in our
chimpanzees<00:09:18.200> by<00:09:18.320> presenting<00:09:18.720> them<00:09:18.880> with<00:09:19.000> an
chimpanzees by presenting them with an
chimpanzees by presenting them with an
animated<00:09:19.720> head<00:09:20.279> so<00:09:20.480> that's<00:09:20.680> what<00:09:20.800> you<00:09:20.880> see<00:09:21.160> on
animated head so that's what you see on
animated head so that's what you see on
the<00:09:21.399> upper<00:09:21.720> left<00:09:22.360> an<00:09:22.560> animated<00:09:23.040> head<00:09:23.240> that
the upper left an animated head that
the upper left an animated head that
Yarns<00:09:24.320> and<00:09:24.440> there's<00:09:24.600> a<00:09:24.760> chimpan<00:09:25.360> watching<00:09:25.640> an
Yarns and there's a chimpan watching an
Yarns and there's a chimpan watching an
actual<00:09:26.200> real<00:09:26.440> chimpan<00:09:27.000> watching<00:09:27.279> a<00:09:27.480> computer
actual real chimpan watching a computer
actual real chimpan watching a computer
screen<00:09:28.519> on<00:09:28.720> which<00:09:28.839> we<00:09:29.000> play<00:09:29.200> the
animations<00:09:38.360> and<00:09:38.440> so<00:09:38.640> yarn<00:09:38.959> contagion<00:09:39.640> that
animations and so yarn contagion that
animations and so yarn contagion that
you're<00:09:40.000> probably<00:09:40.279> all<00:09:40.480> familiar<00:09:40.959> with<00:09:41.800> and
you're probably all familiar with and
you're probably all familiar with and
maybe<00:09:42.120> you're<00:09:42.320> going<00:09:42.399> to<00:09:42.560> start<00:09:42.800> yarning<00:09:43.240> soon
maybe you're going to start yarning soon
maybe you're going to start yarning soon
now<00:09:44.839> uh<00:09:45.200> is<00:09:45.519> is<00:09:45.720> something<00:09:46.040> that<00:09:46.160> we<00:09:46.279> share
now uh is is something that we share
now uh is is something that we share
with<00:09:46.720> other<00:09:47.000> animals<00:09:47.720> and<00:09:47.839> that's<00:09:48.040> related<00:09:48.399> to
with other animals and that's related to
with other animals and that's related to
that<00:09:48.760> whole<00:09:49.040> body<00:09:49.360> channel<00:09:49.720> of
that whole body channel of
that whole body channel of
synchronization<00:09:50.720> that<00:09:50.920> underlies<00:09:51.600> empathy
synchronization that underlies empathy
synchronization that underlies empathy
and<00:09:52.640> that<00:09:52.800> is<00:09:53.360> universal<00:09:53.839> in<00:09:53.959> the<00:09:54.079> mammals
and that is universal in the mammals
and that is universal in the mammals
basically<00:09:55.600> now<00:09:55.760> we<00:09:55.880> also<00:09:56.079> study<00:09:56.480> more<00:09:56.880> complex
basically now we also study more complex
basically now we also study more complex
Expressions<00:09:57.720> this<00:09:57.839> is<00:09:58.000> consolation<00:09:58.640> this<00:09:58.720> is
Expressions this is consolation this is
Expressions this is consolation this is
a<00:09:58.959> male<00:09:59.360> CH<00:09:59.760> who<00:09:59.839> was<00:09:59.959> lost<00:10:00.160> a<00:10:00.320> fight<00:10:00.800> and<00:10:00.920> he's
a male CH who was lost a fight and he's
a male CH who was lost a fight and he's
screaming<00:10:01.839> and<00:10:01.920> a<00:10:02.079> juvenile<00:10:02.519> comes<00:10:02.760> over<00:10:03.000> and
screaming and a juvenile comes over and
screaming and a juvenile comes over and
puts<00:10:03.320> an<00:10:03.440> arm<00:10:03.720> around<00:10:04.040> him<00:10:04.600> and<00:10:04.760> calms<00:10:05.120> him
puts an arm around him and calms him
puts an arm around him and calms him
down<00:10:05.600> that's<00:10:05.800> consolation<00:10:06.360> is<00:10:06.560> very<00:10:06.720> similar
down that's consolation is very similar
down that's consolation is very similar
to<00:10:07.200> human<00:10:07.720> consolation<00:10:08.720> and<00:10:09.240> uh<00:10:09.440> consolation
to human consolation and uh consolation
to human consolation and uh consolation
Behavior<00:10:11.240> it<00:10:11.760> it's<00:10:12.000> it's<00:10:12.240> empath<00:10:12.800> it's
Behavior it it's it's empath it's
Behavior it it's it's empath it's
empathy<00:10:13.480> driven<00:10:14.200> that's<00:10:14.399> actually<00:10:14.720> the<00:10:14.880> way
empathy driven that's actually the way
empathy driven that's actually the way
they<00:10:15.200> study<00:10:15.600> empathy<00:10:15.959> in<00:10:16.120> human<00:10:16.360> children<00:10:16.720> is
they study empathy in human children is
they study empathy in human children is
to<00:10:17.040> instruct<00:10:17.360> a<00:10:17.560> family<00:10:17.839> member<00:10:18.399> to<00:10:18.640> act
to instruct a family member to act
to instruct a family member to act
distressed<00:10:19.399> and<00:10:19.519> then<00:10:19.640> they<00:10:19.800> see<00:10:20.000> what<00:10:20.120> young
distressed and then they see what young
distressed and then they see what young
children<00:10:20.720> do<00:10:21.399> and<00:10:21.519> so<00:10:22.000> it<00:10:22.120> is<00:10:22.279> related<00:10:22.640> to
children do and so it is related to
children do and so it is related to
empathy<00:10:23.560> and<00:10:23.720> that's<00:10:23.880> the<00:10:24.000> kind<00:10:24.160> of
empathy and that's the kind of
empathy and that's the kind of
Expressions<00:10:24.720> we<00:10:24.880> look<00:10:25.040> at<00:10:25.680> we<00:10:25.839> also<00:10:26.120> recently
Expressions we look at we also recently
Expressions we look at we also recently
published<00:10:26.959> an<00:10:27.079> experiment<00:10:27.480> you<00:10:27.600> may<00:10:27.720> have
published an experiment you may have
published an experiment you may have
heard<00:10:28.079> about<00:10:28.279> it<00:10:28.519> on<00:10:28.800> on<00:10:28.920> alter<00:10:29.399> ISM<00:10:29.560> in
heard about it on on alter ISM in
heard about it on on alter ISM in
chimpan<00:10:31.079> uh<00:10:31.600> where<00:10:31.760> the<00:10:31.880> question<00:10:32.120> is<00:10:32.279> do
chimpan uh where the question is do
chimpan uh where the question is do
chimpan<00:10:33.120> care<00:10:33.399> about<00:10:33.600> the<00:10:33.760> welfare<00:10:34.160> of
chimpan care about the welfare of
chimpan care about the welfare of
somebody<00:10:34.680> else<00:10:35.279> and<00:10:35.440> and<00:10:35.600> for<00:10:35.880> for<00:10:36.760> decades<00:10:37.200> it
somebody else and and for for decades it
somebody else and and for for decades it
had<00:10:37.519> been<00:10:37.680> assumed<00:10:38.079> that<00:10:38.320> only<00:10:38.680> humans<00:10:39.079> can<00:10:39.240> do
had been assumed that only humans can do
had been assumed that only humans can do
that<00:10:39.920> only<00:10:40.200> humans<00:10:40.600> worry<00:10:41.040> about<00:10:41.320> the<00:10:41.519> welfare
that only humans worry about the welfare
that only humans worry about the welfare
of<00:10:42.120> somebody<00:10:42.440> else<00:10:43.000> now<00:10:43.160> we<00:10:43.320> did<00:10:43.440> a<00:10:43.639> very
of somebody else now we did a very
of somebody else now we did a very
simple<00:10:44.440> experiment<00:10:45.440> we<00:10:45.560> do<00:10:45.720> that<00:10:45.880> on
simple experiment we do that on
simple experiment we do that on
chimpances<00:10:46.560> that<00:10:46.680> live<00:10:46.839> in<00:10:46.959> lawrencville<00:10:47.480> in
chimpances that live in lawrencville in
chimpances that live in lawrencville in
in<00:10:48.519> the<00:10:48.600> field<00:10:48.920> station<00:10:49.240> of<00:10:49.360> yurys<00:10:49.920> and<00:10:50.040> so
in the field station of yurys and so
in the field station of yurys and so
that<00:10:50.440> that's<00:10:50.560> how<00:10:50.720> they<00:10:50.880> live<00:10:51.040> and<00:10:51.160> we<00:10:51.279> call
that that's how they live and we call
that that's how they live and we call
them<00:10:51.680> into<00:10:51.880> a<00:10:52.040> room<00:10:52.600> and<00:10:52.720> do<00:10:52.959> experiments<00:10:53.519> with
them into a room and do experiments with
them into a room and do experiments with
them<00:10:54.480> in<00:10:54.639> this<00:10:54.839> case<00:10:55.079> we<00:10:55.240> put<00:10:55.440> two<00:10:55.600> chimpanzees
them in this case we put two chimpanzees
them in this case we put two chimpanzees
side<00:10:56.399> by<00:10:56.639> side<00:10:56.800> and<00:10:56.959> one<00:10:57.120> has<00:10:57.240> a<00:10:57.399> bucket<00:10:57.720> full
side by side and one has a bucket full
side by side and one has a bucket full
of<00:10:58.040> tokens<00:10:58.720> and<00:10:58.800> the<00:10:58.920> tokens<00:10:59.399> have<00:10:59.560> different
of tokens and the tokens have different
of tokens and the tokens have different
meanings<00:11:00.160> one<00:11:00.320> kind<00:11:00.480> of<00:11:00.639> token<00:11:01.160> feeds<00:11:01.560> only
meanings one kind of token feeds only
meanings one kind of token feeds only
the<00:11:02.079> partner<00:11:02.440> who<00:11:02.560> chooses<00:11:03.040> the<00:11:03.160> other<00:11:03.320> one
the partner who chooses the other one
the partner who chooses the other one
feeds<00:11:03.839> both<00:11:04.040> of<00:11:04.200> them<00:11:04.880> so<00:11:05.120> this<00:11:05.360> this<00:11:05.440> is<00:11:05.519> a
feeds both of them so this this is a
feeds both of them so this this is a
study<00:11:05.959> we<00:11:06.079> did<00:11:06.240> with<00:11:06.399> Vicky
study we did with Vicky
study we did with Vicky
horer<00:11:08.959> and<00:11:09.120> here<00:11:09.240> you<00:11:09.399> have<00:11:09.560> the<00:11:09.680> two<00:11:09.920> color
horer and here you have the two color
horer and here you have the two color
tokens<00:11:11.079> so<00:11:11.240> they<00:11:11.360> have<00:11:11.440> a<00:11:11.560> whole<00:11:11.720> bucket<00:11:12.000> full
tokens so they have a whole bucket full
tokens so they have a whole bucket full
of<00:11:12.360> them<00:11:13.320> uh<00:11:13.480> and<00:11:13.600> they<00:11:13.760> have<00:11:13.880> to<00:11:14.079> pick<00:11:14.320> one<00:11:14.639> one
of them uh and they have to pick one one
of them uh and they have to pick one one
of<00:11:14.880> the<00:11:14.959> two<00:11:15.519> colors<00:11:16.519> you<00:11:16.639> will<00:11:16.800> see<00:11:16.959> how<00:11:17.120> that
of the two colors you will see how that
of the two colors you will see how that
goes<00:11:19.120> so<00:11:19.279> if<00:11:19.440> this<00:11:19.600> chimp<00:11:20.120> makes<00:11:20.360> the<00:11:20.519> selfish
goes so if this chimp makes the selfish
goes so if this chimp makes the selfish
Choice<00:11:22.560> which<00:11:22.720> is<00:11:22.839> the<00:11:22.959> red<00:11:23.279> token<00:11:23.600> in<00:11:23.760> this
Choice which is the red token in this
Choice which is the red token in this
case<00:11:25.320> needs<00:11:25.519> to<00:11:25.720> give<00:11:25.839> it<00:11:25.959> to<00:11:26.120> us<00:11:26.680> we<00:11:26.880> pick<00:11:27.040> it
case needs to give it to us we pick it
case needs to give it to us we pick it
up<00:11:27.920> we<00:11:28.079> put<00:11:28.200> it<00:11:28.320> on<00:11:28.440> the<00:11:28.600> table<00:11:28.880> where<00:11:29.040> there's
up we put it on the table where there's
up we put it on the table where there's
two<00:11:29.440> food<00:11:29.680> rewards<00:11:30.160> but<00:11:30.279> in<00:11:30.399> this<00:11:30.600> case<00:11:30.760> only
two food rewards but in this case only
two food rewards but in this case only
the<00:11:31.120> one<00:11:31.240> on<00:11:31.399> the<00:11:31.560> right<00:11:32.079> gets<00:11:32.320> food<00:11:32.639> and<00:11:32.760> the
the one on the right gets food and the
the one on the right gets food and the
one<00:11:32.959> on<00:11:33.079> the<00:11:33.200> left<00:11:33.399> walks<00:11:33.720> away<00:11:34.079> because<00:11:34.360> she
one on the left walks away because she
one on the left walks away because she
she<00:11:34.800> knows<00:11:35.079> already<00:11:35.440> that<00:11:35.600> this<00:11:35.760> is<00:11:36.200> not<00:11:36.360> a
she knows already that this is not a
she knows already that this is not a
good<00:11:36.639> test<00:11:36.839> for<00:11:37.000> her<00:11:37.760> then<00:11:37.959> the<00:11:38.120> next<00:11:38.320> one<00:11:38.560> is
good test for her then the next one is
good test for her then the next one is
the<00:11:38.800> pro-social<00:11:39.399> token<00:11:40.399> so<00:11:40.600> the<00:11:40.720> one<00:11:40.880> who
the pro-social token so the one who
the pro-social token so the one who
makes<00:11:41.279> the<00:11:41.480> choices<00:11:41.959> that's<00:11:42.120> the<00:11:42.240> interesting
makes the choices that's the interesting
makes the choices that's the interesting
part<00:11:42.959> here<00:11:43.079> for<00:11:43.279> the<00:11:43.399> one<00:11:43.560> who<00:11:43.720> makes<00:11:43.920> the
part here for the one who makes the
part here for the one who makes the
choices<00:11:45.120> it<00:11:45.320> doesn't<00:11:45.639> really<00:11:45.880> matter<00:11:46.200> so<00:11:46.399> she
choices it doesn't really matter so she
choices it doesn't really matter so she
gives<00:11:46.760> us<00:11:46.920> now<00:11:47.040> a<00:11:47.200> pro-social<00:11:47.680> token<00:11:47.959> and<00:11:48.079> both
gives us now a pro-social token and both
gives us now a pro-social token and both
chimps<00:11:48.600> get<00:11:48.760> fed<00:11:49.320> so<00:11:49.480> the<00:11:49.560> one<00:11:49.720> who<00:11:49.839> makes<00:11:50.040> the
chimps get fed so the one who makes the
chimps get fed so the one who makes the
choices<00:11:50.760> always<00:11:51.120> get<00:11:51.279> a<00:11:51.480> reward<00:11:52.360> so<00:11:52.519> it
choices always get a reward so it
choices always get a reward so it
doesn't<00:11:52.920> matter<00:11:53.360> whatsoever<00:11:53.920> and<00:11:54.040> she<00:11:54.200> should
doesn't matter whatsoever and she should
doesn't matter whatsoever and she should
actually<00:11:54.800> be<00:11:54.959> be<00:11:55.079> choosing
actually be be choosing
actually be be choosing
blindly<00:11:57.160> but<00:11:57.320> what<00:11:57.480> we<00:11:57.680> find<00:11:58.000> is<00:11:58.200> that<00:11:58.680> they
blindly but what we find is that they
blindly but what we find is that they
prefer<00:11:59.360> the<00:11:59.480> pro-social<00:12:00.000> token<00:12:00.519> so<00:12:00.680> this<00:12:00.800> is
prefer the pro-social token so this is
prefer the pro-social token so this is
the<00:12:01.040> 50%<00:12:01.720> line<00:12:02.000> that's<00:12:02.200> the<00:12:02.399> random
the 50% line that's the random
the 50% line that's the random
expectation<00:12:03.639> and<00:12:03.839> especially<00:12:04.200> if<00:12:04.320> the
expectation and especially if the
expectation and especially if the
partner<00:12:04.760> draws<00:12:05.160> attention<00:12:05.480> to<00:12:05.680> itself<00:12:06.519> they
partner draws attention to itself they
partner draws attention to itself they
they<00:12:06.880> choose<00:12:07.320> more<00:12:07.560> and<00:12:07.680> if<00:12:07.800> the<00:12:07.959> partner<00:12:08.279> puts
they choose more and if the partner puts
they choose more and if the partner puts
pressure<00:12:08.880> on<00:12:09.079> them<00:12:09.519> so<00:12:09.680> if<00:12:09.800> the<00:12:09.959> partner
pressure on them so if the partner
pressure on them so if the partner
starts<00:12:10.600> spitting<00:12:11.160> water<00:12:11.760> and<00:12:12.000> intimidating
starts spitting water and intimidating
starts spitting water and intimidating
them<00:12:12.839> then<00:12:13.000> this<00:12:13.279> choices<00:12:13.720> go<00:12:13.959> down<00:12:14.240> and<00:12:14.399> they
them then this choices go down and they
them then this choices go down and they
actually<00:12:14.839> don't<00:12:15.000> want<00:12:15.360> to<00:12:16.360> it's<00:12:16.680> as<00:12:16.760> if
actually don't want to it's as if
actually don't want to it's as if
they're<00:12:17.040> saying<00:12:17.240> if<00:12:17.360> you're<00:12:17.519> not<00:12:17.720> behaving
they're saying if you're not behaving
they're saying if you're not behaving
I'm<00:12:18.360> not<00:12:18.519> going<00:12:18.639> to<00:12:18.760> be<00:12:18.920> pro-social<00:12:19.519> today<00:12:20.440> and
I'm not going to be pro-social today and
I'm not going to be pro-social today and
this<00:12:20.880> is<00:12:21.040> what<00:12:21.160> happens<00:12:21.480> without<00:12:21.720> a<00:12:21.920> partner
this is what happens without a partner
this is what happens without a partner
when<00:12:22.360> there's<00:12:22.519> no<00:12:22.680> partner<00:12:23.000> sitting<00:12:23.399> there
when there's no partner sitting there
when there's no partner sitting there
and<00:12:23.920> so<00:12:24.079> we<00:12:24.240> found<00:12:24.480> that<00:12:24.600> the<00:12:24.680> chimpances<00:12:25.240> do
and so we found that the chimpances do
and so we found that the chimpances do
care<00:12:25.720> about<00:12:25.920> the<00:12:26.040> well-being<00:12:26.480> of<00:12:26.600> somebody
care about the well-being of somebody
care about the well-being of somebody
else<00:12:27.399> especially<00:12:27.880> these<00:12:28.000> are<00:12:28.199> other<00:12:28.720> members
else especially these are other members
else especially these are other members
of<00:12:29.240> their<00:12:29.360> own
of their own
of their own
group<00:12:31.480> so<00:12:31.920> final<00:12:32.279> experiment<00:12:32.720> that<00:12:32.839> I<00:12:32.920> want<00:12:33.040> to
group so final experiment that I want to
group so final experiment that I want to
mention<00:12:33.519> to<00:12:33.720> you<00:12:34.279> is<00:12:34.440> our<00:12:34.680> fairness<00:12:35.199> study<00:12:36.160> uh
mention to you is our fairness study uh
mention to you is our fairness study uh
and<00:12:36.399> so<00:12:36.680> this<00:12:37.000> the<00:12:37.519> this<00:12:37.680> became<00:12:37.920> a<00:12:38.040> very
and so this the this became a very
and so this the this became a very
famous<00:12:38.560> study<00:12:38.800> and<00:12:38.920> there's<00:12:39.120> now<00:12:39.440> many<00:12:39.760> more
famous study and there's now many more
famous study and there's now many more
because<00:12:40.560> after<00:12:40.800> we<00:12:40.959> did<00:12:41.120> this<00:12:41.279> about<00:12:41.480> 10<00:12:41.720> years
because after we did this about 10 years
because after we did this about 10 years
ago<00:12:42.720> uh<00:12:42.880> it<00:12:43.040> became<00:12:43.560> very<00:12:43.800> well<00:12:44.040> known<00:12:44.839> and<00:12:44.959> we
ago uh it became very well known and we
ago uh it became very well known and we
did<00:12:45.320> that<00:12:45.600> originally<00:12:46.000> with<00:12:46.160> capuchin
did that originally with capuchin
did that originally with capuchin
monkeys<00:12:46.880> and<00:12:47.320> I'm<00:12:47.440> going<00:12:47.600> to<00:12:47.760> show<00:12:47.959> you<00:12:48.120> the
monkeys and I'm going to show you the
monkeys and I'm going to show you the
first<00:12:48.600> experiment<00:12:49.040> that<00:12:49.160> we<00:12:49.279> did<00:12:49.519> it<00:12:49.680> has<00:12:49.839> now
first experiment that we did it has now
first experiment that we did it has now
been<00:12:50.199> done<00:12:50.440> with<00:12:50.680> dogs<00:12:51.480> and<00:12:51.639> with<00:12:51.839> birds<00:12:52.839> and
been done with dogs and with birds and
been done with dogs and with birds and
with
with
with
chimpan<00:12:55.120> u<00:12:55.519> but<00:12:55.639> with<00:12:55.800> s<00:12:56.079> BR<00:12:56.440> we<00:12:56.560> started<00:12:56.839> out
chimpan u but with s BR we started out
chimpan u but with s BR we started out
with<00:12:57.199> kuchin<00:12:57.600> wys
with kuchin wys
with kuchin wys
so<00:12:59.920> what<00:13:00.040> we<00:13:00.240> did<00:13:00.519> is<00:13:00.720> we<00:13:01.040> put<00:13:01.240> two<00:13:01.440> capuchin
so what we did is we put two capuchin
so what we did is we put two capuchin
monkeys<00:13:02.240> side<00:13:02.480> by<00:13:02.720> side<00:13:02.959> again<00:13:03.199> these<00:13:03.360> animals
monkeys side by side again these animals
monkeys side by side again these animals
they<00:13:03.839> live<00:13:04.000> in<00:13:04.079> a<00:13:04.240> group<00:13:04.519> they<00:13:04.639> know<00:13:04.839> each
they live in a group they know each
they live in a group they know each
other<00:13:05.240> we<00:13:05.360> take<00:13:05.519> them<00:13:05.639> out<00:13:05.760> of<00:13:05.839> the<00:13:05.959> group<00:13:06.160> put
other we take them out of the group put
other we take them out of the group put
them<00:13:06.399> in<00:13:06.480> a<00:13:06.600> test<00:13:07.240> chamber<00:13:08.240> and<00:13:09.079> there's<00:13:09.240> a
them in a test chamber and there's a
them in a test chamber and there's a
very<00:13:09.600> simple<00:13:10.000> task<00:13:10.360> that<00:13:10.480> they<00:13:10.600> need<00:13:10.760> to<00:13:10.920> do
very simple task that they need to do
very simple task that they need to do
and<00:13:11.800> if<00:13:11.920> you<00:13:12.120> give<00:13:12.360> both<00:13:12.600> of<00:13:12.760> them<00:13:13.320> cucumber
and if you give both of them cucumber
and if you give both of them cucumber
for<00:13:14.519> the<00:13:14.720> task<00:13:15.120> the<00:13:15.240> two<00:13:15.360> monkeys<00:13:15.720> side<00:13:15.880> by
for the task the two monkeys side by
for the task the two monkeys side by
side<00:13:16.480> they're<00:13:16.839> perfectly<00:13:17.240> willing<00:13:17.519> to<00:13:17.639> do
side they're perfectly willing to do
side they're perfectly willing to do
this<00:13:18.040> 25<00:13:18.519> times<00:13:18.760> in<00:13:18.839> a<00:13:19.000> row<00:13:19.240> so<00:13:19.440> cucumber<00:13:20.000> even
this 25 times in a row so cucumber even
this 25 times in a row so cucumber even
though<00:13:20.320> it's<00:13:20.839> really<00:13:21.120> only<00:13:21.480> water<00:13:21.839> in<00:13:21.959> my
though it's really only water in my
though it's really only water in my
opinion<00:13:22.880> but<00:13:23.320> cucumber<00:13:24.320> is<00:13:24.680> perfectly<00:13:25.160> fine
opinion but cucumber is perfectly fine
opinion but cucumber is perfectly fine
for<00:13:25.639> them<00:13:26.199> now<00:13:26.360> if<00:13:26.480> you<00:13:26.639> give<00:13:26.839> the<00:13:27.040> partner
for them now if you give the partner
for them now if you give the partner
grapes<00:13:28.760> the<00:13:28.839> food<00:13:29.240> preferences<00:13:29.639> of<00:13:29.720> my<00:13:29.880> kuchan
grapes the food preferences of my kuchan
grapes the food preferences of my kuchan
monkeys<00:13:30.639> correspond<00:13:31.160> exactly<00:13:31.600> with<00:13:31.760> the
monkeys correspond exactly with the
monkeys correspond exactly with the
prices<00:13:32.240> in<00:13:32.399> the<00:13:32.800> supermarket<00:13:33.800> and<00:13:34.000> so<00:13:34.519> if<00:13:34.639> you
prices in the supermarket and so if you
prices in the supermarket and so if you
give<00:13:34.959> them<00:13:35.160> grapes<00:13:35.480> that's<00:13:35.639> a<00:13:35.800> far<00:13:36.000> better
give them grapes that's a far better
give them grapes that's a far better
food<00:13:37.279> uh<00:13:37.399> then<00:13:37.519> you<00:13:37.760> create<00:13:38.240> inequity<00:13:38.839> between
food uh then you create inequity between
food uh then you create inequity between
them<00:13:40.120> so<00:13:40.320> that's<00:13:40.519> the<00:13:40.680> experiment<00:13:41.120> we<00:13:41.279> did
them so that's the experiment we did
them so that's the experiment we did
recently<00:13:42.360> we<00:13:42.560> videotaped<00:13:43.079> it<00:13:43.199> with<00:13:43.360> new
recently we videotaped it with new
recently we videotaped it with new
monkeys<00:13:43.880> who<00:13:43.959> had<00:13:44.079> never<00:13:44.240> done<00:13:44.440> the<00:13:44.600> task
monkeys who had never done the task
monkeys who had never done the task
thinking<00:13:45.440> that<00:13:45.600> maybe<00:13:45.800> they<00:13:45.920> would<00:13:46.079> have<00:13:46.160> a
thinking that maybe they would have a
thinking that maybe they would have a
stronger<00:13:46.639> reaction<00:13:47.040> and<00:13:47.199> that<00:13:47.320> turned<00:13:47.600> out<00:13:47.760> to
stronger reaction and that turned out to
stronger reaction and that turned out to
be<00:13:48.079> right<00:13:48.639> the<00:13:48.760> one<00:13:48.920> on<00:13:49.079> the<00:13:49.240> left<00:13:49.959> is<00:13:50.120> the
be right the one on the left is the
be right the one on the left is the
monkey<00:13:50.519> who<00:13:50.600> gets<00:13:50.800> cucumber<00:13:51.320> the<00:13:51.399> one<00:13:51.519> on<00:13:51.639> the
monkey who gets cucumber the one on the
monkey who gets cucumber the one on the
right<00:13:52.440> is<00:13:52.560> the<00:13:52.680> one<00:13:52.800> who<00:13:52.920> gets<00:13:53.160> grapes<00:13:54.079> the<00:13:54.160> one
right is the one who gets grapes the one
right is the one who gets grapes the one
who<00:13:54.440> gets<00:13:54.680> cucumber<00:13:55.160> note<00:13:55.480> that<00:13:55.639> the<00:13:55.839> first
who gets cucumber note that the first
who gets cucumber note that the first
piece<00:13:56.320> of<00:13:56.560> cucumber<00:13:57.160> is<00:13:57.399> perfectly<00:13:57.880> fine<00:13:58.160> the
piece of cucumber is perfectly fine the
piece of cucumber is perfectly fine the
first<00:13:58.600> piece
first piece
first piece
eats<00:14:00.560> and<00:14:00.759> then<00:14:00.920> she<00:14:01.079> sees<00:14:01.360> the<00:14:01.440> other<00:14:01.600> one
eats and then she sees the other one
eats and then she sees the other one
getting<00:14:01.959> grape<00:14:02.279> and<00:14:02.399> you<00:14:02.480> will<00:14:02.639> see<00:14:02.839> what
getting grape and you will see what
getting grape and you will see what
happens<00:14:04.600> so<00:14:04.839> she<00:14:05.000> gives<00:14:05.160> a<00:14:05.320> rock<00:14:05.560> to<00:14:05.680> us<00:14:05.880> that's
happens so she gives a rock to us that's
happens so she gives a rock to us that's
the<00:14:06.480> task<00:14:07.480> and<00:14:08.079> we<00:14:08.240> give<00:14:08.360> her<00:14:08.519> a<00:14:08.600> piece<00:14:08.759> of
the task and we give her a piece of
the task and we give her a piece of
cucumber<00:14:09.360> and<00:14:09.480> she<00:14:09.600> eats<00:14:09.880> it<00:14:10.279> the<00:14:10.399> other<00:14:10.560> one
cucumber and she eats it the other one
cucumber and she eats it the other one
needs<00:14:10.880> to<00:14:11.040> give<00:14:11.160> a<00:14:11.279> rock<00:14:11.519> to
needs to give a rock to
needs to give a rock to
us<00:14:13.600> and<00:14:13.759> that's<00:14:13.920> what<00:14:14.040> she
us and that's what she
us and that's what she
does<00:14:16.000> and<00:14:16.120> she<00:14:16.360> gets<00:14:16.759> a
does and she gets a
does and she gets a
grape<00:14:18.920> and<00:14:19.040> she<00:14:19.199> eats<00:14:19.360> it<00:14:19.519> the<00:14:19.600> other<00:14:19.720> one<00:14:19.839> sees
grape and she eats it the other one sees
grape and she eats it the other one sees
that<00:14:21.199> she<00:14:21.440> gives<00:14:21.600> a<00:14:21.759> rock<00:14:21.959> to<00:14:22.079> us<00:14:22.399> now<00:14:22.680> gets
that she gives a rock to us now gets
that she gives a rock to us now gets
again<00:14:23.240> cucumber
[Laughter]
[Laughter]
[Laughter]
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Laughter]
[Laughter]
[Laughter]
she<00:14:43.360> tests<00:14:43.680> her<00:14:43.880> Rock<00:14:44.240> now<00:14:45.120> against<00:14:45.399> the<00:14:45.560> wall
she tests her Rock now against the wall
she tests her Rock now against the wall
she<00:14:46.120> needs<00:14:46.279> to<00:14:46.440> give<00:14:46.560> it<00:14:46.680> to
she needs to give it to
she needs to give it to
us<00:14:48.480> and<00:14:48.639> she<00:14:48.800> gets<00:14:49.000> cucumber<00:14:49.600> again
so<00:15:00.160> this<00:15:00.279> is<00:15:00.480> basically<00:15:00.839> the<00:15:01.000> Wall<00:15:01.279> Street
so this is basically the Wall Street
so this is basically the Wall Street
protest<00:15:02.160> that<00:15:02.279> you<00:15:02.399> see
here<00:15:09.880> let<00:15:10.000> me<00:15:10.120> tell<00:15:10.279> you<00:15:10.440> I<00:15:10.639> I<00:15:10.720> still<00:15:10.880> have<00:15:11.000> two
here let me tell you I I still have two
here let me tell you I I still have two
minutes<00:15:11.440> left<00:15:11.639> let<00:15:11.720> me<00:15:11.839> tell<00:15:11.920> you<00:15:12.040> a<00:15:12.120> funny
minutes left let me tell you a funny
minutes left let me tell you a funny
story<00:15:12.639> about<00:15:12.839> this<00:15:13.120> this<00:15:13.600> this<00:15:13.759> study<00:15:14.079> became
story about this this this study became
story about this this this study became
very<00:15:14.600> famous<00:15:15.480> and<00:15:15.720> we<00:15:15.880> got<00:15:16.000> a<00:15:16.120> lot<00:15:16.240> of<00:15:16.440> comments
very famous and we got a lot of comments
very famous and we got a lot of comments
especially<00:15:17.560> anthropologists
especially anthropologists
especially anthropologists
economists<00:15:20.040> uh<00:15:20.240> philosophers<00:15:20.920> they<00:15:21.040> didn't
economists uh philosophers they didn't
economists uh philosophers they didn't
like<00:15:21.480> this<00:15:21.639> at<00:15:21.759> all<00:15:21.959> because<00:15:22.199> they<00:15:22.320> had
like this at all because they had
like this at all because they had
decided<00:15:23.000> in<00:15:23.079> their<00:15:23.279> mind<00:15:23.600> I<00:15:23.720> believe<00:15:24.079> that
decided in their mind I believe that
decided in their mind I believe that
that<00:15:25.240> that<00:15:26.079> fairness<00:15:26.560> is<00:15:26.680> a<00:15:26.800> very<00:15:27.040> complex
that that fairness is a very complex
that that fairness is a very complex
issue<00:15:27.759> and<00:15:27.839> that<00:15:28.000> animals<00:15:28.360> cannot<00:15:28.680> have<00:15:28.800> it
issue and that animals cannot have it
issue and that animals cannot have it
and<00:15:29.680> so<00:15:30.120> one<00:15:30.360> philosopher<00:15:30.839> even<00:15:31.079> wrote<00:15:31.399> us
and so one philosopher even wrote us
and so one philosopher even wrote us
that<00:15:32.120> it<00:15:32.279> was<00:15:32.440> impossible<00:15:32.920> that<00:15:33.079> monkeys<00:15:33.440> had
that it was impossible that monkeys had
that it was impossible that monkeys had
a<00:15:33.680> sense<00:15:33.880> of<00:15:34.040> fairness<00:15:34.839> because<00:15:35.120> fairness<00:15:35.519> was
a sense of fairness because fairness was
a sense of fairness because fairness was
invented<00:15:36.079> during<00:15:36.279> the<00:15:36.399> French
invented during the French
invented during the French
Revolution
Revolution
Revolution
so<00:15:40.199> now<00:15:40.959> and<00:15:41.079> another<00:15:41.360> one<00:15:41.560> wrote<00:15:41.800> a<00:15:41.959> whole
so now and another one wrote a whole
so now and another one wrote a whole
chapter<00:15:42.880> saying<00:15:43.360> that<00:15:43.800> uh<00:15:43.920> he<00:15:44.040> would<00:15:44.279> believe
chapter saying that uh he would believe
chapter saying that uh he would believe
it<00:15:44.759> had<00:15:44.959> something<00:15:45.240> to<00:15:45.360> do<00:15:45.480> with<00:15:45.639> fairness<00:15:46.399> if
it had something to do with fairness if
it had something to do with fairness if
the<00:15:46.680> one<00:15:46.839> who<00:15:47.000> got<00:15:47.240> grapes<00:15:47.680> would<00:15:47.880> refuse<00:15:48.240> The
the one who got grapes would refuse The
the one who got grapes would refuse The
Grapes<00:15:48.759> now<00:15:48.920> the<00:15:49.040> funny<00:15:49.319> thing<00:15:49.560> is<00:15:49.720> that<00:15:49.839> SRA
Grapes now the funny thing is that SRA
Grapes now the funny thing is that SRA
broson<00:15:50.800> who's<00:15:51.000> been<00:15:51.160> doing<00:15:51.399> this<00:15:51.560> with
broson who's been doing this with
broson who's been doing this with
chimpances<00:15:52.440> had<00:15:52.880> a<00:15:53.079> a<00:15:53.199> couple<00:15:53.399> of
chimpances had a a couple of
chimpances had a a couple of
combinations<00:15:54.040> of<00:15:54.199> chimpances<00:15:54.880> where<00:15:55.160> indeed
combinations of chimpances where indeed
combinations of chimpances where indeed
the<00:15:56.120> one<00:15:56.279> who<00:15:56.440> would<00:15:56.600> get<00:15:56.759> the<00:15:56.880> grape<00:15:57.199> would
the one who would get the grape would
the one who would get the grape would
refuse<00:15:57.759> the<00:15:57.920> grape<00:15:58.199> until<00:15:58.440> the<00:15:58.560> other<00:15:58.720> guy
refuse the grape until the other guy
refuse the grape until the other guy
also<00:15:59.199> got<00:15:59.319> a<00:15:59.480> great<00:16:00.120> so<00:16:00.240> we're<00:16:00.440> getting<00:16:00.720> very
also got a great so we're getting very
also got a great so we're getting very
close<00:16:01.160> to<00:16:01.360> the<00:16:01.480> human<00:16:01.720> sense<00:16:01.920> of<00:16:02.079> fairness<00:16:02.959> and
close to the human sense of fairness and
close to the human sense of fairness and
I<00:16:03.240> think<00:16:03.480> philosophers<00:16:03.959> need<00:16:04.079> to<00:16:04.279> rethink
I think philosophers need to rethink
I think philosophers need to rethink
their<00:16:04.880> Philosophy<00:16:05.360> for<00:16:05.519> a<00:16:06.040> while<00:16:07.040> so<00:16:07.240> let<00:16:07.360> me
their Philosophy for a while so let me
their Philosophy for a while so let me
summarize<00:16:08.920> I<00:16:09.040> believe<00:16:09.279> there's<00:16:09.480> an<00:16:09.680> evolved
summarize I believe there's an evolved
summarize I believe there's an evolved
morality<00:16:10.600> I<00:16:10.680> think<00:16:10.880> morality<00:16:11.279> is<00:16:11.440> much<00:16:11.639> more
morality I think morality is much more
morality I think morality is much more
than<00:16:12.040> what<00:16:12.160> I've<00:16:12.360> been<00:16:12.519> talking<00:16:12.920> about<00:16:13.240> but<00:16:14.040> it
than what I've been talking about but it
than what I've been talking about but it
would<00:16:14.319> be<00:16:14.519> impossible<00:16:15.199> without<00:16:15.480> these
would be impossible without these
would be impossible without these
ingredients<00:16:16.360> that<00:16:16.480> we<00:16:16.600> find<00:16:16.800> in<00:16:16.959> other<00:16:17.199> primat
ingredients that we find in other primat
ingredients that we find in other primat
which<00:16:18.120> are<00:16:18.360> empathy<00:16:18.720> and<00:16:19.040> consolation
which are empathy and consolation
which are empathy and consolation
pro-social<00:16:20.600> Tendencies<00:16:21.600> and<00:16:21.880> reciprocity
pro-social Tendencies and reciprocity
pro-social Tendencies and reciprocity
and<00:16:22.600> a<00:16:22.720> sense<00:16:22.959> of<00:16:23.079> fairness<00:16:23.480> and<00:16:23.600> so<00:16:23.759> we<00:16:23.880> work
and a sense of fairness and so we work
and a sense of fairness and so we work
on<00:16:24.279> these<00:16:24.560> particular<00:16:25.000> issues<00:16:25.680> to<00:16:25.880> see<00:16:26.120> if<00:16:26.240> we
on these particular issues to see if we
on these particular issues to see if we
can<00:16:26.560> create<00:16:26.839> a<00:16:27.000> morality<00:16:27.440> from<00:16:27.639> the<00:16:27.759> bottom<00:16:28.040> up
can create a morality from the bottom up
can create a morality from the bottom up
so<00:16:28.399> to<00:16:28.560> speak<00:16:29.000> without<00:16:29.360> necessarily<00:16:29.880> God<00:16:30.079> and
so to speak without necessarily God and
so to speak without necessarily God and
religion<00:16:30.720> involved<00:16:31.560> uh<00:16:31.680> and<00:16:31.800> to<00:16:31.920> see<00:16:32.079> how<00:16:32.240> we
religion involved uh and to see how we
religion involved uh and to see how we
can<00:16:32.480> get<00:16:32.600> to<00:16:32.800> an<00:16:33.000> evolved<00:16:33.399> morality<00:16:34.319> and<00:16:34.480> I
can get to an evolved morality and I
can get to an evolved morality and I
thank<00:16:34.800> you<00:16:34.880> for<00:16:35.079> your<00:16:35.279> attention
thank you for your attention
thank you for your attention
[Applause]
Frans de Waal, TED, TEDx, TEDxPeachtree, TED, Ed, TEDEducation, TED-Ed, mammal, animal, primate, behavior, morality, ethics
