Printing a human kidney - Anthony Atala
[Music]
there's<00:00:16.400> actually<00:00:16.940> a<00:00:16.970> major<00:00:17.420> health<00:00:18.050> crisis
there's actually a major health crisis
there's actually a major health crisis
today<00:00:18.920> in<00:00:19.070> terms<00:00:19.279> of<00:00:19.430> the<00:00:19.520> shortage<00:00:19.910> of<00:00:20.029> organs
today in terms of the shortage of organs
today in terms of the shortage of organs
the<00:00:21.380> fact<00:00:21.650> is<00:00:21.890> that<00:00:22.040> we're<00:00:22.190> living<00:00:22.490> longer
the fact is that we're living longer
the fact is that we're living longer
Medicine<00:00:23.480> has<00:00:23.570> done<00:00:23.720> a<00:00:23.750> much<00:00:24.140> better<00:00:24.170> job
Medicine has done a much better job
Medicine has done a much better job
making<00:00:25.820> us<00:00:25.939> live<00:00:26.119> longer<00:00:26.420> and<00:00:26.750> the<00:00:27.260> problem<00:00:27.710> is
making us live longer and the problem is
making us live longer and the problem is
as<00:00:28.070> we<00:00:28.220> age<00:00:28.430> our<00:00:29.120> organs<00:00:30.110> tend<00:00:30.320> to<00:00:30.410> fail<00:00:30.620> more
as we age our organs tend to fail more
as we age our organs tend to fail more
and<00:00:31.270> so<00:00:32.270> currently<00:00:33.370> there<00:00:34.370> not<00:00:34.640> enough<00:00:34.910> organs
and so currently there not enough organs
and so currently there not enough organs
to<00:00:35.330> go<00:00:35.360> around<00:00:35.750> in<00:00:35.930> fact<00:00:36.260> in<00:00:36.410> the<00:00:36.470> last<00:00:36.710> ten
to go around in fact in the last ten
to go around in fact in the last ten
years<00:00:37.040> a<00:00:37.520> number<00:00:37.730> of<00:00:37.910> patients<00:00:38.600> require<00:00:38.989> an
years a number of patients require an
years a number of patients require an
organ<00:00:39.470> has<00:00:39.590> doubled<00:00:40.190> well<00:00:40.879> in<00:00:41.030> the<00:00:41.150> same<00:00:41.360> time
organ has doubled well in the same time
organ has doubled well in the same time
the<00:00:42.320> actual<00:00:42.650> number<00:00:42.949> of<00:00:42.980> transplants<00:00:43.430> has
the actual number of transplants has
the actual number of transplants has
barely<00:00:44.150> gone<00:00:44.480> up<00:00:44.690> this<00:00:45.470> is<00:00:45.559> now<00:00:45.800> a<00:00:45.830> public
barely gone up this is now a public
barely gone up this is now a public
health<00:00:46.519> crisis<00:00:47.180> so<00:00:48.110> that's<00:00:48.260> where<00:00:48.409> this<00:00:48.500> field
health crisis so that's where this field
health crisis so that's where this field
comes<00:00:49.070> in<00:00:49.309> that<00:00:49.460> we<00:00:49.519> call<00:00:49.820> the<00:00:50.030> field<00:00:50.360> of
comes in that we call the field of
comes in that we call the field of
regenerative<00:00:50.989> medicine<00:00:51.280> it<00:00:52.280> really<00:00:52.610> involves
regenerative medicine it really involves
regenerative medicine it really involves
many<00:00:53.210> different<00:00:53.659> areas<00:00:53.870> you<00:00:54.080> can<00:00:54.470> use
many different areas you can use
many different areas you can use
actually<00:00:54.769> scaffolds<00:00:55.699> biomaterials<00:00:56.570> they're
actually scaffolds biomaterials they're
actually scaffolds biomaterials they're
like<00:00:57.650> the<00:00:57.800> piece<00:00:57.979> of<00:00:58.100> your<00:00:58.250> blouse<00:00:58.460> or<00:00:58.850> your
like the piece of your blouse or your
like the piece of your blouse or your
shirt<00:00:59.269> but<00:00:59.930> specific<00:01:00.710> materials<00:01:01.250> you<00:01:01.370> can
shirt but specific materials you can
shirt but specific materials you can
actually<00:01:01.879> implanted<00:01:02.180> patients<00:01:02.900> and<00:01:03.049> they
actually implanted patients and they
actually implanted patients and they
will<00:01:03.260> do<00:01:03.440> well<00:01:03.650> and<00:01:03.920> help<00:01:04.489> you<00:01:04.610> regenerate<00:01:05.000> or
will do well and help you regenerate or
will do well and help you regenerate or
we<00:01:06.890> can<00:01:07.070> use<00:01:07.100> cells<00:01:07.610> alone<00:01:08.120> either<00:01:08.570> your<00:01:08.960> very
we can use cells alone either your very
we can use cells alone either your very
own<00:01:09.290> cells<00:01:09.740> or<00:01:10.070> different<00:01:11.000> stem<00:01:11.180> cell
own cells or different stem cell
own cells or different stem cell
populations<00:01:12.110> or<00:01:12.490> we<00:01:13.490> can<00:01:13.640> use<00:01:13.670> both<00:01:14.060> we<00:01:14.390> can
populations or we can use both we can
populations or we can use both we can
use<00:01:14.630> actually<00:01:14.979> biomaterials<00:01:15.979> and<00:01:16.280> the<00:01:17.000> cells
use actually biomaterials and the cells
use actually biomaterials and the cells
together<00:01:17.719> and<00:01:18.020> that's<00:01:18.920> where<00:01:19.159> the<00:01:19.579> field<00:01:19.820> is
together and that's where the field is
together and that's where the field is
today<00:01:20.500> but<00:01:21.500> it's<00:01:21.649> actually<00:01:22.130> not<00:01:22.280> a<00:01:22.340> new<00:01:22.549> field
today but it's actually not a new field
today but it's actually not a new field
interestingly<00:01:23.960> this<00:01:24.530> is<00:01:24.590> a<00:01:24.740> book<00:01:25.100> that<00:01:25.310> was
interestingly this is a book that was
interestingly this is a book that was
published<00:01:25.670> back<00:01:26.030> in<00:01:26.270> 1938<00:01:28.479> titled<00:01:29.479> a<00:01:29.539> culture
published back in 1938 titled a culture
published back in 1938 titled a culture
of<00:01:30.109> organs<00:01:30.530> the<00:01:30.680> first<00:01:30.890> author<00:01:31.189> Alexis<00:01:31.939> Carrel
of organs the first author Alexis Carrel
of organs the first author Alexis Carrel
and<00:01:32.539> Nobel<00:01:32.899> Prize<00:01:33.229> winner<00:01:33.590> he<00:01:33.859> actually
and Nobel Prize winner he actually
and Nobel Prize winner he actually
devised<00:01:34.609> some<00:01:34.820> of<00:01:34.909> the<00:01:35.000> same<00:01:35.270> technologies
devised some of the same technologies
devised some of the same technologies
used<00:01:36.320> today<00:01:36.530> for<00:01:36.649> suturing<00:01:37.250> blood<00:01:37.490> vessels
used today for suturing blood vessels
used today for suturing blood vessels
and<00:01:38.060> some<00:01:38.479> of<00:01:38.570> the<00:01:38.630> blood<00:01:38.869> vessel<00:01:39.259> grafts<00:01:39.679> were
and some of the blood vessel grafts were
and some of the blood vessel grafts were
used<00:01:39.979> today<00:01:40.310> were<00:01:40.789> actually<00:01:41.479> designed<00:01:42.380> by
used today were actually designed by
used today were actually designed by
Alexis<00:01:43.189> but<00:01:44.090> I<00:01:44.119> want<00:01:44.359> you<00:01:44.479> to<00:01:44.600> note<00:01:44.869> his
Alexis but I want you to note his
Alexis but I want you to note his
co-author<00:01:46.299> Charles<00:01:47.299> Lindbergh<00:01:48.310> that's<00:01:49.310> the
co-author Charles Lindbergh that's the
co-author Charles Lindbergh that's the
same<00:01:50.210> Charles<00:01:50.659> Lindbergh<00:01:51.140> who<00:01:51.890> actually
same Charles Lindbergh who actually
same Charles Lindbergh who actually
spent<00:01:52.609> the<00:01:52.640> rest<00:01:52.789> of<00:01:52.969> his<00:01:53.060> life<00:01:53.329> working<00:01:53.749> with
spent the rest of his life working with
spent the rest of his life working with
Alexis<00:01:55.310> at<00:01:55.520> the<00:01:55.640> Rockefeller<00:01:56.179> Institute<00:01:56.509> in
Alexis at the Rockefeller Institute in
Alexis at the Rockefeller Institute in
New<00:01:57.140> York<00:01:57.499> in<00:01:57.770> the<00:01:58.609> area<00:01:58.850> of<00:01:58.909> the<00:01:58.969> culture<00:01:59.329> of
New York in the area of the culture of
New York in the area of the culture of
organs<00:01:59.810> so<00:02:00.200> the<00:02:00.469> fields<00:02:00.829> been<00:02:00.950> around<00:02:01.130> for<00:02:01.310> so
organs so the fields been around for so
organs so the fields been around for so
long<00:02:01.490> why<00:02:01.969> so<00:02:02.240> field<00:02:02.509> clinical<00:02:02.869> advances<00:02:03.409> and
long why so field clinical advances and
long why so field clinical advances and
that<00:02:03.619> really<00:02:03.829> has<00:02:04.039> to<00:02:04.219> do<00:02:04.369> to<00:02:04.939> many<00:02:05.240> different
that really has to do to many different
that really has to do to many different
challenges<00:02:06.109> but<00:02:06.259> if<00:02:06.380> I<00:02:06.499> were<00:02:06.649> to<00:02:06.799> point<00:02:06.950> to
challenges but if I were to point to
challenges but if I were to point to
three<00:02:07.460> challenges<00:02:08.090> the<00:02:08.810> first<00:02:09.080> one<00:02:09.259> is
three challenges the first one is
three challenges the first one is
actually<00:02:09.590> the<00:02:09.920> design<00:02:10.100> of<00:02:10.670> materials<00:02:11.420> that
actually the design of materials that
actually the design of materials that
could<00:02:11.750> go<00:02:11.900> in<00:02:12.020> your<00:02:12.140> body<00:02:12.350> and<00:02:12.740> do<00:02:13.340> well<00:02:13.580> over
could go in your body and do well over
could go in your body and do well over
time<00:02:14.330> and<00:02:14.660> many<00:02:15.080> advances<00:02:15.740> now<00:02:15.980> we<00:02:16.460> can<00:02:16.700> do
time and many advances now we can do
time and many advances now we can do
that<00:02:16.970> fairly<00:02:17.330> readily<00:02:17.569> the<00:02:18.560> second<00:02:18.980> challenge
that fairly readily the second challenge
that fairly readily the second challenge
with<00:02:19.460> cells<00:02:19.730> we<00:02:19.970> could<00:02:20.120> not<00:02:20.390> get<00:02:20.570> enough<00:02:20.810> of
with cells we could not get enough of
with cells we could not get enough of
your<00:02:21.050> cells<00:02:21.380> to<00:02:21.650> grow<00:02:21.830> outside<00:02:22.280> of<00:02:22.670> your<00:02:22.730> body
your cells to grow outside of your body
your cells to grow outside of your body
over<00:02:23.750> the<00:02:23.990> last<00:02:24.170> 20<00:02:24.590> years
over the last 20 years
over the last 20 years
years<00:02:24.950> we've<00:02:25.490> basically<00:02:26.030> tackled<00:02:26.810> that<00:02:26.870> many
years we've basically tackled that many
years we've basically tackled that many
scientists<00:02:27.680> can<00:02:27.890> now<00:02:27.980> grow<00:02:28.400> many<00:02:28.580> different
scientists can now grow many different
scientists can now grow many different
types<00:02:29.090> of<00:02:29.240> cells<00:02:29.420> plus<00:02:30.050> we<00:02:30.230> have<00:02:30.380> stem<00:02:30.650> cells
types of cells plus we have stem cells
types of cells plus we have stem cells
but<00:02:31.040> even<00:02:31.310> now<00:02:31.550> 2011<00:02:32.410> there's<00:02:33.410> still<00:02:33.710> certain
but even now 2011 there's still certain
but even now 2011 there's still certain
cells<00:02:34.280> that<00:02:34.490> we<00:02:34.580> just<00:02:34.880> can<00:02:35.180> grow<00:02:35.660> from<00:02:36.380> the
cells that we just can grow from the
cells that we just can grow from the
patient<00:02:37.120> liver<00:02:38.120> cells<00:02:38.510> nerve<00:02:39.350> cells
patient liver cells nerve cells
patient liver cells nerve cells
pancreatic<00:02:40.730> cells<00:02:40.940> still<00:02:41.330> can<00:02:41.570> grow<00:02:41.810> them
pancreatic cells still can grow them
pancreatic cells still can grow them
even<00:02:42.320> today<00:02:42.470> and<00:02:43.000> the<00:02:44.000> third<00:02:44.240> challenge<00:02:44.480> is
even today and the third challenge is
even today and the third challenge is
vascularity<00:02:45.440> the<00:02:45.950> actual<00:02:46.400> supply<00:02:46.820> of<00:02:47.420> blood
vascularity the actual supply of blood
vascularity the actual supply of blood
to<00:02:48.350> allow<00:02:49.010> those<00:02:49.850> organs<00:02:50.360> or<00:02:50.540> tissues<00:02:50.960> to
to allow those organs or tissues to
to allow those organs or tissues to
survive<00:02:51.560> once<00:02:52.070> we<00:02:52.250> regenerate<00:02:52.820> them<00:02:53.050> so<00:02:54.050> we
survive once we regenerate them so we
survive once we regenerate them so we
can<00:02:54.350> actually<00:02:54.530> use<00:02:55.190> biomaterials<00:02:55.940> now<00:02:56.150> this
can actually use biomaterials now this
can actually use biomaterials now this
is<00:02:56.480> actually<00:02:56.660> biomaterial<00:02:57.560> we<00:02:57.680> can<00:02:57.830> weave
is actually biomaterial we can weave
is actually biomaterial we can weave
them<00:02:58.310> knit<00:02:58.550> them<00:02:58.760> or<00:02:58.970> we<00:02:59.240> can<00:02:59.390> make<00:02:59.570> them<00:02:59.750> like
them knit them or we can make them like
them knit them or we can make them like
you<00:03:00.020> see<00:03:00.230> here<00:03:00.470> this<00:03:00.650> is<00:03:00.770> actually<00:03:01.160> like<00:03:01.340> a
you see here this is actually like a
you see here this is actually like a
cotton<00:03:01.910> candy<00:03:02.300> machine<00:03:02.709> you<00:03:03.709> saw<00:03:03.890> this<00:03:04.040> spray
cotton candy machine you saw this spray
cotton candy machine you saw this spray
going<00:03:04.760> in<00:03:05.180> that<00:03:05.420> was<00:03:05.540> like<00:03:05.720> the<00:03:05.840> fibers<00:03:06.350> of<00:03:06.470> the
going in that was like the fibers of the
going in that was like the fibers of the
cotton<00:03:06.800> candy<00:03:07.160> creating<00:03:08.090> this<00:03:08.270> structure
cotton candy creating this structure
cotton candy creating this structure
this<00:03:09.170> tubular<00:03:09.380> eye<00:03:09.560> structure<00:03:09.920> which<00:03:10.130> is<00:03:10.280> a
this tubular eye structure which is a
this tubular eye structure which is a
biomaterial<00:03:10.730> that<00:03:11.690> we<00:03:11.810> can<00:03:11.959> then<00:03:12.110> use<00:03:12.500> to<00:03:12.860> help
biomaterial that we can then use to help
biomaterial that we can then use to help
your<00:03:13.940> body<00:03:14.209> regenerate<00:03:15.110> using<00:03:15.950> your<00:03:16.070> very<00:03:16.430> own
your body regenerate using your very own
your body regenerate using your very own
cells<00:03:17.030> to<00:03:17.300> do<00:03:17.480> so<00:03:17.780> and<00:03:18.020> that's<00:03:18.920> exactly<00:03:19.310> what
cells to do so and that's exactly what
cells to do so and that's exactly what
we<00:03:19.820> did<00:03:19.970> here<00:03:20.290> because<00:03:21.290> it's<00:03:21.470> actually<00:03:21.709> a
we did here because it's actually a
we did here because it's actually a
patient<00:03:22.490> who<00:03:22.580> presented<00:03:22.790> with<00:03:23.150> a<00:03:23.270> deceased
patient who presented with a deceased
patient who presented with a deceased
organ<00:03:24.170> and<00:03:24.530> we<00:03:25.430> then<00:03:25.670> created<00:03:26.060> one<00:03:26.270> of<00:03:26.360> these
organ and we then created one of these
organ and we then created one of these
smart<00:03:26.959> biomaterials<00:03:27.230> and<00:03:28.040> we<00:03:28.190> then<00:03:28.370> use<00:03:28.730> that
smart biomaterials and we then use that
smart biomaterials and we then use that
smart<00:03:29.420> bomb<00:03:29.600> material<00:03:30.110> to<00:03:30.290> replace<00:03:30.800> and
smart bomb material to replace and
smart bomb material to replace and
repair<00:03:31.690> that<00:03:32.690> patients<00:03:33.290> structure<00:03:33.850> what<00:03:34.850> we
repair that patients structure what we
repair that patients structure what we
did<00:03:35.209> was<00:03:35.450> we<00:03:35.600> actually<00:03:36.019> use<00:03:36.140> the<00:03:36.290> biomaterial
did was we actually use the biomaterial
did was we actually use the biomaterial
as<00:03:37.310> a<00:03:37.370> bridge<00:03:37.940> so<00:03:38.900> that<00:03:38.930> the<00:03:39.050> cells<00:03:39.440> in<00:03:39.709> the
as a bridge so that the cells in the
as a bridge so that the cells in the
organ<00:03:40.310> could<00:03:40.519> walk<00:03:40.910> on<00:03:40.940> that<00:03:41.390> bridge<00:03:41.660> if<00:03:41.900> you
organ could walk on that bridge if you
organ could walk on that bridge if you
will<00:03:42.290> and<00:03:42.590> help<00:03:43.370> to<00:03:43.610> bridge<00:03:43.940> the<00:03:44.180> gap<00:03:44.390> to
will and help to bridge the gap to
will and help to bridge the gap to
regenerate<00:03:45.290> that<00:03:45.470> tissue<00:03:45.530> and<00:03:46.160> you<00:03:46.610> see<00:03:46.760> that
regenerate that tissue and you see that
regenerate that tissue and you see that
patient<00:03:47.420> now<00:03:47.510> six<00:03:47.840> months<00:03:47.930> after<00:03:48.290> with<00:03:49.070> an
patient now six months after with an
patient now six months after with an
x-ray<00:03:49.580> showing<00:03:50.090> you<00:03:50.239> the<00:03:50.870> regenerated<00:03:51.709> tissue
x-ray showing you the regenerated tissue
x-ray showing you the regenerated tissue
which<00:03:52.220> is<00:03:52.250> fully<00:03:52.580> regenerated<00:03:53.269> when<00:03:53.840> you
which is fully regenerated when you
which is fully regenerated when you
analyze<00:03:54.410> it<00:03:54.440> under<00:03:54.860> the<00:03:54.950> microscope<00:03:55.870> we<00:03:56.870> can
analyze it under the microscope we can
analyze it under the microscope we can
also<00:03:57.170> use<00:03:57.440> cells<00:03:57.739> alone<00:03:58.100> these<00:03:59.030> are<00:03:59.090> actually
also use cells alone these are actually
also use cells alone these are actually
cells<00:04:00.019> that<00:04:00.350> we<00:04:00.530> obtained<00:04:01.340> these<00:04:01.700> are<00:04:01.880> stem
cells that we obtained these are stem
cells that we obtained these are stem
cells<00:04:02.150> that<00:04:02.450> we<00:04:02.570> create<00:04:02.989> from<00:04:03.709> specific
cells that we create from specific
cells that we create from specific
sources<00:04:04.400> and<00:04:05.060> these<00:04:05.120> are<00:04:05.300> we<00:04:05.510> can<00:04:05.660> drive<00:04:05.959> them
sources and these are we can drive them
sources and these are we can drive them
to<00:04:06.260> chem<00:04:06.500> heart<00:04:06.800> cells<00:04:07.100> and<00:04:07.370> they<00:04:07.459> start
to chem heart cells and they start
to chem heart cells and they start
beating<00:04:07.910> in<00:04:08.209> culture<00:04:09.080> so<00:04:09.610> they<00:04:10.610> know<00:04:10.790> what<00:04:11.000> to
beating in culture so they know what to
beating in culture so they know what to
do<00:04:11.330> the<00:04:11.600> cells<00:04:11.870> genetically<00:04:12.290> know<00:04:12.680> what<00:04:12.860> to
do the cells genetically know what to
do the cells genetically know what to
then<00:04:13.100> they<00:04:13.220> start<00:04:13.489> beating<00:04:13.790> together<00:04:13.940> now
then they start beating together now
then they start beating together now
today<00:04:15.380> many<00:04:15.980> clinical<00:04:16.489> trials<00:04:16.940> using
today many clinical trials using
today many clinical trials using
different<00:04:17.750> kinds<00:04:18.049> of<00:04:18.109> stem<00:04:18.380> cells<00:04:18.709> for<00:04:18.919> heart
different kinds of stem cells for heart
different kinds of stem cells for heart
disease<00:04:19.630> so<00:04:20.630> that's<00:04:20.810> actually<00:04:21.049> now<00:04:21.470> in
disease so that's actually now in
disease so that's actually now in
patients<00:04:22.940> or<00:04:23.620> if<00:04:24.620> we're<00:04:25.130> going<00:04:25.160> to<00:04:25.310> use<00:04:25.490> larger
patients or if we're going to use larger
patients or if we're going to use larger
structures<00:04:26.600> to<00:04:26.780> replace<00:04:27.140> larger<00:04:27.620> structures
structures to replace larger structures
structures to replace larger structures
we<00:04:28.220> can<00:04:28.370> then<00:04:28.520> use<00:04:28.640> the<00:04:28.700> patient's<00:04:29.270> own<00:04:29.360> cells
we can then use the patient's own cells
we can then use the patient's own cells
or<00:04:30.190> some<00:04:31.190> cell<00:04:31.400> population<00:04:32.150> and<00:04:32.330> the
or some cell population and the
or some cell population and the
biomaterials<00:04:33.560> the<00:04:33.740> scaffolds<00:04:34.400> together
biomaterials the scaffolds together
biomaterials the scaffolds together
so<00:04:36.320> the<00:04:36.470> concept<00:04:37.370> here<00:04:37.400> is<00:04:37.640> if<00:04:37.760> you<00:04:37.850> do<00:04:38.030> have<00:04:38.210> a
so the concept here is if you do have a
so the concept here is if you do have a
or<00:04:39.350> injured<00:04:40.250> organ<00:04:40.700> we<00:04:40.850> take<00:04:41.030> a<00:04:41.060> very<00:04:41.420> small
or injured organ we take a very small
or injured organ we take a very small
piece<00:04:42.020> of<00:04:42.050> that<00:04:42.410> tissue<00:04:42.830> listen<00:04:43.250> half<00:04:43.460> the
piece of that tissue listen half the
piece of that tissue listen half the
size<00:04:43.910> of<00:04:44.270> a<00:04:44.690> postage<00:04:44.840> stamp
size of a postage stamp
size of a postage stamp
we<00:04:46.430> then<00:04:46.610> tease<00:04:46.910> the<00:04:47.120> cells<00:04:47.360> apart<00:04:47.900> we<00:04:48.530> grow
we then tease the cells apart we grow
we then tease the cells apart we grow
the<00:04:48.950> cells<00:04:49.190> outside<00:04:49.460> the<00:04:49.730> body<00:04:49.880> we<00:04:50.870> then<00:04:51.050> take
the cells outside the body we then take
the cells outside the body we then take
a<00:04:51.320> scaffold<00:04:52.010> a<00:04:52.100> biomaterial
a scaffold a biomaterial
a scaffold a biomaterial
again<00:04:53.530> looks<00:04:54.530> very<00:04:54.740> much<00:04:54.950> like<00:04:55.160> a<00:04:55.190> piece<00:04:55.370> of
again looks very much like a piece of
again looks very much like a piece of
your<00:04:55.670> blouse<00:04:55.910> or<00:04:56.240> your<00:04:56.360> shirt
your blouse or your shirt
your blouse or your shirt
we<00:04:57.350> then<00:04:57.530> shape<00:04:57.980> that<00:04:58.280> material<00:04:58.940> and<00:04:59.090> we<00:04:59.180> then
we then shape that material and we then
we then shape that material and we then
use<00:04:59.540> those<00:04:59.780> cells<00:04:59.990> to<00:05:00.260> code<00:05:00.590> that<00:05:01.430> material
use those cells to code that material
use those cells to code that material
one<00:05:02.270> layer<00:05:02.510> at<00:05:02.720> a<00:05:02.750> time<00:05:02.920> very<00:05:03.920> much<00:05:04.130> like
one layer at a time very much like
one layer at a time very much like
baking<00:05:04.760> a<00:05:04.820> layer<00:05:04.970> cake<00:05:05.210> if<00:05:05.420> you<00:05:05.450> will<00:05:05.740> we<00:05:06.740> then
baking a layer cake if you will we then
baking a layer cake if you will we then
place<00:05:07.190> that<00:05:07.250> in<00:05:07.490> an<00:05:07.700> oven-like<00:05:08.210> device<00:05:08.330> and
place that in an oven-like device and
place that in an oven-like device and
we're<00:05:09.350> able<00:05:09.590> to<00:05:09.740> create<00:05:10.040> that<00:05:10.160> structure<00:05:10.550> and
we're able to create that structure and
we're able to create that structure and
bring<00:05:11.390> it<00:05:11.600> out<00:05:11.950> this<00:05:12.950> is<00:05:13.130> actually<00:05:13.550> a<00:05:13.580> hard
bring it out this is actually a hard
bring it out this is actually a hard
valve<00:05:14.230> that<00:05:15.230> we<00:05:15.410> have<00:05:15.530> engineered<00:05:16.040> and<00:05:16.420> you
valve that we have engineered and you
valve that we have engineered and you
can<00:05:17.570> see<00:05:17.780> here<00:05:18.140> we<00:05:18.320> have<00:05:18.530> the<00:05:18.650> structure<00:05:19.190> of
can see here we have the structure of
can see here we have the structure of
the<00:05:19.370> heart<00:05:19.610> valve<00:05:19.850> and<00:05:20.030> we've<00:05:20.660> seated<00:05:21.110> that
the heart valve and we've seated that
the heart valve and we've seated that
with<00:05:21.500> cells<00:05:21.860> and<00:05:22.190> then<00:05:22.910> we<00:05:22.940> exercise<00:05:23.690> that<00:05:23.900> you
with cells and then we exercise that you
with cells and then we exercise that you
so<00:05:24.230> you<00:05:24.320> see<00:05:24.470> the<00:05:24.590> leaflets<00:05:25.100> opening<00:05:25.580> and
so you see the leaflets opening and
so you see the leaflets opening and
closing<00:05:26.240> of<00:05:26.500> this<00:05:27.500> heart<00:05:28.310> valve<00:05:28.580> that's
closing of this heart valve that's
closing of this heart valve that's
currently<00:05:30.170> being<00:05:30.350> used<00:05:30.560> experimentally<00:05:31.660> to
currently being used experimentally to
currently being used experimentally to
try<00:05:32.870> to<00:05:32.930> get<00:05:33.170> it<00:05:33.320> to<00:05:33.590> to<00:05:34.040> further<00:05:34.280> studies
try to get it to to further studies
try to get it to to further studies
another<00:05:36.560> technology<00:05:37.550> we<00:05:38.000> have<00:05:38.150> used<00:05:38.420> in
another technology we have used in
another technology we have used in
patients<00:05:39.320> actually<00:05:39.850> involves<00:05:40.850> bladders<00:05:41.660> we
patients actually involves bladders we
patients actually involves bladders we
actually<00:05:42.290> take<00:05:42.740> a<00:05:42.770> very<00:05:43.100> small<00:05:43.430> piece<00:05:43.670> of<00:05:43.700> a
actually take a very small piece of a
actually take a very small piece of a
bladder<00:05:44.150> from<00:05:44.420> the<00:05:44.600> patient<00:05:45.050> less<00:05:45.230> than<00:05:45.350> half
bladder from the patient less than half
bladder from the patient less than half
the<00:05:45.680> size<00:05:45.860> of<00:05:46.010> a<00:05:46.100> postage<00:05:46.460> stamp
the size of a postage stamp
the size of a postage stamp
we<00:05:47.660> then<00:05:47.810> grow<00:05:47.990> the<00:05:48.140> cells<00:05:48.290> outside<00:05:48.620> the<00:05:48.890> body
we then grow the cells outside the body
we then grow the cells outside the body
take<00:05:49.550> the<00:05:49.670> scaffold<00:05:50.150> coat<00:05:50.450> the<00:05:50.690> scaffold<00:05:51.290> with
take the scaffold coat the scaffold with
take the scaffold coat the scaffold with
the<00:05:51.770> cells<00:05:52.040> the<00:05:52.340> patient's<00:05:52.730> own<00:05:52.820> cells<00:05:53.000> two
the cells the patient's own cells two
the cells the patient's own cells two
different<00:05:53.540> cell<00:05:53.720> types<00:05:54.280> we<00:05:55.280> then<00:05:55.550> put<00:05:56.060> it<00:05:56.180> in
different cell types we then put it in
different cell types we then put it in
this<00:05:56.360> oven<00:05:56.660> like<00:05:56.930> device<00:05:57.290> has<00:05:57.560> the<00:05:57.590> same
this oven like device has the same
this oven like device has the same
conditions<00:05:58.430> as<00:05:58.550> a<00:05:58.580> human<00:05:58.910> body<00:05:59.320> 37<00:06:00.320> degrees
conditions as a human body 37 degrees
conditions as a human body 37 degrees
centigrade<00:06:00.820> 95%<00:06:01.820> oxygen<00:06:02.270> a<00:06:02.450> few<00:06:03.020> weeks<00:06:03.200> later
centigrade 95% oxygen a few weeks later
centigrade 95% oxygen a few weeks later
you<00:06:03.590> have<00:06:03.800> your<00:06:03.980> engineered<00:06:04.520> organ<00:06:04.970> that
you have your engineered organ that
you have your engineered organ that
we're<00:06:05.720> then<00:06:05.900> able<00:06:06.050> to<00:06:06.290> implant<00:06:06.560> back<00:06:06.950> into<00:06:07.400> the
we're then able to implant back into the
we're then able to implant back into the
patient<00:06:08.000> for<00:06:08.840> these<00:06:08.990> specific<00:06:09.620> patients<00:06:10.070> we
patient for these specific patients we
patient for these specific patients we
actually<00:06:10.670> just<00:06:10.880> suture<00:06:11.300> these<00:06:11.510> materials<00:06:12.110> we
actually just suture these materials we
actually just suture these materials we
use<00:06:12.410> three-dimensional<00:06:13.310> imaging<00:06:13.730> analysis
use three-dimensional imaging analysis
use three-dimensional imaging analysis
but<00:06:14.480> we<00:06:14.510> actually<00:06:14.960> created<00:06:15.350> these
but we actually created these
but we actually created these
biomaterials<00:06:16.880> by<00:06:17.090> hand<00:06:17.650> but<00:06:18.650> we<00:06:18.770> now<00:06:18.980> have
biomaterials by hand but we now have
biomaterials by hand but we now have
better<00:06:19.700> ways<00:06:20.060> to<00:06:20.090> create<00:06:20.720> these<00:06:20.900> structures
better ways to create these structures
better ways to create these structures
with<00:06:21.800> the<00:06:21.950> cells<00:06:22.250> we<00:06:22.520> use<00:06:22.730> now<00:06:23.000> some<00:06:23.810> type<00:06:24.080> of
with the cells we use now some type of
with the cells we use now some type of
technologies<00:06:26.840> where<00:06:27.110> first<00:06:27.410> solid<00:06:27.860> organs
technologies where first solid organs
technologies where first solid organs
for<00:06:28.370> example<00:06:28.850> like<00:06:29.030> the<00:06:29.180> liver<00:06:29.620> what<00:06:30.620> we<00:06:30.740> do<00:06:30.920> is
for example like the liver what we do is
for example like the liver what we do is
we<00:06:31.220> take<00:06:31.400> discard<00:06:31.970> livers<00:06:32.410> as<00:06:33.410> you<00:06:33.680> know<00:06:33.860> a<00:06:33.890> lot
we take discard livers as you know a lot
we take discard livers as you know a lot
of<00:06:34.400> organs<00:06:34.820> are<00:06:35.030> actually<00:06:35.390> discarded<00:06:35.960> not
of organs are actually discarded not
of organs are actually discarded not
used<00:06:36.560> so<00:06:36.890> we<00:06:37.010> can<00:06:37.160> take<00:06:37.430> these<00:06:37.610> liver
used so we can take these liver
used so we can take these liver
structures<00:06:38.480> which<00:06:38.630> are<00:06:38.810> not<00:06:39.380> going<00:06:39.680> to<00:06:39.800> be
structures which are not going to be
structures which are not going to be
used<00:06:40.220> and<00:06:40.520> we<00:06:41.060> then<00:06:41.240> put<00:06:41.510> them<00:06:41.600> in<00:06:41.690> a<00:06:41.810> washing
used and we then put them in a washing
used and we then put them in a washing
machine<00:06:42.440> like<00:06:43.130> structure<00:06:43.820> that<00:06:44.660> will<00:06:44.870> allow
machine like structure that will allow
machine like structure that will allow
the<00:06:45.140> cells<00:06:45.560> to<00:06:45.710> be<00:06:45.740> washed<00:06:46.160> away<00:06:46.400> two<00:06:47.300> weeks
the cells to be washed away two weeks
the cells to be washed away two weeks
later<00:06:47.840> you<00:06:48.050> have<00:06:48.169> something<00:06:48.919> that<00:06:49.100> looks<00:06:49.400> like
later you have something that looks like
later you have something that looks like
a<00:06:49.669> liver<00:06:50.060> you<00:06:50.900> can<00:06:51.080> hold<00:06:51.350> it<00:06:51.500> like<00:06:51.530> a<00:06:51.680> liver
a liver you can hold it like a liver
a liver you can hold it like a liver
but<00:06:52.610> it<00:06:52.699> has<00:06:52.820> no<00:06:53.060> cells<00:06:53.389> it's<00:06:53.690> just<00:06:53.840> a<00:06:53.960> skeleton
but it has no cells it's just a skeleton
but it has no cells it's just a skeleton
of<00:06:54.860> the<00:06:54.979> liver<00:06:55.190> and<00:06:55.490> we<00:06:56.120> then<00:06:56.270> can<00:06:56.300> Reaper<00:06:56.810> fuse
of the liver and we then can Reaper fuse
of the liver and we then can Reaper fuse
the<00:06:57.740> liver<00:06:58.040> with<00:06:58.820> cells<00:06:59.800> preserving<00:07:00.800> the
the liver with cells preserving the
the liver with cells preserving the
blood<00:07:01.040> vessel<00:07:01.520> tree<00:07:01.790> so<00:07:02.060> we<00:07:02.210> actually<00:07:02.389> profuse
blood vessel tree so we actually profuse
blood vessel tree so we actually profuse
first<00:07:03.260> a<00:07:03.410> blood<00:07:03.620> vessel<00:07:03.740> tree<00:07:04.220> with<00:07:05.000> the
first a blood vessel tree with the
first a blood vessel tree with the
patient's<00:07:05.600> own<00:07:05.690> blood<00:07:06.229> vessel<00:07:06.650> cells<00:07:06.860> and<00:07:07.190> we
patient's own blood vessel cells and we
patient's own blood vessel cells and we
then<00:07:07.400> infiltrate<00:07:08.120> the<00:07:08.270> parenchyma<00:07:08.900> with<00:07:09.620> the
then infiltrate the parenchyma with the
then infiltrate the parenchyma with the
liver<00:07:09.979> cells<00:07:10.280> and<00:07:10.520> we<00:07:10.610> not<00:07:10.760> been<00:07:10.940> able<00:07:11.120> just<00:07:11.479> to
liver cells and we not been able just to
liver cells and we not been able just to
show<00:07:11.840> the<00:07:12.590> creation<00:07:13.070> of<00:07:13.160> human<00:07:13.580> liver<00:07:13.820> tissue
show the creation of human liver tissue
show the creation of human liver tissue
just<00:07:14.930> this<00:07:15.110> past<00:07:15.440> month<00:07:15.560> using<00:07:16.070> this
just this past month using this
just this past month using this
technology<00:07:19.360> another<00:07:20.360> technology<00:07:21.020> that<00:07:21.500> we've
technology another technology that we've
technology another technology that we've
used<00:07:21.889> is<00:07:22.040> actually<00:07:22.490> that<00:07:22.669> of<00:07:22.699> printing<00:07:23.360> this
used is actually that of printing this
used is actually that of printing this
is<00:07:24.020> actually<00:07:24.530> a<00:07:24.560> desktop<00:07:25.130> inkjet<00:07:25.370> printer<00:07:26.000> but
is actually a desktop inkjet printer but
is actually a desktop inkjet printer but
instead<00:07:27.289> of<00:07:27.380> using<00:07:27.620> ink<00:07:28.160> we're<00:07:28.490> using<00:07:28.669> cells
instead of using ink we're using cells
instead of using ink we're using cells
and<00:07:29.949> you<00:07:30.949> can<00:07:31.100> actually<00:07:31.280> see<00:07:31.699> here<00:07:31.910> the
and you can actually see here the
and you can actually see here the
printhead<00:07:32.389> going<00:07:32.660> through<00:07:32.900> and<00:07:33.080> printing
printhead going through and printing
printhead going through and printing
this<00:07:33.650> structure<00:07:34.190> and<00:07:34.340> it<00:07:34.430> takes<00:07:34.760> about<00:07:34.880> 40
this structure and it takes about 40
this structure and it takes about 40
minutes<00:07:35.510> to<00:07:35.690> print<00:07:35.990> this<00:07:36.110> structure<00:07:36.530> and
minutes to print this structure and
minutes to print this structure and
there's<00:07:36.770> a<00:07:36.860> 3d<00:07:37.190> elevator<00:07:37.729> that<00:07:38.510> then<00:07:38.840> actually
there's a 3d elevator that then actually
there's a 3d elevator that then actually
goes<00:07:39.500> down<00:07:39.740> one<00:07:40.100> layer<00:07:40.340> at<00:07:40.460> a<00:07:40.520> time<00:07:40.789> each<00:07:41.060> time
goes down one layer at a time each time
goes down one layer at a time each time
the<00:07:41.330> printhead<00:07:41.479> goes<00:07:41.990> through<00:07:42.350> then<00:07:42.800> finally
the printhead goes through then finally
the printhead goes through then finally
you're<00:07:43.400> able<00:07:43.430> to<00:07:43.639> get<00:07:43.850> that<00:07:44.030> structure<00:07:44.419> out
you're able to get that structure out
you're able to get that structure out
you<00:07:45.680> can<00:07:45.830> pop<00:07:46.010> that<00:07:46.190> structure<00:07:46.639> out<00:07:46.789> of<00:07:46.820> the
you can pop that structure out of the
you can pop that structure out of the
printer<00:07:47.419> and<00:07:47.600> implant<00:07:48.440> it<00:07:48.650> and<00:07:48.860> this<00:07:49.370> is
printer and implant it and this is
printer and implant it and this is
actually<00:07:49.760> a<00:07:50.060> piece<00:07:50.600> of<00:07:50.630> bone<00:07:51.260> that<00:07:51.470> I'm<00:07:51.590> going
actually a piece of bone that I'm going
actually a piece of bone that I'm going
to<00:07:51.800> show<00:07:51.979> you<00:07:52.039> in<00:07:52.419> this<00:07:53.419> slide<00:07:53.690> that<00:07:54.020> was
to show you in this slide that was
to show you in this slide that was
actually<00:07:54.949> created<00:07:55.280> with<00:07:55.729> this<00:07:55.910> desktop
actually created with this desktop
actually created with this desktop
printer<00:07:56.840> and<00:07:57.050> implant<00:07:57.889> it<00:07:58.070> as<00:07:58.250> you<00:07:58.550> see<00:07:58.789> here
printer and implant it as you see here
printer and implant it as you see here
that's<00:07:59.479> all<00:07:59.780> new<00:07:59.990> bone<00:08:00.260> that<00:08:00.889> was<00:08:01.039> implanted
that's all new bone that was implanted
that's all new bone that was implanted
using<00:08:02.000> these<00:08:02.570> techniques<00:08:04.570> another<00:08:05.710> more
using these techniques another more
using these techniques another more
advanced<00:08:07.070> technology<00:08:07.849> we're<00:08:07.970> looking<00:08:08.270> at
advanced technology we're looking at
advanced technology we're looking at
right<00:08:08.570> now<00:08:08.630> our<00:08:08.960> next<00:08:09.200> generation<00:08:09.710> of
right now our next generation of
right now our next generation of
technologies<00:08:10.370> are<00:08:10.520> more<00:08:10.789> sophisticated
technologies are more sophisticated
technologies are more sophisticated
printers<00:08:11.990> this<00:08:12.260> particular<00:08:12.919> printer<00:08:13.250> with
printers this particular printer with
printers this particular printer with
worthy<00:08:13.820> signing<00:08:14.270> now<00:08:14.450> is<00:08:15.169> actually<00:08:15.710> 1<00:08:15.889> we
worthy signing now is actually 1 we
worthy signing now is actually 1 we
print<00:08:16.310> right<00:08:16.729> on<00:08:16.940> the<00:08:17.030> patient<00:08:17.539> so<00:08:18.500> what<00:08:18.650> you
print right on the patient so what you
print right on the patient so what you
see<00:08:18.979> here<00:08:19.010> is<00:08:19.460> I<00:08:20.590> know<00:08:21.590> it<00:08:21.740> sounds<00:08:22.010> funny<00:08:22.250> but
see here is I know it sounds funny but
see here is I know it sounds funny but
that's<00:08:24.199> the<00:08:24.349> way<00:08:24.500> it<00:08:24.590> works<00:08:24.800> because<00:08:25.130> in
that's the way it works because in
that's the way it works because in
reality<00:08:25.900> what<00:08:26.900> you<00:08:27.050> want<00:08:27.229> to<00:08:27.349> do<00:08:27.440> is<00:08:27.560> you
reality what you want to do is you
reality what you want to do is you
actually<00:08:27.860> want<00:08:28.190> to<00:08:28.220> have<00:08:28.340> the<00:08:28.490> patient<00:08:29.000> on<00:08:29.150> the
actually want to have the patient on the
actually want to have the patient on the
bed<00:08:29.539> with<00:08:30.110> the<00:08:30.289> wound<00:08:30.530> and<00:08:30.770> you<00:08:30.889> have<00:08:31.070> a
bed with the wound and you have a
bed with the wound and you have a
scanner<00:08:31.719> basically<00:08:32.719> a<00:08:32.750> cliff<00:08:32.959> like<00:08:32.990> a<00:08:33.289> flatbed
scanner basically a cliff like a flatbed
scanner basically a cliff like a flatbed
scanner<00:08:33.919> that's<00:08:34.490> what<00:08:34.700> you<00:08:34.789> see<00:08:35.029> here<00:08:35.270> on<00:08:35.360> the
scanner that's what you see here on the
scanner that's what you see here on the
right<00:08:35.659> side<00:08:35.990> you<00:08:36.680> see<00:08:36.709> a<00:08:36.919> scanner<00:08:37.459> technology
right side you see a scanner technology
right side you see a scanner technology
that<00:08:38.599> first<00:08:38.900> scans<00:08:39.409> the<00:08:39.830> wound<00:08:40.070> on<00:08:40.339> the
that first scans the wound on the
that first scans the wound on the
patient<00:08:41.539> and<00:08:41.659> then<00:08:42.650> it<00:08:43.010> comes<00:08:43.339> back<00:08:43.610> with<00:08:44.029> the
patient and then it comes back with the
patient and then it comes back with the
print<00:08:44.570> hits<00:08:44.810> actually<00:08:45.350> printing<00:08:45.770> the<00:08:45.890> layers
print hits actually printing the layers
print hits actually printing the layers
that<00:08:46.459> you<00:08:46.610> require<00:08:47.029> on<00:08:47.330> the<00:08:47.990> patient's
that you require on the patient's
that you require on the patient's
themselves<00:08:49.570> this<00:08:50.570> is<00:08:50.690> how<00:08:50.810> it<00:08:50.959> actually<00:08:50.990> works
themselves this is how it actually works
themselves this is how it actually works
here's<00:08:51.800> a<00:08:51.860> scanner<00:08:52.250> going<00:08:52.640> through<00:08:52.970> scanning
here's a scanner going through scanning
here's a scanner going through scanning
the<00:08:53.930> wound
the wound
the wound
once<00:08:55.790> it's<00:08:55.970> scanned<00:08:56.380> sends<00:08:57.380> information<00:08:58.010> in
once it's scanned sends information in
once it's scanned sends information in
layers<00:08:58.790> the<00:08:59.120> correct<00:08:59.959> layers<00:09:00.230> of<00:09:00.440> cells<00:09:00.650> where
layers the correct layers of cells where
layers the correct layers of cells where
they<00:09:01.010> need<00:09:01.160> to<00:09:01.310> be<00:09:01.459> and<00:09:01.730> now<00:09:02.570> you're<00:09:02.690> going<00:09:02.810> to
they need to be and now you're going to
they need to be and now you're going to
see<00:09:03.050> here<00:09:03.290> a<00:09:03.350> demo<00:09:03.860> of<00:09:04.010> is<00:09:04.310> this<00:09:04.579> actually
see here a demo of is this actually
see here a demo of is this actually
being<00:09:05.209> done
being done
being done
in<00:09:06.500> a<00:09:07.370> representative<00:09:08.209> wound<00:09:08.600> and<00:09:08.870> we
in a representative wound and we
in a representative wound and we
actually<00:09:09.139> do<00:09:09.440> this<00:09:09.500> with<00:09:09.649> a<00:09:09.709> gel<00:09:10.130> so<00:09:10.730> you<00:09:10.790> can
actually do this with a gel so you can
actually do this with a gel so you can
lift<00:09:11.329> the<00:09:11.510> gel<00:09:11.720> material<00:09:12.170> so<00:09:12.290> once<00:09:12.500> those
lift the gel material so once those
lift the gel material so once those
cells<00:09:12.950> are<00:09:13.040> on<00:09:13.190> the<00:09:13.279> patient<00:09:13.670> they<00:09:13.730> will<00:09:13.760> stick
cells are on the patient they will stick
cells are on the patient they will stick
where<00:09:14.899> they<00:09:15.019> need<00:09:15.200> to<00:09:15.230> be<00:09:15.529> and<00:09:15.769> this<00:09:16.040> is
where they need to be and this is
where they need to be and this is
actually<00:09:16.610> new<00:09:17.120> technology<00:09:17.779> still<00:09:18.079> under
actually new technology still under
actually new technology still under
development<00:09:20.350> we're<00:09:21.350> also<00:09:21.470> working<00:09:21.800> on<00:09:22.070> more
development we're also working on more
development we're also working on more
sophisticated<00:09:22.910> printers<00:09:23.420> because<00:09:23.630> in
sophisticated printers because in
sophisticated printers because in
reality<00:09:23.930> our<00:09:24.529> biggest<00:09:25.070> challenge<00:09:25.850> are<00:09:26.120> the
reality our biggest challenge are the
reality our biggest challenge are the
solid<00:09:26.600> organs<00:09:26.959> I<00:09:27.260> don't<00:09:28.220> know<00:09:28.310> if<00:09:28.370> you<00:09:28.459> realize
solid organs I don't know if you realize
solid organs I don't know if you realize
this<00:09:28.940> but<00:09:29.300> ninety<00:09:30.110> percent<00:09:30.350> of<00:09:30.949> the<00:09:31.610> patients
this but ninety percent of the patients
this but ninety percent of the patients
and<00:09:32.240> the<00:09:32.360> transplant<00:09:32.959> list<00:09:33.019> are<00:09:33.470> actually
and the transplant list are actually
and the transplant list are actually
waiting<00:09:34.610> for<00:09:35.120> a<00:09:35.149> kidney<00:09:35.920> patients<00:09:36.920> are<00:09:37.040> dying
waiting for a kidney patients are dying
waiting for a kidney patients are dying
every<00:09:37.940> day<00:09:37.970> because<00:09:38.690> we<00:09:39.110> don't<00:09:39.290> have<00:09:39.320> enough
every day because we don't have enough
every day because we don't have enough
of<00:09:39.769> those<00:09:39.949> organs<00:09:40.399> to<00:09:40.550> go<00:09:40.699> around<00:09:41.110> so<00:09:42.110> this<00:09:42.320> is
of those organs to go around so this is
of those organs to go around so this is
more<00:09:42.680> challenging<00:09:42.949> large<00:09:43.699> organ<00:09:44.560> vascular<00:09:45.560> a
more challenging large organ vascular a
more challenging large organ vascular a
lot<00:09:46.070> of<00:09:46.190> blood<00:09:46.370> vessels<00:09:46.399> supply<00:09:47.120> a<00:09:47.420> lot<00:09:47.810> of
lot of blood vessels supply a lot of
lot of blood vessels supply a lot of
cells<00:09:48.260> present<00:09:48.579> so<00:09:49.579> the<00:09:49.730> strategy<00:09:50.240> here<00:09:50.600> is
cells present so the strategy here is
cells present so the strategy here is
this<00:09:50.930> is<00:09:51.079> actually<00:09:51.260> a<00:09:51.500> CT<00:09:51.980> scan<00:09:52.310> an<00:09:52.579> x-ray<00:09:53.029> and
this is actually a CT scan an x-ray and
this is actually a CT scan an x-ray and
we<00:09:54.050> go<00:09:54.260> layer<00:09:54.769> by<00:09:54.800> layer<00:09:55.070> using<00:09:55.940> computerized
we go layer by layer using computerized
we go layer by layer using computerized
morphometric<00:09:56.990> imaging<00:09:57.649> analysis<00:09:58.250> and<00:09:58.430> 3d
morphometric imaging analysis and 3d
morphometric imaging analysis and 3d
reconstruction<00:09:59.389> to<00:09:59.720> get<00:09:59.899> right<00:10:00.350> down<00:10:00.620> to
reconstruction to get right down to
reconstruction to get right down to
those<00:10:01.250> patient's<00:10:01.760> own<00:10:01.880> kidneys<00:10:02.360> we<00:10:03.170> then<00:10:03.320> are
those patient's own kidneys we then are
those patient's own kidneys we then are
able<00:10:03.500> to<00:10:03.740> actually<00:10:04.310> image<00:10:04.970> those<00:10:05.540> do
able to actually image those do
able to actually image those do
360-degree<00:10:07.610> rotation<00:10:08.029> to<00:10:08.420> actually<00:10:08.810> analyze
360-degree rotation to actually analyze
360-degree rotation to actually analyze
the<00:10:09.230> kidney<00:10:09.769> in<00:10:09.829> its<00:10:10.010> full<00:10:10.690> volumetric
the kidney in its full volumetric
the kidney in its full volumetric
characteristics<00:10:13.430> and<00:10:13.610> we<00:10:14.120> then<00:10:14.269> are<00:10:14.360> able<00:10:14.600> to
characteristics and we then are able to
characteristics and we then are able to
actually<00:10:15.230> take<00:10:15.560> this<00:10:15.980> information<00:10:16.220> and<00:10:17.019> then
actually take this information and then
actually take this information and then
scan<00:10:18.620> this<00:10:19.100> in<00:10:19.519> a<00:10:19.730> printing<00:10:20.390> computerized
scan this in a printing computerized
scan this in a printing computerized
form<00:10:21.589> so<00:10:21.920> we<00:10:22.010> go<00:10:22.160> layer<00:10:22.550> by<00:10:22.579> layer<00:10:22.910> through<00:10:23.690> the
form so we go layer by layer through the
form so we go layer by layer through the
organ<00:10:24.730> analyzing<00:10:25.730> each<00:10:25.940> layer<00:10:26.329> as<00:10:26.600> we<00:10:26.750> go
organ analyzing each layer as we go
organ analyzing each layer as we go
through<00:10:27.170> the<00:10:27.290> organ<00:10:27.649> and<00:10:28.370> we<00:10:28.519> then<00:10:28.670> are<00:10:28.699> able
through the organ and we then are able
through the organ and we then are able
to<00:10:29.029> send<00:10:29.510> that<00:10:29.660> information<00:10:29.870> as<00:10:30.649> you<00:10:31.430> see<00:10:31.610> here
to send that information as you see here
to send that information as you see here
through<00:10:32.329> the<00:10:32.420> computer<00:10:32.990> and<00:10:33.140> actually<00:10:33.829> design
through the computer and actually design
through the computer and actually design
the<00:10:35.240> organ<00:10:35.750> for<00:10:36.079> the<00:10:36.199> patient<00:10:36.740> this<00:10:37.579> actually
the organ for the patient this actually
the organ for the patient this actually
shows<00:10:38.510> the<00:10:39.350> actual<00:10:39.709> printer<00:10:40.220> and<00:10:40.720> this
shows the actual printer and this
shows the actual printer and this
actually<00:10:42.199> shows<00:10:42.410> that<00:10:42.440> printing<00:10:43.040> in<00:10:43.130> fact<00:10:43.459> we
actually shows that printing in fact we
actually shows that printing in fact we
actually<00:10:44.390> have<00:10:44.990> the<00:10:45.560> printer<00:10:45.949> right<00:10:46.100> here<00:10:46.490> so
actually have the printer right here so
actually have the printer right here so
I'm<00:10:47.420> in<00:10:47.870> while<00:10:48.260> we've<00:10:48.529> been<00:10:48.560> talking<00:10:49.250> today
I'm in while we've been talking today
I'm in while we've been talking today
we've<00:10:49.910> actually<00:10:50.680> you<00:10:51.680> can<00:10:51.860> actually<00:10:52.279> see<00:10:52.550> the
we've actually you can actually see the
we've actually you can actually see the
printer<00:10:53.690> back<00:10:53.870> here<00:10:54.170> in<00:10:54.290> the<00:10:54.649> backstage
printer back here in the backstage
printer back here in the backstage
that's<00:10:55.430> actually<00:10:55.819> the<00:10:55.940> actual<00:10:56.269> printer<00:10:56.600> right
that's actually the actual printer right
that's actually the actual printer right
now<00:10:57.079> and<00:10:57.410> that's<00:10:57.890> been<00:10:58.130> printing<00:10:58.550> this<00:10:58.699> kidney
now and that's been printing this kidney
now and that's been printing this kidney
structure<00:10:59.870> that<00:10:59.990> you<00:11:00.110> see<00:11:00.319> here<00:11:01.000> it<00:11:02.000> takes
structure that you see here it takes
structure that you see here it takes
about<00:11:02.389> seven<00:11:02.870> hours<00:11:03.050> to<00:11:03.380> print<00:11:03.589> the<00:11:03.680> kidneys
about seven hours to print the kidneys
about seven hours to print the kidneys
this<00:11:04.220> is<00:11:04.339> about<00:11:04.550> three<00:11:04.880> hours<00:11:04.910> into<00:11:05.569> it<00:11:05.690> now
this is about three hours into it now
this is about three hours into it now
and<00:11:06.639> dr.<00:11:07.639> Kang's<00:11:07.880> going<00:11:08.149> to<00:11:08.240> walk<00:11:08.480> onstage
and dr. Kang's going to walk onstage
and dr. Kang's going to walk onstage
right<00:11:09.139> now<00:11:09.199> and<00:11:09.709> we're<00:11:10.459> actually<00:11:10.610> going<00:11:10.910> to
right now and we're actually going to
right now and we're actually going to
show<00:11:11.089> you<00:11:11.269> one<00:11:11.510> of<00:11:11.600> these<00:11:11.690> kidneys<00:11:12.199> that<00:11:13.190> we
show you one of these kidneys that we
show you one of these kidneys that we
print<00:11:13.490> a<00:11:13.579> little<00:11:13.699> bit<00:11:13.880> earlier<00:11:14.180> today
put<00:11:19.210> a<00:11:19.240> pair<00:11:19.480> of<00:11:19.510> gloves<00:11:19.720> here
thank<00:11:27.250> you
thank you
thank you
you're<00:11:29.410> backwards
so<00:11:37.079> these<00:11:38.079> clothes<00:11:38.319> are<00:11:38.439> a<00:11:38.470> little<00:11:38.499> bit<00:11:38.709> small
so these clothes are a little bit small
so these clothes are a little bit small
on<00:11:39.129> me<00:11:39.249> but<00:11:39.430> here<00:11:39.730> it<00:11:39.850> is<00:11:39.879> you<00:11:40.029> can<00:11:40.240> actually
on me but here it is you can actually
on me but here it is you can actually
see<00:11:40.990> that<00:11:41.980> kidney<00:11:42.430> as<00:11:42.519> it<00:11:42.670> was<00:11:42.790> printed
see that kidney as it was printed
see that kidney as it was printed
earlier<00:11:43.480> today
that's<00:11:59.940> a<00:12:00.060> little<00:12:00.209> bit<00:12:00.329> of<00:12:00.420> consistency<00:12:00.959> to<00:12:01.259> it
this<00:12:04.380> is<00:12:04.560> dr.<00:12:04.889> Connie<00:12:05.130> who's<00:12:05.310> been<00:12:05.490> working
this is dr. Connie who's been working
this is dr. Connie who's been working
with<00:12:05.970> us<00:12:06.000> in<00:12:06.240> this<00:12:06.360> project<00:12:06.630> and<00:12:07.079> we<00:12:07.230> went<00:12:08.009> a
with us in this project and we went a
with us in this project and we went a
part<00:12:08.250> of<00:12:08.339> our<00:12:08.490> team<00:12:08.699> Thank<00:12:09.089> You<00:12:09.180> dr.<00:12:09.449> Kahn
part of our team Thank You dr. Kahn
part of our team Thank You dr. Kahn
appreciate<00:12:10.440> it<00:12:15.740> so<00:12:16.740> this<00:12:16.860> is<00:12:17.040> actually<00:12:17.399> a<00:12:17.430> new
appreciate it so this is actually a new
appreciate it so this is actually a new
generation<00:12:18.149> this<00:12:18.899> is<00:12:19.050> actually<00:12:19.470> the<00:12:19.560> printer
generation this is actually the printer
generation this is actually the printer
that<00:12:20.040> you<00:12:20.160> see<00:12:20.339> here<00:12:20.550> on<00:12:20.670> stage<00:12:21.000> and<00:12:21.209> this<00:12:21.300> is
that you see here on stage and this is
that you see here on stage and this is
actually<00:12:21.839> a<00:12:21.870> new<00:12:22.019> technologies<00:12:22.560> we're
actually a new technologies we're
actually a new technologies we're
working<00:12:23.040> on<00:12:23.160> now<00:12:23.480> in<00:12:24.480> reality<00:12:24.860> you<00:12:25.860> know<00:12:26.009> we
working on now in reality you know we
working on now in reality you know we
now<00:12:26.519> have<00:12:26.759> a<00:12:26.790> long<00:12:27.060> history<00:12:27.300> of<00:12:27.600> doing<00:12:27.810> this
now have a long history of doing this
now have a long history of doing this
I'm<00:12:28.290> going<00:12:28.380> to<00:12:28.440> share<00:12:28.649> with<00:12:28.800> you<00:12:28.980> a<00:12:29.009> clip<00:12:29.399> in
I'm going to share with you a clip in
I'm going to share with you a clip in
terms<00:12:30.449> of<00:12:30.600> technology<00:12:31.529> that<00:12:31.620> we<00:12:31.740> have<00:12:31.920> had<00:12:32.130> in
terms of technology that we have had in
terms of technology that we have had in
patients<00:12:32.790> now<00:12:32.940> for<00:12:33.300> a<00:12:33.329> while<00:12:33.540> and<00:12:33.870> this<00:12:34.589> is
patients now for a while and this is
patients now for a while and this is
actually<00:12:35.190> a<00:12:35.220> very<00:12:35.399> brief<00:12:35.759> clip<00:12:36.029> only<00:12:36.449> about<00:12:36.600> 30
actually a very brief clip only about 30
actually a very brief clip only about 30
seconds<00:12:37.470> of<00:12:37.589> a<00:12:37.680> patient<00:12:38.220> who<00:12:38.430> actually
seconds of a patient who actually
seconds of a patient who actually
received<00:12:39.750> an<00:12:39.930> organ<00:12:40.319> I<00:12:40.470> was<00:12:40.680> really<00:12:40.949> sick<00:12:41.250> I
received an organ I was really sick I
received an organ I was really sick I
could<00:12:41.970> barely<00:12:42.209> get<00:12:42.509> out<00:12:42.569> of<00:12:42.690> bed<00:12:42.810> I<00:12:42.990> was
could barely get out of bed I was
could barely get out of bed I was
missing<00:12:43.620> school<00:12:43.920> it<00:12:44.250> was<00:12:44.459> just<00:12:44.639> pretty<00:12:45.089> much
missing school it was just pretty much
missing school it was just pretty much
miserable<00:12:45.810> I<00:12:45.899> couldn't<00:12:46.259> you<00:12:46.380> know<00:12:46.410> go<00:12:47.310> out<00:12:47.339> in
miserable I couldn't you know go out in
miserable I couldn't you know go out in
play<00:12:48.269> you<00:12:48.660> know<00:12:48.779> basketball<00:12:49.620> at<00:12:49.800> recess
play you know basketball at recess
play you know basketball at recess
without<00:12:50.399> feeling<00:12:51.180> like<00:12:51.360> I<00:12:51.480> was<00:12:51.630> going<00:12:51.750> to<00:12:51.810> pass
without feeling like I was going to pass
without feeling like I was going to pass
out<00:12:52.350> when<00:12:52.560> I<00:12:52.589> got<00:12:52.829> back<00:12:53.069> inside<00:12:53.550> it<00:12:53.819> was<00:12:53.970> I<00:12:54.380> felt
out when I got back inside it was I felt
out when I got back inside it was I felt
so<00:12:55.529> sick<00:12:55.829> I<00:12:56.069> was<00:12:56.430> facing<00:12:56.870> basically<00:12:57.870> a
so sick I was facing basically a
so sick I was facing basically a
lifetime<00:12:58.380> of<00:12:58.620> dialysis<00:12:59.370> and<00:12:59.639> I<00:12:59.910> don't<00:13:00.389> even
lifetime of dialysis and I don't even
lifetime of dialysis and I don't even
like<00:13:00.870> to<00:13:00.990> think<00:13:01.230> about<00:13:01.350> what<00:13:01.740> my<00:13:01.860> life<00:13:01.889> would
like to think about what my life would
like to think about what my life would
be<00:13:02.310> like<00:13:02.459> if<00:13:02.819> I<00:13:02.940> was<00:13:03.089> on<00:13:03.209> that<00:13:03.389> so<00:13:03.630> after<00:13:04.110> the
be like if I was on that so after the
be like if I was on that so after the
surgery<00:13:04.910> life<00:13:05.910> got<00:13:06.209> a<00:13:06.420> lot<00:13:06.720> better<00:13:06.990> for<00:13:07.319> me<00:13:07.380> I
surgery life got a lot better for me I
surgery life got a lot better for me I
was<00:13:07.769> able<00:13:07.920> to<00:13:08.069> do<00:13:08.279> more<00:13:08.519> things<00:13:08.730> I<00:13:09.029> was<00:13:09.209> able<00:13:09.899> to
was able to do more things I was able to
was able to do more things I was able to
wrestle<00:13:10.620> in<00:13:10.740> high<00:13:10.920> school<00:13:11.220> I<00:13:11.250> became<00:13:11.459> the
wrestle in high school I became the
wrestle in high school I became the
captain<00:13:12.269> the<00:13:12.389> team<00:13:12.420> and<00:13:13.019> that<00:13:13.649> was<00:13:13.769> great<00:13:14.040> I
captain the team and that was great I
captain the team and that was great I
was<00:13:14.339> able<00:13:14.459> to<00:13:14.639> be<00:13:14.819> you<00:13:15.089> know<00:13:15.209> the<00:13:15.660> normal<00:13:15.870> kid
was able to be you know the normal kid
was able to be you know the normal kid
with<00:13:16.529> my<00:13:16.709> friends<00:13:17.220> and<00:13:17.399> because<00:13:17.910> they<00:13:18.120> use<00:13:18.389> my
with my friends and because they use my
with my friends and because they use my
own<00:13:18.750> cells<00:13:19.050> to<00:13:19.350> you<00:13:19.529> know<00:13:19.649> build<00:13:19.920> this<00:13:20.100> bladder
own cells to you know build this bladder
own cells to you know build this bladder
it's<00:13:21.029> gonna<00:13:21.480> be<00:13:21.690> with<00:13:21.870> me<00:13:22.079> I<00:13:22.110> got<00:13:22.350> it<00:13:22.529> for<00:13:22.709> life
it's gonna be with me I got it for life
it's gonna be with me I got it for life
so<00:13:23.579> I'm<00:13:23.790> all<00:13:23.940> set
these<00:14:03.920> experiments<00:14:04.580> sometimes<00:14:04.940> work<00:14:05.210> and
these experiments sometimes work and
these experiments sometimes work and
it's<00:14:06.560> very<00:14:06.620> cool<00:14:07.130> when<00:14:07.340> they<00:14:07.460> do<00:14:07.520> Luke
it's very cool when they do Luke
it's very cool when they do Luke
come<00:14:08.450> up<00:14:08.570> please
so<00:14:30.120> look<00:14:31.110> before<00:14:31.710> last<00:14:32.220> night<00:14:32.460> when's<00:14:32.640> the
so look before last night when's the
so look before last night when's the
last<00:14:32.790> time<00:14:33.030> you<00:14:33.240> saw<00:14:33.420> Tony<00:14:33.690> ten<00:14:34.470> years<00:14:34.710> ago
last time you saw Tony ten years ago
last time you saw Tony ten years ago
when<00:14:35.220> I<00:14:35.310> had<00:14:35.460> my<00:14:35.610> surgery<00:14:35.850> and<00:14:36.210> it's<00:14:36.690> really
when I had my surgery and it's really
when I had my surgery and it's really
great<00:14:37.170> to<00:14:37.200> see<00:14:37.500> him
I'm<00:14:46.660> tell<00:14:46.870> us<00:14:46.959> a<00:14:47.019> little<00:14:47.079> about<00:14:47.259> what<00:14:47.500> you're
I'm tell us a little about what you're
I'm tell us a little about what you're
doing<00:14:47.860> well<00:14:48.639> right<00:14:48.940> now<00:14:49.089> I'm<00:14:49.449> in<00:14:49.750> college<00:14:50.050> at
doing well right now I'm in college at
doing well right now I'm in college at
the<00:14:50.529> University<00:14:51.069> of<00:14:51.100> Connecticut<00:14:51.459> I'm<00:14:51.880> a
the University of Connecticut I'm a
the University of Connecticut I'm a
sophomore<00:14:52.269> and<00:14:52.779> studying<00:14:53.740> communications<00:14:54.579> TV
sophomore and studying communications TV
sophomore and studying communications TV
and<00:14:55.209> mass<00:14:55.360> media<00:14:55.779> and<00:14:56.079> basically<00:14:57.040> trying<00:14:57.339> to
and mass media and basically trying to
and mass media and basically trying to
live<00:14:57.639> life<00:14:57.880> like<00:14:58.060> a<00:14:58.089> normal<00:14:58.509> kid<00:14:58.660> which<00:14:58.899> I
live life like a normal kid which I
live life like a normal kid which I
always<00:14:59.380> wanted<00:14:59.709> growing<00:15:00.069> up<00:15:00.220> but<00:15:00.399> it<00:15:00.490> was<00:15:00.610> hard
always wanted growing up but it was hard
always wanted growing up but it was hard
to<00:15:00.940> do<00:15:01.060> that<00:15:01.269> when<00:15:01.870> I<00:15:01.899> was<00:15:02.019> born<00:15:02.259> with<00:15:02.410> spina
to do that when I was born with spina
to do that when I was born with spina
bifida<00:15:02.860> and<00:15:03.160> my<00:15:03.610> kidneys<00:15:04.060> and<00:15:04.269> bladder
bifida and my kidneys and bladder
bifida and my kidneys and bladder
weren't<00:15:04.839> working<00:15:05.199> I<00:15:05.380> went<00:15:05.889> through<00:15:06.069> about<00:15:06.250> 16
weren't working I went through about 16
weren't working I went through about 16
surgeries<00:15:07.420> and<00:15:07.800> it<00:15:08.800> seemed<00:15:09.069> impossible<00:15:09.610> to<00:15:09.670> do
surgeries and it seemed impossible to do
surgeries and it seemed impossible to do
that<00:15:09.910> when<00:15:10.449> I<00:15:10.509> was<00:15:10.630> in<00:15:10.810> kidney<00:15:11.019> failure<00:15:11.199> when<00:15:11.709> I
that when I was in kidney failure when I
that when I was in kidney failure when I
was<00:15:11.949> ten<00:15:12.190> and<00:15:12.430> this<00:15:12.970> surgery<00:15:13.389> came<00:15:13.600> along<00:15:13.899> and
was ten and this surgery came along and
was ten and this surgery came along and
basically<00:15:14.829> made<00:15:15.279> me<00:15:15.310> who<00:15:15.550> I<00:15:15.579> am<00:15:15.699> -<00:15:16.089> and<00:15:16.360> saved
basically made me who I am - and saved
basically made me who I am - and saved
my<00:15:17.110> life
I'm<00:15:30.000> Tony<00:15:30.360> Dunne<00:15:30.660> hundreds<00:15:31.020> of<00:15:31.170> these<00:15:31.850> what<00:15:32.850> I
I'm Tony Dunne hundreds of these what I
I'm Tony Dunne hundreds of these what I
know<00:15:33.030> from<00:15:33.360> he's<00:15:33.720> he's<00:15:34.140> working<00:15:34.500> really<00:15:34.650> hard
know from he's he's working really hard
know from he's he's working really hard
in<00:15:35.130> his<00:15:35.220> lab<00:15:35.490> and<00:15:35.790> coming<00:15:36.210> up<00:15:36.300> with<00:15:36.540> crazy
in his lab and coming up with crazy
in his lab and coming up with crazy
stuff<00:15:37.800> I<00:15:37.980> know<00:15:38.040> I<00:15:38.190> was<00:15:38.460> one<00:15:38.640> of<00:15:38.670> first<00:15:39.030> ten
stuff I know I was one of first ten
stuff I know I was one of first ten
people<00:15:39.690> to<00:15:39.810> have<00:15:39.930> this<00:15:40.110> surgery<00:15:40.530> and<00:15:40.830> when<00:15:41.520> I
people to have this surgery and when I
people to have this surgery and when I
was<00:15:41.790> ten<00:15:42.030> I<00:15:42.060> didn't<00:15:42.390> realize<00:15:42.750> how<00:15:42.930> amazing<00:15:43.350> it
was ten I didn't realize how amazing it
was ten I didn't realize how amazing it
was<00:15:43.590> I<00:15:43.890> was<00:15:44.010> a<00:15:44.040> little<00:15:44.340> kid<00:15:44.580> and<00:15:44.700> I<00:15:44.910> was<00:15:45.540> like
was I was a little kid and I was like
was I was a little kid and I was like
yet<00:15:46.260> I'll<00:15:46.680> have<00:15:46.920> that<00:15:47.190> I'll<00:15:47.340> have<00:15:47.460> that
yet I'll have that I'll have that
yet I'll have that I'll have that
surgery<00:15:47.880> I<00:15:48.590> all<00:15:49.590> I<00:15:49.650> wanted<00:15:49.920> to<00:15:49.980> do<00:15:50.130> is<00:15:50.250> to<00:15:50.370> get
surgery I all I wanted to do is to get
surgery I all I wanted to do is to get
better<00:15:50.760> and<00:15:50.970> I<00:15:51.060> didn't<00:15:51.360> realize<00:15:51.690> how<00:15:51.960> amazing
better and I didn't realize how amazing
better and I didn't realize how amazing
it<00:15:52.620> really<00:15:52.650> was<00:15:53.010> until<00:15:53.280> now<00:15:53.880> that<00:15:54.150> I'm<00:15:54.270> older
it really was until now that I'm older
it really was until now that I'm older
and<00:15:54.600> I<00:15:54.780> see<00:15:55.020> the<00:15:55.260> amazing<00:15:55.620> things<00:15:56.040> that<00:15:56.160> he's
and I see the amazing things that he's
and I see the amazing things that he's
doing<00:15:57.050> um<00:15:58.050> when<00:15:59.010> you<00:15:59.490> know<00:15:59.610> you<00:15:59.670> got<00:15:59.970> this<00:16:00.150> call
doing um when you know you got this call
doing um when you know you got this call
out<00:16:00.390> of<00:16:00.630> the<00:16:00.690> blue<00:16:00.870> I<00:16:00.900> mean
out of the blue I mean
out of the blue I mean
Tony's<00:16:02.580> really<00:16:02.880> shy<00:16:03.120> and<00:16:03.560> it<00:16:04.560> took<00:16:04.680> a<00:16:04.770> lot<00:16:04.920> of
Tony's really shy and it took a lot of
Tony's really shy and it took a lot of
convincing<00:16:05.220> to<00:16:05.970> get<00:16:06.660> somebody<00:16:07.050> as<00:16:07.170> modest<00:16:07.530> as
convincing to get somebody as modest as
convincing to get somebody as modest as
Tony<00:16:07.920> to<00:16:08.340> allow<00:16:09.000> us<00:16:09.210> to<00:16:09.240> bring<00:16:09.510> Luke<00:16:10.190> so<00:16:11.190> look
Tony to allow us to bring Luke so look
Tony to allow us to bring Luke so look
you<00:16:11.790> go<00:16:11.940> to<00:16:12.000> your<00:16:12.180> communications<00:16:12.780> professors
you go to your communications professors
you go to your communications professors
your<00:16:13.470> majoring<00:16:13.890> communications<00:16:14.520> and<00:16:14.760> you<00:16:14.790> ask
your majoring communications and you ask
your majoring communications and you ask
them<00:16:15.150> for<00:16:15.300> permission<00:16:15.360> to<00:16:15.720> come<00:16:15.990> to<00:16:16.110> Ted<00:16:16.320> which
them for permission to come to Ted which
them for permission to come to Ted which
might<00:16:17.160> have<00:16:17.310> a<00:16:17.340> little<00:16:17.520> bit<00:16:17.640> to<00:16:17.760> do<00:16:17.850> with
might have a little bit to do with
might have a little bit to do with
communications<00:16:18.510> and<00:16:19.580> what<00:16:20.580> was<00:16:20.670> their
communications and what was their
communications and what was their
reaction<00:16:21.020> most<00:16:22.020> of<00:16:22.200> my<00:16:22.290> professors<00:16:22.680> were<00:16:23.070> all
reaction most of my professors were all
reaction most of my professors were all
for<00:16:23.760> it<00:16:23.880> and<00:16:24.060> they<00:16:24.270> said<00:16:24.510> bring<00:16:24.900> pictures<00:16:25.200> and
for it and they said bring pictures and
for it and they said bring pictures and
and<00:16:26.280> you<00:16:27.000> know<00:16:27.120> show<00:16:27.720> me<00:16:27.900> the<00:16:28.050> clips<00:16:28.320> online
and you know show me the clips online
and you know show me the clips online
and<00:16:29.040> I'm<00:16:29.100> happy<00:16:29.460> for<00:16:29.490> you<00:16:29.790> there<00:16:30.030> are<00:16:30.090> a<00:16:30.120> couple
and I'm happy for you there are a couple
and I'm happy for you there are a couple
that<00:16:30.540> were<00:16:30.660> a<00:16:30.690> little<00:16:30.840> stubborn<00:16:31.230> but<00:16:31.380> I<00:16:31.740> had<00:16:32.010> to
that were a little stubborn but I had to
that were a little stubborn but I had to
talk<00:16:32.310> to<00:16:32.340> I<00:16:33.050> pulled<00:16:34.050> him<00:16:34.140> aside<00:16:35.600> well<00:16:36.680> it's<00:16:37.680> an
talk to I pulled him aside well it's an
talk to I pulled him aside well it's an
honor<00:16:38.010> of<00:16:38.220> privilege<00:16:38.490> to<00:16:38.610> meet<00:16:38.730> you<00:16:38.760> thank<00:16:39.089> you
honor of privilege to meet you thank you
honor of privilege to meet you thank you
so<00:16:39.360> much
you
transplant, printer, Luke, Massella, Anthony, Atala, TED-Ed, TED, TED, Talk, TEDEducation, Ed
