Neuroscience, game theory, monkeys - Colin Camerer
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
I'm<00:00:13.040> going<00:00:13.160> to<00:00:13.240> talk<00:00:13.360> about<00:00:13.519> the<00:00:13.639> strategizing
I'm going to talk about the strategizing
I'm going to talk about the strategizing
brain<00:00:15.160> we're<00:00:15.280> going<00:00:15.400> to<00:00:15.480> use<00:00:15.719> a<00:00:16.000> unusual
brain we're going to use a unusual
brain we're going to use a unusual
combination<00:00:16.800> of<00:00:16.960> tools<00:00:17.320> from<00:00:17.480> Game<00:00:17.720> Theory
combination of tools from Game Theory
combination of tools from Game Theory
and<00:00:18.160> Neuroscience<00:00:19.160> to<00:00:19.560> understand<00:00:19.760> how
and Neuroscience to understand how
and Neuroscience to understand how
people<00:00:20.160> interact<00:00:20.560> socially<00:00:20.960> when<00:00:21.119> value<00:00:21.400> is
people interact socially when value is
people interact socially when value is
on<00:00:21.640> the<00:00:21.800> line<00:00:22.320> so<00:00:22.519> game<00:00:22.760> theory<00:00:23.039> is<00:00:23.160> a<00:00:23.400> a<00:00:23.519> branch
on the line so game theory is a a branch
on the line so game theory is a a branch
of<00:00:24.000> originally<00:00:24.320> Applied<00:00:25.000> Mathematics<00:00:26.000> uh
of originally Applied Mathematics uh
of originally Applied Mathematics uh
used<00:00:26.359> mostly<00:00:26.599> in<00:00:26.760> economics<00:00:27.240> political
used mostly in economics political
used mostly in economics political
science<00:00:27.880> a<00:00:28.000> little<00:00:28.119> bit<00:00:28.240> in<00:00:28.400> biology<00:00:29.240> that
science a little bit in biology that
science a little bit in biology that
gives<00:00:29.519> us<00:00:29.640> a<00:00:29.759> ma<00:00:29.960> mathematical<00:00:30.480> taxonomy<00:00:31.039> of
gives us a ma mathematical taxonomy of
gives us a ma mathematical taxonomy of
social<00:00:31.560> life<00:00:32.399> and<00:00:32.520> it<00:00:32.680> predicts<00:00:33.120> what<00:00:33.280> people
social life and it predicts what people
social life and it predicts what people
are<00:00:33.680> likely<00:00:33.960> to<00:00:34.120> do<00:00:34.680> and<00:00:34.840> believe<00:00:35.120> others<00:00:35.360> will
are likely to do and believe others will
are likely to do and believe others will
do<00:00:35.800> in<00:00:36.079> in<00:00:36.280> cases<00:00:36.680> where<00:00:37.160> everyone's<00:00:37.559> actions
do in in cases where everyone's actions
do in in cases where everyone's actions
affect<00:00:38.239> everyone<00:00:38.520> else<00:00:39.040> that's<00:00:39.160> a<00:00:39.280> lot<00:00:39.399> of
affect everyone else that's a lot of
affect everyone else that's a lot of
things<00:00:39.920> competition<00:00:40.879> cooperation
things competition cooperation
things competition cooperation
bargaining<00:00:42.719> games<00:00:43.000> like<00:00:43.160> hide-and<00:00:43.559> seek<00:00:44.280> and
bargaining games like hide-and seek and
bargaining games like hide-and seek and
poker<00:00:45.920> here's<00:00:46.079> a<00:00:46.199> simple<00:00:46.440> game<00:00:46.559> to<00:00:46.680> get<00:00:46.800> us
poker here's a simple game to get us
poker here's a simple game to get us
started<00:00:47.879> everyone<00:00:48.199> chooses<00:00:48.480> a<00:00:48.600> number<00:00:48.800> from
started everyone chooses a number from
started everyone chooses a number from
zero<00:00:49.199> to<00:00:49.480> 100<00:00:50.280> we're<00:00:50.440> going<00:00:50.520> to<00:00:50.760> compute<00:00:51.079> the
zero to 100 we're going to compute the
zero to 100 we're going to compute the
average<00:00:51.600> of<00:00:51.760> those<00:00:51.960> numbers<00:00:52.840> and<00:00:53.000> whoever's
average of those numbers and whoever's
average of those numbers and whoever's
close<00:00:53.640> to<00:00:53.800> 2third<00:00:54.399> of<00:00:54.520> the<00:00:54.719> average<00:00:55.399> wins<00:00:55.640> a
close to 2third of the average wins a
close to 2third of the average wins a
fixed<00:00:56.079> prize<00:00:56.840> so<00:00:56.960> you<00:00:57.079> want<00:00:57.160> to<00:00:57.280> be<00:00:57.399> a<00:00:57.520> little
fixed prize so you want to be a little
fixed prize so you want to be a little
bit<00:00:57.920> below<00:00:58.440> the<00:00:58.600> average<00:00:58.920> number<00:00:59.600> but<00:00:59.719> not<00:01:00.079> too
bit below the average number but not too
bit below the average number but not too
far<00:01:00.359> below<00:01:00.640> and<00:01:00.760> everyone<00:01:01.079> else<00:01:01.280> wants<00:01:01.440> to<00:01:01.559> be
far below and everyone else wants to be
far below and everyone else wants to be
a<00:01:01.719> little<00:01:01.840> bit<00:01:01.960> below<00:01:02.199> the<00:01:02.320> average<00:01:02.600> number<00:01:02.879> as
a little bit below the average number as
a little bit below the average number as
well<00:01:03.800> think<00:01:03.960> about<00:01:04.159> you<00:01:04.439> what<00:01:04.519> you<00:01:04.680> might<00:01:05.000> pick
well think about you what you might pick
well think about you what you might pick
as<00:01:06.119> you're<00:01:06.320> thinking<00:01:06.880> this<00:01:07.000> is<00:01:07.159> a<00:01:07.360> a<00:01:07.600> toy<00:01:08.000> model
as you're thinking this is a a toy model
as you're thinking this is a a toy model
of<00:01:08.479> something<00:01:08.840> like<00:01:09.200> selling<00:01:09.560> in<00:01:09.680> the<00:01:09.840> stock
of something like selling in the stock
of something like selling in the stock
market<00:01:10.280> during<00:01:10.479> a<00:01:10.600> rising<00:01:10.960> market<00:01:11.600> right<00:01:11.880> you
market during a rising market right you
market during a rising market right you
don't<00:01:12.119> want<00:01:12.200> to<00:01:12.320> sell<00:01:12.520> too<00:01:12.680> early<00:01:13.119> because<00:01:13.240> you
don't want to sell too early because you
don't want to sell too early because you
miss<00:01:13.520> out<00:01:13.680> on<00:01:13.920> profits<00:01:14.520> but<00:01:14.640> you<00:01:14.720> don't<00:01:14.840> want
miss out on profits but you don't want
miss out on profits but you don't want
to<00:01:15.080> sell<00:01:15.320> wait<00:01:15.560> wait<00:01:15.720> too<00:01:15.880> late<00:01:16.119> to<00:01:16.280> when
to sell wait wait too late to when
to sell wait wait too late to when
everyone<00:01:16.680> else<00:01:16.880> sells<00:01:17.400> triggering<00:01:17.799> a<00:01:18.000> crash
everyone else sells triggering a crash
everyone else sells triggering a crash
you<00:01:18.640> want<00:01:18.759> to<00:01:18.840> be<00:01:18.920> a<00:01:19.000> little<00:01:19.119> bit<00:01:19.240> ahead<00:01:19.439> of<00:01:19.520> the
you want to be a little bit ahead of the
you want to be a little bit ahead of the
competition<00:01:20.119> but<00:01:20.240> not<00:01:20.400> too<00:01:20.640> far<00:01:21.320> ahead<00:01:22.320> okay
competition but not too far ahead okay
competition but not too far ahead okay
here's<00:01:22.759> two<00:01:23.000> theories<00:01:23.880> about<00:01:24.200> how<00:01:24.360> people
here's two theories about how people
here's two theories about how people
might<00:01:24.759> think<00:01:24.960> about<00:01:25.119> this<00:01:25.320> then<00:01:25.400> we'll<00:01:25.520> see
might think about this then we'll see
might think about this then we'll see
some<00:01:25.880> data<00:01:26.640> some<00:01:26.759> of<00:01:26.880> these<00:01:27.040> will<00:01:27.240> sound
some data some of these will sound
some data some of these will sound
familiar<00:01:27.840> because<00:01:27.960> you<00:01:28.119> probably<00:01:28.439> are
familiar because you probably are
familiar because you probably are
thinking<00:01:29.280> that<00:01:29.360> way<00:01:29.479> I'm<00:01:29.600> using<00:01:29.759> my<00:01:30.040> brain
thinking that way I'm using my brain
thinking that way I'm using my brain
Theory<00:01:30.680> to<00:01:31.079> see<00:01:32.079> okay<00:01:32.799> a<00:01:32.920> lot<00:01:33.040> of<00:01:33.159> people<00:01:33.600> say<00:01:34.600> I
Theory to see okay a lot of people say I
Theory to see okay a lot of people say I
really<00:01:34.880> don't<00:01:35.000> know<00:01:35.119> what<00:01:35.240> people<00:01:35.399> are<00:01:35.479> going
really don't know what people are going
really don't know what people are going
to<00:01:35.680> pick<00:01:35.880> so<00:01:36.000> I<00:01:36.079> think<00:01:36.200> the<00:01:36.320> average<00:01:36.520> will<00:01:36.640> be
to pick so I think the average will be
to pick so I think the average will be
50<00:01:37.320> they're<00:01:37.439> not<00:01:37.600> being<00:01:37.960> really<00:01:38.200> strategic<00:01:38.600> at
50 they're not being really strategic at
50 they're not being really strategic at
all<00:01:39.439> and<00:01:39.560> I'll<00:01:39.680> pick<00:01:39.840> 2ir<00:01:40.240> of<00:01:40.399> 50<00:01:40.680> that's<00:01:40.840> 33
all and I'll pick 2ir of 50 that's 33
all and I'll pick 2ir of 50 that's 33
that's<00:01:41.600> the<00:01:42.040> start<00:01:43.040> other<00:01:43.240> people<00:01:43.439> who<00:01:43.520> are<00:01:43.600> a
that's the start other people who are a
that's the start other people who are a
little<00:01:43.799> more<00:01:43.960> sophisticated<00:01:44.719> using<00:01:45.000> more
little more sophisticated using more
little more sophisticated using more
working<00:01:45.479> memory<00:01:46.159> say<00:01:46.600> I<00:01:46.719> think<00:01:46.920> people<00:01:47.119> will
working memory say I think people will
working memory say I think people will
pick<00:01:47.520> 33<00:01:48.159> because<00:01:48.360> they're<00:01:48.520> going<00:01:48.600> to<00:01:48.759> pick<00:01:48.920> a
pick 33 because they're going to pick a
pick 33 because they're going to pick a
response<00:01:49.520> to<00:01:49.719> 50<00:01:50.040> and<00:01:50.119> so<00:01:50.280> I'll<00:01:50.439> pick<00:01:50.640> 22<00:01:51.240> which
response to 50 and so I'll pick 22 which
response to 50 and so I'll pick 22 which
is<00:01:51.479> 2third<00:01:51.920> of<00:01:52.079> 33<00:01:52.840> they're<00:01:53.000> doing<00:01:53.280> one<00:01:53.479> extra
is 2third of 33 they're doing one extra
is 2third of 33 they're doing one extra
step<00:01:54.040> of<00:01:54.159> thinking<00:01:54.439> two<00:01:54.960> steps<00:01:55.960> that's<00:01:56.159> better
step of thinking two steps that's better
step of thinking two steps that's better
and<00:01:57.280> of<00:01:57.399> course<00:01:57.600> in<00:01:57.799> principle<00:01:58.159> you<00:01:58.240> could<00:01:58.360> do
and of course in principle you could do
and of course in principle you could do
three<00:01:58.840> four<00:01:59.079> or<00:01:59.240> more<00:01:59.880> but<00:02:00.000> it<00:02:00.079> starts<00:02:00.240> to<00:02:00.360> get
three four or more but it starts to get
three four or more but it starts to get
very<00:02:00.960> difficult<00:02:01.759> uh<00:02:01.880> just<00:02:02.000> like<00:02:02.159> in<00:02:02.320> language
very difficult uh just like in language
very difficult uh just like in language
and<00:02:02.719> other<00:02:02.880> domains<00:02:03.200> we<00:02:03.320> know<00:02:03.439> that<00:02:03.520> it's<00:02:03.640> hard
and other domains we know that it's hard
and other domains we know that it's hard
for<00:02:03.960> people<00:02:04.159> to<00:02:04.280> parse<00:02:04.640> very<00:02:04.880> complex
for people to parse very complex
for people to parse very complex
sentences<00:02:05.680> with<00:02:05.799> a<00:02:06.039> kind<00:02:06.159> of<00:02:06.520> recursive
sentences with a kind of recursive
sentences with a kind of recursive
structure<00:02:07.920> this<00:02:08.039> is<00:02:08.119> called<00:02:08.280> the<00:02:08.399> cognitive
structure this is called the cognitive
structure this is called the cognitive
hierarchy<00:02:09.200> Theory<00:02:09.520> by<00:02:09.599> the<00:02:09.679> way<00:02:09.879> something
hierarchy Theory by the way something
hierarchy Theory by the way something
I've<00:02:10.239> worked<00:02:10.440> on<00:02:10.520> and<00:02:10.759> a<00:02:10.840> few<00:02:11.039> other<00:02:11.239> people
I've worked on and a few other people
I've worked on and a few other people
and<00:02:12.080> indicates<00:02:12.400> some<00:02:12.560> kind<00:02:12.680> of<00:02:12.879> hierarchy<00:02:13.879> and
and indicates some kind of hierarchy and
and indicates some kind of hierarchy and
along<00:02:14.360> with<00:02:14.480> some<00:02:14.640> assumptions<00:02:15.080> about<00:02:15.400> how
along with some assumptions about how
along with some assumptions about how
many<00:02:15.720> people<00:02:16.000> stop<00:02:16.200> at<00:02:16.400> different<00:02:16.640> steps<00:02:16.920> and
many people stop at different steps and
many people stop at different steps and
how<00:02:17.200> the<00:02:17.360> steps<00:02:17.599> of<00:02:17.720> thinking<00:02:17.920> are<00:02:18.120> affected
how the steps of thinking are affected
how the steps of thinking are affected
by<00:02:19.160> lots<00:02:19.360> of<00:02:19.480> interesting<00:02:19.879> variables<00:02:20.480> and
by lots of interesting variables and
by lots of interesting variables and
varant<00:02:21.120> people<00:02:21.400> as<00:02:21.480> we'll<00:02:21.640> see<00:02:21.760> in<00:02:21.840> a<00:02:21.959> minute<00:02:22.959> a
varant people as we'll see in a minute a
varant people as we'll see in a minute a
very<00:02:23.319> different<00:02:23.599> Theory<00:02:23.959> a<00:02:24.040> much<00:02:24.200> more
very different Theory a much more
very different Theory a much more
popular<00:02:24.720> one<00:02:24.879> and<00:02:25.000> an<00:02:25.120> older<00:02:25.400> one<00:02:26.120> uh<00:02:26.239> due
popular one and an older one uh due
popular one and an older one uh due
largely<00:02:26.920> to<00:02:27.080> John<00:02:27.319> Nash<00:02:27.800> of<00:02:28.000> A<00:02:28.080> Beautiful<00:02:28.440> Mind
largely to John Nash of A Beautiful Mind
largely to John Nash of A Beautiful Mind
Fame<00:02:29.360> uh<00:02:29.480> is<00:02:29.560> what's<00:02:29.720> called<00:02:30.080> equilibrium
Fame uh is what's called equilibrium
Fame uh is what's called equilibrium
analysis<00:02:31.440> so<00:02:31.599> if<00:02:31.680> you've<00:02:31.920> ever<00:02:32.160> taken<00:02:32.360> a<00:02:32.480> game
analysis so if you've ever taken a game
analysis so if you've ever taken a game
theory<00:02:33.000> course<00:02:33.400> at<00:02:33.519> any<00:02:33.720> level<00:02:34.200> you<00:02:34.280> will<00:02:34.400> have
theory course at any level you will have
theory course at any level you will have
learned<00:02:34.720> a<00:02:34.800> little<00:02:34.920> bit<00:02:35.080> about<00:02:35.319> this<00:02:35.640> and
learned a little bit about this and
learned a little bit about this and
equilibrium<00:02:36.239> is<00:02:36.360> a<00:02:36.519> mathematical<00:02:37.239> state<00:02:37.959> in
equilibrium is a mathematical state in
equilibrium is a mathematical state in
which<00:02:38.280> everybody<00:02:38.920> has<00:02:39.080> figured<00:02:39.400> out<00:02:39.599> exactly
which everybody has figured out exactly
which everybody has figured out exactly
what<00:02:40.000> everyone<00:02:40.200> else<00:02:40.360> will<00:02:40.519> do<00:02:40.840> and<00:02:40.959> it's<00:02:41.080> a
what everyone else will do and it's a
what everyone else will do and it's a
very<00:02:41.400> useful<00:02:41.840> concept<00:02:42.480> but<00:02:42.720> behaviorally<00:02:43.280> it
very useful concept but behaviorally it
very useful concept but behaviorally it
may<00:02:43.560> not<00:02:43.800> exactly<00:02:44.159> explain<00:02:44.480> what<00:02:44.599> people<00:02:44.800> do
may not exactly explain what people do
may not exactly explain what people do
the<00:02:45.080> first<00:02:45.280> time<00:02:45.480> they<00:02:45.680> play<00:02:46.000> these<00:02:46.159> types<00:02:46.360> of
the first time they play these types of
the first time they play these types of
economic<00:02:47.319> games<00:02:47.680> or<00:02:47.959> in<00:02:48.120> situations<00:02:48.599> in<00:02:48.720> the
economic games or in situations in the
economic games or in situations in the
outside<00:02:49.200> world<00:02:49.920> in<00:02:50.080> this<00:02:50.200> case<00:02:50.360> the<00:02:50.480> equilibri
outside world in this case the equilibri
outside world in this case the equilibri
makes<00:02:51.080> a<00:02:51.239> very<00:02:51.400> bold<00:02:51.760> prediction<00:02:52.480> which<00:02:52.680> is
makes a very bold prediction which is
makes a very bold prediction which is
everyone<00:02:53.560> wants<00:02:53.720> to<00:02:53.879> be<00:02:54.040> below<00:02:54.319> everyone<00:02:54.640> else
everyone wants to be below everyone else
everyone wants to be below everyone else
therefore<00:02:56.280> they'll<00:02:56.480> play<00:02:56.720> Zero<00:02:57.680> let's<00:02:57.879> see
therefore they'll play Zero let's see
therefore they'll play Zero let's see
what<00:02:58.159> happens<00:02:58.720> this<00:02:58.879> is<00:02:59.120> this<00:02:59.239> experiment's
what happens this is this experiment's
what happens this is this experiment's
been<00:02:59.879> done<00:03:00.040> many<00:03:00.239> many<00:03:00.480> times<00:03:00.760> some<00:03:00.840> of<00:03:00.959> the
been done many many times some of the
been done many many times some of the
earliest<00:03:01.560> ones<00:03:01.720> were<00:03:01.840> done<00:03:01.959> in<00:03:02.040> the<00:03:02.120> '90s<00:03:02.400> by
earliest ones were done in the '90s by
earliest ones were done in the '90s by
me<00:03:03.440> Ros<00:03:03.720> Marine<00:03:03.920> Nagel<00:03:04.200> and<00:03:04.319> others<00:03:05.040> this<00:03:05.159> is<00:03:05.239> a
me Ros Marine Nagel and others this is a
me Ros Marine Nagel and others this is a
beautiful<00:03:05.799> data<00:03:06.080> set<00:03:06.599> of<00:03:06.799> 9,000<00:03:07.480> people<00:03:07.720> who
beautiful data set of 9,000 people who
beautiful data set of 9,000 people who
wrote<00:03:08.080> into<00:03:08.360> three<00:03:08.599> newspapers<00:03:09.120> and
wrote into three newspapers and
wrote into three newspapers and
magazines<00:03:09.720> that<00:03:09.879> had<00:03:09.959> a<00:03:10.120> contest<00:03:10.879> the<00:03:11.000> contest
magazines that had a contest the contest
magazines that had a contest the contest
said<00:03:11.480> send<00:03:11.640> in<00:03:11.799> your<00:03:12.040> numbers<00:03:13.040> and<00:03:13.159> whoever<00:03:13.480> is
said send in your numbers and whoever is
said send in your numbers and whoever is
close<00:03:13.799> to<00:03:13.920> two-thirds<00:03:14.280> of<00:03:14.360> the<00:03:14.400> average<00:03:14.640> will
close to two-thirds of the average will
close to two-thirds of the average will
win<00:03:14.879> a<00:03:14.959> big<00:03:15.159> prize<00:03:15.959> and<00:03:16.120> as<00:03:16.200> you<00:03:16.280> can<00:03:16.440> see
win a big prize and as you can see
win a big prize and as you can see
there's<00:03:16.879> so<00:03:17.040> much<00:03:17.239> data<00:03:17.480> here<00:03:17.640> you<00:03:17.720> can<00:03:17.840> see
there's so much data here you can see
there's so much data here you can see
the<00:03:18.159> spikes<00:03:18.519> very<00:03:18.680> visibly<00:03:19.280> there's<00:03:19.440> a<00:03:19.599> spike
the spikes very visibly there's a spike
the spikes very visibly there's a spike
at<00:03:20.120> 33<00:03:21.120> those<00:03:21.239> are<00:03:21.400> people<00:03:21.599> doing<00:03:21.799> one<00:03:22.000> step
at 33 those are people doing one step
at 33 those are people doing one step
there<00:03:22.840> is<00:03:23.000> another<00:03:23.319> Spike<00:03:23.680> visible<00:03:24.000> at<00:03:24.120> 22<00:03:24.959> and
there is another Spike visible at 22 and
there is another Spike visible at 22 and
notice<00:03:25.360> by<00:03:25.480> the<00:03:25.519> way<00:03:25.640> that<00:03:25.760> most<00:03:25.879> people<00:03:26.120> pick
notice by the way that most people pick
notice by the way that most people pick
numbers<00:03:26.599> right<00:03:26.760> around<00:03:27.000> that<00:03:27.159> they<00:03:27.239> don't
numbers right around that they don't
numbers right around that they don't
necessarily<00:03:27.720> pick<00:03:28.040> exactly<00:03:28.400> 33<00:03:28.760> and<00:03:28.879> 22<00:03:29.599> the
necessarily pick exactly 33 and 22 the
necessarily pick exactly 33 and 22 the
something<00:03:30.280> a<00:03:30.360> little<00:03:30.640> bit<00:03:30.799> noisy<00:03:31.159> around<00:03:31.360> it
something a little bit noisy around it
something a little bit noisy around it
but<00:03:31.879> you<00:03:31.959> can<00:03:32.080> see<00:03:32.239> those<00:03:32.400> spikes<00:03:32.640> in<00:03:32.760> the<00:03:32.879> dead
but you can see those spikes in the dead
but you can see those spikes in the dead
there's<00:03:33.480> another<00:03:33.840> group<00:03:34.040> of<00:03:34.200> people<00:03:34.400> who<00:03:34.519> seem
there's another group of people who seem
there's another group of people who seem
to<00:03:34.799> have<00:03:34.879> a<00:03:35.000> firm<00:03:35.239> grip<00:03:35.439> on<00:03:35.560> equilibrium
to have a firm grip on equilibrium
to have a firm grip on equilibrium
analysis<00:03:37.200> because<00:03:37.400> they're<00:03:37.560> picking<00:03:37.879> zero<00:03:38.159> or
analysis because they're picking zero or
analysis because they're picking zero or
one<00:03:39.480> but<00:03:39.640> they<00:03:40.280> lose<00:03:41.280> right<00:03:41.680> because<00:03:41.920> picking
one but they lose right because picking
one but they lose right because picking
a<00:03:42.239> number<00:03:42.560> that<00:03:42.920> that<00:03:43.080> low<00:03:43.599> is<00:03:43.799> actually<00:03:44.000> a<00:03:44.200> bad
a number that that low is actually a bad
a number that that low is actually a bad
choice<00:03:45.040> if<00:03:45.200> other<00:03:45.400> people<00:03:45.599> aren't<00:03:45.840> doing<00:03:46.000> the
choice if other people aren't doing the
choice if other people aren't doing the
equilibrium<00:03:46.519> analysis<00:03:46.959> as<00:03:47.120> well<00:03:47.640> so<00:03:47.840> they're
equilibrium analysis as well so they're
equilibrium analysis as well so they're
smart<00:03:48.439> but
smart but
smart but
poor<00:03:50.560> okay<00:03:51.560> where<00:03:51.680> are<00:03:51.879> these<00:03:52.040> things
poor okay where are these things
poor okay where are these things
happening<00:03:52.519> in<00:03:52.640> the<00:03:53.040> brain<00:03:54.040> uh<00:03:54.159> one<00:03:54.319> study<00:03:54.599> by
happening in the brain uh one study by
happening in the brain uh one study by
Corel<00:03:55.280> Nagle<00:03:55.560> gives<00:03:55.760> a<00:03:55.920> really<00:03:56.079> sharp
Corel Nagle gives a really sharp
Corel Nagle gives a really sharp
interesting<00:03:56.959> answer<00:03:57.799> so<00:03:57.959> they<00:03:58.120> had<00:03:58.280> people
interesting answer so they had people
interesting answer so they had people
play<00:03:58.840> this<00:03:59.000> game<00:03:59.400> while<00:03:59.519> they're<00:03:59.920> being
play this game while they're being
play this game while they're being
scanned<00:04:00.360> in<00:04:00.680> fmri<00:04:01.680> and<00:04:01.879> two<00:04:02.200> conditions<00:04:02.799> in
scanned in fmri and two conditions in
scanned in fmri and two conditions in
some<00:04:03.159> trials<00:04:03.519> they're<00:04:03.640> told<00:04:03.840> you're<00:04:03.959> playing
some trials they're told you're playing
some trials they're told you're playing
another<00:04:04.599> person<00:04:05.000> who's<00:04:05.239> playing<00:04:05.519> right<00:04:05.640> now
another person who's playing right now
another person who's playing right now
and<00:04:05.920> we're<00:04:06.040> going<00:04:06.120> to<00:04:06.200> match<00:04:06.400> up<00:04:06.519> your
and we're going to match up your
and we're going to match up your
behavior<00:04:07.040> at<00:04:07.120> the<00:04:07.200> end<00:04:07.360> and<00:04:07.480> pay<00:04:07.640> you<00:04:07.840> if<00:04:07.920> you
behavior at the end and pay you if you
behavior at the end and pay you if you
win<00:04:09.000> in<00:04:09.120> the<00:04:09.200> other<00:04:09.360> trials<00:04:09.680> they're<00:04:09.799> told
win in the other trials they're told
win in the other trials they're told
you're<00:04:10.040> playing<00:04:10.239> a<00:04:10.360> computer<00:04:10.760> they're<00:04:10.879> just
you're playing a computer they're just
you're playing a computer they're just
choosing<00:04:11.360> randomly<00:04:12.239> so<00:04:12.439> what<00:04:12.519> you<00:04:12.640> see<00:04:12.879> here
choosing randomly so what you see here
choosing randomly so what you see here
is<00:04:13.120> a<00:04:13.599> subtraction<00:04:14.599> of<00:04:15.319> areas<00:04:15.599> in<00:04:15.760> which
is a subtraction of areas in which
is a subtraction of areas in which
there's<00:04:16.160> more<00:04:16.400> brain<00:04:16.759> activity<00:04:17.199> when<00:04:17.320> you're
there's more brain activity when you're
there's more brain activity when you're
playing<00:04:17.799> people<00:04:18.320> compared<00:04:18.680> to<00:04:18.799> playing<00:04:19.000> the
playing people compared to playing the
playing people compared to playing the
computer<00:04:20.199> you<00:04:20.320> see<00:04:20.560> activity<00:04:20.919> in<00:04:21.040> some
computer you see activity in some
computer you see activity in some
regions<00:04:21.519> we've<00:04:21.680> seen<00:04:21.840> today<00:04:22.120> medial
regions we've seen today medial
regions we've seen today medial
prefrontal<00:04:22.880> cortex<00:04:23.360> dorsomedial<00:04:24.320> however<00:04:25.000> up
prefrontal cortex dorsomedial however up
prefrontal cortex dorsomedial however up
here<00:04:25.759> ventromedial<00:04:26.479> prefontal<00:04:26.840> cortex
here ventromedial prefontal cortex
here ventromedial prefontal cortex
anterior<00:04:27.720> singulate<00:04:28.160> an<00:04:28.320> area<00:04:28.520> that's
anterior singulate an area that's
anterior singulate an area that's
involved<00:04:28.960> in<00:04:29.039> lots<00:04:29.199> of<00:04:29.280> types<00:04:29.440> of<00:04:29.720> conflict
involved in lots of types of conflict
involved in lots of types of conflict
resolution<00:04:30.840> like<00:04:30.960> if<00:04:31.080> you're<00:04:31.199> playing<00:04:31.440> Simon
resolution like if you're playing Simon
resolution like if you're playing Simon
says<00:04:33.080> uh<00:04:33.199> and<00:04:33.400> also<00:04:33.840> the<00:04:34.039> right<00:04:34.199> and<00:04:34.360> left
says uh and also the right and left
says uh and also the right and left
temporal<00:04:34.960> prial<00:04:35.360> Junction<00:04:36.280> which<00:04:36.479> and<00:04:36.600> these
temporal prial Junction which and these
temporal prial Junction which and these
are<00:04:36.880> all<00:04:37.360> areas<00:04:37.720> which<00:04:37.800> are<00:04:37.919> fairly<00:04:38.199> reliably
are all areas which are fairly reliably
are all areas which are fairly reliably
known<00:04:38.759> to<00:04:38.840> be<00:04:39.000> part<00:04:39.120> of<00:04:39.440> a<00:04:39.600> what's<00:04:39.759> called<00:04:39.880> a
known to be part of a what's called a
known to be part of a what's called a
theory<00:04:40.240> of<00:04:40.400> Mind<00:04:40.639> circuit<00:04:40.919> or<00:04:41.080> mentalizing
theory of Mind circuit or mentalizing
theory of Mind circuit or mentalizing
circuit<00:04:43.039> that<00:04:43.199> that<00:04:43.320> is<00:04:43.520> it's<00:04:43.639> a<00:04:43.759> circuit
circuit that that is it's a circuit
circuit that that is it's a circuit
that's<00:04:44.199> used<00:04:44.440> to<00:04:44.680> imagine<00:04:44.960> what<00:04:45.120> other<00:04:45.280> people
that's used to imagine what other people
that's used to imagine what other people
might<00:04:45.759> do<00:04:46.280> so<00:04:46.440> it's<00:04:46.639> this<00:04:46.759> is<00:04:46.919> one<00:04:47.039> of<00:04:47.120> the
might do so it's this is one of the
might do so it's this is one of the
first<00:04:47.400> studies<00:04:47.680> to<00:04:47.800> see<00:04:48.039> this<00:04:48.479> tied<00:04:48.759> in<00:04:49.039> to
first studies to see this tied in to
first studies to see this tied in to
Game<00:04:49.800> Theory<00:04:50.800> what<00:04:50.919> happens<00:04:51.199> with<00:04:51.320> these<00:04:51.440> one
Game Theory what happens with these one
Game Theory what happens with these one
and<00:04:51.720> twep<00:04:52.240> types<00:04:52.800> so<00:04:52.960> we<00:04:53.160> classify<00:04:53.600> people<00:04:53.880> by
and twep types so we classify people by
and twep types so we classify people by
what<00:04:54.120> they<00:04:54.360> picked<00:04:55.360> and<00:04:55.440> then<00:04:55.560> we<00:04:55.680> look<00:04:55.840> at<00:04:55.960> the
what they picked and then we look at the
what they picked and then we look at the
difference<00:04:56.479> between<00:04:56.840> playing<00:04:57.080> humans<00:04:57.400> versus
difference between playing humans versus
difference between playing humans versus
playing<00:04:57.919> computers<00:04:58.400> which<00:04:58.520> brain<00:04:58.800> areas<00:04:59.080> are
playing computers which brain areas are
playing computers which brain areas are
different<00:04:59.919> active<00:05:00.440> on<00:05:00.560> the<00:05:00.720> top<00:05:00.880> you<00:05:01.000> see<00:05:01.160> the
different active on the top you see the
different active on the top you see the
one-step<00:05:01.720> players<00:05:02.120> there's<00:05:02.320> almost<00:05:02.560> no
one-step players there's almost no
one-step players there's almost no
difference<00:05:03.560> the<00:05:03.639> reason<00:05:03.880> is<00:05:04.000> they're
difference the reason is they're
difference the reason is they're
treating<00:05:04.400> other<00:05:04.560> people<00:05:04.720> like<00:05:04.840> a<00:05:05.000> computer
treating other people like a computer
treating other people like a computer
and<00:05:05.520> the<00:05:05.639> brain<00:05:05.880> is<00:05:06.080> too<00:05:06.520> the<00:05:06.680> bottom<00:05:07.039> players
and the brain is too the bottom players
and the brain is too the bottom players
you<00:05:07.880> see<00:05:08.039> all<00:05:08.199> the<00:05:08.360> activity<00:05:08.639> in<00:05:08.720> dorsal
you see all the activity in dorsal
you see all the activity in dorsal
medial<00:05:09.720> PFC<00:05:10.720> so<00:05:10.880> we<00:05:11.000> know<00:05:11.160> that<00:05:11.280> those
medial PFC so we know that those
medial PFC so we know that those
two-step<00:05:11.840> players<00:05:12.080> are<00:05:12.199> doing<00:05:12.400> something
two-step players are doing something
two-step players are doing something
differently<00:05:13.479> now<00:05:13.600> if<00:05:13.720> you<00:05:13.800> were<00:05:13.919> to<00:05:14.039> step<00:05:14.280> back
differently now if you were to step back
differently now if you were to step back
and<00:05:14.479> say<00:05:14.680> what<00:05:14.759> can<00:05:14.880> we<00:05:14.960> do<00:05:15.080> with<00:05:15.160> this
and say what can we do with this
and say what can we do with this
information<00:05:15.960> you<00:05:16.080> might<00:05:16.199> be<00:05:16.320> able<00:05:16.440> to<00:05:16.520> look<00:05:16.639> at
information you might be able to look at
information you might be able to look at
brain<00:05:17.000> activity<00:05:17.320> and<00:05:17.400> say<00:05:17.639> this<00:05:17.759> person<00:05:17.919> is
brain activity and say this person is
brain activity and say this person is
going<00:05:18.120> to<00:05:18.199> be<00:05:18.280> a<00:05:18.360> good<00:05:18.520> poker<00:05:18.800> player<00:05:19.120> or<00:05:19.280> this
going to be a good poker player or this
going to be a good poker player or this
person's<00:05:19.800> socially<00:05:20.240> naive<00:05:20.919> and<00:05:21.039> we<00:05:21.160> might
person's socially naive and we might
person's socially naive and we might
also<00:05:21.479> be<00:05:21.560> able<00:05:21.720> to<00:05:21.800> study<00:05:22.080> things<00:05:22.280> like
also be able to study things like
also be able to study things like
development<00:05:22.800> of<00:05:22.919> adolescent<00:05:23.319> brains<00:05:23.960> once<00:05:24.160> we
development of adolescent brains once we
development of adolescent brains once we
have<00:05:24.919> an<00:05:25.039> idea<00:05:25.280> of<00:05:25.400> where<00:05:25.560> this<00:05:25.639> circuitry
have an idea of where this circuitry
have an idea of where this circuitry
exists<00:05:27.800> okay<00:05:28.800> uh<00:05:29.000> get<00:05:29.199> ready<00:05:29.840> this<00:05:30.199> I'm<00:05:30.280> G<00:05:30.400> to
exists okay uh get ready this I'm G to
exists okay uh get ready this I'm G to
say<00:05:30.800> I'm<00:05:30.919> saving<00:05:31.160> you<00:05:31.280> some<00:05:31.400> brain<00:05:31.680> activity
say I'm saving you some brain activity
say I'm saving you some brain activity
because<00:05:32.199> you<00:05:32.280> don't<00:05:32.360> need<00:05:32.520> to<00:05:32.600> use<00:05:32.720> your<00:05:32.840> hair
because you don't need to use your hair
because you don't need to use your hair
detector<00:05:33.800> cells<00:05:34.800> you<00:05:34.880> should<00:05:35.120> use<00:05:35.360> those
detector cells you should use those
detector cells you should use those
cells<00:05:35.840> to<00:05:36.120> think<00:05:36.319> carefully<00:05:36.680> about<00:05:36.919> this<00:05:37.080> game
cells to think carefully about this game
cells to think carefully about this game
this<00:05:38.160> is<00:05:38.280> a<00:05:38.400> bargaining<00:05:38.840> game<00:05:39.560> two<00:05:39.800> players
this is a bargaining game two players
this is a bargaining game two players
who<00:05:40.440> are<00:05:40.720> being<00:05:40.919> scanned<00:05:41.280> using<00:05:41.520> EEG
who are being scanned using EEG
who are being scanned using EEG
electrodes<00:05:42.600> are<00:05:42.720> going<00:05:42.840> to<00:05:42.960> bargain<00:05:43.400> over1
electrodes are going to bargain over1
electrodes are going to bargain over1
to6<00:05:45.400> if<00:05:45.560> they<00:05:45.680> can<00:05:45.800> do<00:05:45.960> it<00:05:46.039> in<00:05:46.160> 10<00:05:46.319> seconds
to6 if they can do it in 10 seconds
to6 if they can do it in 10 seconds
they're<00:05:46.680> going<00:05:46.800> to<00:05:46.880> actually<00:05:47.000> earn<00:05:47.240> that
they're going to actually earn that
they're going to actually earn that
money<00:05:47.720> if<00:05:47.880> 10<00:05:48.080> seconds<00:05:48.400> goes<00:05:48.639> by<00:05:48.759> and<00:05:48.880> they
money if 10 seconds goes by and they
money if 10 seconds goes by and they
haven't<00:05:49.240> made<00:05:49.360> a<00:05:49.520> deal<00:05:50.080> they<00:05:50.240> get<00:05:50.400> nothing
haven't made a deal they get nothing
haven't made a deal they get nothing
that's<00:05:51.120> kind<00:05:51.240> of<00:05:51.319> a<00:05:51.479> mistake<00:05:52.039> together<00:05:52.720> the
that's kind of a mistake together the
that's kind of a mistake together the
twist<00:05:53.240> is<00:05:53.440> that<00:05:53.880> one<00:05:54.160> player<00:05:54.600> on<00:05:54.759> the<00:05:54.960> left<00:05:55.600> is
twist is that one player on the left is
twist is that one player on the left is
informed<00:05:56.240> about<00:05:56.479> how<00:05:56.639> much<00:05:56.840> on<00:05:56.960> each<00:05:57.160> trial
informed about how much on each trial
informed about how much on each trial
there<00:05:57.600> is<00:05:57.880> they<00:05:58.000> play<00:05:58.199> lots<00:05:58.360> of<00:05:58.440> trials<00:05:58.720> with
there is they play lots of trials with
there is they play lots of trials with
different<00:05:59.039> amounts<00:05:59.319> each<00:05:59.479> time<00:06:00.080> in<00:06:00.199> this<00:06:00.360> case
different amounts each time in this case
different amounts each time in this case
they<00:06:00.639> know<00:06:00.800> there's<00:06:00.919> $4<00:06:01.560> do<00:06:02.560> the<00:06:02.720> uninformed
they know there's $4 do the uninformed
they know there's $4 do the uninformed
player<00:06:04.080> doesn't<00:06:04.400> know<00:06:04.560> but<00:06:04.680> they<00:06:04.800> know<00:06:05.000> that
player doesn't know but they know that
player doesn't know but they know that
the<00:06:05.199> informed<00:06:05.560> player<00:06:05.800> knows<00:06:06.280> so<00:06:06.440> the
the informed player knows so the
the informed player knows so the
uninformed<00:06:06.960> player's<00:06:07.280> challenge<00:06:07.639> is<00:06:07.759> to<00:06:07.960> say
uninformed player's challenge is to say
uninformed player's challenge is to say
is<00:06:08.759> this<00:06:08.919> guy<00:06:09.039> really<00:06:09.240> being<00:06:09.479> fair<00:06:09.840> or<00:06:09.960> are
is this guy really being fair or are
is this guy really being fair or are
they<00:06:10.400> they<00:06:10.520> giving<00:06:10.720> me<00:06:10.840> a<00:06:11.080> very<00:06:11.319> low<00:06:11.599> offer<00:06:11.919> in
they they giving me a very low offer in
they they giving me a very low offer in
order<00:06:12.199> to<00:06:12.319> get<00:06:12.440> me<00:06:12.520> to<00:06:12.680> think<00:06:12.840> that<00:06:12.960> there's
order to get me to think that there's
order to get me to think that there's
only<00:06:13.319> one<00:06:13.479> or<00:06:13.599> two<00:06:13.759> dollars<00:06:14.080> available<00:06:14.400> to
only one or two dollars available to
only one or two dollars available to
split<00:06:15.080> in<00:06:15.199> which<00:06:15.360> case<00:06:15.560> they<00:06:15.680> might<00:06:15.880> reject<00:06:16.199> it
split in which case they might reject it
split in which case they might reject it
and<00:06:16.800> not<00:06:17.000> come<00:06:17.120> to<00:06:17.280> a<00:06:17.400> deal<00:06:18.360> so<00:06:18.520> there's<00:06:18.680> some
and not come to a deal so there's some
and not come to a deal so there's some
tension<00:06:19.120> here<00:06:19.240> between<00:06:19.520> trying<00:06:19.680> to<00:06:19.800> get<00:06:19.919> the
tension here between trying to get the
tension here between trying to get the
most<00:06:20.199> money<00:06:21.080> but<00:06:21.280> trying<00:06:21.479> to<00:06:21.840> go<00:06:22.199> the<00:06:22.319> other
most money but trying to go the other
most money but trying to go the other
player<00:06:22.720> into<00:06:22.960> giving<00:06:23.160> you<00:06:23.280> more<00:06:23.720> and<00:06:23.840> the<00:06:23.919> way
player into giving you more and the way
player into giving you more and the way
they<00:06:24.199> bargain<00:06:24.599> is<00:06:24.720> to<00:06:25.039> point<00:06:25.240> on<00:06:25.400> a<00:06:25.520> number
they bargain is to point on a number
they bargain is to point on a number
line<00:06:26.319> that<00:06:26.440> goes<00:06:26.599> from0<00:06:27.000> to<00:06:27.039> $6<00:06:27.720> and<00:06:27.800> they're
line that goes from0 to $6 and they're
line that goes from0 to $6 and they're
bargaining<00:06:28.319> over<00:06:28.520> how<00:06:28.639> much<00:06:28.800> the<00:06:28.960> uninformed
bargaining over how much the uninformed
bargaining over how much the uninformed
player<00:06:29.759> gets<00:06:30.520> and<00:06:30.639> the<00:06:30.759> informed<00:06:31.039> player<00:06:31.240> is
player gets and the informed player is
player gets and the informed player is
going<00:06:31.360> to<00:06:31.479> get<00:06:31.560> the<00:06:31.720> rest<00:06:32.199> so<00:06:32.360> this<00:06:32.479> is<00:06:32.639> like<00:06:32.919> a
going to get the rest so this is like a
going to get the rest so this is like a
management<00:06:33.440> labor<00:06:33.840> negotiation<00:06:34.840> in<00:06:35.039> which<00:06:35.440> um
management labor negotiation in which um
management labor negotiation in which um
the<00:06:36.280> the<00:06:36.400> workers<00:06:36.720> don't<00:06:36.880> know<00:06:37.039> how<00:06:37.160> much
the the workers don't know how much
the the workers don't know how much
profits<00:06:37.800> the<00:06:38.000> privately<00:06:38.319> held<00:06:38.680> company<00:06:39.160> has
profits the privately held company has
profits the privately held company has
right<00:06:40.360> and<00:06:40.520> they<00:06:40.759> they<00:06:41.039> they<00:06:41.160> want<00:06:41.280> to<00:06:41.440> maybe
right and they they they want to maybe
right and they they they want to maybe
hold<00:06:41.840> out<00:06:42.000> for<00:06:42.120> more<00:06:42.280> money<00:06:42.800> but<00:06:42.960> the<00:06:43.039> company
hold out for more money but the company
hold out for more money but the company
might<00:06:43.440> want<00:06:43.560> to<00:06:43.639> create<00:06:43.880> the<00:06:44.000> impression<00:06:44.280> that
might want to create the impression that
might want to create the impression that
there's<00:06:44.599> very<00:06:44.759> little<00:06:44.960> to<00:06:45.080> split<00:06:45.319> I'm<00:06:45.479> giving
there's very little to split I'm giving
there's very little to split I'm giving
you<00:06:45.759> the<00:06:45.880> most<00:06:46.039> that<00:06:46.160> I<00:06:46.680> can<00:06:47.680> uh<00:06:47.840> first<00:06:48.039> some
you the most that I can uh first some
you the most that I can uh first some
Behavior<00:06:48.720> so<00:06:49.080> a<00:06:49.199> bunch<00:06:49.400> of<00:06:49.520> the<00:06:49.680> subject<00:06:50.039> pairs
Behavior so a bunch of the subject pairs
Behavior so a bunch of the subject pairs
they<00:06:50.720> play<00:06:50.919> face<00:06:51.160> Toof<00:06:51.319> face<00:06:51.599> we<00:06:51.680> have<00:06:51.800> some
they play face Toof face we have some
they play face Toof face we have some
other<00:06:52.080> data<00:06:52.319> where<00:06:52.440> they<00:06:52.520> play<00:06:52.759> across
other data where they play across
other data where they play across
computers<00:06:53.440> that's<00:06:53.599> an<00:06:53.720> interesting
computers that's an interesting
computers that's an interesting
difference<00:06:54.360> as<00:06:54.479> you<00:06:54.560> might<00:06:54.759> imagine<00:06:55.520> but<00:06:55.639> a
difference as you might imagine but a
difference as you might imagine but a
bunch<00:06:55.879> of<00:06:56.000> the<00:06:56.120> face<00:06:56.319> Toof<00:06:56.440> face<00:06:56.680> pairs<00:06:57.440> agree
bunch of the face Toof face pairs agree
bunch of the face Toof face pairs agree
to<00:06:58.280> divide<00:06:58.520> the<00:06:58.599> money<00:06:58.800> evenly<00:06:59.120> every<00:06:59.240> single
to divide the money evenly every single
to divide the money evenly every single
time<00:07:01.400> boring<00:07:02.400> it's<00:07:02.560> just<00:07:02.720> not<00:07:02.879> interesting
time boring it's just not interesting
time boring it's just not interesting
early<00:07:04.319> it's<00:07:04.479> good<00:07:04.639> for<00:07:04.879> them<00:07:05.479> they<00:07:05.599> make<00:07:05.720> a<00:07:05.840> lot
early it's good for them they make a lot
early it's good for them they make a lot
of<00:07:06.039> money<00:07:06.599> but<00:07:06.800> we're<00:07:07.039> interested<00:07:07.400> in<00:07:08.080> can<00:07:08.240> we
of money but we're interested in can we
of money but we're interested in can we
say<00:07:08.639> something<00:07:08.879> about<00:07:09.039> when<00:07:09.199> disagreements
say something about when disagreements
say something about when disagreements
occur<00:07:10.160> versus<00:07:10.479> don't<00:07:11.000> occur<00:07:11.919> so<00:07:12.080> this<00:07:12.199> is<00:07:12.319> the
occur versus don't occur so this is the
occur versus don't occur so this is the
other<00:07:12.639> group<00:07:12.800> of<00:07:12.919> subjects<00:07:13.199> who<00:07:13.319> often
other group of subjects who often
other group of subjects who often
disagree<00:07:14.599> so<00:07:14.800> they<00:07:14.919> have<00:07:15.000> a<00:07:15.120> chance<00:07:15.360> of<00:07:15.840> they
disagree so they have a chance of they
disagree so they have a chance of they
bicker<00:07:16.240> and<00:07:16.400> disagree<00:07:16.840> and<00:07:17.240> end<00:07:17.400> up<00:07:17.520> with<00:07:17.680> less
bicker and disagree and end up with less
bicker and disagree and end up with less
money<00:07:18.160> they<00:07:18.319> might<00:07:18.720> be<00:07:18.879> eligible<00:07:19.240> to<00:07:19.319> be<00:07:19.400> on
money they might be eligible to be on
money they might be eligible to be on
Real<00:07:19.759> Housewives<00:07:20.319> the<00:07:20.440> TV<00:07:20.919> show<00:07:21.919> okay<00:07:22.240> you<00:07:22.360> see
Real Housewives the TV show okay you see
Real Housewives the TV show okay you see
on<00:07:22.680> the<00:07:23.039> left<00:07:24.039> when<00:07:24.199> the<00:07:24.400> amount<00:07:24.639> to<00:07:24.800> divide<00:07:25.080> is
on the left when the amount to divide is
on the left when the amount to divide is
one2<00:07:25.599> or3<00:07:26.599> they<00:07:26.759> disagree<00:07:27.120> about<00:07:27.360> half<00:07:27.520> the
one2 or3 they disagree about half the
one2 or3 they disagree about half the
time<00:07:28.120> and<00:07:28.319> when<00:07:28.440> the<00:07:28.560> amount<00:07:28.720> is<00:07:28.840> four<00:07:29.039> five6
time and when the amount is four five6
time and when the amount is four five6
they<00:07:29.680> agree<00:07:29.960> quite<00:07:30.120> often<00:07:30.479> this<00:07:30.599> turns<00:07:30.840> out<00:07:30.960> to
they agree quite often this turns out to
they agree quite often this turns out to
be<00:07:31.440> something<00:07:31.680> that's<00:07:31.919> predicted<00:07:32.280> by<00:07:32.400> a<00:07:32.520> very
be something that's predicted by a very
be something that's predicted by a very
complicated<00:07:33.360> type<00:07:33.520> of<00:07:33.680> game<00:07:33.879> theory<00:07:34.400> you
complicated type of game theory you
complicated type of game theory you
should<00:07:34.680> come<00:07:34.800> to<00:07:34.919> graduate<00:07:35.240> school<00:07:35.400> at
should come to graduate school at
should come to graduate school at
Caltech<00:07:36.160> and<00:07:36.280> learn<00:07:36.560> about<00:07:37.440> um<00:07:38.039> it's<00:07:38.160> a<00:07:38.240> little
Caltech and learn about um it's a little
Caltech and learn about um it's a little
too<00:07:38.599> complicated<00:07:38.960> to<00:07:39.039> explain<00:07:39.319> right<00:07:39.479> now<00:07:39.599> but
too complicated to explain right now but
too complicated to explain right now but
it's<00:07:40.440> the<00:07:40.599> the<00:07:40.759> theory<00:07:41.319> tells<00:07:41.560> you<00:07:41.720> that<00:07:41.879> this
it's the the theory tells you that this
it's the the theory tells you that this
shape<00:07:42.319> kind<00:07:42.440> of<00:07:42.560> should<00:07:42.720> occur<00:07:43.039> your
shape kind of should occur your
shape kind of should occur your
intuition<00:07:43.599> might<00:07:43.759> tell<00:07:43.919> you<00:07:44.080> that<00:07:44.240> too<00:07:45.159> now
intuition might tell you that too now
intuition might tell you that too now
I'm<00:07:45.479> going<00:07:45.560> to<00:07:45.639> show<00:07:45.759> you<00:07:45.879> the<00:07:46.039> results<00:07:46.319> from
I'm going to show you the results from
I'm going to show you the results from
the<00:07:46.520> EG<00:07:46.840> recording<00:07:47.319> very<00:07:47.560> complicated<00:07:48.319> the
the EG recording very complicated the
the EG recording very complicated the
right<00:07:48.720> brain<00:07:49.319> schematic<00:07:49.960> is<00:07:50.080> the<00:07:50.199> uninformed
right brain schematic is the uninformed
right brain schematic is the uninformed
person<00:07:51.280> and<00:07:51.400> the<00:07:51.520> left<00:07:51.720> is<00:07:51.879> the<00:07:52.039> informed
person and the left is the informed
person and the left is the informed
remember<00:07:53.360> that<00:07:53.520> we<00:07:53.680> we<00:07:53.800> scanned<00:07:54.280> both<00:07:54.479> brains
remember that we we scanned both brains
remember that we we scanned both brains
at<00:07:54.919> the<00:07:55.039> same<00:07:55.319> time<00:07:55.800> so<00:07:55.960> we<00:07:56.039> can<00:07:56.199> ask<00:07:56.440> about<00:07:56.680> you
at the same time so we can ask about you
at the same time so we can ask about you
know<00:07:56.919> time<00:07:57.159> synced<00:07:57.599> activity<00:07:58.199> in<00:07:58.720> similar<00:07:59.000> or
know time synced activity in similar or
know time synced activity in similar or
different<00:07:59.560> areas<00:08:00.199> simultaneously<00:08:01.199> just<00:08:01.360> like
different areas simultaneously just like
different areas simultaneously just like
if<00:08:01.560> you<00:08:01.639> wanted<00:08:01.840> to<00:08:01.919> study<00:08:02.159> a<00:08:02.360> conversation
if you wanted to study a conversation
if you wanted to study a conversation
and<00:08:03.479> you<00:08:03.560> were<00:08:03.680> scanning<00:08:04.039> two<00:08:04.240> people<00:08:04.479> talking
and you were scanning two people talking
and you were scanning two people talking
to<00:08:04.879> each<00:08:05.000> other<00:08:05.199> you'd<00:08:05.440> expect<00:08:06.080> common
to each other you'd expect common
to each other you'd expect common
activity<00:08:06.680> in<00:08:06.800> language<00:08:07.159> regions<00:08:07.560> when
activity in language regions when
activity in language regions when
they're<00:08:07.879> actually<00:08:08.080> kind<00:08:08.199> of<00:08:08.319> listening<00:08:08.680> and
they're actually kind of listening and
they're actually kind of listening and
communicating<00:08:10.280> so<00:08:10.479> the<00:08:10.639> arrows<00:08:11.199> connect
communicating so the arrows connect
communicating so the arrows connect
regions<00:08:12.240> that<00:08:12.360> are<00:08:12.520> active<00:08:12.759> at<00:08:12.879> the<00:08:13.000> same<00:08:13.280> time
regions that are active at the same time
regions that are active at the same time
and<00:08:14.400> the<00:08:14.560> direction<00:08:14.840> of<00:08:14.960> the<00:08:15.039> arrows<00:08:15.360> flows
and the direction of the arrows flows
and the direction of the arrows flows
from<00:08:15.960> the<00:08:16.120> region<00:08:16.400> that's<00:08:16.680> active<00:08:17.039> first<00:08:17.360> in
from the region that's active first in
from the region that's active first in
time<00:08:18.400> and<00:08:18.560> the<00:08:18.720> Arrow<00:08:19.080> Head<00:08:19.360> is<00:08:19.599> goes<00:08:19.800> to<00:08:19.919> the
time and the Arrow Head is goes to the
time and the Arrow Head is goes to the
region<00:08:20.280> that's<00:08:20.520> active<00:08:21.360> uh<00:08:21.520> later<00:08:22.159> so<00:08:22.319> in<00:08:22.440> this
region that's active uh later so in this
region that's active uh later so in this
case<00:08:22.759> if<00:08:22.879> you<00:08:23.000> look<00:08:23.199> carefully<00:08:24.199> most<00:08:24.360> of<00:08:24.479> the
case if you look carefully most of the
case if you look carefully most of the
arrows<00:08:24.919> flow<00:08:25.199> from<00:08:25.400> right<00:08:25.560> to<00:08:25.759> left<00:08:26.039> that<00:08:26.159> is
arrows flow from right to left that is
arrows flow from right to left that is
it<00:08:26.479> it<00:08:26.560> looks<00:08:26.800> as<00:08:26.960> if<00:08:27.639> the<00:08:27.800> uninformed<00:08:28.520> brain
it it looks as if the uninformed brain
it it looks as if the uninformed brain
activ<00:08:29.680> is<00:08:29.800> happening<00:08:30.039> kind<00:08:30.159> of<00:08:30.360> first<00:08:31.280> and
activ is happening kind of first and
activ is happening kind of first and
then<00:08:31.599> it's<00:08:32.360> it's<00:08:32.560> followed<00:08:32.919> by<00:08:33.159> activity<00:08:33.599> in
then it's it's followed by activity in
then it's it's followed by activity in
the<00:08:34.039> informed<00:08:34.479> brain<00:08:35.159> and<00:08:35.320> by<00:08:35.440> the<00:08:35.519> way<00:08:35.680> these
the informed brain and by the way these
the informed brain and by the way these
are<00:08:36.000> these<00:08:36.120> are<00:08:36.399> trials<00:08:36.760> where<00:08:36.880> their<00:08:37.080> deals
are these are trials where their deals
are these are trials where their deals
were<00:08:37.599> made<00:08:38.599> this<00:08:38.680> is<00:08:38.839> from<00:08:39.000> the<00:08:39.120> first<00:08:39.360> two
were made this is from the first two
were made this is from the first two
seconds<00:08:40.320> we<00:08:40.479> haven't<00:08:40.760> finished<00:08:41.080> analyzing
seconds we haven't finished analyzing
seconds we haven't finished analyzing
this<00:08:41.760> data<00:08:42.200> so<00:08:42.320> we're<00:08:42.519> still<00:08:42.719> peing<00:08:43.039> in<00:08:43.479> but
this data so we're still peing in but
this data so we're still peing in but
the<00:08:43.760> hope<00:08:43.959> is<00:08:44.120> that<00:08:44.279> we<00:08:44.360> should<00:08:44.720> can<00:08:44.839> say
the hope is that we should can say
the hope is that we should can say
something<00:08:45.800> in<00:08:45.920> the<00:08:46.040> first<00:08:46.240> couple<00:08:46.440> of<00:08:46.560> seconds
something in the first couple of seconds
something in the first couple of seconds
about<00:08:47.080> whether<00:08:47.279> they'll<00:08:47.480> make<00:08:47.600> a<00:08:47.720> deal<00:08:47.920> or<00:08:48.040> not
about whether they'll make a deal or not
about whether they'll make a deal or not
which<00:08:48.480> could<00:08:48.600> be<00:08:48.720> very<00:08:48.880> useful<00:08:49.160> in<00:08:49.279> thinking
which could be very useful in thinking
which could be very useful in thinking
about<00:08:49.640> avoiding<00:08:49.959> litigation<00:08:50.560> and<00:08:50.800> ugly
about avoiding litigation and ugly
about avoiding litigation and ugly
divorces<00:08:51.560> and<00:08:51.720> things<00:08:51.959> like<00:08:52.080> that<00:08:52.519> those<00:08:52.640> are
divorces and things like that those are
divorces and things like that those are
all<00:08:52.920> cases<00:08:53.200> in<00:08:53.360> which<00:08:53.760> um<00:08:54.240> a<00:08:54.320> lot<00:08:54.440> of<00:08:54.600> value<00:08:54.880> is
all cases in which um a lot of value is
all cases in which um a lot of value is
lost<00:08:55.360> by<00:08:55.560> delay<00:08:56.360> and
lost by delay and
lost by delay and
Strikes<00:08:58.600> here's<00:08:58.800> the<00:08:58.959> case<00:08:59.240> where<00:08:59.560> the
Strikes here's the case where the
Strikes here's the case where the
disagreements<00:09:00.120> occur<00:09:00.399> you<00:09:00.480> can<00:09:00.560> see<00:09:00.680> it<00:09:00.800> looks
disagreements occur you can see it looks
disagreements occur you can see it looks
different<00:09:01.200> than<00:09:01.279> the<00:09:01.399> one<00:09:01.720> before<00:09:02.720> there's<00:09:02.880> a
different than the one before there's a
different than the one before there's a
lot<00:09:03.240> more<00:09:03.600> arrows<00:09:04.600> that<00:09:04.680> means<00:09:04.880> that<00:09:05.000> the
lot more arrows that means that the
lot more arrows that means that the
brains<00:09:05.360> are<00:09:05.519> kind<00:09:05.600> of<00:09:05.720> synced<00:09:06.040> up<00:09:06.200> more
brains are kind of synced up more
brains are kind of synced up more
closely<00:09:07.200> in<00:09:07.399> terms<00:09:07.560> of<00:09:07.720> simultaneous
closely in terms of simultaneous
closely in terms of simultaneous
activity<00:09:08.880> and<00:09:09.000> the<00:09:09.120> arrows<00:09:09.640> flow<00:09:09.959> clearly
activity and the arrows flow clearly
activity and the arrows flow clearly
from<00:09:10.480> left<00:09:10.640> to<00:09:10.800> right<00:09:11.079> that<00:09:11.160> is<00:09:11.320> the<00:09:11.399> informed
from left to right that is the informed
from left to right that is the informed
brain<00:09:12.000> seems<00:09:12.160> to<00:09:12.279> be<00:09:12.360> kind<00:09:12.440> of<00:09:12.600> deciding<00:09:13.000> we're
brain seems to be kind of deciding we're
brain seems to be kind of deciding we're
probably<00:09:13.360> not<00:09:13.480> going<00:09:13.560> to<00:09:13.720> be<00:09:13.839> able<00:09:13.959> to<00:09:14.079> make<00:09:14.200> a
probably not going to be able to make a
probably not going to be able to make a
deal<00:09:14.560> here<00:09:15.399> and<00:09:15.519> then<00:09:15.680> later<00:09:15.920> there's
deal here and then later there's
deal here and then later there's
activity<00:09:16.640> in<00:09:16.800> the<00:09:16.959> uninformed<00:09:17.839> brain<00:09:18.839> next
activity in the uninformed brain next
activity in the uninformed brain next
I'm<00:09:19.120> going<00:09:19.200> to<00:09:19.279> introduce<00:09:19.760> to<00:09:19.959> some<00:09:20.160> relatives
I'm going to introduce to some relatives
I'm going to introduce to some relatives
they're<00:09:21.200> hairy<00:09:21.640> smelly<00:09:22.279> fast<00:09:22.519> and<00:09:22.839> strong<00:09:23.399> you
they're hairy smelly fast and strong you
they're hairy smelly fast and strong you
might<00:09:23.640> be<00:09:23.760> thinking<00:09:24.000> back<00:09:24.079> to<00:09:24.200> your<00:09:24.360> last
might be thinking back to your last
might be thinking back to your last
Thanksgiving<00:09:27.000> maybe<00:09:27.440> if<00:09:27.519> you<00:09:27.640> had<00:09:27.720> a
Thanksgiving maybe if you had a
Thanksgiving maybe if you had a
chimpanzee<00:09:28.480> with<00:09:28.640> you<00:09:29.440> Charles<00:09:29.800> Darwin<00:09:30.480> and<00:09:30.640> I
chimpanzee with you Charles Darwin and I
chimpanzee with you Charles Darwin and I
and<00:09:31.079> you<00:09:31.399> broke<00:09:31.680> off<00:09:31.839> in<00:09:31.959> the<00:09:32.079> family<00:09:32.360> tree
and you broke off in the family tree
and you broke off in the family tree
from<00:09:32.839> chimpanzees<00:09:33.399> about<00:09:33.680> five<00:09:34.160> million
from chimpanzees about five million
from chimpanzees about five million
years<00:09:34.680> ago<00:09:34.959> they're<00:09:35.120> still<00:09:35.320> our<00:09:35.560> closest
years ago they're still our closest
years ago they're still our closest
genetic<00:09:36.320> kin<00:09:36.680> we<00:09:36.760> share<00:09:37.079> 98.8%<00:09:37.959> of<00:09:38.040> the<00:09:38.160> genes
genetic kin we share 98.8% of the genes
genetic kin we share 98.8% of the genes
we<00:09:38.680> share<00:09:38.920> more<00:09:39.079> genes<00:09:39.320> with<00:09:39.440> them<00:09:39.560> than
we share more genes with them than
we share more genes with them than
zebras<00:09:40.079> do<00:09:40.200> with<00:09:40.519> horses<00:09:41.519> and<00:09:41.720> they're<00:09:41.920> we're
zebras do with horses and they're we're
zebras do with horses and they're we're
also<00:09:42.320> their<00:09:42.519> closest<00:09:42.920> cousin<00:09:43.360> they<00:09:43.480> have<00:09:43.600> more
also their closest cousin they have more
also their closest cousin they have more
genetic<00:09:44.120> relation<00:09:44.399> to<00:09:44.560> us<00:09:44.720> than<00:09:44.839> to<00:09:45.120> gorillas
genetic relation to us than to gorillas
genetic relation to us than to gorillas
so<00:09:46.440> how<00:09:46.680> humans<00:09:47.000> and<00:09:47.200> chimpanzees<00:09:47.880> behave
so how humans and chimpanzees behave
so how humans and chimpanzees behave
differently<00:09:48.800> might<00:09:48.959> tell<00:09:49.120> us<00:09:49.240> a<00:09:49.360> lot<00:09:49.519> about
differently might tell us a lot about
differently might tell us a lot about
brain<00:09:50.360> Evolution<00:09:51.360> so<00:09:51.600> this<00:09:51.720> is<00:09:51.880> a<00:09:52.320> um<00:09:52.880> amazing
brain Evolution so this is a um amazing
brain Evolution so this is a um amazing
memory<00:09:53.560> test<00:09:53.920> from<00:09:54.600> ngoya<00:09:55.120> Japan<00:09:55.519> Primate
memory test from ngoya Japan Primate
memory test from ngoya Japan Primate
Research<00:09:56.160> Institute<00:09:56.480> where<00:09:56.600> they've<00:09:56.720> done<00:09:56.839> a
Research Institute where they've done a
Research Institute where they've done a
lot<00:09:57.040> of<00:09:57.160> This<00:09:57.360> research<00:09:58.320> this<00:09:58.440> goes<00:09:58.680> back
lot of This research this goes back
lot of This research this goes back
quite<00:09:59.000> a<00:09:59.079> way<00:09:59.399> they're<00:09:59.519> interested<00:09:59.760> in
quite a way they're interested in
quite a way they're interested in
working<00:10:00.120> memory<00:10:00.600> the<00:10:00.680> chimp<00:10:00.959> is<00:10:01.079> going<00:10:01.160> to<00:10:01.279> see
working memory the chimp is going to see
working memory the chimp is going to see
watch<00:10:01.720> carefully<00:10:02.399> they're<00:10:02.519> going<00:10:02.600> to<00:10:02.680> see<00:10:03.000> 200
watch carefully they're going to see 200
watch carefully they're going to see 200
milliseconds<00:10:03.839> exposure<00:10:04.680> that's<00:10:04.920> fast<00:10:05.200> that's
milliseconds exposure that's fast that's
milliseconds exposure that's fast that's
eight<00:10:05.480> movie<00:10:05.760> frames<00:10:06.760> of<00:10:06.959> numbers<00:10:07.360> 1<00:10:07.440> 2<00:10:07.600> 3<00:10:07.760> 4
eight movie frames of numbers 1 2 3 4
eight movie frames of numbers 1 2 3 4
five<00:10:08.680> then<00:10:08.880> they<00:10:09.079> disappear<00:10:09.519> and<00:10:09.640> they're
five then they disappear and they're
five then they disappear and they're
replaced<00:10:10.160> by<00:10:10.279> squares<00:10:10.560> and<00:10:10.680> they<00:10:10.760> have<00:10:10.880> to
replaced by squares and they have to
replaced by squares and they have to
press<00:10:11.279> the<00:10:11.440> squares<00:10:12.320> that<00:10:12.480> correspond<00:10:12.959> to<00:10:13.040> the
press the squares that correspond to the
press the squares that correspond to the
numbers<00:10:13.480> from<00:10:13.640> low<00:10:13.839> to<00:10:14.040> high<00:10:14.480> to<00:10:14.640> get<00:10:14.760> an<00:10:14.880> Apple
numbers from low to high to get an Apple
numbers from low to high to get an Apple
reward<00:10:16.079> let's<00:10:16.279> see<00:10:16.399> how<00:10:16.519> they<00:10:16.600> can<00:10:16.760> do
it<00:10:28.480> this<00:10:28.600> is<00:10:28.720> a<00:10:28.880> young<00:10:29.040> champ<00:10:29.600> the<00:10:29.680> young<00:10:29.800> ones
it this is a young champ the young ones
it this is a young champ the young ones
are<00:10:30.040> better<00:10:30.200> than<00:10:30.320> the<00:10:30.399> old<00:10:30.519> ones<00:10:30.720> just<00:10:30.880> like
are better than the old ones just like
are better than the old ones just like
humans<00:10:32.959> and<00:10:33.120> they're<00:10:33.320> highly<00:10:33.600> experienced<00:10:34.000> so
humans and they're highly experienced so
humans and they're highly experienced so
they've<00:10:34.240> done<00:10:34.360> this<00:10:34.480> thousands<00:10:34.760> and
they've done this thousands and
they've done this thousands and
thousands<00:10:35.120> of<00:10:35.320> times<00:10:35.880> obviously<00:10:36.200> there's<00:10:36.279> a
thousands of times obviously there's a
thousands of times obviously there's a
big<00:10:36.519> training<00:10:36.800> effect<00:10:37.040> as<00:10:37.120> you<00:10:37.200> can
imagine<00:10:41.519> you<00:10:41.600> can<00:10:41.720> see<00:10:41.880> they're<00:10:42.040> very<00:10:42.240> blasé
imagine you can see they're very blasé
imagine you can see they're very blasé
and<00:10:42.760> kind<00:10:42.839> of<00:10:42.920> everless<00:10:43.320> not<00:10:43.399> only<00:10:43.560> can<00:10:43.639> they
and kind of everless not only can they
and kind of everless not only can they
do<00:10:43.880> it<00:10:44.000> very<00:10:44.160> well<00:10:44.360> they<00:10:44.480> do<00:10:44.600> it<00:10:44.680> you<00:10:44.760> know<00:10:44.880> in
do it very well they do it you know in
do it very well they do it you know in
sort<00:10:45.120> of<00:10:45.279> lazy<00:10:45.839> way<00:10:46.839> right<00:10:47.200> who<00:10:47.320> thinks<00:10:47.600> who
sort of lazy way right who thinks who
sort of lazy way right who thinks who
thinks<00:10:47.880> you<00:10:48.000> could<00:10:48.079> beat<00:10:48.279> The
thinks you could beat The
thinks you could beat The
Chimps
Chimps
Chimps
wrong<00:10:52.320> we<00:10:52.519> we<00:10:52.600> could<00:10:52.760> try<00:10:52.959> we'll<00:10:53.120> try<00:10:53.440> maybe
wrong we we could try we'll try maybe
wrong we we could try we'll try maybe
we'll<00:10:53.839> try<00:10:54.839> uh<00:10:55.079> okay<00:10:55.680> so<00:10:56.040> um<00:10:56.399> the<00:10:56.560> next<00:10:56.760> part<00:10:56.880> of
we'll try uh okay so um the next part of
we'll try uh okay so um the next part of
the<00:10:57.079> study<00:10:57.279> I'm<00:10:57.320> going<00:10:57.440> to<00:10:57.560> Quick<00:10:57.760> go<00:10:57.880> quickly
the study I'm going to Quick go quickly
the study I'm going to Quick go quickly
through<00:10:59.000> is<00:10:59.519> based<00:10:59.760> on<00:10:59.839> an<00:10:59.959> idea<00:11:00.200> of<00:11:00.320> tetur
through is based on an idea of tetur
through is based on an idea of tetur
Sawa<00:11:01.880> he<00:11:02.040> had<00:11:02.120> a<00:11:02.240> bold<00:11:02.560> idea<00:11:02.920> that<00:11:03.079> what<00:11:03.240> he
Sawa he had a bold idea that what he
Sawa he had a bold idea that what he
call<00:11:03.480> the<00:11:03.600> cognitive<00:11:03.920> tra<00:11:04.120> of<00:11:04.279> hypothesis<00:11:04.720> we
call the cognitive tra of hypothesis we
call the cognitive tra of hypothesis we
know<00:11:04.959> chimps<00:11:05.240> are<00:11:05.360> faster<00:11:05.600> and<00:11:05.760> stronger
know chimps are faster and stronger
know chimps are faster and stronger
they're<00:11:06.120> also<00:11:06.240> have<00:11:06.360> very<00:11:06.519> obsessed<00:11:06.839> with
they're also have very obsessed with
they're also have very obsessed with
status<00:11:07.839> his<00:11:08.000> thought<00:11:08.200> was<00:11:08.600> maybe<00:11:08.839> they've
status his thought was maybe they've
status his thought was maybe they've
preserved<00:11:09.639> brain<00:11:10.000> activities<00:11:10.560> and<00:11:10.680> they
preserved brain activities and they
preserved brain activities and they
practiced<00:11:11.279> them<00:11:11.600> in<00:11:11.920> development<00:11:12.920> that<00:11:13.000> are
practiced them in development that are
practiced them in development that are
really<00:11:13.480> really<00:11:13.680> important<00:11:14.000> to<00:11:14.200> them<00:11:14.519> to
really really important to them to
really really important to them to
negotiate<00:11:15.360> status<00:11:15.680> into<00:11:15.800> to<00:11:15.959> win<00:11:16.800> which<00:11:16.959> is
negotiate status into to win which is
negotiate status into to win which is
something<00:11:17.480> like<00:11:17.720> um<00:11:17.839> strategic<00:11:18.279> thinking
something like um strategic thinking
something like um strategic thinking
during<00:11:18.839> competition<00:11:19.680> so<00:11:19.800> we're<00:11:19.920> going<00:11:20.040> to
during competition so we're going to
during competition so we're going to
check<00:11:20.440> that<00:11:20.720> out<00:11:21.279> by<00:11:21.440> having<00:11:21.639> the<00:11:21.760> chimps
check that out by having the chimps
check that out by having the chimps
actually<00:11:22.440> play<00:11:22.639> a<00:11:23.040> game<00:11:24.040> by<00:11:24.200> touching<00:11:24.560> up<00:11:25.000> uh<00:11:25.160> a
actually play a game by touching up uh a
actually play a game by touching up uh a
touch<00:11:25.639> two<00:11:25.800> touch<00:11:26.000> screens<00:11:26.440> The<00:11:26.560> Chimps<00:11:26.839> are
touch two touch screens The Chimps are
touch two touch screens The Chimps are
actually<00:11:27.160> interacting<00:11:27.519> with<00:11:27.639> each<00:11:27.760> other
actually interacting with each other
actually interacting with each other
through<00:11:28.120> the<00:11:28.240> computers<00:11:29.000> they're<00:11:29.399> to<00:11:29.480> press
through the computers they're to press
through the computers they're to press
left<00:11:29.839> or<00:11:30.079> right<00:11:30.600> one<00:11:30.760> chimp<00:11:31.040> is<00:11:31.160> called<00:11:31.320> a
left or right one chimp is called a
left or right one chimp is called a
matcher<00:11:32.399> they<00:11:32.519> win<00:11:32.760> if<00:11:32.880> they<00:11:33.040> press<00:11:33.320> left<00:11:33.600> left
matcher they win if they press left left
matcher they win if they press left left
like<00:11:34.560> a<00:11:34.880> a<00:11:34.959> Seeker<00:11:35.320> finding<00:11:35.560> someone<00:11:35.800> in
like a a Seeker finding someone in
like a a Seeker finding someone in
hide-and-seek<00:11:36.800> or<00:11:37.040> right<00:11:37.360> right<00:11:37.600> the
hide-and-seek or right right the
hide-and-seek or right right the
mismatch<00:11:38.240> wants<00:11:38.440> to<00:11:38.600> mismatch<00:11:39.120> they<00:11:39.240> want<00:11:39.360> to
mismatch wants to mismatch they want to
mismatch wants to mismatch they want to
press<00:11:39.920> the<00:11:40.079> opposite<00:11:40.480> screen<00:11:41.200> of<00:11:41.360> the<00:11:41.480> chimp
press the opposite screen of the chimp
press the opposite screen of the chimp
and<00:11:42.079> the<00:11:42.240> rewards<00:11:42.560> are<00:11:42.720> Apple<00:11:43.000> Cube<00:11:43.480> rewards
and the rewards are Apple Cube rewards
and the rewards are Apple Cube rewards
so<00:11:44.680> here's<00:11:44.880> how<00:11:45.000> game<00:11:45.279> theorists<00:11:45.600> look<00:11:45.720> at
so here's how game theorists look at
so here's how game theorists look at
these<00:11:46.000> data<00:11:46.839> this<00:11:46.920> is<00:11:47.040> a<00:11:47.200> graph<00:11:47.440> of<00:11:47.560> the
these data this is a graph of the
these data this is a graph of the
percentage<00:11:48.120> of<00:11:48.279> times<00:11:48.519> the<00:11:48.639> matcher<00:11:49.040> picked
percentage of times the matcher picked
percentage of times the matcher picked
right<00:11:49.800> on<00:11:49.920> the<00:11:50.079> x-axis<00:11:51.079> and<00:11:51.200> the<00:11:51.320> percentage
right on the x-axis and the percentage
right on the x-axis and the percentage
of<00:11:51.760> times<00:11:51.920> they<00:11:52.040> pick<00:11:52.320> right<00:11:52.760> by<00:11:52.920> the<00:11:53.000> mismatch
of times they pick right by the mismatch
of times they pick right by the mismatch
on<00:11:53.680> the<00:11:53.800> y-<00:11:54.040> axis<00:11:54.720> okay<00:11:55.560> so<00:11:56.000> a<00:11:56.160> point<00:11:56.519> here<00:11:56.959> is
on the y- axis okay so a point here is
on the y- axis okay so a point here is
the<00:11:57.200> behavior<00:11:57.639> by<00:11:58.040> a<00:11:58.200> pair<00:11:58.360> of<00:11:58.480> players<00:11:58.800> one
the behavior by a pair of players one
the behavior by a pair of players one
trying<00:11:59.120> to<00:11:59.320> to<00:11:59.399> match<00:11:59.600> one<00:11:59.720> trying<00:11:59.880> to
trying to to match one trying to
trying to to match one trying to
mismatch<00:12:01.120> the<00:12:01.279> ne<00:12:01.839> Square<00:12:02.320> in<00:12:02.399> the<00:12:02.519> middle
mismatch the ne Square in the middle
mismatch the ne Square in the middle
actually<00:12:03.160> NE<00:12:03.600> CH<00:12:03.920> and<00:12:04.040> Q<00:12:04.480> those<00:12:04.560> are<00:12:04.680> three
actually NE CH and Q those are three
actually NE CH and Q those are three
different<00:12:05.040> theories<00:12:05.480> Nash<00:12:05.800> Librium<00:12:06.519> and
different theories Nash Librium and
different theories Nash Librium and
others<00:12:07.560> tells<00:12:07.839> you<00:12:08.240> uh<00:12:08.360> what<00:12:08.440> the<00:12:08.560> theory
others tells you uh what the theory
others tells you uh what the theory
predicts<00:12:09.200> is<00:12:09.320> that<00:12:09.440> they<00:12:09.560> should<00:12:09.760> match<00:12:10.399> 50/50
predicts is that they should match 50/50
predicts is that they should match 50/50
because<00:12:11.600> if<00:12:11.680> you<00:12:11.839> match<00:12:12.440> if<00:12:12.519> you<00:12:12.639> play<00:12:12.839> left
because if you match if you play left
because if you match if you play left
too<00:12:13.279> much<00:12:13.480> for<00:12:13.600> example<00:12:13.920> I<00:12:13.959> can<00:12:14.120> exploit<00:12:14.480> that
too much for example I can exploit that
too much for example I can exploit that
if<00:12:14.680> I'm<00:12:14.800> the<00:12:14.880> mismatch<00:12:15.360> by<00:12:15.519> then<00:12:15.639> playing
if I'm the mismatch by then playing
if I'm the mismatch by then playing
right<00:12:16.880> and<00:12:17.040> as<00:12:17.120> you<00:12:17.199> can<00:12:17.360> see<00:12:17.600> the<00:12:17.720> chimps<00:12:18.120> each
right and as you can see the chimps each
right and as you can see the chimps each
chimp<00:12:18.519> is<00:12:18.680> one<00:12:18.839> triangle<00:12:19.519> are<00:12:19.680> kind<00:12:19.760> of
chimp is one triangle are kind of
chimp is one triangle are kind of
circled<00:12:20.360> around<00:12:20.800> hovering<00:12:21.199> around<00:12:21.480> that
circled around hovering around that
circled around hovering around that
prediction<00:12:23.279> Now<00:12:23.399> we<00:12:23.519> move<00:12:23.800> the<00:12:23.959> payoffs<00:12:24.920> we're
prediction Now we move the payoffs we're
prediction Now we move the payoffs we're
actually<00:12:25.279> going<00:12:25.360> to<00:12:25.519> make<00:12:25.760> the<00:12:26.079> the<00:12:26.240> left<00:12:26.519> left
actually going to make the the left left
actually going to make the the left left
payoff<00:12:27.000> for<00:12:27.120> the<00:12:27.199> matcher<00:12:27.560> a<00:12:27.639> little<00:12:27.800> bit
payoff for the matcher a little bit
payoff for the matcher a little bit
higher<00:12:28.240> now<00:12:28.360> they<00:12:28.440> get<00:12:28.600> three<00:12:28.760> apple<00:12:29.519> game
higher now they get three apple game
higher now they get three apple game
theoretically<00:12:30.279> that<00:12:30.360> should<00:12:30.560> actually<00:12:30.760> make
theoretically that should actually make
theoretically that should actually make
the<00:12:31.079> mismatch<00:12:31.720> Behavior<00:12:32.120> shift<00:12:32.519> because<00:12:32.720> what
the mismatch Behavior shift because what
the mismatch Behavior shift because what
happens<00:12:33.120> is<00:12:33.480> the<00:12:33.600> mismatch<00:12:34.040> will<00:12:34.160> think<00:12:34.399> oh
happens is the mismatch will think oh
happens is the mismatch will think oh
this<00:12:34.600> guy's<00:12:34.800> going<00:12:34.880> to<00:12:34.959> go<00:12:35.040> for<00:12:35.160> the<00:12:35.279> big
this guy's going to go for the big
this guy's going to go for the big
reward<00:12:35.839> and<00:12:35.920> so<00:12:36.040> I'm<00:12:36.120> going<00:12:36.240> to<00:12:36.320> go<00:12:36.440> to<00:12:36.560> the
reward and so I'm going to go to the
reward and so I'm going to go to the
right<00:12:37.240> make<00:12:37.320> sure<00:12:37.440> he<00:12:37.560> doesn't<00:12:37.800> get<00:12:37.920> it<00:12:38.720> okay
right make sure he doesn't get it okay
right make sure he doesn't get it okay
and<00:12:39.199> as<00:12:39.279> you<00:12:39.360> can<00:12:39.440> see<00:12:39.600> their<00:12:39.760> behavior<00:12:40.160> moves
and as you can see their behavior moves
and as you can see their behavior moves
up<00:12:40.639> in<00:12:40.720> the<00:12:40.880> direction<00:12:41.199> of<00:12:41.360> this<00:12:41.560> change<00:12:42.480> in
up in the direction of this change in
up in the direction of this change in
the<00:12:42.920> Nash<00:12:43.240> equilibrium<00:12:44.120> finally<00:12:44.399> we<00:12:44.519> change
the Nash equilibrium finally we change
the Nash equilibrium finally we change
the<00:12:44.880> paths<00:12:45.199> one<00:12:45.320> more<00:12:45.519> time<00:12:46.360> now<00:12:46.519> it's<00:12:46.639> four
the paths one more time now it's four
the paths one more time now it's four
Apple<00:12:47.160> cubes<00:12:47.600> and<00:12:47.720> their<00:12:47.880> behavior<00:12:48.279> again
Apple cubes and their behavior again
Apple cubes and their behavior again
moves<00:12:48.639> toward<00:12:48.800> the<00:12:48.920> natural<00:12:49.160> equilibrium
moves toward the natural equilibrium
moves toward the natural equilibrium
it's<00:12:49.680> sprinkled<00:12:50.079> around<00:12:50.240> but<00:12:50.360> if<00:12:50.440> you<00:12:50.600> average
it's sprinkled around but if you average
it's sprinkled around but if you average
The<00:12:51.040> Chimps<00:12:51.399> out<00:12:51.800> they're<00:12:52.040> really<00:12:52.279> really
The Chimps out they're really really
The Chimps out they're really really
close<00:12:52.760> within<00:12:53.079> 01<00:12:54.079> they're<00:12:54.279> actually<00:12:54.480> closer
close within 01 they're actually closer
close within 01 they're actually closer
than<00:12:55.000> any<00:12:55.639> species<00:12:56.040> we've<00:12:56.279> observed<00:12:57.240> what
than any species we've observed what
than any species we've observed what
about<00:12:57.800> what<00:12:57.880> about<00:12:58.079> humans<00:12:58.560> you<00:12:58.680> think<00:12:58.800> you're
about what about humans you think you're
about what about humans you think you're
smart<00:12:59.279> than<00:12:59.320> new
smart than new
smart than new
chimpanzee<00:13:01.320> here's<00:13:01.600> two<00:13:01.800> human<00:13:02.079> groups<00:13:02.800> in
chimpanzee here's two human groups in
chimpanzee here's two human groups in
green<00:13:03.360> and<00:13:03.600> blue<00:13:04.600> they're<00:13:04.800> closer<00:13:05.079> to<00:13:05.199> 50/50
green and blue they're closer to 50/50
green and blue they're closer to 50/50
they're<00:13:05.920> not<00:13:06.279> they're<00:13:06.399> not<00:13:06.560> responding<00:13:06.959> to
they're not they're not responding to
they're not they're not responding to
payoffs<00:13:07.480> as<00:13:07.600> closely<00:13:07.880> and<00:13:08.000> also<00:13:08.120> if<00:13:08.199> you<00:13:08.279> study
payoffs as closely and also if you study
payoffs as closely and also if you study
their<00:13:08.639> learning<00:13:08.880> in<00:13:09.000> the<00:13:09.120> game<00:13:09.240> they<00:13:09.360> aren't
their learning in the game they aren't
their learning in the game they aren't
as<00:13:09.639> sensitive<00:13:10.040> to<00:13:10.240> previous<00:13:10.480> rewards<00:13:11.120> The
as sensitive to previous rewards The
as sensitive to previous rewards The
Chimps<00:13:11.519> are<00:13:11.680> playing<00:13:11.920> better<00:13:12.120> than<00:13:12.240> the
Chimps are playing better than the
Chimps are playing better than the
humans<00:13:12.680> better<00:13:12.880> in<00:13:12.959> the<00:13:13.040> sense<00:13:13.240> of<00:13:13.680> adhering
humans better in the sense of adhering
humans better in the sense of adhering
to<00:13:14.160> Game<00:13:14.399> Theory<00:13:15.040> and<00:13:15.199> these<00:13:15.320> are<00:13:15.440> two
to Game Theory and these are two
to Game Theory and these are two
different<00:13:15.760> groups<00:13:15.959> of<00:13:16.079> humans<00:13:16.360> from<00:13:16.560> Japan
different groups of humans from Japan
different groups of humans from Japan
and<00:13:17.360> Africa<00:13:17.760> they<00:13:17.920> replicate<00:13:18.880> quite<00:13:19.120> nicely
and Africa they replicate quite nicely
and Africa they replicate quite nicely
none<00:13:19.639> of<00:13:19.720> them<00:13:19.839> are<00:13:19.959> close<00:13:20.360> to<00:13:20.560> where<00:13:20.720> the
none of them are close to where the
none of them are close to where the
chimps
chimps
chimps
are<00:13:22.920> okay<00:13:23.639> so<00:13:23.800> here's<00:13:24.000> some<00:13:24.120> things<00:13:24.240> we
are okay so here's some things we
are okay so here's some things we
learned<00:13:24.560> today<00:13:24.800> people<00:13:24.959> seem<00:13:25.120> to<00:13:25.240> do<00:13:25.360> a
learned today people seem to do a
learned today people seem to do a
limited<00:13:25.720> amount<00:13:25.880> of<00:13:26.000> strategic<00:13:26.399> thinking
limited amount of strategic thinking
limited amount of strategic thinking
using<00:13:27.000> theory<00:13:27.279> of<00:13:27.680> mind<00:13:28.680> with<00:13:28.760> some<00:13:29.079> prary
using theory of mind with some prary
using theory of mind with some prary
evidence<00:13:29.639> from<00:13:29.760> bargaining<00:13:30.240> that<00:13:30.600> early
evidence from bargaining that early
evidence from bargaining that early
warning<00:13:31.160> signs<00:13:31.399> in<00:13:31.519> the<00:13:31.600> brain<00:13:31.839> might<00:13:31.959> be<00:13:32.040> used
warning signs in the brain might be used
warning signs in the brain might be used
to<00:13:32.399> predict<00:13:32.720> whether<00:13:32.880> there'll<00:13:33.040> be<00:13:33.160> a<00:13:33.360> bad
to predict whether there'll be a bad
to predict whether there'll be a bad
disagreement<00:13:34.079> that<00:13:34.240> costs<00:13:34.480> money<00:13:35.079> and<00:13:35.240> chimps
disagreement that costs money and chimps
disagreement that costs money and chimps
are<00:13:35.680> better<00:13:35.880> competitors<00:13:36.320> than<00:13:36.440> humans<00:13:36.800> as
are better competitors than humans as
are better competitors than humans as
judged<00:13:37.519> by<00:13:37.839> Game<00:13:38.480> Theory<00:13:39.480> thank<00:13:39.680> you
judged by Game Theory thank you
judged by Game Theory thank you
[Applause]
Colin Camerer, TED, TEDx, TEDxCalTech, Cal, Tech, game, theory, neuoroscience, brain, mind, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
