How to solve traffic jams - Jonas Eliasson
hi<00:00:17.670> I'm<00:00:18.300> here<00:00:18.540> to<00:00:18.660> talk<00:00:18.840> about<00:00:18.900> congestion
hi I'm here to talk about congestion
hi I'm here to talk about congestion
namely<00:00:20.279> road<00:00:20.520> congestion<00:00:20.790> road<00:00:21.779> congestion
namely road congestion road congestion
namely road congestion road congestion
is<00:00:22.410> a<00:00:22.529> pervasive<00:00:22.920> phenomena<00:00:23.730> the<00:00:23.820> existing
is a pervasive phenomena the existing
is a pervasive phenomena the existing
basically<00:00:24.660> all<00:00:24.779> of<00:00:24.810> the<00:00:24.990> cities<00:00:25.290> all<00:00:25.439> around
basically all of the cities all around
basically all of the cities all around
the<00:00:25.830> world<00:00:26.040> which<00:00:26.610> is<00:00:26.640> a<00:00:26.790> little<00:00:27.090> bit
the world which is a little bit
the world which is a little bit
surprising<00:00:27.600> when<00:00:27.960> you<00:00:27.990> think<00:00:28.080> about<00:00:28.350> it<00:00:28.560> I
surprising when you think about it I
surprising when you think about it I
mean<00:00:28.650> think<00:00:28.980> about<00:00:29.130> how<00:00:29.250> different<00:00:29.550> cities
mean think about how different cities
mean think about how different cities
are<00:00:30.269> actually<00:00:30.660> I<00:00:31.170> mean<00:00:31.560> you<00:00:31.680> have<00:00:31.800> the<00:00:31.920> typical
are actually I mean you have the typical
are actually I mean you have the typical
European<00:00:32.970> cities<00:00:33.360> with<00:00:33.540> a<00:00:33.570> dense<00:00:33.870> urban<00:00:34.080> core
European cities with a dense urban core
European cities with a dense urban core
good<00:00:34.890> public<00:00:35.280> transportation<00:00:35.640> mostly<00:00:36.449> not<00:00:37.230> a
good public transportation mostly not a
good public transportation mostly not a
lot<00:00:37.470> of<00:00:37.620> Road<00:00:37.739> capacity<00:00:37.920> but<00:00:38.670> then<00:00:38.910> on<00:00:39.000> the
lot of Road capacity but then on the
lot of Road capacity but then on the
other<00:00:39.239> hand<00:00:39.510> you<00:00:39.809> have<00:00:39.930> the<00:00:40.050> American<00:00:40.470> cities
other hand you have the American cities
other hand you have the American cities
it's<00:00:42.300> moving<00:00:42.690> by<00:00:42.809> itself<00:00:42.839> okay
it's moving by itself okay
it's moving by itself okay
anyway<00:00:44.489> the<00:00:44.670> Americans<00:00:45.059> say<00:00:45.150> this<00:00:46.549> lots<00:00:47.549> of
anyway the Americans say this lots of
anyway the Americans say this lots of
roads<00:00:47.940> dispersed<00:00:48.690> to<00:00:48.870> the<00:00:48.960> large<00:00:49.140> areas
roads dispersed to the large areas
roads dispersed to the large areas
almost<00:00:49.890> no<00:00:50.159> public<00:00:50.430> transportation<00:00:50.699> and<00:00:51.180> then
almost no public transportation and then
almost no public transportation and then
you<00:00:51.720> have<00:00:51.870> the<00:00:52.620> emerging<00:00:52.979> world<00:00:53.159> cities<00:00:53.519> with
you have the emerging world cities with
you have the emerging world cities with
a<00:00:53.699> mixed<00:00:53.970> variety<00:00:54.120> of<00:00:54.570> vehicles<00:00:55.080> mixed
a mixed variety of vehicles mixed
a mixed variety of vehicles mixed
land-use<00:00:55.830> patterns<00:00:56.309> also<00:00:56.549> rather<00:00:56.850> dispersed
land-use patterns also rather dispersed
land-use patterns also rather dispersed
but<00:00:57.600> often<00:00:57.930> with<00:00:58.049> a<00:00:58.080> very<00:00:58.290> dense<00:00:58.500> urban<00:00:58.710> core
but often with a very dense urban core
but often with a very dense urban core
and<00:00:59.869> traffic<00:01:00.869> plan<00:01:00.989> is<00:01:01.229> all<00:01:01.350> around<00:01:01.619> the<00:01:01.739> world
and traffic plan is all around the world
and traffic plan is all around the world
has<00:01:02.010> tried<00:01:02.549> lots<00:01:03.119> of<00:01:03.239> different<00:01:03.299> measures
has tried lots of different measures
has tried lots of different measures
densities<00:01:05.190> or<00:01:05.369> dispersed<00:01:05.820> stages<00:01:06.210> lots<00:01:06.630> of
densities or dispersed stages lots of
densities or dispersed stages lots of
roads<00:01:07.080> or<00:01:07.380> lots<00:01:07.650> of<00:01:07.770> public<00:01:08.070> transport<00:01:08.549> or
roads or lots of public transport or
roads or lots of public transport or
lots<00:01:08.939> of<00:01:09.090> bike<00:01:09.450> lanes<00:01:09.810> or<00:01:10.170> more<00:01:10.650> information
lots of bike lanes or more information
lots of bike lanes or more information
or<00:01:11.610> lots<00:01:12.570> of<00:01:12.659> different<00:01:12.990> things<00:01:13.170> but<00:01:13.590> nothing
or lots of different things but nothing
or lots of different things but nothing
seems<00:01:14.130> to<00:01:14.220> work<00:01:14.450> but<00:01:15.450> all<00:01:15.780> of<00:01:16.050> these<00:01:16.170> attempts
seems to work but all of these attempts
seems to work but all of these attempts
have<00:01:16.860> one<00:01:17.070> thing<00:01:17.280> in<00:01:17.400> common<00:01:17.480> they're
have one thing in common they're
have one thing in common they're
basically<00:01:19.050> attempts<00:01:19.680> at<00:01:19.800> figuring<00:01:20.340> out<00:01:20.460> what
basically attempts at figuring out what
basically attempts at figuring out what
people<00:01:20.820> should<00:01:21.270> do<00:01:21.630> instead<00:01:22.260> the<00:01:22.440> rush-hour
people should do instead the rush-hour
people should do instead the rush-hour
car<00:01:23.250> driving<00:01:23.700> they're<00:01:24.240> essentially<00:01:25.140> two
car driving they're essentially two
car driving they're essentially two
point<00:01:25.650> attempts<00:01:26.640> at<00:01:26.760> planning<00:01:27.300> what<00:01:27.420> other
point attempts at planning what other
point attempts at planning what other
people<00:01:28.140> should<00:01:28.320> do<00:01:28.470> planning<00:01:28.890> their<00:01:29.130> life<00:01:29.310> for
people should do planning their life for
people should do planning their life for
them<00:01:29.760> now<00:01:30.750> planning<00:01:31.380> complex<00:01:32.190> social<00:01:32.400> system
them now planning complex social system
them now planning complex social system
is<00:01:33.120> a<00:01:33.180> very<00:01:33.540> hard<00:01:33.870> thing<00:01:34.080> to<00:01:34.110> do<00:01:34.350> and<00:01:34.590> let<00:01:34.710> me
is a very hard thing to do and let me
is a very hard thing to do and let me
tell<00:01:34.920> you<00:01:35.040> a<00:01:35.070> story<00:01:35.280> back<00:01:35.910> in<00:01:35.970> 1999<00:01:36.870> when<00:01:37.050> the
tell you a story back in 1999 when the
tell you a story back in 1999 when the
Berlin<00:01:37.740> Wall<00:01:37.770> fell<00:01:38.570> an<00:01:39.570> urban<00:01:39.900> planner<00:01:40.140> in
Berlin Wall fell an urban planner in
Berlin Wall fell an urban planner in
London<00:01:40.680> got<00:01:40.800> a<00:01:40.830> phone<00:01:41.070> call<00:01:41.100> from<00:01:41.460> a<00:01:41.610> colleague
London got a phone call from a colleague
London got a phone call from a colleague
in<00:01:42.030> Moscow<00:01:42.390> saying<00:01:42.659> basic<00:01:43.050> him<00:01:43.640> hi<00:01:44.640> this<00:01:44.700> is
in Moscow saying basic him hi this is
in Moscow saying basic him hi this is
Vladimir<00:01:45.060> I'd<00:01:45.810> like<00:01:46.020> to<00:01:46.110> know<00:01:46.260> who's<00:01:46.680> in
Vladimir I'd like to know who's in
Vladimir I'd like to know who's in
charge<00:01:46.920> of<00:01:47.430> London's<00:01:47.790> bread<00:01:47.970> supply<00:01:48.500> and<00:01:49.500> the
charge of London's bread supply and the
charge of London's bread supply and the
urban<00:01:49.950> plan<00:01:50.370> was<00:01:50.580> what<00:01:51.240> do<00:01:51.300> you<00:01:51.360> mean<00:01:51.510> who's<00:01:51.900> in
urban plan was what do you mean who's in
urban plan was what do you mean who's in
charge<00:01:52.140> children's<00:01:52.890> I<00:01:53.010> mean<00:01:53.159> no<00:01:53.580> one<00:01:53.790> is<00:01:53.909> in
charge children's I mean no one is in
charge children's I mean no one is in
charge<00:01:54.090> oh<00:01:54.360> but<00:01:54.690> surely<00:01:55.020> someone<00:01:55.440> must<00:01:55.650> be<00:01:55.710> in
charge oh but surely someone must be in
charge oh but surely someone must be in
charge<00:01:55.890> I<00:01:56.340> mean<00:01:56.520> it's<00:01:56.820> a<00:01:56.909> very<00:01:57.060> complicated
charge I mean it's a very complicated
charge I mean it's a very complicated
system<00:01:57.810> someone<00:01:58.290> must<00:01:58.470> control<00:01:59.100> all<00:01:59.340> of<00:01:59.460> this
system someone must control all of this
system someone must control all of this
no<00:02:00.830> no<00:02:01.830> no<00:02:02.100> one<00:02:02.280> is<00:02:02.430> in<00:02:02.550> charge<00:02:02.580> I<00:02:03.060> mean<00:02:03.210> it
no no no one is in charge I mean it
no no no one is in charge I mean it
basically<00:02:03.780> our<00:02:04.050> haven't<00:02:04.380> through<00:02:04.620> the<00:02:04.770> fault
basically our haven't through the fault
basically our haven't through the fault
of<00:02:05.159> it<00:02:05.250> I<00:02:05.340> mean<00:02:05.460> it<00:02:05.610> basically<00:02:05.970> organizes
of it I mean it basically organizes
of it I mean it basically organizes
itself<00:02:07.429> it<00:02:08.429> organizes<00:02:09.119> itself
itself it organizes itself
itself it organizes itself
that's<00:02:10.950> an<00:02:11.099> example<00:02:11.430> of<00:02:11.670> a<00:02:11.790> complex<00:02:12.269> social
that's an example of a complex social
that's an example of a complex social
system<00:02:13.319> which<00:02:13.440> has<00:02:13.680> the<00:02:13.860> ability<00:02:14.370> of
system which has the ability of
system which has the ability of
self-organizing<00:02:15.510> and<00:02:15.959> this<00:02:16.290> is<00:02:16.379> a<00:02:16.409> very<00:02:16.590> deep
self-organizing and this is a very deep
self-organizing and this is a very deep
insight<00:02:17.990> when<00:02:18.990> you<00:02:19.140> try<00:02:19.410> to<00:02:19.440> solve<00:02:19.890> really
insight when you try to solve really
insight when you try to solve really
complex<00:02:20.910> social<00:02:21.240> problems<00:02:21.540> the<00:02:22.080> right<00:02:22.319> thing
complex social problems the right thing
complex social problems the right thing
to<00:02:22.800> do<00:02:22.950> is<00:02:23.160> most<00:02:23.430> of<00:02:23.580> the<00:02:23.640> time<00:02:23.850> to<00:02:24.209> create
to do is most of the time to create
to do is most of the time to create
incentives<00:02:25.380> you<00:02:25.680> don't<00:02:26.100> plan<00:02:26.430> the<00:02:26.640> details
incentives you don't plan the details
incentives you don't plan the details
and<00:02:27.210> people<00:02:27.900> will<00:02:28.020> fight<00:02:28.260> you<00:02:28.380> figure<00:02:28.650> out<00:02:28.680> how
and people will fight you figure out how
and people will fight you figure out how
what<00:02:29.340> to<00:02:29.370> do<00:02:29.610> how<00:02:29.910> to<00:02:29.940> adapt<00:02:30.360> to<00:02:30.540> this<00:02:30.630> new
what to do how to adapt to this new
what to do how to adapt to this new
framework<00:02:31.110> and<00:02:31.800> let's<00:02:32.190> now<00:02:32.340> look<00:02:32.580> at<00:02:32.730> this<00:02:32.850> how
framework and let's now look at this how
framework and let's now look at this how
do<00:02:33.360> we<00:02:33.540> can<00:02:33.720> we<00:02:33.930> can<00:02:34.260> use<00:02:34.470> this<00:02:34.680> insight<00:02:35.100> to
do we can we can use this insight to
do we can we can use this insight to
combat<00:02:35.820> road<00:02:35.970> congestion
combat road congestion
combat road congestion
this<00:02:37.620> is<00:02:37.710> map<00:02:37.860> of<00:02:38.010> stock<00:02:38.220> of<00:02:38.250> my<00:02:38.580> hometown<00:02:38.850> now
this is map of stock of my hometown now
this is map of stock of my hometown now
Stockholm<00:02:40.230> is<00:02:40.350> a<00:02:40.380> medium-sized<00:02:40.980> city<00:02:41.310> roughly
Stockholm is a medium-sized city roughly
Stockholm is a medium-sized city roughly
2<00:02:42.060> million<00:02:42.300> people<00:02:42.570> but<00:02:43.020> Giacomo's<00:02:43.530> has<00:02:43.710> lots
2 million people but Giacomo's has lots
2 million people but Giacomo's has lots
of<00:02:44.160> water<00:02:44.400> and<00:02:44.670> lots<00:02:44.970> of<00:02:45.150> water<00:02:45.420> means<00:02:45.990> lots<00:02:46.230> of
of water and lots of water means lots of
of water and lots of water means lots of
bridges<00:02:46.650> narrow<00:02:47.400> bridges<00:02:47.850> old<00:02:48.300> bridges<00:02:48.840> which
bridges narrow bridges old bridges which
bridges narrow bridges old bridges which
means<00:02:49.650> lots<00:02:50.070> of<00:02:50.220> road<00:02:50.400> congestion<00:02:52.460> these<00:02:53.460> red
means lots of road congestion these red
means lots of road congestion these red
dots<00:02:54.030> show<00:02:54.180> the<00:02:54.480> most<00:02:54.660> congested<00:02:54.990> parts<00:02:55.440> which
dots show the most congested parts which
dots show the most congested parts which
other<00:02:55.800> bridges<00:02:56.400> that<00:02:56.520> lead<00:02:56.760> into<00:02:57.000> the<00:02:57.240> inner
other bridges that lead into the inner
other bridges that lead into the inner
city<00:02:57.660> and<00:02:57.900> then<00:02:58.410> come<00:02:58.650> what<00:02:58.830> someone<00:02:59.160> came<00:02:59.310> up
city and then come what someone came up
city and then come what someone came up
with<00:02:59.610> the<00:02:59.700> idea<00:02:59.970> that<00:03:00.150> apart<00:03:01.050> from<00:03:01.140> good
with the idea that apart from good
with the idea that apart from good
public<00:03:01.860> transport<00:03:02.280> or<00:03:02.430> import<00:03:02.790> the<00:03:02.970> support
public transport or import the support
public transport or import the support
from<00:03:03.570> spending<00:03:04.050> money<00:03:04.350> on<00:03:04.530> roads<00:03:04.740> let's<00:03:05.550> try
from spending money on roads let's try
from spending money on roads let's try
to<00:03:05.970> charge<00:03:06.600> drivers<00:03:07.290> one<00:03:07.560> or<00:03:07.740> two<00:03:07.890> euros<00:03:08.250> at
to charge drivers one or two euros at
to charge drivers one or two euros at
these<00:03:08.550> bottlenecks<00:03:09.030> now<00:03:09.690> one<00:03:10.290> or<00:03:10.440> two<00:03:10.560> use
these bottlenecks now one or two use
these bottlenecks now one or two use
that<00:03:11.100> isn't<00:03:11.340> really<00:03:11.520> a<00:03:11.640> lot<00:03:11.790> of<00:03:11.850> money<00:03:12.180> I<00:03:12.450> mean
that isn't really a lot of money I mean
that isn't really a lot of money I mean
compared<00:03:12.990> to<00:03:13.050> parking<00:03:13.530> charges<00:03:13.860> andronica
compared to parking charges andronica
compared to parking charges andronica
cetera<00:03:14.730> so<00:03:15.180> you<00:03:15.210> would<00:03:15.570> probably<00:03:16.200> expect<00:03:16.230> that
cetera so you would probably expect that
cetera so you would probably expect that
car<00:03:17.100> drivers<00:03:17.490> wouldn't<00:03:17.730> really<00:03:17.970> react<00:03:18.240> to
car drivers wouldn't really react to
car drivers wouldn't really react to
this<00:03:18.570> fairly<00:03:19.320> small<00:03:19.560> charge<00:03:19.890> you<00:03:20.400> would<00:03:20.580> be
this fairly small charge you would be
this fairly small charge you would be
wrong
wrong
wrong
1<00:03:21.840> or<00:03:22.020> 2<00:03:22.050> euros<00:03:22.500> was<00:03:22.710> enough<00:03:23.010> to<00:03:23.340> make<00:03:23.370> 20
1 or 2 euros was enough to make 20
1 or 2 euros was enough to make 20
percent<00:03:24.570> of<00:03:24.870> course<00:03:25.350> disappear<00:03:25.950> from<00:03:26.100> rush
percent of course disappear from rush
percent of course disappear from rush
hours<00:03:27.050> now<00:03:28.050> 20<00:03:28.590> percent<00:03:28.890> well<00:03:29.040> that's<00:03:29.280> a
hours now 20 percent well that's a
hours now 20 percent well that's a
fairly<00:03:29.910> huge<00:03:30.420> figure<00:03:30.840> you<00:03:31.050> might<00:03:31.200> think<00:03:31.440> but
fairly huge figure you might think but
fairly huge figure you might think but
you<00:03:31.620> still<00:03:31.830> get<00:03:31.980> 80<00:03:32.280> percent<00:03:32.430> left<00:03:32.910> of<00:03:33.060> the
you still get 80 percent left of the
you still get 80 percent left of the
problem<00:03:33.480> right<00:03:33.630> because<00:03:33.810> you<00:03:34.080> still<00:03:34.260> have<00:03:34.440> 80
problem right because you still have 80
problem right because you still have 80
percent<00:03:34.860> of<00:03:34.920> traffic<00:03:35.250> now<00:03:35.940> that's<00:03:36.360> also<00:03:36.600> wrong
percent of traffic now that's also wrong
percent of traffic now that's also wrong
because<00:03:37.170> traffic<00:03:38.010> happens<00:03:38.490> to<00:03:38.610> be<00:03:38.730> a
because traffic happens to be a
because traffic happens to be a
nonlinear<00:03:39.780> phenomenon<00:03:40.380> meaning<00:03:41.160> that<00:03:41.280> once
nonlinear phenomenon meaning that once
nonlinear phenomenon meaning that once
you<00:03:42.120> reach<00:03:42.330> above<00:03:42.750> a<00:03:42.810> certain<00:03:43.260> capacity
you reach above a certain capacity
you reach above a certain capacity
threshold<00:03:44.220> then<00:03:44.610> congestion<00:03:45.270> starts<00:03:45.570> to
threshold then congestion starts to
threshold then congestion starts to
increase<00:03:45.930> really<00:03:46.470> real<00:03:46.620> rapidly<00:03:47.130> but
increase really real rapidly but
increase really real rapidly but
fortunately<00:03:48.330> it<00:03:48.690> also<00:03:48.870> works<00:03:49.170> the<00:03:49.350> other<00:03:49.380> way
fortunately it also works the other way
fortunately it also works the other way
around<00:03:49.800> if<00:03:50.280> you<00:03:50.640> can<00:03:50.790> reduce<00:03:50.940> traffic<00:03:51.630> even
around if you can reduce traffic even
around if you can reduce traffic even
somewhat<00:03:52.500> then<00:03:52.980> congestion<00:03:53.610> will<00:03:53.730> go<00:03:53.880> down
somewhat then congestion will go down
somewhat then congestion will go down
much<00:03:55.320> faster<00:03:55.650> than<00:03:55.980> you<00:03:56.100> might<00:03:56.250> think
much faster than you might think
much faster than you might think
now<00:03:57.420> congestion<00:03:58.290> charges<00:03:58.650> were<00:03:58.860> introduced
now congestion charges were introduced
now congestion charges were introduced
in<00:03:59.520> Stockholm<00:03:59.910> in<00:04:00.120> the<00:04:00.510> Dom<00:04:00.780> On<00:04:00.960> January<00:04:01.470> 3rd
in Stockholm in the Dom On January 3rd
in Stockholm in the Dom On January 3rd
2006<00:04:03.030> and<00:04:03.210> the<00:04:03.570> first<00:04:03.780> picture<00:04:04.080> here<00:04:04.200> is<00:04:04.380> the
2006 and the first picture here is the
2006 and the first picture here is the
picture<00:04:04.710> of<00:04:04.950> Stockholm<00:04:05.430> one<00:04:05.700> of<00:04:05.820> the<00:04:05.910> typical
picture of Stockholm one of the typical
picture of Stockholm one of the typical
streets<00:04:06.590> January<00:04:07.590> 2nd<00:04:08.010> the<00:04:08.670> first<00:04:08.970> day<00:04:09.270> with
streets January 2nd the first day with
streets January 2nd the first day with
the<00:04:09.630> congestion<00:04:10.080> charges<00:04:10.470> looked<00:04:10.770> like<00:04:10.950> this
the congestion charges looked like this
the congestion charges looked like this
this<00:04:13.650> is<00:04:13.800> what<00:04:13.980> happens<00:04:14.400> when<00:04:14.610> you<00:04:14.700> take<00:04:14.880> away
this is what happens when you take away
this is what happens when you take away
20%<00:04:16.020> of<00:04:16.200> the<00:04:16.290> cars<00:04:16.530> from<00:04:16.650> the<00:04:16.739> streets<00:04:17.070> you
20% of the cars from the streets you
20% of the cars from the streets you
really<00:04:18.150> reduce<00:04:18.480> congestion<00:04:18.750> quite
really reduce congestion quite
really reduce congestion quite
substantially<00:04:20.100> but<00:04:20.730> well<00:04:20.970> as<00:04:21.120> I<00:04:21.270> said<00:04:21.330> I<00:04:21.510> mean
substantially but well as I said I mean
substantially but well as I said I mean
car<00:04:22.020> drivers<00:04:22.380> adapt<00:04:22.730> right<00:04:23.730> so<00:04:24.030> after<00:04:24.750> a<00:04:24.780> while
car drivers adapt right so after a while
car drivers adapt right so after a while
they<00:04:25.110> would<00:04:25.260> all<00:04:25.380> come<00:04:25.410> back<00:04:25.770> because<00:04:25.980> they
they would all come back because they
they would all come back because they
sort<00:04:26.460> of<00:04:26.550> get<00:04:26.730> gotten<00:04:27.060> used<00:04:27.210> to<00:04:27.330> the<00:04:27.510> charges
sort of get gotten used to the charges
sort of get gotten used to the charges
wrong<00:04:28.560> again<00:04:29.120> it's<00:04:30.120> now<00:04:30.330> six<00:04:30.810> and<00:04:30.960> a<00:04:31.080> half
wrong again it's now six and a half
wrong again it's now six and a half
years<00:04:31.590> ago<00:04:31.650> since<00:04:32.190> the<00:04:32.280> congestion<00:04:32.610> charge
years ago since the congestion charge
years ago since the congestion charge
bring<00:04:33.210> to<00:04:33.330> doose's<00:04:33.660> calm<00:04:33.990> and<00:04:34.320> we<00:04:34.410> basically
bring to doose's calm and we basically
bring to doose's calm and we basically
have<00:04:35.040> the<00:04:35.160> same<00:04:35.190> low<00:04:35.700> traffic<00:04:36.000> levels<00:04:36.479> still
have the same low traffic levels still
have the same low traffic levels still
but
but
but
see<00:04:38.220> there's<00:04:38.430> an<00:04:38.550> interesting<00:04:38.820> gap<00:04:39.180> here<00:04:39.420> in
see there's an interesting gap here in
see there's an interesting gap here in
the<00:04:39.630> time<00:04:39.840> series<00:04:40.080> in<00:04:40.380> 2007<00:04:41.280> well<00:04:42.150> the<00:04:42.480> thing
the time series in 2007 well the thing
the time series in 2007 well the thing
is<00:04:42.690> that<00:04:42.900> the<00:04:43.260> congestion<00:04:43.650> charges<00:04:44.160> they<00:04:44.280> were
is that the congestion charges they were
is that the congestion charges they were
introduced<00:04:44.760> first<00:04:45.060> as<00:04:45.180> a<00:04:45.210> trial<00:04:45.600> so<00:04:46.080> they<00:04:46.200> were
introduced first as a trial so they were
introduced first as a trial so they were
introduced<00:04:47.040> in<00:04:47.220> January<00:04:47.400> and<00:04:47.880> then<00:04:48.060> abolished
introduced in January and then abolished
introduced in January and then abolished
again<00:04:48.750> in<00:04:48.960> a<00:04:49.230> at<00:04:50.160> the<00:04:50.340> end<00:04:50.430> of<00:04:50.550> July<00:04:50.820> followed
again in a at the end of July followed
again in a at the end of July followed
by<00:04:51.780> a<00:04:51.810> referendum<00:04:52.170> and<00:04:52.560> then<00:04:52.710> they<00:04:52.770> were
by a referendum and then they were
by a referendum and then they were
reintroduced<00:04:53.370> again<00:04:54.090> in<00:04:54.300> 2007<00:04:55.230> which<00:04:55.500> of
reintroduced again in 2007 which of
reintroduced again in 2007 which of
course<00:04:55.650> was<00:04:55.950> the<00:04:56.070> wonderful<00:04:56.550> scientific
course was the wonderful scientific
course was the wonderful scientific
opportunity<00:04:57.630> I<00:04:57.690> mean<00:04:58.550> this<00:04:59.550> was<00:04:59.670> really<00:04:59.970> it
opportunity I mean this was really it
opportunity I mean this was really it
was<00:05:00.270> a<00:05:00.390> really<00:05:00.570> fun<00:05:00.780> experiment<00:05:01.530> to<00:05:01.590> start
was a really fun experiment to start
was a really fun experiment to start
with<00:05:02.010> and<00:05:02.190> we<00:05:02.340> actually<00:05:02.460> got<00:05:02.700> to<00:05:02.760> do<00:05:02.850> it<00:05:02.970> twice
with and we actually got to do it twice
with and we actually got to do it twice
and<00:05:03.600> person<00:05:04.200> I'd<00:05:04.290> like<00:05:04.350> to<00:05:04.500> do<00:05:04.680> this<00:05:04.800> every
and person I'd like to do this every
and person I'd like to do this every
once<00:05:05.340> a<00:05:05.490> year<00:05:05.700> or<00:05:05.850> so<00:05:05.970> but<00:05:06.090> they<00:05:06.270> wouldn't<00:05:06.510> let
once a year or so but they wouldn't let
once a year or so but they wouldn't let
me<00:05:06.750> do<00:05:06.870> that<00:05:07.020> so<00:05:07.400> but<00:05:08.400> it<00:05:08.550> was<00:05:08.670> fun<00:05:08.910> anyway
me do that so but it was fun anyway
me do that so but it was fun anyway
so<00:05:09.690> we<00:05:10.020> followed<00:05:10.410> we<00:05:10.650> followed<00:05:10.950> up<00:05:11.040> what
so we followed we followed up what
so we followed we followed up what
happened<00:05:12.050> this<00:05:13.050> is<00:05:13.110> the<00:05:13.590> last<00:05:13.860> day<00:05:14.190> with<00:05:14.610> the
happened this is the last day with the
happened this is the last day with the
congestion<00:05:15.120> charges<00:05:15.630> July<00:05:16.020> 31st<00:05:16.410> and<00:05:16.770> you<00:05:16.830> see
congestion charges July 31st and you see
congestion charges July 31st and you see
the<00:05:17.130> same<00:05:17.310> street<00:05:17.670> but<00:05:17.820> now<00:05:18.000> it's<00:05:18.180> summer<00:05:18.390> in
the same street but now it's summer in
the same street but now it's summer in
summer<00:05:18.930> in<00:05:19.050> Stockholm<00:05:19.350> is<00:05:19.470> a<00:05:19.560> very<00:05:19.740> nice<00:05:20.010> and
summer in Stockholm is a very nice and
summer in Stockholm is a very nice and
light<00:05:20.660> time<00:05:21.660> of<00:05:21.780> the<00:05:21.840> year<00:05:21.960> and<00:05:22.200> the<00:05:22.800> first<00:05:23.100> day
light time of the year and the first day
light time of the year and the first day
went<00:05:23.880> without<00:05:24.060> the<00:05:24.540> congestion<00:05:25.080> charges<00:05:25.380> look
went without the congestion charges look
went without the congestion charges look
like<00:05:25.920> this<00:05:26.100> all<00:05:27.060> the<00:05:27.510> cars<00:05:27.720> were<00:05:27.930> back<00:05:28.110> again
like this all the cars were back again
like this all the cars were back again
and<00:05:28.590> you<00:05:28.650> even<00:05:28.920> have<00:05:29.040> to<00:05:29.160> admire<00:05:29.490> the<00:05:29.760> car
and you even have to admire the car
and you even have to admire the car
drivers<00:05:30.360> they<00:05:30.510> adapt<00:05:30.900> to<00:05:31.170> extremely<00:05:31.650> quickly
drivers they adapt to extremely quickly
drivers they adapt to extremely quickly
the<00:05:32.610> first<00:05:32.880> day<00:05:33.120> they<00:05:33.270> all<00:05:33.360> came<00:05:33.630> back<00:05:33.660> and
the first day they all came back and
the first day they all came back and
this<00:05:34.950> effect<00:05:35.310> and<00:05:35.520> this<00:05:35.850> effect<00:05:36.150> hang<00:05:36.480> on
this effect and this effect hang on
this effect and this effect hang on
so<00:05:37.260> 2007<00:05:38.070> figures<00:05:38.370> look<00:05:38.640> like<00:05:38.790> this<00:05:39.080> now<00:05:40.080> these
so 2007 figures look like this now these
so 2007 figures look like this now these
traffic<00:05:40.950> figures<00:05:41.250> are<00:05:41.460> really<00:05:41.730> exciting<00:05:42.480> and
traffic figures are really exciting and
traffic figures are really exciting and
a<00:05:42.750> little<00:05:42.960> bit<00:05:43.050> surprising<00:05:43.680> and<00:05:43.830> very<00:05:44.010> useful
a little bit surprising and very useful
a little bit surprising and very useful
to<00:05:44.520> know<00:05:44.550> but<00:05:45.030> I<00:05:45.060> would<00:05:45.390> say<00:05:45.540> that<00:05:45.720> the<00:05:45.810> most
to know but I would say that the most
to know but I would say that the most
surprising<00:05:46.620> slide<00:05:47.190> here<00:05:47.550> I'm<00:05:47.640> going<00:05:47.820> to<00:05:47.970> show
surprising slide here I'm going to show
surprising slide here I'm going to show
today<00:05:48.150> is<00:05:48.450> not<00:05:48.570> this<00:05:48.750> one<00:05:49.100> it's<00:05:50.100> this<00:05:50.310> one<00:05:50.930> this
today is not this one it's this one this
today is not this one it's this one this
shows<00:05:52.200> public<00:05:52.800> support<00:05:53.250> for<00:05:53.400> congestion
shows public support for congestion
shows public support for congestion
pricing<00:05:54.270> in<00:05:54.600> Stockholm<00:05:54.930> and<00:05:55.080> you<00:05:55.380> see<00:05:55.560> that
pricing in Stockholm and you see that
pricing in Stockholm and you see that
when<00:05:55.860> congestion<00:05:56.310> pricing<00:05:56.490> were<00:05:57.000> introduced
when congestion pricing were introduced
when congestion pricing were introduced
in<00:05:57.720> well<00:05:58.140> beginning<00:05:58.890> of<00:05:58.950> spring<00:05:59.250> 2006<00:06:00.090> people
in well beginning of spring 2006 people
in well beginning of spring 2006 people
were<00:06:00.780> fiercely<00:06:01.350> against<00:06:01.860> it<00:06:02.010> seventy<00:06:02.550> percent
were fiercely against it seventy percent
were fiercely against it seventy percent
of<00:06:02.910> the<00:06:03.000> population<00:06:03.570> who<00:06:03.720> didn't<00:06:04.110> want<00:06:04.320> this
of the population who didn't want this
of the population who didn't want this
but<00:06:05.310> what<00:06:05.460> happened<00:06:05.850> when<00:06:05.970> the<00:06:06.090> congestion
but what happened when the congestion
but what happened when the congestion
charge<00:06:06.570> was<00:06:07.020> there<00:06:07.290> it's<00:06:07.800> not<00:06:08.040> what<00:06:08.310> you<00:06:08.430> would
charge was there it's not what you would
charge was there it's not what you would
expect<00:06:08.850> that<00:06:09.000> people<00:06:09.360> hated<00:06:09.660> it<00:06:09.720> more<00:06:09.990> and
expect that people hated it more and
expect that people hated it more and
more<00:06:10.320> no<00:06:10.620> on<00:06:10.800> the<00:06:10.920> contrary<00:06:11.040> they<00:06:11.580> changed<00:06:12.120> up
more no on the contrary they changed up
more no on the contrary they changed up
to<00:06:12.960> a<00:06:12.990> point<00:06:13.230> where<00:06:13.500> we<00:06:13.590> now<00:06:13.710> have<00:06:13.740> seventy
to a point where we now have seventy
to a point where we now have seventy
percent<00:06:14.610> support<00:06:15.510> for<00:06:15.780> keeping<00:06:16.200> the<00:06:16.320> charges
percent support for keeping the charges
percent support for keeping the charges
meaning<00:06:17.460> that<00:06:17.580> I<00:06:17.640> mean<00:06:17.910> let<00:06:18.060> me<00:06:18.150> repeat<00:06:18.390> that
meaning that I mean let me repeat that
meaning that I mean let me repeat that
seventy<00:06:19.530> percent<00:06:19.680> of<00:06:19.980> the<00:06:20.070> population<00:06:20.220> in
seventy percent of the population in
seventy percent of the population in
Stockholm<00:06:21.180> want<00:06:21.780> to<00:06:21.930> keep<00:06:22.200> the<00:06:22.380> price<00:06:22.620> for
Stockholm want to keep the price for
Stockholm want to keep the price for
something<00:06:23.460> that<00:06:23.640> used<00:06:23.940> to<00:06:24.060> be<00:06:24.180> free<00:06:25.490> okay<00:06:26.490> so
something that used to be free okay so
something that used to be free okay so
why<00:06:27.090> can't<00:06:27.480> that<00:06:27.630> be<00:06:27.690> why<00:06:28.320> is<00:06:28.380> that<00:06:28.700> well<00:06:29.700> think
why can't that be why is that well think
why can't that be why is that well think
about<00:06:30.240> it<00:06:30.330> this<00:06:30.420> way
about it this way
about it this way
who<00:06:31.620> changed<00:06:32.190> I<00:06:32.400> mean<00:06:32.790> the<00:06:33.000> 20%<00:06:33.690> of<00:06:33.810> the<00:06:33.870> car
who changed I mean the 20% of the car
who changed I mean the 20% of the car
drivers<00:06:34.290> that<00:06:34.410> disappeared<00:06:34.800> surely<00:06:35.190> they
drivers that disappeared surely they
drivers that disappeared surely they
must<00:06:35.430> be<00:06:35.760> discontent<00:06:36.360> in<00:06:36.480> a<00:06:36.570> way<00:06:36.660> and<00:06:36.930> where
must be discontent in a way and where
must be discontent in a way and where
did<00:06:37.290> they<00:06:37.410> go<00:06:37.590> if<00:06:37.890> we<00:06:38.130> cannot<00:06:38.310> just<00:06:38.490> understand
did they go if we cannot just understand
did they go if we cannot just understand
this<00:06:39.210> then<00:06:39.600> maybe<00:06:39.870> we<00:06:40.020> can<00:06:40.170> figure<00:06:40.350> out<00:06:40.500> how
this then maybe we can figure out how
this then maybe we can figure out how
people<00:06:41.400> can<00:06:41.910> be<00:06:41.970> so<00:06:42.270> happy<00:06:42.480> with<00:06:42.720> this<00:06:42.840> well<00:06:43.710> so
people can be so happy with this well so
people can be so happy with this well so
we<00:06:44.010> did<00:06:44.160> this<00:06:44.310> huge<00:06:44.520> interview<00:06:45.240> survey<00:06:45.510> with
we did this huge interview survey with
we did this huge interview survey with
lots<00:06:45.870> of<00:06:45.990> travel<00:06:46.320> service<00:06:46.590> and<00:06:46.740> try<00:06:46.860> to<00:06:46.919> figure
lots of travel service and try to figure
lots of travel service and try to figure
out<00:06:47.430> who<00:06:47.700> changed<00:06:48.210> and<00:06:48.390> where<00:06:48.540> did<00:06:48.690> they<00:06:48.810> go
out who changed and where did they go
out who changed and where did they go
and<00:06:49.230> turned<00:06:49.650> out<00:06:49.770> that<00:06:49.950> they<00:06:50.370> don't<00:06:50.610> know
and turned out that they don't know
and turned out that they don't know
for<00:06:53.790> some<00:06:54.060> reason<00:06:54.600> the<00:06:55.110> car<00:06:55.380> drivers<00:06:55.920> are<00:06:58.010> they
for some reason the car drivers are they
for some reason the car drivers are they
are<00:06:59.100> confident<00:06:59.580> they<00:06:59.760> actually<00:07:00.150> drive<00:07:00.330> the
are confident they actually drive the
are confident they actually drive the
same<00:07:00.750> way<00:07:00.900> that<00:07:01.020> they<00:07:01.170> used<00:07:01.320> to<00:07:01.440> do<00:07:01.560> and<00:07:01.890> why<00:07:02.280> is
same way that they used to do and why is
same way that they used to do and why is
that<00:07:02.520> it's<00:07:02.640> because<00:07:03.060> the<00:07:03.180> travel<00:07:03.780> patterns
that it's because the travel patterns
that it's because the travel patterns
are<00:07:04.260> much<00:07:04.500> less<00:07:04.860> stable<00:07:05.190> than<00:07:05.610> you<00:07:05.730> might
are much less stable than you might
are much less stable than you might
think<00:07:05.940> each<00:07:06.780> day<00:07:07.170> people<00:07:07.620> make<00:07:07.770> new<00:07:08.040> decisions
think each day people make new decisions
think each day people make new decisions
and<00:07:08.730> people<00:07:09.150> change<00:07:09.630> and<00:07:09.960> the<00:07:10.020> world<00:07:10.260> changes
and people change and the world changes
and people change and the world changes
around<00:07:10.740> them<00:07:11.130> and<00:07:11.310> each<00:07:11.700> day<00:07:11.940> all<00:07:12.420> of<00:07:12.600> these
around them and each day all of these
around them and each day all of these
decisions<00:07:13.140> are<00:07:13.230> sort<00:07:13.380> of<00:07:13.470> nudged<00:07:14.040> ever<00:07:14.580> so
decisions are sort of nudged ever so
decisions are sort of nudged ever so
slightly<00:07:15.180> away<00:07:15.720> from<00:07:15.750> rush<00:07:16.200> hour<00:07:16.410> car<00:07:16.740> driving
slightly away from rush hour car driving
slightly away from rush hour car driving
in<00:07:17.370> a<00:07:17.580> way<00:07:17.760> that<00:07:17.940> people<00:07:18.090> don't<00:07:18.420> even<00:07:18.630> notice
in a way that people don't even notice
in a way that people don't even notice
they're<00:07:19.650> not<00:07:19.680> even<00:07:20.010> aware<00:07:20.280> of<00:07:20.340> this
they're not even aware of this
they're not even aware of this
themselves
themselves
themselves
and<00:07:21.450> the<00:07:22.110> other<00:07:22.230> question<00:07:22.440> that<00:07:22.680> who<00:07:23.130> changed
and the other question that who changed
and the other question that who changed
their<00:07:23.820> mind<00:07:24.060> who<00:07:24.840> changed<00:07:25.170> their<00:07:25.260> opinion<00:07:25.650> and
their mind who changed their opinion and
their mind who changed their opinion and
why<00:07:25.920> so<00:07:26.700> we<00:07:26.820> did<00:07:27.180> another<00:07:27.360> interview<00:07:27.750> servant
why so we did another interview servant
why so we did another interview servant
tried<00:07:28.380> to<00:07:28.500> figure<00:07:28.680> out<00:07:28.800> why<00:07:29.280> people<00:07:29.790> change
tried to figure out why people change
tried to figure out why people change
their<00:07:30.210> mind<00:07:30.450> and<00:07:30.690> who<00:07:30.840> would<00:07:31.140> put<00:07:31.440> type<00:07:31.740> of
their mind and who would put type of
their mind and who would put type of
group<00:07:32.220> change<00:07:32.910> their<00:07:33.090> mind<00:07:33.270> and<00:07:33.660> after
group change their mind and after
group change their mind and after
analyzing<00:07:34.680> the<00:07:34.710> answers<00:07:35.100> it<00:07:35.340> turned<00:07:35.610> out<00:07:35.700> that
analyzing the answers it turned out that
analyzing the answers it turned out that
more<00:07:36.450> than<00:07:36.690> half<00:07:36.750> of<00:07:37.200> them<00:07:37.380> believe<00:07:37.680> that<00:07:37.710> they
more than half of them believe that they
more than half of them believe that they
haven't<00:07:38.100> changed<00:07:38.250> their<00:07:38.670> minds<00:07:39.380> they<00:07:40.380> are
haven't changed their minds they are
haven't changed their minds they are
actually<00:07:41.130> confident<00:07:41.910> that<00:07:42.060> they<00:07:42.210> have<00:07:42.390> they
actually confident that they have they
actually confident that they have they
have<00:07:42.750> like<00:07:42.960> congestion<00:07:43.530> pricing<00:07:43.680> all<00:07:44.010> along
have like congestion pricing all along
have like congestion pricing all along
which<00:07:45.480> means<00:07:45.510> that<00:07:45.840> we<00:07:45.960> are<00:07:45.990> now<00:07:46.140> in<00:07:46.290> a
which means that we are now in a
which means that we are now in a
position<00:07:46.620> where<00:07:47.340> we<00:07:47.520> have<00:07:47.550> reduced<00:07:48.300> traffic
position where we have reduced traffic
position where we have reduced traffic
across<00:07:48.960> this<00:07:49.170> tall<00:07:49.650> cordon<00:07:50.070> with<00:07:50.190> 20%<00:07:50.580> and
across this tall cordon with 20% and
across this tall cordon with 20% and
reduced<00:07:51.360> congestion<00:07:51.600> by<00:07:52.050> enormous<00:07:52.410> numbers
reduced congestion by enormous numbers
reduced congestion by enormous numbers
and<00:07:53.150> people<00:07:54.150> aren't<00:07:54.360> even<00:07:54.720> aware<00:07:54.840> that<00:07:55.410> they
and people aren't even aware that they
and people aren't even aware that they
have<00:07:55.800> changed<00:07:56.100> and<00:07:56.550> if<00:07:56.910> they<00:07:57.510> honestly
have changed and if they honestly
have changed and if they honestly
believe<00:07:58.290> that<00:07:58.320> they<00:07:58.560> have<00:07:58.650> liked<00:07:58.860> this<00:07:59.100> all
believe that they have liked this all
believe that they have liked this all
along<00:07:59.810> this<00:08:00.810> is<00:08:00.930> the<00:08:01.020> power<00:08:01.290> of<00:08:01.880> nudges<00:08:02.880> when
along this is the power of nudges when
along this is the power of nudges when
trying<00:08:03.510> to<00:08:03.630> solve<00:08:03.930> complex<00:08:04.650> social<00:08:04.860> problem
trying to solve complex social problem
trying to solve complex social problem
and<00:08:05.700> when<00:08:06.120> you<00:08:06.210> do<00:08:06.360> that
and when you do that
and when you do that
you<00:08:06.900> shouldn't<00:08:07.230> try<00:08:07.410> to<00:08:08.270> tell<00:08:09.270> people<00:08:09.300> how<00:08:09.810> to
you shouldn't try to tell people how to
you shouldn't try to tell people how to
adapt
adapt
adapt
you<00:08:10.410> should<00:08:10.560> just<00:08:10.710> nudge<00:08:11.040> them<00:08:11.400> in<00:08:11.520> the<00:08:11.610> right
you should just nudge them in the right
you should just nudge them in the right
direction<00:08:11.940> and<00:08:12.750> if<00:08:12.900> you<00:08:12.990> do<00:08:13.110> it<00:08:13.230> right<00:08:13.760> people
direction and if you do it right people
direction and if you do it right people
will<00:08:14.880> actually<00:08:15.030> embrace<00:08:15.390> the<00:08:15.720> change<00:08:15.960> and<00:08:16.350> if
will actually embrace the change and if
will actually embrace the change and if
you<00:08:16.590> do<00:08:16.710> it<00:08:16.800> right<00:08:17.010> people<00:08:17.670> will<00:08:17.790> actually
you do it right people will actually
you do it right people will actually
even<00:08:18.330> like<00:08:18.510> it<00:08:18.720> thank<00:08:19.530> you
you
traffic, car, automobile, traffic, jam, road, congestion, rush, hour, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
