Toward a science of simplicity - George Whitesides
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most<00:00:19.400> of<00:00:19.560> the<00:00:19.760> talks<00:00:20.519> that<00:00:20.640> you've<00:00:20.840> heard<00:00:21.400> in
most of the talks that you've heard in
most of the talks that you've heard in
the<00:00:21.720> last<00:00:22.119> several<00:00:22.600> fabulous<00:00:23.080> days<00:00:23.680> have<00:00:23.840> been
the last several fabulous days have been
the last several fabulous days have been
from<00:00:24.279> people<00:00:24.560> who<00:00:24.720> have<00:00:24.840> the<00:00:25.000> characteristic
from people who have the characteristic
from people who have the characteristic
that<00:00:25.920> they<00:00:26.160> have<00:00:26.320> thought<00:00:26.599> about<00:00:26.880> something
that they have thought about something
that they have thought about something
they<00:00:27.840> are<00:00:28.080> experts<00:00:28.720> they<00:00:28.880> know<00:00:29.560> what's<00:00:29.759> going
they are experts they know what's going
they are experts they know what's going
on<00:00:31.720> all<00:00:31.880> of<00:00:32.040> you<00:00:32.399> know<00:00:32.640> about<00:00:32.880> the<00:00:33.079> topic<00:00:33.360> that
on all of you know about the topic that
on all of you know about the topic that
I'm<00:00:33.640> supposed<00:00:33.960> to<00:00:34.120> talk<00:00:34.360> about<00:00:34.879> that<00:00:35.000> is<00:00:35.280> you
I'm supposed to talk about that is you
I'm supposed to talk about that is you
know<00:00:35.559> what<00:00:35.760> Simplicity<00:00:36.360> is<00:00:36.879> you<00:00:37.040> know<00:00:37.160> what
know what Simplicity is you know what
know what Simplicity is you know what
complexity<00:00:38.040> is<00:00:39.040> the<00:00:39.160> trouble<00:00:39.480> is<00:00:39.680> I<00:00:40.079> don't<00:00:41.079> and
complexity is the trouble is I don't and
complexity is the trouble is I don't and
what<00:00:41.680> I'm<00:00:41.840> going<00:00:42.000> to<00:00:42.160> do<00:00:42.840> is<00:00:43.039> share<00:00:43.440> with<00:00:43.600> you
what I'm going to do is share with you
what I'm going to do is share with you
my<00:00:43.920> ignorance<00:00:44.399> on<00:00:44.600> this
my ignorance on this
my ignorance on this
subject<00:00:46.960> I<00:00:47.079> want<00:00:47.199> you<00:00:47.320> to<00:00:47.520> read<00:00:47.840> this<00:00:48.600> because
subject I want you to read this because
subject I want you to read this because
we're<00:00:48.960> going<00:00:49.120> to<00:00:49.239> come<00:00:49.440> back<00:00:49.559> to<00:00:49.719> it<00:00:49.840> in<00:00:49.960> a
we're going to come back to it in a
we're going to come back to it in a
moment
moment
moment
the<00:00:53.960> quote<00:00:54.359> is<00:00:54.640> from<00:00:55.600> the<00:00:55.760> fabled<00:00:56.320> Potter
the quote is from the fabled Potter
the quote is from the fabled Potter
Stewart<00:00:59.480> opinion<00:01:00.039> on
Stewart opinion on
Stewart opinion on
pornography<00:01:02.960> and<00:01:03.320> let<00:01:03.440> me<00:01:03.600> just<00:01:03.760> read<00:01:03.960> it<00:01:04.360> the
pornography and let me just read it the
pornography and let me just read it the
important<00:01:05.159> details<00:01:05.720> here<00:01:06.600> shorthand
important details here shorthand
important details here shorthand
description<00:01:08.080> hardcore<00:01:08.640> pornography<00:01:09.560> and
description hardcore pornography and
description hardcore pornography and
perhaps<00:01:10.159> I<00:01:10.240> could<00:01:10.439> never<00:01:10.720> succeed<00:01:11.119> in
perhaps I could never succeed in
perhaps I could never succeed in
intelligibly<00:01:12.240> defining<00:01:12.720> it<00:01:13.080> but<00:01:13.200> I<00:01:13.320> know<00:01:13.479> it
intelligibly defining it but I know it
intelligibly defining it but I know it
when<00:01:13.759> I<00:01:13.880> see<00:01:14.119> it<00:01:14.560> I'm<00:01:14.680> going<00:01:14.799> to<00:01:14.920> come<00:01:15.119> back<00:01:15.240> to
when I see it I'm going to come back to
when I see it I'm going to come back to
that<00:01:15.520> in<00:01:15.640> a<00:01:16.200> moment<00:01:17.200> so<00:01:17.520> what<00:01:17.640> is<00:01:17.880> Simplicity
that in a moment so what is Simplicity
that in a moment so what is Simplicity
it's<00:01:19.080> good<00:01:19.240> to<00:01:19.360> start<00:01:19.640> with<00:01:19.759> some
it's good to start with some
it's good to start with some
examples<00:01:22.439> a<00:01:22.640> coffee<00:01:23.000> cup<00:01:23.880> we<00:01:24.040> don't<00:01:24.200> think
examples a coffee cup we don't think
examples a coffee cup we don't think
about<00:01:24.640> coffee<00:01:25.000> cups<00:01:25.560> but<00:01:25.680> it's<00:01:25.920> much<00:01:26.079> more
about coffee cups but it's much more
about coffee cups but it's much more
interesting<00:01:26.799> than<00:01:27.079> one<00:01:27.280> might<00:01:27.479> think<00:01:27.720> a
interesting than one might think a
interesting than one might think a
coffee<00:01:28.240> cup<00:01:28.439> is<00:01:28.560> a<00:01:28.759> device<00:01:29.479> yes
coffee cup is a device yes
coffee cup is a device yes
which<00:01:30.759> has<00:01:30.920> a<00:01:31.200> container<00:01:31.840> yes<00:01:32.200> and<00:01:32.360> a<00:01:32.520> handle
which has a container yes and a handle
which has a container yes and a handle
yes<00:01:33.640> the<00:01:33.799> handle<00:01:34.399> enables<00:01:34.840> you<00:01:35.079> to<00:01:35.399> hold<00:01:35.680> it
yes the handle enables you to hold it
yes the handle enables you to hold it
when<00:01:36.399> the<00:01:36.680> container<00:01:37.200> is<00:01:37.399> filled<00:01:37.759> with<00:01:37.960> hot
when the container is filled with hot
when the container is filled with hot
liquid<00:01:39.040> yeah<00:01:39.759> why<00:01:39.880> is<00:01:40.040> that<00:01:40.240> important<00:01:40.840> well
liquid yeah why is that important well
liquid yeah why is that important well
it<00:01:41.159> enables<00:01:41.520> you<00:01:41.600> to<00:01:41.759> drink<00:01:42.079> coffee<00:01:42.720> but<00:01:42.880> also
it enables you to drink coffee but also
it enables you to drink coffee but also
by<00:01:43.320> the<00:01:43.439> way<00:01:43.640> the<00:01:43.799> coffee<00:01:44.320> is<00:01:45.119> hot<00:01:45.759> the<00:01:45.960> liquid
by the way the coffee is hot the liquid
by the way the coffee is hot the liquid
is<00:01:46.399> sterile<00:01:46.920> you're<00:01:47.040> not<00:01:47.240> likely<00:01:47.520> to<00:01:47.640> get
is sterile you're not likely to get
is sterile you're not likely to get
collor<00:01:48.439> that<00:01:48.600> way<00:01:49.399> so<00:01:50.079> the<00:01:50.240> coffee<00:01:50.640> cup<00:01:51.000> or<00:01:51.200> the
collor that way so the coffee cup or the
collor that way so the coffee cup or the
cup<00:01:51.719> with<00:01:51.880> a<00:01:52.040> handle<00:01:52.799> is<00:01:53.000> one<00:01:53.119> of<00:01:53.240> the<00:01:53.360> tools
cup with a handle is one of the tools
cup with a handle is one of the tools
used<00:01:54.159> by<00:01:54.399> Society<00:01:55.280> to<00:01:55.479> maintain<00:01:56.039> Public
used by Society to maintain Public
used by Society to maintain Public
Health<00:01:57.360> scissors<00:01:57.799> are<00:01:58.000> your<00:01:58.200> clothes<00:01:59.159> glasses
Health scissors are your clothes glasses
Health scissors are your clothes glasses
enable<00:02:00.200> you<00:02:00.320> to<00:02:00.439> see<00:02:00.759> things<00:02:01.039> and<00:02:01.240> keep<00:02:01.399> you
enable you to see things and keep you
enable you to see things and keep you
from<00:02:01.759> being<00:02:01.960> eaten<00:02:02.280> by<00:02:02.439> cheetahs<00:02:02.920> or<00:02:03.079> run<00:02:03.360> down
from being eaten by cheetahs or run down
from being eaten by cheetahs or run down
by<00:02:04.079> Automobiles<00:02:05.079> and<00:02:05.320> books<00:02:05.600> are<00:02:05.880> after<00:02:06.119> all
by Automobiles and books are after all
by Automobiles and books are after all
your
your
your
education<00:02:08.720> but<00:02:08.840> there's<00:02:09.119> another<00:02:09.479> class<00:02:09.720> of
education but there's another class of
education but there's another class of
simple<00:02:10.319> things<00:02:11.039> which<00:02:11.160> are<00:02:11.360> also<00:02:11.640> very
simple things which are also very
simple things which are also very
important<00:02:12.280> simple<00:02:12.599> in<00:02:12.840> function<00:02:13.760> but<00:02:13.920> not<00:02:14.120> at
important simple in function but not at
important simple in function but not at
all<00:02:14.519> simple<00:02:15.200> in<00:02:15.920> how<00:02:16.080> they're<00:02:16.760> constructed
all simple in how they're constructed
all simple in how they're constructed
and<00:02:17.920> the<00:02:18.040> two<00:02:18.360> here<00:02:18.599> are<00:02:18.840> just<00:02:19.160> examples<00:02:20.120> one
and the two here are just examples one
and the two here are just examples one
is<00:02:20.519> the<00:02:20.680> cell<00:02:20.959> phone<00:02:21.680> which<00:02:21.879> we<00:02:22.040> use<00:02:22.400> every<00:02:22.680> day
is the cell phone which we use every day
is the cell phone which we use every day
and<00:02:23.360> it<00:02:23.560> rests<00:02:24.239> on<00:02:24.480> a<00:02:24.800> complexity<00:02:25.800> which<00:02:25.959> has
and it rests on a complexity which has
and it rests on a complexity which has
some<00:02:26.400> characteristics<00:02:27.280> very<00:02:27.519> different<00:02:28.200> from
some characteristics very different from
some characteristics very different from
those<00:02:28.680> that<00:02:28.840> my<00:02:29.000> friend<00:02:30.000> W<00:02:30.239> and<00:02:30.560> BR<00:02:30.920> discuss
those that my friend W and BR discuss
those that my friend W and BR discuss
but<00:02:31.840> are<00:02:32.040> very<00:02:32.519> interesting<00:02:33.519> and<00:02:33.640> the<00:02:33.760> other
but are very interesting and the other
but are very interesting and the other
of<00:02:34.120> course<00:02:34.319> is<00:02:34.480> a<00:02:34.599> birth<00:02:34.879> control<00:02:35.319> pill<00:02:36.319> which
of course is a birth control pill which
of course is a birth control pill which
in<00:02:36.760> a<00:02:36.959> very<00:02:37.200> simple<00:02:37.599> way<00:02:38.160> fundamentally
in a very simple way fundamentally
in a very simple way fundamentally
changed<00:02:39.280> the<00:02:39.440> structure<00:02:39.840> of<00:02:40.080> society<00:02:40.760> by
changed the structure of society by
changed the structure of society by
changing<00:02:41.760> the<00:02:41.879> role<00:02:42.159> of<00:02:42.360> women<00:02:42.640> in<00:02:42.760> it<00:02:43.080> by
changing the role of women in it by
changing the role of women in it by
providing<00:02:43.800> to<00:02:44.040> them<00:02:44.800> the<00:02:45.000> opportunity<00:02:45.680> to
providing to them the opportunity to
providing to them the opportunity to
make<00:02:46.120> reproductive
choices<00:02:50.040> so<00:02:50.760> there<00:02:50.840> are<00:02:51.000> two<00:02:51.239> ways<00:02:51.440> of
choices so there are two ways of
choices so there are two ways of
thinking<00:02:52.040> about<00:02:52.319> this<00:02:52.480> word<00:02:52.920> I<00:02:53.040> think<00:02:53.360> and
thinking about this word I think and
thinking about this word I think and
here<00:02:53.720> I've<00:02:54.159> corrupted<00:02:55.159> the<00:02:55.959> Potter<00:02:56.400> Stewart
here I've corrupted the Potter Stewart
here I've corrupted the Potter Stewart
quotation<00:02:58.680> by<00:02:58.879> saying<00:02:59.120> that<00:02:59.280> we<00:02:59.400> can<00:02:59.560> think
quotation by saying that we can think
quotation by saying that we can think
about<00:03:00.200> something<00:03:00.560> which<00:03:00.720> spans<00:03:01.239> all<00:03:01.360> the<00:03:01.480> way
about something which spans all the way
about something which spans all the way
from<00:03:01.879> scissors<00:03:02.599> to<00:03:03.400> the<00:03:03.599> cell<00:03:03.879> phone<00:03:04.239> the
from scissors to the cell phone the
from scissors to the cell phone the
internet<00:03:04.799> and<00:03:04.959> birth<00:03:05.239> control<00:03:05.680> pills<00:03:06.560> by
internet and birth control pills by
internet and birth control pills by
saying<00:03:07.120> that<00:03:07.560> they're
saying that they're
saying that they're
simple<00:03:09.560> the<00:03:09.720> functions<00:03:10.080> are<00:03:10.319> simple<00:03:11.200> and<00:03:11.360> we
simple the functions are simple and we
simple the functions are simple and we
recognize<00:03:12.239> what<00:03:12.440> that<00:03:12.640> Simplicity<00:03:13.200> is<00:03:13.400> when
recognize what that Simplicity is when
recognize what that Simplicity is when
we<00:03:13.680> see<00:03:14.040> it<00:03:15.239> or<00:03:16.239> there<00:03:16.360> may<00:03:16.519> be<00:03:16.680> another<00:03:16.920> way<00:03:17.040> of
we see it or there may be another way of
we see it or there may be another way of
doing
doing
doing
it<00:03:19.280> which<00:03:19.440> is<00:03:19.560> to<00:03:19.760> think<00:03:19.920> about<00:03:20.159> the<00:03:20.360> problem
it which is to think about the problem
it which is to think about the problem
in<00:03:20.799> terms<00:03:21.120> of<00:03:21.400> what<00:03:22.319> if<00:03:22.440> you<00:03:22.720> associate<00:03:23.799> with
in terms of what if you associate with
in terms of what if you associate with
moral<00:03:25.159> philosophers<00:03:25.799> is<00:03:26.000> called<00:03:26.360> the<00:03:26.640> teapot
moral philosophers is called the teapot
moral philosophers is called the teapot
problem<00:03:29.439> the<00:03:29.760> teapot<00:03:30.159> problem<00:03:30.799> I'll<00:03:31.080> pose
problem the teapot problem I'll pose
problem the teapot problem I'll pose
this<00:03:31.760> way<00:03:32.599> suppose<00:03:32.920> you<00:03:33.040> see<00:03:33.239> a<00:03:33.599> teapot<00:03:34.599> and
this way suppose you see a teapot and
this way suppose you see a teapot and
the<00:03:34.879> teapot
the teapot
the teapot
is<00:03:37.480> filled<00:03:37.959> with<00:03:38.120> hot
is filled with hot
is filled with hot
water<00:03:40.439> and<00:03:40.519> you<00:03:40.640> can<00:03:40.799> then<00:03:40.959> ask<00:03:41.159> the<00:03:41.319> question
water and you can then ask the question
water and you can then ask the question
why<00:03:41.799> is<00:03:41.920> the<00:03:42.040> water<00:03:42.480> hot<00:03:43.480> that's<00:03:43.599> a<00:03:43.760> simple
why is the water hot that's a simple
why is the water hot that's a simple
question<00:03:44.799> it's<00:03:45.040> like<00:03:45.400> what<00:03:45.560> is
question it's like what is
question it's like what is
Simplicity<00:03:47.519> one<00:03:47.760> answer<00:03:48.040> would<00:03:48.239> be<00:03:48.480> because
Simplicity one answer would be because
Simplicity one answer would be because
the<00:03:48.879> kinetic<00:03:49.239> energy<00:03:49.519> of<00:03:49.640> the<00:03:49.760> water
the kinetic energy of the water
the kinetic energy of the water
molecules<00:03:50.640> is<00:03:51.159> high<00:03:51.480> and<00:03:51.680> they<00:03:51.840> bounce
molecules is high and they bounce
molecules is high and they bounce
against<00:03:52.519> things<00:03:52.840> rapidly<00:03:53.480> that's<00:03:53.640> a<00:03:53.840> kind<00:03:53.959> of
against things rapidly that's a kind of
against things rapidly that's a kind of
physical<00:03:54.480> science<00:03:55.159> argument<00:03:56.159> a<00:03:56.319> second
physical science argument a second
physical science argument a second
argument<00:03:57.439> would<00:03:57.640> be<00:03:58.000> because<00:03:58.239> it<00:03:58.360> was<00:03:58.480> sitting
argument would be because it was sitting
argument would be because it was sitting
on<00:03:58.840> a<00:03:59.079> stove
on a stove
on a stove
with<00:04:00.400> the<00:04:00.519> flame<00:04:00.840> on<00:04:01.120> that's<00:04:01.239> a<00:04:01.439> historical
with the flame on that's a historical
with the flame on that's a historical
argument<00:04:03.040> a<00:04:03.200> third<00:04:03.480> is<00:04:03.599> that<00:04:03.760> I<00:04:03.879> wanted<00:04:04.280> hot
argument a third is that I wanted hot
argument a third is that I wanted hot
water<00:04:05.560> for<00:04:06.560> tea<00:04:07.120> that's<00:04:07.280> an<00:04:07.439> intentional
water for tea that's an intentional
water for tea that's an intentional
argument<00:04:09.280> and<00:04:09.760> since<00:04:10.000> this<00:04:10.120> is<00:04:10.280> coming<00:04:10.480> from<00:04:10.640> a
argument and since this is coming from a
argument and since this is coming from a
moral<00:04:11.120> philosopher<00:04:11.640> the<00:04:11.720> fourth<00:04:12.040> would<00:04:12.200> be
moral philosopher the fourth would be
moral philosopher the fourth would be
that<00:04:12.439> it's<00:04:12.640> part<00:04:12.799> of<00:04:12.959> God's<00:04:13.239> plan<00:04:13.439> for<00:04:13.640> the
that it's part of God's plan for the
that it's part of God's plan for the
universe<00:04:14.760> all<00:04:14.879> of<00:04:15.040> these<00:04:15.200> are<00:04:15.919> possibilities
universe all of these are possibilities
universe all of these are possibilities
the<00:04:17.040> point<00:04:17.320> is<00:04:17.600> that<00:04:17.720> you<00:04:17.919> get<00:04:18.120> into<00:04:18.479> trouble
the point is that you get into trouble
the point is that you get into trouble
when<00:04:19.479> you<00:04:19.759> ask<00:04:20.120> a<00:04:20.320> single<00:04:20.799> question<00:04:21.280> with<00:04:21.440> a
when you ask a single question with a
when you ask a single question with a
single<00:04:22.040> box<00:04:22.320> for<00:04:22.520> an<00:04:22.720> answer<00:04:23.440> in<00:04:23.639> which<00:04:23.919> that
single box for an answer in which that
single box for an answer in which that
single<00:04:24.520> question<00:04:25.000> actually<00:04:25.240> is<00:04:25.479> many
single question actually is many
single question actually is many
questions<00:04:26.600> with<00:04:26.840> quite<00:04:27.040> different<00:04:27.320> meanings
questions with quite different meanings
questions with quite different meanings
but<00:04:28.400> with<00:04:28.600> the<00:04:28.720> same<00:04:29.000> words
but with the same words
but with the same words
asking<00:04:31.720> what<00:04:31.880> is<00:04:32.080> Simplicity<00:04:32.600> I<00:04:32.720> think<00:04:32.880> Falls
asking what is Simplicity I think Falls
asking what is Simplicity I think Falls
in<00:04:33.400> that<00:04:34.000> category<00:04:35.000> what<00:04:35.160> is<00:04:35.320> the<00:04:35.520> state<00:04:35.800> of
in that category what is the state of
in that category what is the state of
Science<00:04:37.960> and<00:04:38.320> interestingly<00:04:39.160> complexity<00:04:40.160> is
Science and interestingly complexity is
Science and interestingly complexity is
very<00:04:40.680> highly<00:04:41.000> evolved<00:04:41.560> we<00:04:41.680> have<00:04:42.120> a<00:04:42.320> lot<00:04:42.520> of
very highly evolved we have a lot of
very highly evolved we have a lot of
interesting<00:04:43.400> information<00:04:43.880> about<00:04:44.160> what
interesting information about what
interesting information about what
complexity<00:04:44.960> is<00:04:45.919> Simplicity<00:04:46.639> for<00:04:46.919> reasons
complexity is Simplicity for reasons
complexity is Simplicity for reasons
that<00:04:47.400> are<00:04:47.560> a<00:04:47.639> little<00:04:47.840> bit<00:04:48.360> obscure<00:04:49.360> is<00:04:49.680> almost
that are a little bit obscure is almost
that are a little bit obscure is almost
not<00:04:51.360> pursued<00:04:52.000> at<00:04:52.080> least<00:04:52.280> in<00:04:52.560> academic<00:04:53.039> world
not pursued at least in academic world
not pursued at least in academic world
we<00:04:54.080> academics<00:04:54.639> I<00:04:54.720> am<00:04:54.840> an<00:04:55.039> academic<00:04:55.759> we<00:04:56.039> love
we academics I am an academic we love
we academics I am an academic we love
complexity<00:04:57.240> you<00:04:57.360> can<00:04:57.520> write<00:04:57.800> papers<00:04:58.160> about
complexity you can write papers about
complexity you can write papers about
complexity<00:04:59.039> and<00:04:59.120> the<00:04:59.240> nice<00:04:59.400> thing<00:04:59.720> about
complexity and the nice thing about
complexity and the nice thing about
complexity<00:05:00.400> is<00:05:00.520> it's<00:05:00.720> fundamentally
complexity is it's fundamentally
complexity is it's fundamentally
intractable<00:05:01.960> in<00:05:02.080> many<00:05:02.320> ways<00:05:02.759> so<00:05:02.919> you're<00:05:03.120> not
intractable in many ways so you're not
intractable in many ways so you're not
responsible<00:05:03.919> for
responsible for
responsible for
outcomes
outcomes
outcomes
Simplicity<00:05:07.680> all<00:05:07.840> of<00:05:08.000> you<00:05:08.360> really<00:05:08.600> would<00:05:08.800> like
Simplicity all of you really would like
Simplicity all of you really would like
your<00:05:09.160> wearing<00:05:09.520> blender<00:05:09.919> in<00:05:10.039> the<00:05:10.120> morning<00:05:10.639> to
your wearing blender in the morning to
your wearing blender in the morning to
make<00:05:12.039> whatever<00:05:12.440> a<00:05:12.560> wearing<00:05:12.880> blender<00:05:13.280> does<00:05:13.680> but
make whatever a wearing blender does but
make whatever a wearing blender does but
not<00:05:14.160> explode<00:05:14.720> or<00:05:15.000> play<00:05:15.240> Beethoven<00:05:15.840> you're<00:05:16.000> not
not explode or play Beethoven you're not
not explode or play Beethoven you're not
interested<00:05:16.720> in<00:05:17.080> the<00:05:17.720> the<00:05:17.840> limits<00:05:18.160> of<00:05:18.319> these
interested in the the limits of these
interested in the the limits of these
things<00:05:19.680> so<00:05:20.080> what<00:05:20.240> one<00:05:20.400> is<00:05:20.600> interested<00:05:21.000> in<00:05:21.800> has
things so what one is interested in has
things so what one is interested in has
a<00:05:22.160> lot<00:05:22.280> to<00:05:22.400> do<00:05:22.560> with<00:05:22.680> the<00:05:22.800> rewards<00:05:23.199> of<00:05:23.360> the
a lot to do with the rewards of the
a lot to do with the rewards of the
system<00:05:24.120> and<00:05:24.360> there's<00:05:24.520> a<00:05:24.680> lot<00:05:24.800> of<00:05:24.960> rewards<00:05:25.479> in
system and there's a lot of rewards in
system and there's a lot of rewards in
thinking<00:05:26.600> about<00:05:27.039> complexity<00:05:27.560> and<00:05:27.880> emergence
thinking about complexity and emergence
thinking about complexity and emergence
uh<00:05:29.039> not<00:05:29.160> so<00:05:29.280> much<00:05:29.440> in<00:05:29.720> thinking<00:05:29.960> about
uh not so much in thinking about
uh not so much in thinking about
Simplicity<00:05:32.000> one<00:05:32.160> of<00:05:32.319> the<00:05:32.440> things<00:05:32.639> I<00:05:32.759> want<00:05:32.880> to
Simplicity one of the things I want to
Simplicity one of the things I want to
do<00:05:33.520> is<00:05:33.680> to<00:05:34.440> help<00:05:34.720> you<00:05:35.080> with<00:05:35.240> a<00:05:35.440> very<00:05:35.680> important
do is to help you with a very important
do is to help you with a very important
task<00:05:36.639> which<00:05:36.759> you<00:05:36.919> may<00:05:37.120> not<00:05:37.400> know<00:05:37.720> that<00:05:37.880> you
task which you may not know that you
task which you may not know that you
have<00:05:38.280> very<00:05:38.520> often<00:05:39.319> which<00:05:39.520> is<00:05:39.800> to<00:05:40.600> understand
have very often which is to understand
have very often which is to understand
how<00:05:41.479> to<00:05:41.800> sit<00:05:42.080> next<00:05:42.319> to<00:05:42.520> a<00:05:42.759> physicist<00:05:43.759> at<00:05:43.880> a
how to sit next to a physicist at a
how to sit next to a physicist at a
dinner<00:05:44.360> party<00:05:44.639> and<00:05:44.800> have<00:05:44.919> a<00:05:45.520> conversation
dinner party and have a conversation
dinner party and have a conversation
and<00:05:48.199> the<00:05:48.680> words<00:05:49.080> that<00:05:49.199> I<00:05:49.319> would<00:05:49.479> like<00:05:49.600> you<00:05:49.720> to
and the words that I would like you to
and the words that I would like you to
focus<00:05:50.240> on<00:05:50.400> are<00:05:50.680> complexity<00:05:51.199> and<00:05:51.400> emergence
focus on are complexity and emergence
focus on are complexity and emergence
because<00:05:52.319> these<00:05:52.479> will<00:05:52.639> enable<00:05:52.960> you<00:05:53.080> to<00:05:53.240> start
because these will enable you to start
because these will enable you to start
the<00:05:53.720> conversation<00:05:54.280> and<00:05:54.440> then<00:05:54.680> daydream<00:05:55.240> about
the conversation and then daydream about
the conversation and then daydream about
other<00:05:55.800> things
all<00:05:59.960> right<00:06:00.319> what<00:06:00.440> is<00:06:00.639> complexity<00:06:01.440> in<00:06:01.800> this
all right what is complexity in this
all right what is complexity in this
view<00:06:02.240> of<00:06:02.400> things<00:06:02.639> and<00:06:02.840> what<00:06:02.960> is<00:06:03.240> emergence<00:06:04.240> we
view of things and what is emergence we
view of things and what is emergence we
have<00:06:04.600> actually<00:06:04.800> a<00:06:04.960> pretty<00:06:05.199> good<00:06:05.400> working
have actually a pretty good working
have actually a pretty good working
definition<00:06:06.319> of<00:06:06.599> complexity<00:06:07.599> it<00:06:07.800> is<00:06:08.400> a<00:06:08.639> system
definition of complexity it is a system
definition of complexity it is a system
like<00:06:09.360> traffic<00:06:10.080> which<00:06:10.280> has<00:06:10.680> components<00:06:11.680> the
like traffic which has components the
like traffic which has components the
components<00:06:12.360> interact<00:06:12.800> with<00:06:12.960> one<00:06:13.160> another
components interact with one another
components interact with one another
these<00:06:13.680> are<00:06:13.840> cars<00:06:14.080> and<00:06:14.240> drivers<00:06:15.039> they
these are cars and drivers they
these are cars and drivers they
dissipate<00:06:15.759> energy<00:06:16.440> it<00:06:16.560> turns<00:06:16.840> out<00:06:17.000> that
dissipate energy it turns out that
dissipate energy it turns out that
whenever<00:06:17.520> you<00:06:17.720> have<00:06:17.919> that<00:06:18.120> system<00:06:18.759> weird
whenever you have that system weird
whenever you have that system weird
stuff<00:06:19.680> happens<00:06:20.680> and<00:06:20.840> you<00:06:21.039> in<00:06:21.440> Los<00:06:21.680> Angeles
stuff happens and you in Los Angeles
stuff happens and you in Los Angeles
probably<00:06:22.520> know<00:06:22.759> this<00:06:22.960> better<00:06:23.199> than
probably know this better than
probably know this better than
anyone<00:06:25.680> here's<00:06:25.960> another<00:06:26.360> example<00:06:27.039> which<00:06:27.280> I
anyone here's another example which I
anyone here's another example which I
put<00:06:27.639> up<00:06:28.039> because<00:06:28.400> it's<00:06:29.160> an<00:06:29.319> examp<00:06:29.599> example<00:06:29.919> of
put up because it's an examp example of
put up because it's an examp example of
really<00:06:30.479> important<00:06:31.039> current<00:06:31.520> science<00:06:32.360> you
really important current science you
really important current science you
can't<00:06:32.919> possibly<00:06:33.319> read<00:06:33.560> that<00:06:33.720> it's<00:06:33.919> not
can't possibly read that it's not
can't possibly read that it's not
intended<00:06:34.599> that<00:06:34.720> you<00:06:34.919> read<00:06:35.080> it<00:06:35.680> but<00:06:35.880> that's<00:06:36.160> a
intended that you read it but that's a
intended that you read it but that's a
tiny<00:06:36.840> part<00:06:37.560> of<00:06:37.800> the<00:06:38.039> chemical<00:06:38.440> reactions
tiny part of the chemical reactions
tiny part of the chemical reactions
going<00:06:39.280> on<00:06:39.560> in<00:06:39.720> each<00:06:39.880> of<00:06:40.039> your<00:06:40.240> cells<00:06:40.759> at<00:06:40.919> any
going on in each of your cells at any
going on in each of your cells at any
given<00:06:41.560> moment<00:06:42.560> and<00:06:43.400> it's<00:06:43.639> like<00:06:43.880> the<00:06:44.039> traffic
given moment and it's like the traffic
given moment and it's like the traffic
that<00:06:44.560> you<00:06:44.720> see<00:06:45.319> the<00:06:45.560> amazing<00:06:45.960> thing<00:06:46.120> about<00:06:46.319> the
that you see the amazing thing about the
that you see the amazing thing about the
cell<00:06:46.759> is<00:06:46.880> that<00:06:47.039> that<00:06:47.280> actually<00:06:47.560> does<00:06:47.880> maintain
cell is that that actually does maintain
cell is that that actually does maintain
a<00:06:48.440> fairly<00:06:48.880> stable<00:06:49.479> working<00:06:49.960> relationship
a fairly stable working relationship
a fairly stable working relationship
with<00:06:50.840> other<00:06:51.160> cells<00:06:52.160> but<00:06:52.280> we<00:06:52.400> don't<00:06:52.560> know<00:06:52.880> why
with other cells but we don't know why
with other cells but we don't know why
anyone<00:06:54.000> who<00:06:54.160> tells<00:06:54.440> you<00:06:54.599> that<00:06:54.720> we<00:06:55.240> understand
anyone who tells you that we understand
anyone who tells you that we understand
life<00:06:56.759> walk
life walk
life walk
away<00:06:59.280> and<00:06:59.560> let<00:06:59.680> me<00:06:59.800> reduce<00:07:00.160> this<00:07:00.280> to<00:07:00.479> the
away and let me reduce this to the
away and let me reduce this to the
simplest<00:07:01.120> level<00:07:01.919> we've<00:07:02.120> heard<00:07:02.360> from<00:07:02.520> Bill
simplest level we've heard from Bill
simplest level we've heard from Bill
Gates<00:07:03.120> recently<00:07:03.919> all<00:07:04.080> of<00:07:04.199> us<00:07:04.479> to<00:07:04.639> some<00:07:04.879> extent
Gates recently all of us to some extent
Gates recently all of us to some extent
study<00:07:06.120> this<00:07:06.319> thing<00:07:06.560> called<00:07:06.840> a<00:07:07.039> Bill<00:07:07.280> Gates
study this thing called a Bill Gates
study this thing called a Bill Gates
terrific<00:07:08.479> you<00:07:08.599> learn<00:07:08.879> everything<00:07:09.120> you<00:07:09.280> can
terrific you learn everything you can
terrific you learn everything you can
about<00:07:09.960> that<00:07:10.960> and<00:07:11.080> then<00:07:11.199> there's<00:07:11.440> another<00:07:11.759> kind
about that and then there's another kind
about that and then there's another kind
of<00:07:12.120> thing<00:07:12.319> that<00:07:12.440> you<00:07:12.599> might<00:07:12.840> study<00:07:13.160> and<00:07:13.280> you
of thing that you might study and you
of thing that you might study and you
study<00:07:13.879> that<00:07:14.720> hard<00:07:15.160> that's<00:07:15.680> Bono<00:07:16.199> this<00:07:16.319> is<00:07:16.800> Bono
study that hard that's Bono this is Bono
study that hard that's Bono this is Bono
but<00:07:17.960> then<00:07:18.240> if<00:07:18.360> you<00:07:18.560> know<00:07:18.960> everything<00:07:19.240> you<00:07:19.360> can
but then if you know everything you can
but then if you know everything you can
know<00:07:19.720> about<00:07:19.960> those<00:07:20.120> two<00:07:20.360> things<00:07:20.560> and<00:07:20.720> you<00:07:20.879> put
know about those two things and you put
know about those two things and you put
them<00:07:21.840> together<00:07:22.840> what<00:07:23.000> can<00:07:23.120> you<00:07:23.240> say<00:07:23.440> about
them together what can you say about
them together what can you say about
this<00:07:23.960> combination<00:07:24.960> the<00:07:25.120> answer<00:07:25.360> is<00:07:25.520> not<00:07:25.680> a<00:07:25.879> lot
this combination the answer is not a lot
this combination the answer is not a lot
and<00:07:26.599> that's<00:07:26.919> complexity<00:07:27.840> now<00:07:28.080> imagine
and that's complexity now imagine
and that's complexity now imagine
building<00:07:29.280> that<00:07:29.599> up<00:07:29.720> to<00:07:29.879> a<00:07:30.039> city<00:07:30.840> or<00:07:31.039> to<00:07:31.240> a
building that up to a city or to a
building that up to a city or to a
society<00:07:31.919> and<00:07:32.039> you've<00:07:32.280> got<00:07:32.560> obviously<00:07:32.919> an
society and you've got obviously an
society and you've got obviously an
interesting
interesting
interesting
problem<00:07:35.160> all<00:07:35.319> right<00:07:35.919> so<00:07:36.120> let<00:07:36.240> me<00:07:36.440> give<00:07:36.520> you<00:07:36.720> an
problem all right so let me give you an
problem all right so let me give you an
example<00:07:37.680> of<00:07:38.280> Simplicity<00:07:38.960> of<00:07:39.080> a<00:07:39.319> particular
example of Simplicity of a particular
example of Simplicity of a particular
kind<00:07:41.240> and<00:07:41.479> then<00:07:41.840> I<00:07:41.919> want<00:07:42.080> to<00:07:42.199> introduce<00:07:42.599> a<00:07:42.800> word
kind and then I want to introduce a word
kind and then I want to introduce a word
that<00:07:43.240> I<00:07:43.360> think<00:07:43.520> is<00:07:43.720> very<00:07:43.960> useful<00:07:44.479> which<00:07:44.639> is
that I think is very useful which is
that I think is very useful which is
stacking<00:07:47.520> and<00:07:47.800> I'm<00:07:47.919> going<00:07:48.080> to<00:07:48.199> use<00:07:48.400> stacking
stacking and I'm going to use stacking
stacking and I'm going to use stacking
for<00:07:49.319> a<00:07:49.520> kind<00:07:49.680> of<00:07:49.879> Simplicity<00:07:50.800> that<00:07:51.000> has<00:07:51.199> the
for a kind of Simplicity that has the
for a kind of Simplicity that has the
characteristic<00:07:52.560> that<00:07:52.720> it<00:07:52.879> is<00:07:53.120> so<00:07:53.879> simple<00:07:54.400> and
characteristic that it is so simple and
characteristic that it is so simple and
so<00:07:55.120> reliable<00:07:56.120> that<00:07:56.560> I<00:07:56.680> can<00:07:56.879> build<00:07:57.240> things<00:07:57.520> with
so reliable that I can build things with
so reliable that I can build things with
it<00:07:58.280> or<00:07:58.440> I'm<00:07:58.560> going<00:07:58.680> to<00:07:58.800> use<00:07:59.000> Simple<00:07:59.560> to<00:07:59.680> mean
it or I'm going to use Simple to mean
it or I'm going to use Simple to mean
reliable<00:08:01.080> predictable
repeatable<00:08:05.520> and<00:08:05.639> I'm<00:08:05.759> going<00:08:05.919> to<00:08:06.000> use<00:08:06.240> as<00:08:06.360> an
repeatable and I'm going to use as an
repeatable and I'm going to use as an
example<00:08:07.000> the<00:08:07.120> internet<00:08:07.680> because<00:08:07.919> it's<00:08:08.039> a
example the internet because it's a
example the internet because it's a
particularly<00:08:08.960> good<00:08:09.280> example<00:08:09.960> of<00:08:10.360> stacked
particularly good example of stacked
particularly good example of stacked
Simplicity<00:08:12.639> we<00:08:12.879> call<00:08:13.080> it<00:08:13.199> a<00:08:13.440> complex<00:08:13.840> system
Simplicity we call it a complex system
Simplicity we call it a complex system
which<00:08:14.319> it<00:08:14.440> is<00:08:14.680> but<00:08:14.800> it's<00:08:15.000> also<00:08:15.240> something
which it is but it's also something
which it is but it's also something
else<00:08:17.199> the<00:08:17.560> internet<00:08:18.280> starts<00:08:19.120> with
else the internet starts with
else the internet starts with
mathematics<00:08:20.360> it<00:08:20.479> starts<00:08:20.800> with
mathematics it starts with
mathematics it starts with
binary<00:08:22.639> and<00:08:23.000> if<00:08:23.120> you<00:08:23.240> look<00:08:23.479> at<00:08:23.599> the<00:08:23.720> list<00:08:23.919> of
binary and if you look at the list of
binary and if you look at the list of
things<00:08:24.360> on<00:08:24.520> the<00:08:24.680> bottom<00:08:25.440> we<00:08:25.560> are<00:08:25.720> familiar
things on the bottom we are familiar
things on the bottom we are familiar
with<00:08:26.199> the<00:08:26.319> Arabic<00:08:26.680> numbers<00:08:27.159> 1<00:08:27.400> to<00:08:27.599> 10<00:08:27.919> and<00:08:28.080> so
with the Arabic numbers 1 to 10 and so
with the Arabic numbers 1 to 10 and so
on<00:08:29.080> in<00:08:29.560> binary<00:08:30.080> one<00:08:30.440> is
on in binary one is
on in binary one is
00001<00:08:32.640> 7<00:08:33.080> is
00001 7 is
00001 7 is
0111<00:08:35.760> the<00:08:35.959> question<00:08:36.360> is<00:08:36.919> why<00:08:37.680> is<00:08:37.919> binary
0111 the question is why is binary
0111 the question is why is binary
simpler<00:08:38.800> than<00:08:38.959> Arabic<00:08:39.800> and<00:08:39.919> the<00:08:40.039> answer<00:08:40.279> is
simpler than Arabic and the answer is
simpler than Arabic and the answer is
simply<00:08:40.839> that<00:08:40.959> if<00:08:41.080> I<00:08:41.200> hold<00:08:41.440> up<00:08:41.680> three<00:08:41.919> fingers
simply that if I hold up three fingers
simply that if I hold up three fingers
you<00:08:42.680> can<00:08:42.919> count<00:08:43.240> that<00:08:43.479> easily<00:08:44.360> but<00:08:44.480> if<00:08:44.560> I<00:08:44.720> hold
you can count that easily but if I hold
you can count that easily but if I hold
up<00:08:45.200> this<00:08:45.839> sort<00:08:46.000> of<00:08:46.120> hard<00:08:46.279> to<00:08:46.480> say<00:08:46.720> that<00:08:46.839> I<00:08:47.000> just
up this sort of hard to say that I just
up this sort of hard to say that I just
did<00:08:47.480> seven<00:08:48.480> the<00:08:48.640> virtue<00:08:48.959> of<00:08:49.120> binary<00:08:49.640> is<00:08:49.760> that
did seven the virtue of binary is that
did seven the virtue of binary is that
it's<00:08:50.160> the<00:08:50.399> simplest<00:08:51.160> possible<00:08:51.600> way<00:08:51.839> of
it's the simplest possible way of
it's the simplest possible way of
representing<00:08:52.640> numbers<00:08:53.640> anything<00:08:53.920> else<00:08:54.120> is
representing numbers anything else is
representing numbers anything else is
more<00:08:54.680> complicated<00:08:55.680> you<00:08:55.839> can<00:08:56.080> catch<00:08:56.320> errors
more complicated you can catch errors
more complicated you can catch errors
with<00:08:56.880> it<00:08:57.320> it's<00:08:57.480> unambiguous<00:08:58.120> in<00:08:58.240> its<00:08:58.399> reading
with it it's unambiguous in its reading
with it it's unambiguous in its reading
there<00:08:59.000> are<00:08:59.120> lots<00:08:59.320> of<00:08:59.480> of<00:08:59.640> good<00:08:59.760> things<00:09:00.000> about
there are lots of of good things about
there are lots of of good things about
binary<00:09:01.240> so<00:09:01.480> it<00:09:01.600> is<00:09:01.959> very<00:09:02.360> very<00:09:02.720> simple<00:09:03.320> once
binary so it is very very simple once
binary so it is very very simple once
you<00:09:03.640> learn<00:09:03.839> how<00:09:03.959> to<00:09:04.120> read
you learn how to read
you learn how to read
it<00:09:05.880> now<00:09:06.160> if<00:09:06.240> you'd<00:09:06.480> like<00:09:06.640> to<00:09:06.839> represent<00:09:07.760> this
it now if you'd like to represent this
it now if you'd like to represent this
zero<00:09:08.480> and<00:09:08.680> one<00:09:08.880> of<00:09:09.079> binary<00:09:09.560> you<00:09:09.720> need<00:09:09.920> a<00:09:10.600> device
zero and one of binary you need a device
zero and one of binary you need a device
and<00:09:12.399> think<00:09:12.600> of<00:09:12.839> things<00:09:13.079> in<00:09:13.240> your<00:09:13.480> life<00:09:13.800> that
and think of things in your life that
and think of things in your life that
are<00:09:14.560> binary<00:09:15.200> one<00:09:15.399> of<00:09:15.519> them<00:09:15.640> is<00:09:15.839> light<00:09:16.040> switches
are binary one of them is light switches
are binary one of them is light switches
they<00:09:17.040> can<00:09:17.200> be<00:09:17.360> on<00:09:17.640> and<00:09:17.880> off<00:09:18.200> that's<00:09:18.920> binary<00:09:19.920> now
they can be on and off that's binary now
they can be on and off that's binary now
wall<00:09:20.360> switches<00:09:20.880> we<00:09:21.000> all<00:09:21.200> know
wall switches we all know
wall switches we all know
fail<00:09:23.399> but<00:09:24.000> our<00:09:24.200> friends<00:09:24.519> who<00:09:24.640> are<00:09:24.839> condensed
fail but our friends who are condensed
fail but our friends who are condensed
matter<00:09:25.600> physicists<00:09:26.120> managed<00:09:26.440> to<00:09:26.600> come<00:09:26.800> up
matter physicists managed to come up
matter physicists managed to come up
some<00:09:27.600> 50<00:09:27.920> years<00:09:28.120> ago<00:09:28.839> with<00:09:28.959> a<00:09:29.079> very<00:09:29.440> nice
some 50 years ago with a very nice
some 50 years ago with a very nice
device<00:09:29.920> shown<00:09:30.200> under<00:09:30.480> that<00:09:30.640> Bell<00:09:30.920> jar<00:09:31.519> which
device shown under that Bell jar which
device shown under that Bell jar which
is<00:09:31.760> a<00:09:32.160> transistor<00:09:33.160> a<00:09:33.360> transistor<00:09:33.959> is<00:09:34.160> nothing
is a transistor a transistor is nothing
is a transistor a transistor is nothing
more<00:09:34.600> than<00:09:34.720> a<00:09:34.880> wall<00:09:35.200> switch<00:09:35.920> it<00:09:36.040> turns<00:09:36.399> things
more than a wall switch it turns things
more than a wall switch it turns things
on<00:09:36.800> and<00:09:37.040> off<00:09:37.600> but<00:09:37.720> it<00:09:37.839> does<00:09:38.000> so<00:09:38.200> without<00:09:38.440> moving
on and off but it does so without moving
on and off but it does so without moving
parts<00:09:39.040> and<00:09:39.200> it<00:09:39.279> doesn't<00:09:39.560> fail<00:09:40.160> basically<00:09:40.720> for
parts and it doesn't fail basically for
parts and it doesn't fail basically for
a<00:09:41.120> very<00:09:41.320> long<00:09:41.600> period<00:09:41.880> of<00:09:42.079> time<00:09:42.920> so<00:09:43.120> the<00:09:43.279> second
a very long period of time so the second
a very long period of time so the second
layer<00:09:44.079> of<00:09:44.279> Simplicity<00:09:45.000> was<00:09:45.200> the<00:09:45.440> transistor
layer of Simplicity was the transistor
layer of Simplicity was the transistor
in<00:09:46.440> the
in the
in the
internet<00:09:48.320> so<00:09:49.040> since<00:09:49.279> the<00:09:49.440> transistor<00:09:49.959> is<00:09:50.120> so
internet so since the transistor is so
internet so since the transistor is so
simple<00:09:51.160> you<00:09:51.279> can<00:09:51.480> put<00:09:51.680> lots<00:09:51.880> of<00:09:52.000> them<00:09:52.399> together
simple you can put lots of them together
simple you can put lots of them together
and<00:09:53.519> you<00:09:53.640> put<00:09:53.839> lots<00:09:54.040> of<00:09:54.160> them<00:09:54.480> together<00:09:54.800> and
and you put lots of them together and
and you put lots of them together and
you<00:09:55.040> come<00:09:55.240> up<00:09:55.399> with<00:09:55.560> something<00:09:55.839> called
you come up with something called
you come up with something called
integrated<00:09:56.839> circuits<00:09:57.839> and<00:09:58.000> a<00:09:58.200> current
integrated circuits and a current
integrated circuits and a current
integrated<00:09:59.000> circuit<00:09:59.600> might<00:09:59.800> have<00:09:59.959> in<00:10:00.200> each
integrated circuit might have in each
integrated circuit might have in each
one<00:10:00.519> of<00:10:00.680> these<00:10:00.839> chips<00:10:01.240> something<00:10:01.519> like<00:10:01.640> a
one of these chips something like a
one of these chips something like a
billion<00:10:02.240> transistors<00:10:03.000> all<00:10:03.160> of<00:10:03.320> which<00:10:03.519> have<00:10:03.640> to
billion transistors all of which have to
billion transistors all of which have to
work<00:10:04.320> perfectly<00:10:05.040> every<00:10:05.600> time<00:10:06.600> so<00:10:06.959> that's<00:10:07.200> the
work perfectly every time so that's the
work perfectly every time so that's the
next<00:10:07.560> layer<00:10:07.839> of<00:10:08.200> Simplicity<00:10:09.200> and<00:10:09.399> in<00:10:09.600> fact
next layer of Simplicity and in fact
next layer of Simplicity and in fact
integrated<00:10:10.320> circuits<00:10:11.120> are<00:10:11.399> really<00:10:11.680> simple<00:10:12.200> in
integrated circuits are really simple in
integrated circuits are really simple in
the<00:10:12.519> sense<00:10:12.720> that<00:10:12.959> they<00:10:13.160> in<00:10:13.320> general<00:10:13.720> work
the sense that they in general work
the sense that they in general work
really<00:10:14.720> well<00:10:15.720> with<00:10:15.920> integrated<00:10:16.440> circuits<00:10:17.000> you
really well with integrated circuits you
really well with integrated circuits you
can<00:10:17.279> build<00:10:17.560> cell<00:10:18.000> phones<00:10:19.000> you<00:10:19.120> all<00:10:19.279> are
can build cell phones you all are
can build cell phones you all are
accustomed<00:10:19.880> to<00:10:20.000> having<00:10:20.200> your<00:10:20.360> cell<00:10:20.640> phones
accustomed to having your cell phones
accustomed to having your cell phones
work<00:10:21.480> the<00:10:21.640> large<00:10:22.000> majority<00:10:22.440> of<00:10:22.560> the<00:10:22.720> time<00:10:22.920> in
work the large majority of the time in
work the large majority of the time in
Boston<00:10:23.959> Boston<00:10:24.360> is<00:10:24.480> a<00:10:24.600> little<00:10:24.760> bit<00:10:24.920> like
Boston Boston is a little bit like
Boston Boston is a little bit like
Namibia<00:10:25.800> in<00:10:25.959> its<00:10:26.120> cell<00:10:26.360> phone<00:10:26.680> coverage<00:10:27.680> so
Namibia in its cell phone coverage so
Namibia in its cell phone coverage so
that<00:10:28.160> we're<00:10:28.360> not<00:10:28.560> accustomed<00:10:29.040> to<00:10:29.160> that<00:10:29.480> all
that we're not accustomed to that all
that we're not accustomed to that all
the<00:10:29.800> time<00:10:30.120> but<00:10:30.399> some<00:10:30.600> of<00:10:30.720> the<00:10:31.079> time<00:10:32.079> but<00:10:32.399> in
the time but some of the time but in
the time but some of the time but in
fact<00:10:33.160> if<00:10:33.279> you<00:10:33.440> have<00:10:33.640> cell<00:10:33.920> phones<00:10:34.360> you<00:10:34.440> can<00:10:34.640> now
fact if you have cell phones you can now
fact if you have cell phones you can now
go<00:10:34.959> to<00:10:35.200> this<00:10:35.399> nice<00:10:35.720> lady<00:10:36.639> who's<00:10:36.959> somewhere
go to this nice lady who's somewhere
go to this nice lady who's somewhere
like<00:10:37.720> nabia<00:10:38.720> and<00:10:39.200> who<00:10:39.399> is<00:10:39.639> extremely<00:10:40.320> happy
like nabia and who is extremely happy
like nabia and who is extremely happy
with<00:10:40.959> the<00:10:41.160> fact<00:10:41.360> that<00:10:41.519> although<00:10:41.839> she<00:10:42.000> does<00:10:42.200> not
with the fact that although she does not
with the fact that although she does not
have<00:10:42.760> a<00:10:42.920> master's<00:10:43.360> degree<00:10:43.680> in<00:10:43.839> electrical
have a master's degree in electrical
have a master's degree in electrical
engineering<00:10:45.279> from<00:10:45.800> MIT<00:10:46.360> she's<00:10:46.639> nonetheless
engineering from MIT she's nonetheless
engineering from MIT she's nonetheless
able<00:10:47.360> to<00:10:47.519> hack<00:10:47.720> her<00:10:47.880> cell<00:10:48.160> phone<00:10:48.360> to<00:10:48.519> get<00:10:48.680> power
able to hack her cell phone to get power
able to hack her cell phone to get power
in<00:10:49.200> in<00:10:49.360> some<00:10:49.560> funny<00:10:50.240> way<00:10:51.240> and<00:10:51.399> from<00:10:51.639> that<00:10:51.839> comes
in in some funny way and from that comes
in in some funny way and from that comes
the<00:10:52.519> internet<00:10:53.519> this<00:10:53.639> is<00:10:53.720> a<00:10:54.000> map<00:10:54.200> of<00:10:54.360> bit<00:10:54.639> flows
the internet this is a map of bit flows
the internet this is a map of bit flows
across<00:10:55.440> the<00:10:55.600> continent<00:10:56.120> those<00:10:56.760> the<00:10:57.000> two<00:10:57.279> blobs
across the continent those the two blobs
across the continent those the two blobs
that<00:10:57.839> are<00:10:58.000> light<00:10:58.240> in<00:10:58.360> the<00:10:58.440> middle<00:10:58.800> there<00:10:59.320> are
that are light in the middle there are
that are light in the middle there are
the<00:10:59.839> United<00:11:00.200> States<00:11:00.480> and<00:11:00.920> Europe<00:11:01.920> and<00:11:02.079> then
the United States and Europe and then
the United States and Europe and then
back<00:11:02.639> to<00:11:02.880> Simplicity<00:11:03.760> again<00:11:04.760> so<00:11:05.000> here<00:11:05.160> we<00:11:05.360> have
back to Simplicity again so here we have
back to Simplicity again so here we have
what<00:11:06.120> I<00:11:06.240> think<00:11:06.399> is<00:11:06.560> one<00:11:06.680> of<00:11:06.800> the<00:11:06.920> great<00:11:07.279> ideas
what I think is one of the great ideas
what I think is one of the great ideas
which<00:11:07.920> is<00:11:08.440> Google<00:11:09.440> which<00:11:09.880> in<00:11:10.079> this<00:11:10.279> simple
which is Google which in this simple
which is Google which in this simple
portal<00:11:12.079> makes<00:11:12.360> the<00:11:12.560> claim<00:11:13.320> that<00:11:13.560> it<00:11:13.959> makes
portal makes the claim that it makes
portal makes the claim that it makes
accessible<00:11:15.279> all<00:11:15.440> of<00:11:15.560> the<00:11:15.639> world's
accessible all of the world's
accessible all of the world's
information<00:11:17.480> but<00:11:18.200> the<00:11:18.360> point<00:11:18.639> is<00:11:19.279> that<00:11:19.519> that
information but the point is that that
information but the point is that that
extraordinary<00:11:20.720> simple<00:11:21.240> idea<00:11:21.760> rests<00:11:22.200> on
extraordinary simple idea rests on
extraordinary simple idea rests on
layers<00:11:23.079> of<00:11:24.399> Simplicity<00:11:25.399> each<00:11:25.800> compounded
layers of Simplicity each compounded
layers of Simplicity each compounded
into<00:11:26.720> a<00:11:26.920> complexity<00:11:27.720> that<00:11:27.880> is<00:11:28.079> itself<00:11:28.720> simple
into a complexity that is itself simple
into a complexity that is itself simple
in<00:11:29.519> the<00:11:29.680> sense<00:11:29.920> that<00:11:30.040> it's<00:11:30.279> completely
in the sense that it's completely
in the sense that it's completely
reliable<00:11:33.200> all<00:11:33.360> right<00:11:34.040> let<00:11:34.160> me<00:11:34.360> then<00:11:34.560> finish
reliable all right let me then finish
reliable all right let me then finish
off<00:11:35.720> with<00:11:36.519> four<00:11:37.519> General<00:11:38.360> statements<00:11:39.360> an
off with four General statements an
off with four General statements an
example<00:11:40.800> and<00:11:40.959> two<00:11:41.720> aphorisms<00:11:42.720> the<00:11:43.079> uh
example and two aphorisms the uh
example and two aphorisms the uh
characteristics<00:11:44.480> which<00:11:44.680> I<00:11:44.760> think<00:11:44.920> are<00:11:45.040> useful
characteristics which I think are useful
characteristics which I think are useful
to<00:11:45.600> think<00:11:45.800> about<00:11:46.000> for<00:11:46.240> simple<00:11:46.680> things
to think about for simple things
to think about for simple things
first<00:11:49.279> they<00:11:49.399> are
first they are
first they are
predictable<00:11:52.040> their<00:11:52.240> behavior<00:11:52.680> is
predictable their behavior is
predictable their behavior is
predictable<00:11:54.040> now<00:11:54.800> one<00:11:54.920> of<00:11:55.040> the<00:11:55.240> nice
predictable now one of the nice
predictable now one of the nice
characteristics<00:11:56.120> of<00:11:56.320> simple<00:11:56.680> things<00:11:57.160> is<00:11:57.320> you
characteristics of simple things is you
characteristics of simple things is you
know<00:11:57.720> what<00:11:57.880> it's<00:11:58.040> going<00:11:58.240> to<00:11:58.399> do<00:11:58.680> in<00:11:58.839> general
know what it's going to do in general
know what it's going to do in general
so<00:12:00.160> Simplicity<00:12:00.639> and<00:12:00.880> predictability<00:12:01.560> are
so Simplicity and predictability are
so Simplicity and predictability are
characteristics<00:12:02.440> of<00:12:02.639> simple
characteristics of simple
characteristics of simple
things<00:12:04.519> the<00:12:04.720> second<00:12:05.120> is<00:12:05.720> and<00:12:05.880> this<00:12:06.000> is<00:12:06.079> a<00:12:06.240> real
things the second is and this is a real
things the second is and this is a real
world<00:12:06.800> statement<00:12:07.480> they're<00:12:08.160> cheap<00:12:09.160> if<00:12:09.279> you
world statement they're cheap if you
world statement they're cheap if you
have<00:12:09.720> things<00:12:10.079> that<00:12:10.240> are<00:12:10.440> cheap<00:12:10.839> enough<00:12:11.440> people
have things that are cheap enough people
have things that are cheap enough people
will<00:12:11.920> find<00:12:12.279> uses<00:12:12.720> for<00:12:12.959> them<00:12:13.199> even<00:12:13.440> if<00:12:13.639> they
will find uses for them even if they
will find uses for them even if they
seem<00:12:14.360> very<00:12:14.800> primitive<00:12:15.800> so<00:12:16.120> for<00:12:16.360> example
seem very primitive so for example
seem very primitive so for example
Stones<00:12:17.880> you<00:12:18.000> can<00:12:18.160> build<00:12:18.560> Cathedrals<00:12:19.079> out<00:12:19.240> of
Stones you can build Cathedrals out of
Stones you can build Cathedrals out of
stones<00:12:20.480> you<00:12:20.639> just<00:12:20.800> have<00:12:20.920> to<00:12:21.079> know<00:12:21.320> what<00:12:21.440> it
stones you just have to know what it
stones you just have to know what it
does<00:12:22.199> you<00:12:22.600> carve<00:12:22.880> them<00:12:23.040> in<00:12:23.240> blocks<00:12:23.560> and<00:12:23.680> then
does you carve them in blocks and then
does you carve them in blocks and then
you<00:12:23.920> pile<00:12:24.160> them<00:12:24.279> on<00:12:24.480> top<00:12:24.600> of<00:12:24.720> one<00:12:24.920> another<00:12:25.519> and
you pile them on top of one another and
you pile them on top of one another and
they<00:12:25.839> support
they support
they support
weight<00:12:28.120> so<00:12:28.320> there<00:12:28.440> has<00:12:28.560> to<00:12:28.680> be<00:12:28.839> fun
weight so there has to be fun
weight so there has to be fun
the<00:12:29.920> function<00:12:30.320> has<00:12:30.440> to<00:12:30.560> be<00:12:30.760> predictable<00:12:31.639> and
the function has to be predictable and
the function has to be predictable and
the<00:12:32.040> cost<00:12:32.399> has<00:12:32.519> to<00:12:32.680> be<00:12:33.040> low<00:12:34.040> what<00:12:34.240> that<00:12:34.399> means
the cost has to be low what that means
the cost has to be low what that means
is<00:12:35.680> that<00:12:35.800> you<00:12:36.000> have<00:12:36.120> to<00:12:36.279> have<00:12:36.440> a<00:12:36.680> high
is that you have to have a high
is that you have to have a high
performance<00:12:37.920> or<00:12:38.240> value<00:12:39.240> for
performance or value for
performance or value for
cost<00:12:41.480> and<00:12:41.639> then<00:12:42.000> I<00:12:42.120> would<00:12:42.399> propose<00:12:43.040> as<00:12:43.360> this
cost and then I would propose as this
cost and then I would propose as this
last<00:12:44.760> component<00:12:45.760> that<00:12:45.959> they<00:12:46.199> serve<00:12:46.680> or<00:12:46.920> they
last component that they serve or they
last component that they serve or they
have<00:12:47.240> the<00:12:47.440> potential<00:12:47.880> to<00:12:48.079> serve<00:12:48.519> as<00:12:48.720> building
have the potential to serve as building
have the potential to serve as building
blocks<00:12:50.160> that<00:12:50.320> is<00:12:50.639> you<00:12:50.800> can<00:12:51.040> stack<00:12:51.440> them<00:12:52.199> and
blocks that is you can stack them and
blocks that is you can stack them and
stacking<00:12:52.839> can<00:12:53.000> mean<00:12:53.320> this<00:12:53.480> way<00:12:53.800> or<00:12:53.959> it<00:12:54.079> can
stacking can mean this way or it can
stacking can mean this way or it can
mean<00:12:54.519> this<00:12:54.720> way<00:12:55.160> or<00:12:55.320> it<00:12:55.440> can<00:12:55.560> mean<00:12:55.839> in<00:12:56.000> some
mean this way or it can mean in some
mean this way or it can mean in some
arbitrary<00:12:56.800> n<00:12:57.040> dimensional<00:12:57.639> space<00:12:58.600> but<00:12:58.720> if<00:12:58.800> you
arbitrary n dimensional space but if you
arbitrary n dimensional space but if you
have<00:12:59.240> something<00:12:59.480> that<00:12:59.639> has<00:12:59.760> a<00:13:00.000> function<00:13:01.000> and
have something that has a function and
have something that has a function and
it's<00:13:01.399> really<00:13:01.680> cheap<00:13:02.399> people<00:13:02.639> will<00:13:02.880> find<00:13:03.279> new
it's really cheap people will find new
it's really cheap people will find new
ways<00:13:03.800> of<00:13:04.000> putting<00:13:04.240> it<00:13:04.519> together<00:13:04.880> to<00:13:05.079> make<00:13:05.440> new
ways of putting it together to make new
ways of putting it together to make new
things<00:13:06.440> cheap<00:13:07.160> functional<00:13:08.160> reliable<00:13:08.920> things
things cheap functional reliable things
things cheap functional reliable things
unleash<00:13:09.880> the<00:13:10.040> creativity<00:13:10.920> of<00:13:11.120> people<00:13:11.440> who
unleash the creativity of people who
unleash the creativity of people who
then<00:13:11.959> build<00:13:12.839> stuff<00:13:13.120> that<00:13:13.240> you<00:13:13.360> could<00:13:13.560> not
then build stuff that you could not
then build stuff that you could not
imagine<00:13:14.399> there<00:13:14.519> is<00:13:14.760> no<00:13:14.959> way<00:13:15.160> of<00:13:15.320> predicting
imagine there is no way of predicting
imagine there is no way of predicting
the<00:13:16.199> internet<00:13:16.920> based<00:13:17.240> on<00:13:17.399> the<00:13:17.519> first
the internet based on the first
the internet based on the first
transistor<00:13:18.680> it<00:13:18.920> just<00:13:19.560> is<00:13:19.720> not
transistor it just is not
transistor it just is not
possible<00:13:22.000> so<00:13:22.560> these<00:13:22.720> are<00:13:22.880> the
possible so these are the
possible so these are the
components<00:13:25.079> now<00:13:25.399> the<00:13:25.600> example<00:13:26.480> is<00:13:26.720> something
components now the example is something
components now the example is something
that<00:13:27.440> I<00:13:27.560> want<00:13:27.720> to<00:13:28.000> give<00:13:28.120> you<00:13:28.320> from<00:13:28.519> the<00:13:28.639> work
that I want to give you from the work
that I want to give you from the work
that<00:13:29.160> we<00:13:29.320> ourselves
that we ourselves
that we ourselves
do<00:13:31.519> we<00:13:31.680> are<00:13:32.000> very<00:13:32.279> interested<00:13:33.240> in<00:13:34.240> delivering
do we are very interested in delivering
do we are very interested in delivering
Health<00:13:35.079> Care<00:13:35.279> in<00:13:35.399> the<00:13:35.560> developing<00:13:36.480> world<00:13:37.480> and
Health Care in the developing world and
Health Care in the developing world and
one<00:13:37.800> of<00:13:37.920> the<00:13:38.079> things<00:13:38.320> that<00:13:38.480> we<00:13:38.680> wish<00:13:38.880> to<00:13:39.079> do<00:13:39.320> in
one of the things that we wish to do in
one of the things that we wish to do in
this<00:13:39.839> particular<00:13:40.279> business<00:13:40.720> is<00:13:40.839> to<00:13:41.040> find<00:13:41.399> a
this particular business is to find a
this particular business is to find a
way<00:13:41.800> of<00:13:41.959> doing<00:13:42.240> medical<00:13:42.800> diagnosis<00:13:43.800> at<00:13:44.040> as
way of doing medical diagnosis at as
way of doing medical diagnosis at as
close<00:13:44.480> to<00:13:44.680> zero<00:13:45.120> cost<00:13:45.519> as<00:13:45.680> we<00:13:45.800> can<00:13:46.199> manage<00:13:47.199> so
close to zero cost as we can manage so
close to zero cost as we can manage so
how<00:13:47.480> does<00:13:47.680> one<00:13:47.880> do<00:13:48.240> that<00:13:49.240> this<00:13:49.360> is<00:13:49.480> a<00:13:49.600> world<00:13:49.839> in
how does one do that this is a world in
how does one do that this is a world in
which<00:13:50.120> there's<00:13:50.360> no<00:13:50.560> electricity<00:13:51.199> there's<00:13:51.399> no
which there's no electricity there's no
which there's no electricity there's no
money<00:13:52.120> there's<00:13:52.360> no<00:13:52.560> medical<00:13:53.160> competence<00:13:54.160> and
money there's no medical competence and
money there's no medical competence and
I<00:13:54.360> don't<00:13:54.480> want<00:13:54.600> to<00:13:54.759> spend<00:13:55.040> your<00:13:55.240> time<00:13:55.440> in<00:13:55.600> going
I don't want to spend your time in going
I don't want to spend your time in going
through<00:13:55.959> the<00:13:56.160> details<00:13:57.040> but<00:13:57.240> in<00:13:57.440> the<00:13:57.759> lower
through the details but in the lower
through the details but in the lower
right<00:13:58.920> hand<00:13:59.279> Conner<00:13:59.680> you<00:13:59.800> see<00:14:00.000> an<00:14:00.240> example<00:14:00.800> of
right hand Conner you see an example of
right hand Conner you see an example of
the<00:14:01.120> kind<00:14:01.279> of<00:14:01.440> thing<00:14:01.600> that<00:14:01.720> we<00:14:01.920> have<00:14:02.399> it's<00:14:02.519> a
the kind of thing that we have it's a
the kind of thing that we have it's a
little<00:14:02.920> paper<00:14:03.759> chip<00:14:04.759> it<00:14:04.920> has<00:14:05.040> a<00:14:05.199> few<00:14:05.440> things
little paper chip it has a few things
little paper chip it has a few things
printed<00:14:06.120> on<00:14:06.279> it<00:14:06.519> using<00:14:06.920> the<00:14:07.279> same<00:14:07.560> technology
printed on it using the same technology
printed on it using the same technology
that<00:14:08.240> you<00:14:08.360> use<00:14:08.600> for<00:14:08.759> making<00:14:09.120> comic<00:14:09.440> books
that you use for making comic books
that you use for making comic books
which<00:14:10.240> was<00:14:10.440> the<00:14:10.600> inspiration<00:14:11.199> for<00:14:11.440> this
which was the inspiration for this
which was the inspiration for this
particular<00:14:12.360> idea<00:14:13.360> and<00:14:13.480> you<00:14:13.600> put<00:14:13.759> a<00:14:13.920> drop<00:14:14.320> in
particular idea and you put a drop in
particular idea and you put a drop in
this<00:14:14.639> case<00:14:14.839> of<00:14:15.079> urine<00:14:15.519> at<00:14:15.639> the<00:14:15.759> bottom<00:14:16.480> it
this case of urine at the bottom it
this case of urine at the bottom it
Wicks<00:14:16.959> its<00:14:17.160> way<00:14:17.360> up<00:14:17.519> into<00:14:17.800> these<00:14:18.079> little
Wicks its way up into these little
Wicks its way up into these little
branches<00:14:19.320> you<00:14:19.440> know<00:14:19.600> no<00:14:19.839> power<00:14:20.160> required<00:14:21.040> it
branches you know no power required it
branches you know no power required it
turns<00:14:21.720> colors<00:14:22.720> this<00:14:22.920> particular<00:14:23.480> case<00:14:23.680> you're
turns colors this particular case you're
turns colors this particular case you're
reading<00:14:25.000> um<00:14:25.320> kidney<00:14:26.079> function<00:14:27.079> and<00:14:27.800> since<00:14:28.600> the
reading um kidney function and since the
reading um kidney function and since the
health<00:14:29.320> care<00:14:29.480> worker<00:14:30.000> of<00:14:30.199> much<00:14:30.360> of<00:14:30.519> this<00:14:30.680> part
health care worker of much of this part
health care worker of much of this part
of<00:14:30.959> the<00:14:31.079> world<00:14:31.759> is<00:14:31.920> an<00:14:32.079> 18-year-old<00:14:32.800> with<00:14:32.920> an
of the world is an 18-year-old with an
of the world is an 18-year-old with an
AK-47<00:14:34.720> who<00:14:34.920> happens<00:14:35.199> to<00:14:35.320> be<00:14:35.519> out<00:14:35.680> of<00:14:35.839> work<00:14:36.040> and
AK-47 who happens to be out of work and
AK-47 who happens to be out of work and
is<00:14:36.320> willing<00:14:36.560> to<00:14:36.680> go<00:14:36.800> around<00:14:37.079> and<00:14:37.240> do<00:14:37.440> this<00:14:37.560> sort
is willing to go around and do this sort
is willing to go around and do this sort
of<00:14:37.920> thing<00:14:38.639> he<00:14:38.759> can<00:14:38.959> take<00:14:39.079> a<00:14:39.199> picture<00:14:39.440> of<00:14:39.560> it
of thing he can take a picture of it
of thing he can take a picture of it
with<00:14:39.800> his<00:14:39.959> cell<00:14:40.199> phone<00:14:40.519> send<00:14:40.800> the<00:14:40.959> picture
with his cell phone send the picture
with his cell phone send the picture
back<00:14:41.639> to<00:14:41.800> where<00:14:42.040> there<00:14:42.320> is<00:14:42.480> a<00:14:42.680> doctor<00:14:43.040> and<00:14:43.160> the
back to where there is a doctor and the
back to where there is a doctor and the
doctor<00:14:43.560> can<00:14:43.720> look<00:14:43.920> at<00:14:44.040> it<00:14:44.759> so<00:14:45.079> what<00:14:45.199> you've
doctor can look at it so what you've
doctor can look at it so what you've
done<00:14:45.560> is<00:14:45.680> to<00:14:45.839> take<00:14:46.000> a<00:14:46.279> technology<00:14:47.279> which<00:14:47.440> is
done is to take a technology which is
done is to take a technology which is
available<00:14:48.519> everywhere<00:14:49.519> make<00:14:49.839> a<00:14:50.120> device<00:14:50.639> which
available everywhere make a device which
available everywhere make a device which
is<00:14:51.079> extremely<00:14:51.839> cheap<00:14:52.839> and<00:14:53.560> make<00:14:53.720> it<00:14:53.880> in<00:14:54.040> such<00:14:54.199> a
is extremely cheap and make it in such a
is extremely cheap and make it in such a
fashion<00:14:54.759> that<00:14:54.880> it<00:14:55.000> is<00:14:55.279> very<00:14:55.560> very<00:14:55.839> reliable<00:14:56.839> if
fashion that it is very very reliable if
fashion that it is very very reliable if
we<00:14:57.120> can<00:14:57.279> pull<00:14:57.560> this<00:14:57.880> off<00:14:58.240> if<00:14:58.360> we<00:14:58.480> can<00:14:58.759> build
we can pull this off if we can build
we can pull this off if we can build
build<00:14:59.199> more<00:14:59.399> function<00:15:00.160> it<00:15:00.279> will<00:15:00.519> be<00:15:00.880> stackable
build more function it will be stackable
build more function it will be stackable
that<00:15:02.000> is<00:15:02.160> to<00:15:02.360> say<00:15:02.959> if<00:15:03.079> we<00:15:03.199> can<00:15:03.399> make<00:15:03.560> the<00:15:03.720> basic
that is to say if we can make the basic
that is to say if we can make the basic
technology<00:15:05.199> of<00:15:05.399> one<00:15:05.519> or<00:15:05.680> two<00:15:05.920> things<00:15:06.279> work<00:15:06.880> it
technology of one or two things work it
technology of one or two things work it
will<00:15:07.199> be<00:15:07.399> applicable<00:15:07.839> to<00:15:08.000> a<00:15:08.320> very<00:15:08.880> very<00:15:09.240> large
will be applicable to a very very large
will be applicable to a very very large
variety<00:15:10.079> of<00:15:10.240> human<00:15:10.680> conditions<00:15:11.399> and<00:15:11.639> hence
variety of human conditions and hence
variety of human conditions and hence
extendable<00:15:12.920> in<00:15:13.160> both<00:15:13.720> vertical<00:15:14.360> and
extendable in both vertical and
extendable in both vertical and
horizontal<00:15:15.519> directions<00:15:16.519> part<00:15:16.680> of<00:15:16.880> my
horizontal directions part of my
horizontal directions part of my
interest<00:15:17.360> in<00:15:17.560> this<00:15:17.720> I<00:15:17.839> have<00:15:17.959> to<00:15:18.079> say<00:15:18.240> is<00:15:18.360> that<00:15:18.519> I
interest in this I have to say is that I
interest in this I have to say is that I
would<00:15:18.759> like<00:15:18.959> to<00:15:19.800> how<00:15:19.920> do<00:15:20.040> I<00:15:20.199> put<00:15:20.360> this<00:15:20.519> politely
would like to how do I put this politely
would like to how do I put this politely
change<00:15:21.480> the<00:15:21.680> way<00:15:22.079> or<00:15:22.360> maybe<00:15:22.800> eviscerate<00:15:23.800> the
change the way or maybe eviscerate the
change the way or maybe eviscerate the
capital<00:15:25.000> structure<00:15:25.360> of<00:15:25.480> the<00:15:25.600> US<00:15:25.880> healthc<00:15:26.160> care
capital structure of the US healthc care
capital structure of the US healthc care
system<00:15:26.720> which<00:15:26.839> I<00:15:26.959> think<00:15:27.079> is<00:15:27.279> fundamentally
system which I think is fundamentally
system which I think is fundamentally
broken
broken
broken
so<00:15:30.360> let<00:15:30.480> me
close<00:15:34.560> let<00:15:34.720> me<00:15:34.880> close<00:15:35.199> with<00:15:35.399> my<00:15:35.560> two<00:15:35.800> aphorisms
close let me close with my two aphorisms
close let me close with my two aphorisms
one<00:15:36.680> of<00:15:36.800> them<00:15:37.000> is<00:15:37.160> from<00:15:37.319> Mr<00:15:37.600> Einstein<00:15:38.560> and<00:15:38.720> he
one of them is from Mr Einstein and he
one of them is from Mr Einstein and he
says<00:15:39.120> everything<00:15:39.480> should<00:15:39.680> be<00:15:39.880> made<00:15:40.240> as<00:15:40.440> simple
says everything should be made as simple
says everything should be made as simple
as<00:15:41.079> possible<00:15:41.600> but<00:15:41.759> not<00:15:42.199> simpler<00:15:43.199> and<00:15:43.319> I<00:15:43.399> think
as possible but not simpler and I think
as possible but not simpler and I think
that's<00:15:43.720> a<00:15:43.920> very<00:15:44.319> good<00:15:44.519> way<00:15:44.639> of<00:15:44.800> thinking<00:15:45.160> about
that's a very good way of thinking about
that's a very good way of thinking about
the<00:15:45.600> problem<00:15:46.319> if<00:15:46.440> you<00:15:46.600> take<00:15:46.880> too<00:15:47.079> much<00:15:47.279> out<00:15:47.800> of
the problem if you take too much out of
the problem if you take too much out of
something<00:15:48.319> that's<00:15:48.560> simple<00:15:48.959> you<00:15:49.120> lose
something that's simple you lose
something that's simple you lose
function<00:15:50.319> you<00:15:50.560> have<00:15:50.720> to<00:15:50.920> have<00:15:51.199> low<00:15:51.560> cost<00:15:51.839> but
function you have to have low cost but
function you have to have low cost but
you<00:15:52.160> also<00:15:52.440> have<00:15:52.560> to<00:15:52.680> have<00:15:52.800> a<00:15:53.000> function<00:15:53.959> so<00:15:54.480> you
you also have to have a function so you
you also have to have a function so you
can't<00:15:54.839> make<00:15:54.959> it<00:15:55.120> too<00:15:55.519> simple<00:15:56.519> and<00:15:56.680> the<00:15:56.800> second
can't make it too simple and the second
can't make it too simple and the second
is<00:15:57.199> a<00:15:57.440> design<00:15:57.920> issue<00:15:58.240> and<00:15:58.319> it's<00:15:58.480> not<00:15:58.680> Direct<00:15:59.000> IR
is a design issue and it's not Direct IR
is a design issue and it's not Direct IR
ly<00:15:59.759> relevant<00:16:00.279> but<00:16:00.480> it's<00:16:00.759> a<00:16:00.959> nice<00:16:01.240> statement
ly relevant but it's a nice statement
ly relevant but it's a nice statement
this<00:16:01.759> is<00:16:02.040> by<00:16:02.600> S<00:16:03.199> zupe<00:16:04.199> and<00:16:04.319> he<00:16:04.399> says<00:16:04.639> you<00:16:04.759> know
this is by S zupe and he says you know
this is by S zupe and he says you know
you've<00:16:05.199> achieved<00:16:05.639> perfection<00:16:06.079> in<00:16:06.600> design<00:16:07.600> not
you've achieved perfection in design not
you've achieved perfection in design not
when<00:16:08.000> you<00:16:08.120> have<00:16:08.319> nothing<00:16:08.600> more<00:16:08.920> to<00:16:09.519> add<00:16:10.199> but
when you have nothing more to add but
when you have nothing more to add but
when<00:16:10.519> you<00:16:10.680> have<00:16:10.880> nothing<00:16:11.160> more<00:16:11.480> to<00:16:11.759> take<00:16:12.040> away
when you have nothing more to take away
when you have nothing more to take away
and<00:16:13.000> that<00:16:13.120> certainly<00:16:13.440> is<00:16:13.560> going<00:16:13.800> in<00:16:13.920> the<00:16:14.040> right
and that certainly is going in the right
and that certainly is going in the right
direction<00:16:16.399> so<00:16:17.399> what<00:16:17.600> I<00:16:17.720> think<00:16:17.920> one<00:16:18.120> can<00:16:18.360> begin
direction so what I think one can begin
direction so what I think one can begin
to<00:16:18.880> do<00:16:19.440> with<00:16:20.440> this<00:16:20.720> kind<00:16:21.319> of<00:16:22.319> cut<00:16:22.800> at<00:16:23.079> the<00:16:23.199> word
to do with this kind of cut at the word
to do with this kind of cut at the word
Simplicity<00:16:24.560> which<00:16:24.759> doesn't<00:16:25.360> cover<00:16:25.880> branzi<00:16:26.839> it
Simplicity which doesn't cover branzi it
Simplicity which doesn't cover branzi it
doesn't<00:16:27.319> answer<00:16:27.600> the<00:16:27.759> question<00:16:28.120> of<00:16:28.480> why
doesn't answer the question of why
doesn't answer the question of why
is<00:16:30.199> better<00:16:30.519> or<00:16:30.759> worse<00:16:31.000> or<00:16:31.240> simpler<00:16:31.600> or<00:16:31.759> less
is better or worse or simpler or less
is better or worse or simpler or less
simpler<00:16:32.319> than<00:16:32.639> van<00:16:33.639> and<00:16:33.800> certainly<00:16:34.120> doesn't
simpler than van and certainly doesn't
simpler than van and certainly doesn't
address<00:16:34.839> the<00:16:35.000> question<00:16:35.240> of<00:16:35.440> whether<00:16:35.639> Mozart
address the question of whether Mozart
address the question of whether Mozart
is<00:16:36.279> simpler<00:16:36.600> than<00:16:36.959> b<00:16:37.959> but<00:16:38.120> it<00:16:38.279> does<00:16:38.839> make<00:16:39.040> a
is simpler than b but it does make a
is simpler than b but it does make a
point<00:16:39.959> which<00:16:40.240> is<00:16:41.000> one<00:16:41.399> which<00:16:42.040> in<00:16:42.160> a<00:16:42.360> sense
point which is one which in a sense
point which is one which in a sense
differentiates<00:16:43.560> the<00:16:43.680> real<00:16:43.959> world<00:16:44.279> of<00:16:44.440> people
differentiates the real world of people
differentiates the real world of people
who<00:16:44.920> make<00:16:45.199> things<00:16:45.839> and<00:16:46.000> the<00:16:46.120> world<00:16:46.560> of<00:16:46.759> people
who make things and the world of people
who make things and the world of people
who<00:16:47.160> think<00:16:47.399> about<00:16:47.720> things<00:16:48.560> which<00:16:48.759> is<00:16:49.160> there<00:16:49.399> is
who think about things which is there is
who think about things which is there is
an<00:16:50.040> intellectual<00:16:50.759> Merit<00:16:51.440> to<00:16:51.720> asking<00:16:52.199> how<00:16:52.319> do
an intellectual Merit to asking how do
an intellectual Merit to asking how do
we<00:16:52.560> make<00:16:52.880> things<00:16:53.600> as<00:16:53.839> simple<00:16:54.199> as<00:16:54.360> we<00:16:54.560> can<00:16:55.279> as
we make things as simple as we can as
we make things as simple as we can as
cheap<00:16:55.880> as<00:16:56.000> we<00:16:56.199> can<00:16:56.800> as<00:16:57.000> functional<00:16:57.519> as<00:16:57.680> we<00:16:57.839> can
cheap as we can as functional as we can
cheap as we can as functional as we can
and<00:16:58.519> as<00:16:58.959> freely<00:16:59.240> interconnectable<00:17:00.000> as<00:17:00.160> we<00:17:00.360> can
and as freely interconnectable as we can
and as freely interconnectable as we can
if<00:17:01.199> we<00:17:01.360> make<00:17:01.680> that<00:17:01.839> kind<00:17:02.000> of<00:17:02.240> Simplicity<00:17:02.880> in
if we make that kind of Simplicity in
if we make that kind of Simplicity in
our<00:17:03.319> technology<00:17:04.280> and<00:17:04.439> then<00:17:04.640> give<00:17:04.760> it<00:17:04.919> to<00:17:05.240> you
our technology and then give it to you
our technology and then give it to you
guys<00:17:06.039> you<00:17:06.319> can<00:17:06.480> go<00:17:06.679> off<00:17:06.880> and<00:17:07.000> do<00:17:07.199> all<00:17:07.319> kinds<00:17:07.520> of
guys you can go off and do all kinds of
guys you can go off and do all kinds of
fabulous<00:17:08.120> things<00:17:08.400> with<00:17:08.520> it<00:17:09.199> thank<00:17:09.360> you<00:17:09.480> very
much<00:17:19.319> a<00:17:19.559> quick<00:17:20.160> uh<00:17:21.160> quick<00:17:21.439> question<00:17:22.240> so<00:17:23.240> can
much a quick uh quick question so can
much a quick uh quick question so can
you<00:17:24.760> picture<00:17:25.240> that<00:17:25.439> a<00:17:25.600> science<00:17:26.319> of<00:17:26.720> of
you picture that a science of of
you picture that a science of of
Simplicity<00:17:27.400> might<00:17:27.640> get<00:17:27.760> to<00:17:27.880> the<00:17:28.079> point<00:17:28.400> where
Simplicity might get to the point where
Simplicity might get to the point where
you<00:17:29.039> could<00:17:29.200> look<00:17:29.360> out<00:17:29.600> at<00:17:29.919> various<00:17:30.240> systems
you could look out at various systems
you could look out at various systems
say<00:17:30.880> a<00:17:31.080> financial<00:17:31.559> system<00:17:31.880> or<00:17:32.039> a<00:17:32.440> legal<00:17:32.720> system
say a financial system or a legal system
say a financial system or a legal system
health<00:17:33.320> system<00:17:33.640> and<00:17:34.000> say<00:17:35.000> that<00:17:35.240> has<00:17:35.400> got<00:17:35.600> to
health system and say that has got to
health system and say that has got to
the<00:17:35.880> point<00:17:36.080> of<00:17:36.280> danger<00:17:36.640> or<00:17:36.880> dysfunctionality
the point of danger or dysfunctionality
the point of danger or dysfunctionality
for<00:17:37.960> the<00:17:38.039> following<00:17:38.400> reasons<00:17:38.840> and<00:17:38.960> this<00:17:39.039> is
for the following reasons and this is
for the following reasons and this is
how<00:17:39.320> we<00:17:39.440> might<00:17:39.640> simplify<00:17:40.120> it<00:17:40.480> yes<00:17:40.679> I<00:17:40.760> think<00:17:40.919> you
how we might simplify it yes I think you
how we might simplify it yes I think you
could<00:17:41.559> because<00:17:41.799> if<00:17:41.880> you<00:17:42.000> look<00:17:42.160> at<00:17:42.280> the
could because if you look at the
could because if you look at the
components<00:17:43.000> from<00:17:43.240> which<00:17:43.400> the<00:17:43.559> system<00:17:43.840> is<00:17:44.039> made
components from which the system is made
components from which the system is made
and<00:17:44.799> examine<00:17:45.240> their<00:17:45.400> fragility<00:17:46.240> or<00:17:46.520> their
and examine their fragility or their
and examine their fragility or their
stability<00:17:47.679> you<00:17:47.799> can<00:17:48.039> probably<00:17:48.320> build<00:17:48.600> a<00:17:48.760> kind
stability you can probably build a kind
stability you can probably build a kind
of<00:17:49.080> risk<00:17:49.400> assessment<00:17:49.880> based<00:17:50.120> on<00:17:50.360> that<00:17:50.559> basis
of risk assessment based on that basis
of risk assessment based on that basis
have<00:17:51.360> you<00:17:51.480> started<00:17:51.880> to<00:17:52.000> do<00:17:52.160> that<00:17:52.320> I<00:17:52.360> mean<00:17:52.480> with
have you started to do that I mean with
have you started to do that I mean with
the<00:17:52.679> health<00:17:52.960> system<00:17:53.280> you've<00:17:53.480> got<00:17:53.679> a<00:17:53.799> sort<00:17:53.960> of
the health system you've got a sort of
the health system you've got a sort of
radical<00:17:54.880> Solution<00:17:55.240> on<00:17:55.400> the<00:17:55.520> cost<00:17:55.919> side<00:17:56.240> but<00:17:56.360> in
radical Solution on the cost side but in
radical Solution on the cost side but in
terms<00:17:56.679> of<00:17:56.799> the<00:17:56.919> system<00:17:57.600> itself<00:17:58.600> well<00:17:59.280> um<00:18:00.240> no
terms of the system itself well um no
terms of the system itself well um no
how<00:18:01.200> do<00:18:01.360> I<00:18:01.480> put<00:18:01.720> that<00:18:01.880> simply<00:18:02.240> no<00:18:02.679> that<00:18:02.799> that
how do I put that simply no that that
how do I put that simply no that that
was<00:18:03.280> that<00:18:03.360> was<00:18:03.480> a<00:18:03.679> simple<00:18:04.200> powerful<00:18:04.640> answer
was that was a simple powerful answer
was that was a simple powerful answer
yes<00:18:05.520> um<00:18:05.840> so<00:18:06.000> in<00:18:06.120> terms<00:18:06.360> of<00:18:06.720> that<00:18:07.000> that
yes um so in terms of that that
yes um so in terms of that that
diagnostic<00:18:08.280> um<00:18:08.520> technology<00:18:09.000> that<00:18:09.120> you've<00:18:09.320> got
diagnostic um technology that you've got
diagnostic um technology that you've got
where<00:18:10.000> is<00:18:10.240> that<00:18:10.520> and<00:18:10.760> and<00:18:11.000> when<00:18:11.159> do<00:18:11.240> you<00:18:11.320> see
where is that and and when do you see
where is that and and when do you see
that<00:18:12.039> maybe<00:18:12.280> getting<00:18:12.440> rolled<00:18:12.720> out<00:18:12.840> to<00:18:13.000> scale
that maybe getting rolled out to scale
that maybe getting rolled out to scale
that's<00:18:13.799> coming<00:18:14.039> out<00:18:14.280> soon<00:18:14.640> I<00:18:14.720> mean<00:18:14.919> the
that's coming out soon I mean the
that's coming out soon I mean the
systems<00:18:15.480> work<00:18:15.720> and<00:18:15.840> we<00:18:15.960> have<00:18:16.080> to<00:18:16.240> find<00:18:16.400> out<00:18:16.559> how
systems work and we have to find out how
systems work and we have to find out how
to<00:18:16.840> manufacture<00:18:17.480> them<00:18:17.679> and<00:18:17.880> do<00:18:18.039> things<00:18:18.240> of
to manufacture them and do things of
to manufacture them and do things of
this<00:18:18.600> kind<00:18:18.840> but<00:18:19.159> the<00:18:19.280> basic<00:18:19.679> technology<00:18:20.280> Works
this kind but the basic technology Works
this kind but the basic technology Works
you've<00:18:21.039> got<00:18:21.240> you've<00:18:21.360> got<00:18:21.440> a<00:18:21.559> company<00:18:21.880> set<00:18:22.080> up
you've got you've got a company set up
you've got you've got a company set up
to<00:18:22.960> a<00:18:23.080> foundation<00:18:23.799> a<00:18:23.960> foundation<00:18:24.799> not<00:18:24.960> for
to a foundation a foundation not for
to a foundation a foundation not for
profit<00:18:26.200> all<00:18:26.320> right<00:18:26.480> well<00:18:26.640> thank<00:18:26.799> you<00:18:26.919> so<00:18:27.039> much
profit all right well thank you so much
profit all right well thank you so much
for<00:18:27.559> your<00:18:27.760> talk<00:18:28.000> thank<00:18:28.159> you
what<00:18:39.640> does<00:18:39.799> a<00:18:39.960> machine<00:18:40.600> know<00:18:40.840> about
what does a machine know about
what does a machine know about
itself<00:18:42.760> can<00:18:42.880> it<00:18:43.039> know<00:18:43.240> when<00:18:43.400> it<00:18:43.480> needs<00:18:43.679> to<00:18:43.799> be
itself can it know when it needs to be
itself can it know when it needs to be
repaired<00:18:45.039> and<00:18:45.200> when<00:18:45.320> it
repaired and when it
repaired and when it
doesn't<00:18:47.000> in<00:18:47.200> Industries<00:18:47.679> like<00:18:47.880> manufacturing
doesn't in Industries like manufacturing
doesn't in Industries like manufacturing
and<00:18:48.679> energy<00:18:49.440> they're<00:18:49.640> using<00:18:49.960> Predictive
and energy they're using Predictive
and energy they're using Predictive
Analytics<00:18:51.039> to<00:18:51.240> detect<00:18:51.600> signs<00:18:51.840> of<00:18:52.080> trouble
Analytics to detect signs of trouble
Analytics to detect signs of trouble
helping<00:18:53.440> some<00:18:53.679> companies<00:18:54.200> save<00:18:54.480> Millions<00:18:54.840> on
helping some companies save Millions on
helping some companies save Millions on
maintenance<00:18:56.039> because<00:18:56.360> machines<00:18:56.760> seek<00:18:57.039> help
maintenance because machines seek help
maintenance because machines seek help
before<00:18:57.720> they're<00:18:57.880> broken<00:18:58.840> and<00:18:59.000> don't<00:18:59.480> when
before they're broken and don't when
before they're broken and don't when
they're<00:18:59.799> not<00:19:00.640> that's<00:19:00.799> what<00:19:00.960> I'm<00:19:01.080> working<00:19:01.360> on
they're not that's what I'm working on
they're not that's what I'm working on
I'm<00:19:02.039> an<00:19:02.200> ibmr<00:19:02.919> let's<00:19:03.120> build<00:19:03.320> a<00:19:03.480> smarter<00:19:03.880> planet
TED TED Talk, George, Whitesides, simple, simplicity, philosophy, TEDEducation, TED-Ed, TED, Ed
