How a fly flies - Michael Dickinson
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[Music]
[Music]
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I<00:00:16.920> grew<00:00:17.160> up<00:00:17.480> watching<00:00:17.800> Star<00:00:18.119> Trek<00:00:18.439> I<00:00:18.560> love<00:00:18.800> Star
I grew up watching Star Trek I love Star
I grew up watching Star Trek I love Star
Trek<00:00:19.600> Star<00:00:19.920> Trek<00:00:20.160> wanted<00:00:20.800> me<00:00:21.400> it<00:00:21.560> made<00:00:21.720> me<00:00:21.920> want
Trek Star Trek wanted me it made me want
Trek Star Trek wanted me it made me want
to<00:00:22.240> see<00:00:22.800> alien<00:00:23.240> creatures<00:00:24.000> creatures<00:00:24.320> from<00:00:24.439> a
to see alien creatures creatures from a
to see alien creatures creatures from a
far<00:00:24.960> distant<00:00:25.359> world<00:00:26.279> but<00:00:26.800> basically<00:00:27.800> I
far distant world but basically I
far distant world but basically I
figured<00:00:28.199> out<00:00:28.359> that<00:00:28.480> I<00:00:28.560> could<00:00:28.800> find<00:00:29.080> those
figured out that I could find those
figured out that I could find those
alien<00:00:29.640> creatures<00:00:30.400> right<00:00:30.560> on<00:00:31.279> Earth<00:00:32.279> and<00:00:32.480> what
alien creatures right on Earth and what
alien creatures right on Earth and what
I<00:00:32.800> do<00:00:33.160> is<00:00:33.360> I<00:00:33.559> study<00:00:34.040> insects<00:00:35.000> I'm<00:00:35.200> obsessed
I do is I study insects I'm obsessed
I do is I study insects I'm obsessed
with<00:00:35.960> insects<00:00:36.559> particularly<00:00:37.079> insect<00:00:37.480> flight
with insects particularly insect flight
with insects particularly insect flight
I<00:00:38.040> think<00:00:38.320> the<00:00:38.719> I<00:00:38.800> think<00:00:38.960> the<00:00:39.120> evolution<00:00:39.520> of
I think the I think the evolution of
I think the I think the evolution of
insect<00:00:40.079> flight<00:00:40.520> is<00:00:40.760> perhaps<00:00:41.120> one<00:00:41.239> of<00:00:41.360> the<00:00:41.480> most
insect flight is perhaps one of the most
insect flight is perhaps one of the most
important<00:00:42.280> events<00:00:42.559> in<00:00:42.719> the<00:00:42.840> history<00:00:43.160> of<00:00:43.399> life
important events in the history of life
important events in the history of life
without<00:00:44.200> insects<00:00:44.600> there'd<00:00:44.800> be<00:00:44.920> no<00:00:45.079> flowering
without insects there'd be no flowering
without insects there'd be no flowering
plants<00:00:45.960> without<00:00:46.199> flowering<00:00:46.680> plants<00:00:47.039> there
plants without flowering plants there
plants without flowering plants there
would<00:00:47.280> be<00:00:47.480> no<00:00:48.000> clever<00:00:48.399> fruit<00:00:48.680> eating<00:00:49.039> primates
would be no clever fruit eating primates
would be no clever fruit eating primates
giving<00:00:49.840> Ted
Talks<00:00:53.359> now
Talks now
Talks now
um<00:00:55.920> David<00:00:56.440> and<00:00:56.719> hio<00:00:57.640> and<00:00:57.840> kataki<00:00:58.480> gave<00:00:58.920> a<00:00:59.079> a
um David and hio and kataki gave a a
um David and hio and kataki gave a a
very<00:00:59.440> compelling
very compelling
very compelling
a<00:01:00.840> a<00:01:01.039> story<00:01:01.519> about<00:01:02.079> the<00:01:02.239> similarities<00:01:02.920> between
a a story about the similarities between
a a story about the similarities between
fruit<00:01:03.519> flies<00:01:03.920> and<00:01:04.159> humans<00:01:04.600> and<00:01:04.680> there<00:01:04.799> are
fruit flies and humans and there are
fruit flies and humans and there are
many<00:01:05.360> similarities<00:01:06.320> and<00:01:06.439> so<00:01:06.560> you<00:01:06.720> might<00:01:06.920> think
many similarities and so you might think
many similarities and so you might think
that<00:01:07.240> if<00:01:07.400> humans<00:01:07.640> are<00:01:07.840> similar<00:01:08.159> to<00:01:08.320> fruit
that if humans are similar to fruit
that if humans are similar to fruit
flies<00:01:09.200> the<00:01:09.400> favorite<00:01:09.799> behavior<00:01:10.240> of<00:01:10.360> a<00:01:10.479> fruit
flies the favorite behavior of a fruit
flies the favorite behavior of a fruit
fly<00:01:11.360> might<00:01:11.560> might<00:01:11.720> be<00:01:12.000> this<00:01:12.439> for
fly might might be this for
fly might might be this for
example<00:01:15.200> but<00:01:15.439> but<00:01:15.560> in<00:01:15.680> my<00:01:15.960> talk<00:01:16.240> I<00:01:16.320> don't<00:01:16.439> want
example but but in my talk I don't want
example but but in my talk I don't want
to<00:01:16.759> emphasize<00:01:17.400> on<00:01:17.560> the<00:01:17.759> similarities<00:01:18.520> between
to emphasize on the similarities between
to emphasize on the similarities between
humans<00:01:19.320> and<00:01:19.439> fruit<00:01:19.720> flies<00:01:20.079> but<00:01:20.240> rather<00:01:20.720> the
humans and fruit flies but rather the
humans and fruit flies but rather the
differences<00:01:21.680> and<00:01:21.880> focus<00:01:22.159> on<00:01:22.360> the<00:01:22.560> behaviors
differences and focus on the behaviors
differences and focus on the behaviors
that<00:01:23.720> that<00:01:23.799> I<00:01:23.960> think<00:01:24.159> fruit<00:01:24.439> flies<00:01:25.240> um<00:01:25.600> excel
that that I think fruit flies um excel
that that I think fruit flies um excel
at<00:01:26.200> doing<00:01:26.920> and<00:01:27.000> so<00:01:27.159> I<00:01:27.240> want<00:01:27.360> to<00:01:27.479> show<00:01:27.680> you<00:01:27.960> a
at doing and so I want to show you a
at doing and so I want to show you a
high-speed<00:01:28.640> video<00:01:29.000> sequence<00:01:29.720> of<00:01:29.880> of<00:01:30.000> a<00:01:30.079> fly
high-speed video sequence of of a fly
high-speed video sequence of of a fly
shot<00:01:30.600> at<00:01:30.799> 7,000<00:01:31.479> frames<00:01:31.880> per<00:01:32.040> second<00:01:32.320> in
shot at 7,000 frames per second in
shot at 7,000 frames per second in
infrared<00:01:33.040> lighting<00:01:33.720> and<00:01:33.920> to<00:01:34.119> the<00:01:34.280> right<00:01:34.560> off
infrared lighting and to the right off
infrared lighting and to the right off
screen<00:01:35.520> is<00:01:35.680> an<00:01:35.880> electronic<00:01:36.520> looming<00:01:37.079> Predator
screen is an electronic looming Predator
screen is an electronic looming Predator
that<00:01:37.960> is<00:01:38.119> going<00:01:38.240> to<00:01:38.439> go<00:01:38.600> at<00:01:38.799> the<00:01:38.880> fly<00:01:39.200> the<00:01:39.280> fly
that is going to go at the fly the fly
that is going to go at the fly the fly
is<00:01:39.600> going<00:01:39.720> to<00:01:39.840> sense<00:01:40.280> this<00:01:40.479> Predator<00:01:41.200> it<00:01:41.320> is
is going to sense this Predator it is
is going to sense this Predator it is
going<00:01:41.680> to<00:01:42.000> extend<00:01:42.399> its<00:01:42.640> legs<00:01:42.960> out<00:01:43.479> it's<00:01:43.600> going
going to extend its legs out it's going
going to extend its legs out it's going
to<00:01:43.920> sachche<00:01:44.479> away<00:01:45.240> um<00:01:45.560> to<00:01:45.759> to<00:01:46.000> to<00:01:46.200> live<00:01:46.399> to<00:01:46.640> fly
to sachche away um to to to live to fly
to sachche away um to to to live to fly
another<00:01:47.360> day<00:01:47.880> now<00:01:48.040> I<00:01:48.159> have<00:01:48.360> carefully<00:01:48.920> cropped
another day now I have carefully cropped
another day now I have carefully cropped
this<00:01:49.600> sequence<00:01:50.040> to<00:01:50.200> be<00:01:50.439> exactly<00:01:50.960> the<00:01:51.119> duration
this sequence to be exactly the duration
this sequence to be exactly the duration
of<00:01:52.079> a<00:01:52.240> human<00:01:52.680> eye<00:01:52.840> blink<00:01:53.200> so<00:01:53.320> in<00:01:53.439> the<00:01:53.640> time<00:01:53.920> that
of a human eye blink so in the time that
of a human eye blink so in the time that
it<00:01:54.119> would<00:01:54.280> take<00:01:54.479> you<00:01:54.840> to<00:01:55.040> Blink<00:01:55.360> your<00:01:55.640> eye<00:01:56.200> the
it would take you to Blink your eye the
it would take you to Blink your eye the
fly<00:01:56.880> has<00:01:57.360> has<00:01:57.520> seen<00:01:58.079> this<00:01:58.280> this<00:01:58.399> looming
fly has has seen this this looming
fly has has seen this this looming
Predator<00:01:59.560> uh<00:01:59.920> estimated<00:02:00.399> its<00:02:00.680> position<00:02:01.600> uh
Predator uh estimated its position uh
Predator uh estimated its position uh
initiated<00:02:03.039> a<00:02:03.200> a<00:02:03.320> motor<00:02:03.719> pattern<00:02:04.280> to<00:02:04.479> fly<00:02:04.759> it
initiated a a motor pattern to fly it
initiated a a motor pattern to fly it
away<00:02:05.640> um<00:02:05.799> beating<00:02:06.119> its<00:02:06.280> wings<00:02:06.520> at<00:02:06.719> 220<00:02:07.560> times<00:02:08.080> a
away um beating its wings at 220 times a
away um beating its wings at 220 times a
second<00:02:08.720> as<00:02:08.959> as<00:02:09.039> it<00:02:09.200> does<00:02:09.440> so<00:02:09.920> I<00:02:10.000> think<00:02:10.160> this<00:02:10.280> is
second as as it does so I think this is
second as as it does so I think this is
a<00:02:10.640> fascinating<00:02:11.360> behavior<00:02:11.879> that<00:02:12.040> shows<00:02:12.440> how
a fascinating behavior that shows how
a fascinating behavior that shows how
fast<00:02:13.120> the<00:02:13.239> fly's<00:02:13.680> brain<00:02:14.239> can<00:02:14.519> process
fast the fly's brain can process
fast the fly's brain can process
information<00:02:16.120> now<00:02:16.360> now<00:02:16.560> flight<00:02:17.000> what<00:02:17.080> does<00:02:17.239> it
information now now flight what does it
information now now flight what does it
take<00:02:17.640> to<00:02:17.879> fly<00:02:18.680> well<00:02:19.000> in<00:02:19.080> order<00:02:19.319> to<00:02:19.480> fly<00:02:19.920> just<00:02:20.120> as
take to fly well in order to fly just as
take to fly well in order to fly just as
in<00:02:20.640> a<00:02:20.800> human<00:02:21.040> aircraft<00:02:21.519> you<00:02:21.640> need<00:02:21.840> wings<00:02:22.160> that
in a human aircraft you need wings that
in a human aircraft you need wings that
can<00:02:22.440> generate<00:02:22.800> sufficient<00:02:23.160> aerodynamic
can generate sufficient aerodynamic
can generate sufficient aerodynamic
forces<00:02:24.440> you<00:02:24.560> need<00:02:24.720> an<00:02:24.920> engine<00:02:25.400> sufficient<00:02:25.760> to
forces you need an engine sufficient to
forces you need an engine sufficient to
generate<00:02:26.280> the<00:02:26.480> power<00:02:26.800> required<00:02:27.200> for<00:02:27.400> flight
generate the power required for flight
generate the power required for flight
and<00:02:28.120> you<00:02:28.239> need<00:02:28.400> a<00:02:28.560> controller<00:02:29.360> and<00:02:29.440> in<00:02:29.560> the
and you need a controller and in the
and you need a controller and in the
first<00:02:30.080> human<00:02:30.319> aircraft<00:02:30.800> the<00:02:30.920> controller<00:02:31.400> was
first human aircraft the controller was
first human aircraft the controller was
basically<00:02:32.360> the<00:02:32.480> the<00:02:32.599> brain<00:02:32.959> of<00:02:33.120> of<00:02:33.239> Orville
basically the the brain of of Orville
basically the the brain of of Orville
and<00:02:33.920> and<00:02:34.040> Wilbur<00:02:34.760> I'm<00:02:34.879> sitting<00:02:35.200> in<00:02:35.400> in<00:02:35.560> in<00:02:35.640> the
and and Wilbur I'm sitting in in in the
and and Wilbur I'm sitting in in in the
cockpit<00:02:36.760> now<00:02:36.959> how<00:02:37.040> does<00:02:37.239> this<00:02:37.440> compare<00:02:37.879> to<00:02:38.160> a
cockpit now how does this compare to a
cockpit now how does this compare to a
fly<00:02:39.400> um<00:02:39.720> well<00:02:39.879> I<00:02:40.000> spent<00:02:40.280> a<00:02:40.400> lot<00:02:40.599> of<00:02:40.760> my<00:02:40.920> early
fly um well I spent a lot of my early
fly um well I spent a lot of my early
career<00:02:41.800> trying<00:02:42.040> to<00:02:42.200> figure<00:02:42.480> out<00:02:42.720> how<00:02:43.000> insect
career trying to figure out how insect
career trying to figure out how insect
Wings<00:02:43.840> generate<00:02:44.360> enough<00:02:44.599> Force<00:02:44.920> to<00:02:45.080> keep<00:02:45.280> the
Wings generate enough Force to keep the
Wings generate enough Force to keep the
flies<00:02:46.159> in<00:02:46.280> the<00:02:46.440> air<00:02:46.680> and<00:02:46.760> you<00:02:46.879> might<00:02:47.000> have
flies in the air and you might have
flies in the air and you might have
heard<00:02:47.400> how<00:02:47.560> Engineers<00:02:48.159> proved<00:02:48.640> that<00:02:49.080> that
heard how Engineers proved that that
heard how Engineers proved that that
that<00:02:49.480> that<00:02:49.760> bumblebees<00:02:50.400> couldn't<00:02:50.680> fly<00:02:51.120> well
that that bumblebees couldn't fly well
that that bumblebees couldn't fly well
the<00:02:51.440> problem<00:02:51.760> was<00:02:51.879> in<00:02:52.080> thinking<00:02:52.400> that<00:02:52.560> the
the problem was in thinking that the
the problem was in thinking that the
insect<00:02:53.080> Wings<00:02:53.680> function<00:02:54.120> the<00:02:54.200> way<00:02:54.360> that
insect Wings function the way that
insect Wings function the way that
aircraft<00:02:55.000> Wings<00:02:55.360> work<00:02:56.000> but<00:02:56.159> they<00:02:56.360> don't<00:02:57.159> and
aircraft Wings work but they don't and
aircraft Wings work but they don't and
and<00:02:57.480> we<00:02:57.640> we<00:02:57.840> tackled<00:02:58.200> this<00:02:58.400> problem<00:02:58.640> by
and we we tackled this problem by
and we we tackled this problem by
building<00:02:59.239> Giant<00:02:59.879> dynamically<00:03:00.480> scaled<00:03:01.400> uh
building Giant dynamically scaled uh
building Giant dynamically scaled uh
model<00:03:02.120> robot<00:03:02.599> insects<00:03:03.080> that<00:03:03.200> would<00:03:03.319> flap<00:03:03.720> in
model robot insects that would flap in
model robot insects that would flap in
in<00:03:04.159> giant<00:03:04.760> uh<00:03:05.000> uh<00:03:05.159> pools<00:03:05.560> of<00:03:05.760> mineral<00:03:06.120> oil
in giant uh uh pools of mineral oil
in giant uh uh pools of mineral oil
where<00:03:06.560> we<00:03:06.680> could<00:03:06.840> study<00:03:07.080> the<00:03:07.200> aerodynamic
where we could study the aerodynamic
where we could study the aerodynamic
forces<00:03:08.720> and<00:03:08.799> it<00:03:08.920> turns<00:03:09.159> out<00:03:09.319> that<00:03:09.440> the<00:03:09.560> insects
forces and it turns out that the insects
forces and it turns out that the insects
flap<00:03:10.319> their<00:03:10.480> wings<00:03:11.000> in<00:03:11.120> a<00:03:11.280> very<00:03:11.519> clever<00:03:11.879> way<00:03:12.000> at
flap their wings in a very clever way at
flap their wings in a very clever way at
a<00:03:12.280> very<00:03:12.480> high<00:03:12.680> angle<00:03:13.000> of<00:03:13.200> attack<00:03:13.840> that<00:03:14.040> creates
a very high angle of attack that creates
a very high angle of attack that creates
a<00:03:14.640> structure<00:03:15.040> at<00:03:15.200> the<00:03:15.280> Leading<00:03:15.720> Edge<00:03:15.959> of<00:03:16.080> the
a structure at the Leading Edge of the
a structure at the Leading Edge of the
wing<00:03:16.480> a<00:03:16.599> little<00:03:16.840> tornado<00:03:17.400> like<00:03:17.640> structure
wing a little tornado like structure
wing a little tornado like structure
called<00:03:18.480> a<00:03:18.599> Leading<00:03:18.920> Edge<00:03:19.280> Vortex<00:03:19.799> and<00:03:19.920> it's
called a Leading Edge Vortex and it's
called a Leading Edge Vortex and it's
that<00:03:20.560> that<00:03:20.760> Vortex<00:03:21.280> that<00:03:21.519> actually<00:03:22.000> enables
that that Vortex that actually enables
that that Vortex that actually enables
the<00:03:22.560> wings<00:03:22.879> to<00:03:23.080> make<00:03:23.280> enough<00:03:23.560> Force<00:03:24.159> for<00:03:24.360> the
the wings to make enough Force for the
the wings to make enough Force for the
animal<00:03:24.959> to<00:03:25.159> stay<00:03:25.400> in<00:03:25.519> the<00:03:25.640> air<00:03:26.239> but<00:03:26.360> the<00:03:26.480> thing
animal to stay in the air but the thing
animal to stay in the air but the thing
that's<00:03:26.879> actually<00:03:27.200> most<00:03:27.480> so<00:03:27.760> what's
that's actually most so what's
that's actually most so what's
fascinating<00:03:28.560> is<00:03:28.720> not<00:03:28.879> so<00:03:29.040> much<00:03:29.239> that<00:03:29.360> the<00:03:29.480> wing
fascinating is not so much that the wing
fascinating is not so much that the wing
has<00:03:30.040> some<00:03:30.239> interesting<00:03:30.680> morphology<00:03:31.640> what's
has some interesting morphology what's
has some interesting morphology what's
clever<00:03:32.280> is<00:03:32.439> the<00:03:32.599> way<00:03:32.840> the<00:03:33.000> wing<00:03:33.519> the<00:03:33.680> the<00:03:33.760> fly
clever is the way the wing the the fly
clever is the way the wing the the fly
rather<00:03:34.319> flaps<00:03:34.760> it<00:03:35.000> which<00:03:35.120> of<00:03:35.280> course
rather flaps it which of course
rather flaps it which of course
ultimately<00:03:36.239> is<00:03:36.439> controlled<00:03:37.040> by<00:03:37.239> the<00:03:37.480> the
ultimately is controlled by the the
ultimately is controlled by the the
nervous<00:03:38.040> system<00:03:38.560> and<00:03:38.680> this<00:03:38.760> is<00:03:38.920> what<00:03:39.080> enables
nervous system and this is what enables
nervous system and this is what enables
uh<00:03:40.040> flies<00:03:40.400> to<00:03:40.640> perform<00:03:41.239> these<00:03:41.480> remarkable<00:03:42.360> um
uh flies to perform these remarkable um
uh flies to perform these remarkable um
aerial<00:03:43.000> maneuvers<00:03:43.799> now<00:03:43.959> what<00:03:44.080> about<00:03:44.319> the
aerial maneuvers now what about the
aerial maneuvers now what about the
engine<00:03:45.879> the<00:03:46.000> the<00:03:46.120> engine<00:03:46.360> of<00:03:46.480> the<00:03:46.599> fly<00:03:46.840> is
engine the the engine of the fly is
engine the the engine of the fly is
absolutely<00:03:47.599> fascinating<00:03:48.159> they<00:03:48.280> have<00:03:48.480> two
absolutely fascinating they have two
absolutely fascinating they have two
types<00:03:49.120> of<00:03:49.280> flight<00:03:49.640> muscle<00:03:50.200> so-called<00:03:50.799> power
types of flight muscle so-called power
types of flight muscle so-called power
muscle<00:03:51.720> which<00:03:51.840> is<00:03:52.040> stretch<00:03:52.560> activated<00:03:53.159> which
muscle which is stretch activated which
muscle which is stretch activated which
means<00:03:53.640> that<00:03:53.959> it<00:03:54.200> activates<00:03:54.760> itself<00:03:55.239> and<00:03:55.400> does
means that it activates itself and does
means that it activates itself and does
not<00:03:55.840> need<00:03:56.000> to<00:03:56.159> be<00:03:56.360> controlled<00:03:57.120> on<00:03:57.239> a
not need to be controlled on a
not need to be controlled on a
contraction<00:03:57.920> by<00:03:58.120> contraction<00:03:58.680> basis<00:03:59.159> by<00:03:59.280> the
contraction by contraction basis by the
contraction by contraction basis by the
nervous<00:03:59.879> system<00:04:00.280> it<00:04:00.519> specialized<00:04:01.159> to
nervous system it specialized to
nervous system it specialized to
generate<00:04:01.879> the<00:04:02.200> the<00:04:02.360> enormous<00:04:02.920> power<00:04:03.319> required
generate the the enormous power required
generate the the enormous power required
for<00:04:04.360> flight<00:04:04.799> and<00:04:04.920> it<00:04:05.079> fills<00:04:05.519> the<00:04:05.640> middle
for flight and it fills the middle
for flight and it fills the middle
portion<00:04:06.239> of<00:04:06.400> the<00:04:06.519> fly<00:04:06.840> so<00:04:07.000> when<00:04:07.079> a<00:04:07.200> fly<00:04:07.439> hits
portion of the fly so when a fly hits
portion of the fly so when a fly hits
your<00:04:07.799> windshield<00:04:08.560> it's<00:04:08.799> basically<00:04:09.159> the<00:04:09.319> power
your windshield it's basically the power
your windshield it's basically the power
muscle<00:04:09.879> that<00:04:10.000> you're<00:04:10.159> looking<00:04:10.439> at<00:04:11.040> but
muscle that you're looking at but
muscle that you're looking at but
attached<00:04:11.599> to<00:04:11.760> the<00:04:11.959> base<00:04:12.200> of<00:04:12.360> the<00:04:12.519> wing<00:04:13.200> is<00:04:13.319> a
attached to the base of the wing is a
attached to the base of the wing is a
set<00:04:13.680> of<00:04:14.000> little<00:04:14.439> tiny<00:04:14.879> control<00:04:15.319> muscles<00:04:15.760> that
set of little tiny control muscles that
set of little tiny control muscles that
are<00:04:16.320> that<00:04:16.440> are<00:04:16.600> not<00:04:16.799> very<00:04:17.120> powerful<00:04:17.519> at<00:04:17.639> all
are that are not very powerful at all
are that are not very powerful at all
but<00:04:17.919> they're<00:04:18.239> very<00:04:18.639> fast<00:04:18.959> and<00:04:19.120> they're<00:04:19.280> able
but they're very fast and they're able
but they're very fast and they're able
to<00:04:19.919> reconfigure<00:04:20.919> the<00:04:21.120> hinge<00:04:21.400> of<00:04:21.560> the<00:04:21.720> wing<00:04:22.280> on
to reconfigure the hinge of the wing on
to reconfigure the hinge of the wing on
a<00:04:22.560> stroke<00:04:22.880> by-<00:04:23.080> stroke<00:04:23.440> basis<00:04:24.040> and<00:04:24.160> this<00:04:24.280> is
a stroke by- stroke basis and this is
a stroke by- stroke basis and this is
what<00:04:24.680> enables<00:04:25.240> the<00:04:25.400> fly<00:04:26.000> to<00:04:26.240> change<00:04:26.560> its<00:04:26.800> wing
what enables the fly to change its wing
what enables the fly to change its wing
and<00:04:27.440> generate<00:04:27.960> the<00:04:28.199> the<00:04:28.440> the<00:04:28.560> changes<00:04:28.880> in
and generate the the the changes in
and generate the the the changes in
aerodynamic<00:04:29.520> for<00:04:29.720> forces<00:04:30.280> which<00:04:30.520> change<00:04:31.120> its
aerodynamic for forces which change its
aerodynamic for forces which change its
its<00:04:31.560> flight<00:04:31.919> trajectory<00:04:32.639> and<00:04:32.759> of<00:04:32.880> course<00:04:33.320> the
its flight trajectory and of course the
its flight trajectory and of course the
role<00:04:33.800> of<00:04:33.880> the<00:04:34.039> nervous<00:04:34.440> system<00:04:34.919> is<00:04:35.039> to<00:04:35.240> control
role of the nervous system is to control
role of the nervous system is to control
all<00:04:35.919> this<00:04:36.240> so<00:04:36.440> let's<00:04:36.600> look<00:04:36.759> at<00:04:36.880> the<00:04:37.000> controller
all this so let's look at the controller
all this so let's look at the controller
now<00:04:37.919> flies<00:04:38.560> excel<00:04:39.000> in<00:04:39.120> the<00:04:39.240> sorts<00:04:39.479> of<00:04:39.720> sensors
now flies excel in the sorts of sensors
now flies excel in the sorts of sensors
that<00:04:40.759> they<00:04:41.039> carry<00:04:41.600> to<00:04:41.880> this<00:04:42.199> problem<00:04:42.800> they
that they carry to this problem they
that they carry to this problem they
have<00:04:43.320> antenni<00:04:44.120> that<00:04:44.320> sense<00:04:44.680> odors<00:04:45.080> and<00:04:45.280> detect
have antenni that sense odors and detect
have antenni that sense odors and detect
wind<00:04:46.039> detection<00:04:46.720> they<00:04:46.840> have<00:04:46.960> a<00:04:47.120> sophisticated
wind detection they have a sophisticated
wind detection they have a sophisticated
eye<00:04:48.199> which<00:04:48.320> is<00:04:48.479> the<00:04:48.680> fastest<00:04:49.120> visual<00:04:49.520> system
eye which is the fastest visual system
eye which is the fastest visual system
on<00:04:50.199> the<00:04:50.400> planet<00:04:50.880> they<00:04:51.000> have<00:04:51.160> another<00:04:51.440> set<00:04:51.600> of
on the planet they have another set of
on the planet they have another set of
eyes<00:04:52.000> on<00:04:52.120> the<00:04:52.280> top<00:04:52.440> of<00:04:52.520> their<00:04:52.680> head<00:04:52.919> we<00:04:53.039> have<00:04:53.479> no
eyes on the top of their head we have no
eyes on the top of their head we have no
idea<00:04:54.160> what<00:04:54.320> they<00:04:54.479> do<00:04:55.039> they<00:04:55.240> have<00:04:55.639> sensors<00:04:56.400> on
idea what they do they have sensors on
idea what they do they have sensors on
their<00:04:56.759> on<00:04:56.919> their<00:04:57.560> their<00:04:57.720> wing<00:04:57.960> their<00:04:58.120> wing<00:04:58.280> is
their on their their wing their wing is
their on their their wing their wing is
covered<00:04:58.880> with<00:04:59.199> with<00:04:59.320> with<00:04:59.680> sensors<00:05:00.080> including
covered with with with sensors including
covered with with with sensors including
um<00:05:01.160> um<00:05:01.320> sensors<00:05:01.759> that<00:05:01.919> sense<00:05:02.440> deformation<00:05:02.960> of
um um sensors that sense deformation of
um um sensors that sense deformation of
the<00:05:03.199> wing<00:05:03.639> they<00:05:03.759> can<00:05:03.960> even<00:05:04.360> um<00:05:04.560> taste<00:05:04.960> with
the wing they can even um taste with
the wing they can even um taste with
their<00:05:05.320> wings<00:05:06.000> one<00:05:06.120> of<00:05:06.240> the<00:05:06.360> most
their wings one of the most
their wings one of the most
sophisticated<00:05:07.280> sensors<00:05:07.680> a<00:05:07.800> fly<00:05:08.160> has<00:05:08.320> is<00:05:08.440> a
sophisticated sensors a fly has is a
sophisticated sensors a fly has is a
structure<00:05:09.039> called<00:05:09.400> the<00:05:09.520> Hal<00:05:09.840> tiers<00:05:10.199> the<00:05:10.280> Hal
structure called the Hal tiers the Hal
structure called the Hal tiers the Hal
tiers<00:05:10.759> are<00:05:11.000> actually<00:05:11.400> gyroscopes<00:05:12.240> these
tiers are actually gyroscopes these
tiers are actually gyroscopes these
devices<00:05:12.960> beat<00:05:13.639> back<00:05:13.800> and<00:05:13.960> forth<00:05:14.600> about<00:05:15.039> 200
devices beat back and forth about 200
devices beat back and forth about 200
Hertz<00:05:15.680> during<00:05:15.919> flight<00:05:16.479> and<00:05:16.600> the<00:05:16.720> animal<00:05:17.039> can
Hertz during flight and the animal can
Hertz during flight and the animal can
use<00:05:17.479> them<00:05:17.639> to<00:05:17.840> sense<00:05:18.360> its<00:05:18.560> body<00:05:18.880> rotation<00:05:19.840> and
use them to sense its body rotation and
use them to sense its body rotation and
and<00:05:20.199> initiate<00:05:20.720> very<00:05:20.960> very<00:05:21.280> fast<00:05:21.600> corrective
and initiate very very fast corrective
and initiate very very fast corrective
uh<00:05:22.520> Maneuvers<00:05:23.160> but<00:05:23.319> all<00:05:23.560> the<00:05:23.759> sensory
uh Maneuvers but all the sensory
uh Maneuvers but all the sensory
information<00:05:24.720> has<00:05:24.840> to<00:05:25.000> be<00:05:25.240> processed<00:05:26.080> by<00:05:26.280> a
information has to be processed by a
information has to be processed by a
brain<00:05:27.080> and<00:05:27.280> yes<00:05:27.479> indeed<00:05:28.120> flies<00:05:28.759> have<00:05:28.919> a<00:05:29.080> brain
brain and yes indeed flies have a brain
brain and yes indeed flies have a brain
a<00:05:29.720> brain<00:05:29.919> of<00:05:30.080> about<00:05:30.800> 100,000<00:05:31.800> neurons<00:05:32.639> now
a brain of about 100,000 neurons now
a brain of about 100,000 neurons now
several<00:05:33.520> people<00:05:33.840> at<00:05:33.960> this<00:05:34.160> conference<00:05:34.600> have
several people at this conference have
several people at this conference have
already<00:05:35.960> suggested<00:05:36.479> that<00:05:36.639> fruit<00:05:36.919> flies<00:05:37.280> could
already suggested that fruit flies could
already suggested that fruit flies could
serve<00:05:38.360> um<00:05:38.520> Neuroscience<00:05:39.360> because<00:05:39.639> they're<00:05:40.039> a
serve um Neuroscience because they're a
serve um Neuroscience because they're a
simple<00:05:40.759> model<00:05:41.360> of<00:05:41.560> brain<00:05:41.960> function<00:05:42.720> and<00:05:42.840> the
simple model of brain function and the
simple model of brain function and the
basic<00:05:43.400> punchline<00:05:43.919> of<00:05:44.120> my<00:05:44.400> talk<00:05:44.720> is<00:05:44.919> I'd<00:05:45.080> like
basic punchline of my talk is I'd like
basic punchline of my talk is I'd like
to<00:05:45.319> turn<00:05:45.680> that<00:05:45.880> over<00:05:46.440> on<00:05:46.600> its<00:05:46.840> head<00:05:47.319> I<00:05:47.400> don't
to turn that over on its head I don't
to turn that over on its head I don't
think<00:05:47.880> they're<00:05:48.120> a<00:05:48.319> simple<00:05:48.720> model<00:05:49.199> of<00:05:49.440> anything
think they're a simple model of anything
think they're a simple model of anything
and<00:05:50.199> I<00:05:50.319> think<00:05:50.520> that<00:05:51.080> flies<00:05:51.360> are<00:05:51.639> a<00:05:51.800> great<00:05:52.080> model
and I think that flies are a great model
and I think that flies are a great model
they're<00:05:52.560> a<00:05:52.759> great<00:05:53.000> model<00:05:53.680> for<00:05:53.960> flies<00:05:54.960> um<00:05:55.800> and
they're a great model for flies um and
they're a great model for flies um and
and<00:05:56.160> and<00:05:56.440> let's<00:05:57.440> let's<00:05:57.720> explore<00:05:58.600> let's
and and let's let's explore let's
and and let's let's explore let's
explore<00:05:59.240> this<00:05:59.360> no<00:05:59.840> of<00:06:00.000> simplicity<00:06:00.560> so<00:06:00.919> I<00:06:01.039> think
explore this no of simplicity so I think
explore this no of simplicity so I think
unfortunately<00:06:01.919> a<00:06:02.000> lot<00:06:02.120> of<00:06:02.240> neuroscientists
unfortunately a lot of neuroscientists
unfortunately a lot of neuroscientists
were<00:06:03.199> all<00:06:03.440> somewhat<00:06:04.080> narcissistic<00:06:04.919> when<00:06:05.039> we
were all somewhat narcissistic when we
were all somewhat narcissistic when we
think<00:06:05.400> of<00:06:05.600> brain<00:06:06.000> we<00:06:06.120> of<00:06:06.240> course<00:06:06.680> imagine<00:06:07.080> our
think of brain we of course imagine our
think of brain we of course imagine our
own<00:06:07.599> brain<00:06:08.280> but<00:06:08.440> remember<00:06:08.880> that<00:06:09.120> this<00:06:09.319> kind<00:06:09.479> of
own brain but remember that this kind of
own brain but remember that this kind of
brain<00:06:10.280> which<00:06:10.400> is<00:06:10.599> much<00:06:10.840> much<00:06:11.080> smaller<00:06:11.840> um
brain which is much much smaller um
brain which is much much smaller um
instead<00:06:12.199> of<00:06:12.440> 100<00:06:12.639> billion<00:06:12.960> neurons<00:06:13.360> it<00:06:13.520> has
instead of 100 billion neurons it has
instead of 100 billion neurons it has
100,000<00:06:14.360> neurons<00:06:14.759> but<00:06:14.919> this<00:06:15.000> is<00:06:15.120> the<00:06:15.280> most
100,000 neurons but this is the most
100,000 neurons but this is the most
common<00:06:15.919> form<00:06:16.160> of<00:06:16.319> brain<00:06:16.639> on<00:06:16.800> the<00:06:17.000> planet<00:06:17.400> and
common form of brain on the planet and
common form of brain on the planet and
has<00:06:17.800> been<00:06:18.280> for<00:06:18.560> 400<00:06:19.400> million<00:06:19.880> years<00:06:20.400> and<00:06:20.520> is<00:06:20.599> it
has been for 400 million years and is it
has been for 400 million years and is it
fair<00:06:21.039> to<00:06:21.199> say<00:06:21.560> that<00:06:21.680> it's<00:06:21.919> simple<00:06:22.560> well<00:06:22.720> it's
fair to say that it's simple well it's
fair to say that it's simple well it's
simple<00:06:23.120> in<00:06:23.240> the<00:06:23.360> sense<00:06:23.680> that<00:06:23.759> it<00:06:23.919> has<00:06:24.080> fewer
simple in the sense that it has fewer
simple in the sense that it has fewer
neurons<00:06:24.880> but<00:06:25.039> is<00:06:25.199> that<00:06:25.360> a<00:06:25.560> fair<00:06:25.880> metric<00:06:26.639> and<00:06:26.759> I
neurons but is that a fair metric and I
neurons but is that a fair metric and I
would<00:06:27.080> propose<00:06:27.400> it's<00:06:27.560> not<00:06:27.720> a<00:06:27.880> fair<00:06:28.120> metric<00:06:29.039> so
would propose it's not a fair metric so
would propose it's not a fair metric so
let's<00:06:29.400> let's<00:06:29.599> sort<00:06:29.759> of<00:06:29.880> think<00:06:30.039> about<00:06:30.319> this<00:06:30.520> I
let's let's sort of think about this I
let's let's sort of think about this I
think<00:06:30.759> we<00:06:30.960> have<00:06:31.080> to
think we have to
think we have to
compare<00:06:33.520> we<00:06:33.680> have<00:06:33.840> to
compare we have to
compare we have to
compare<00:06:36.360> the<00:06:36.680> size<00:06:37.000> of<00:06:37.160> the<00:06:37.479> brain<00:06:38.479> with<00:06:38.680> what
compare the size of the brain with what
compare the size of the brain with what
the<00:06:38.960> brain<00:06:39.280> can<00:06:39.479> true<00:06:40.240> can<00:06:40.400> do<00:06:40.720> so<00:06:41.000> I<00:06:41.160> propose
the brain can true can do so I propose
the brain can true can do so I propose
we<00:06:41.800> have<00:06:41.960> a<00:06:42.160> trump<00:06:42.599> number<00:06:43.240> and<00:06:43.360> the<00:06:43.479> Trump
we have a trump number and the Trump
we have a trump number and the Trump
number<00:06:44.479> is<00:06:44.639> the<00:06:44.840> ratio<00:06:45.360> of<00:06:45.800> of<00:06:45.960> this<00:06:46.120> man's
number is the ratio of of this man's
number is the ratio of of this man's
behavioral<00:06:47.160> repertoire<00:06:47.639> to<00:06:47.800> the<00:06:47.919> number<00:06:48.120> of
behavioral repertoire to the number of
behavioral repertoire to the number of
neurons<00:06:48.680> in<00:06:48.919> his<00:06:49.120> brain<00:06:50.000> we'll<00:06:50.319> calculate<00:06:50.759> the
neurons in his brain we'll calculate the
neurons in his brain we'll calculate the
Trump<00:06:51.240> number<00:06:51.479> for<00:06:51.680> the<00:06:51.840> fruit<00:06:52.199> fly<00:06:52.800> now<00:06:53.000> how
Trump number for the fruit fly now how
Trump number for the fruit fly now how
many<00:06:53.400> people<00:06:53.880> here<00:06:54.440> think<00:06:54.680> the<00:06:54.840> Trump<00:06:55.160> number
many people here think the Trump number
many people here think the Trump number
is<00:06:55.680> higher<00:06:55.960> for<00:06:56.199> the<00:06:56.479> for<00:06:56.639> the<00:06:56.759> fruit
is higher for the for the fruit
is higher for the for the fruit
fly
fly
fly
it's<00:07:01.120> it's<00:07:01.479> a<00:07:01.639> very<00:07:01.919> smart<00:07:02.360> smart<00:07:02.919> audience<00:07:03.800> um
it's it's a very smart smart audience um
it's it's a very smart smart audience um
yes<00:07:04.160> the<00:07:04.360> inequality<00:07:05.000> goes<00:07:05.240> in<00:07:05.440> this
yes the inequality goes in this
yes the inequality goes in this
direction<00:07:05.960> or<00:07:06.120> I<00:07:06.240> would<00:07:06.400> posit<00:07:06.759> it<00:07:06.919> now<00:07:07.080> I
direction or I would posit it now I
direction or I would posit it now I
realize<00:07:07.800> that<00:07:08.280> it<00:07:08.400> is<00:07:08.560> a<00:07:08.680> little<00:07:08.840> bit<00:07:09.039> absurd
realize that it is a little bit absurd
realize that it is a little bit absurd
to<00:07:09.639> compare<00:07:10.400> the<00:07:10.599> behavioral<00:07:11.120> repertoire<00:07:11.639> of
to compare the behavioral repertoire of
to compare the behavioral repertoire of
a<00:07:11.879> human<00:07:12.199> to<00:07:12.360> a<00:07:12.520> fly<00:07:12.960> but<00:07:13.240> let's<00:07:13.479> take<00:07:13.840> take
a human to a fly but let's take take
a human to a fly but let's take take
another<00:07:14.319> animal<00:07:14.720> just<00:07:14.879> as<00:07:15.120> an<00:07:15.280> example<00:07:15.800> here's
another animal just as an example here's
another animal just as an example here's
a<00:07:16.120> here's<00:07:16.280> a<00:07:16.479> mouse<00:07:17.479> um<00:07:17.800> a<00:07:17.919> mouse<00:07:18.319> has<00:07:18.520> about<00:07:19.120> a
a here's a mouse um a mouse has about a
a here's a mouse um a mouse has about a
thousand<00:07:19.759> times<00:07:20.039> as<00:07:20.199> many<00:07:20.400> neurons<00:07:20.840> as<00:07:20.960> a<00:07:21.080> fly
thousand times as many neurons as a fly
thousand times as many neurons as a fly
I<00:07:21.479> used<00:07:21.639> to<00:07:21.879> study<00:07:22.199> mice<00:07:22.680> when<00:07:22.800> I<00:07:22.919> studied<00:07:23.240> mice
I used to study mice when I studied mice
I used to study mice when I studied mice
I<00:07:23.639> used<00:07:23.840> to<00:07:24.080> talk<00:07:24.599> really<00:07:25.199> slowly<00:07:26.199> and<00:07:26.280> then
I used to talk really slowly and then
I used to talk really slowly and then
something<00:07:26.680> happened<00:07:26.960> when<00:07:27.080> I<00:07:27.160> started<00:07:27.400> to
something happened when I started to
something happened when I started to
work<00:07:27.680> on<00:07:27.879> flies<00:07:28.720> and<00:07:28.840> I<00:07:28.960> think<00:07:29.120> if<00:07:29.240> you
work on flies and I think if you
work on flies and I think if you
compare<00:07:31.840> if<00:07:31.919> you<00:07:32.080> compare<00:07:32.479> the<00:07:32.680> natural
compare if you compare the natural
compare if you compare the natural
history<00:07:33.720> of<00:07:33.879> flies<00:07:34.240> and<00:07:34.440> mice<00:07:35.039> it's<00:07:35.240> it's
history of flies and mice it's it's
history of flies and mice it's it's
really<00:07:35.919> comparable<00:07:36.400> they<00:07:36.560> have<00:07:36.639> to<00:07:36.800> Farge<00:07:37.160> for
really comparable they have to Farge for
really comparable they have to Farge for
food<00:07:38.199> they<00:07:38.360> they<00:07:38.520> they<00:07:38.639> have<00:07:38.759> to<00:07:38.960> engage<00:07:39.360> in<00:07:39.560> in
food they they they have to engage in in
food they they they have to engage in in
courtship<00:07:40.759> they<00:07:41.039> they<00:07:41.280> they<00:07:41.639> they<00:07:41.960> they<00:07:42.120> have
courtship they they they they they have
courtship they they they they they have
sex<00:07:42.840> they<00:07:43.000> hide<00:07:43.199> from<00:07:43.440> predators<00:07:43.919> they<00:07:44.039> do<00:07:44.159> a
sex they hide from predators they do a
sex they hide from predators they do a
lot<00:07:44.360> of<00:07:44.440> the<00:07:44.639> similar<00:07:45.039> things<00:07:45.879> but<00:07:46.199> but<00:07:46.280> I
lot of the similar things but but I
lot of the similar things but but I
would<00:07:46.520> argue<00:07:46.759> that<00:07:46.879> flies<00:07:47.240> do<00:07:47.479> more<00:07:47.759> so<00:07:47.960> for
would argue that flies do more so for
would argue that flies do more so for
example<00:07:49.120> um<00:07:49.960> I'm<00:07:50.080> going<00:07:50.159> to<00:07:50.280> show<00:07:50.440> you<00:07:50.560> a
example um I'm going to show you a
example um I'm going to show you a
sequence<00:07:51.039> and<00:07:51.159> I<00:07:51.319> have<00:07:51.440> to<00:07:51.639> say<00:07:52.599> um<00:07:52.879> some<00:07:53.080> of<00:07:53.240> my
sequence and I have to say um some of my
sequence and I have to say um some of my
funding<00:07:53.759> comes<00:07:54.000> from<00:07:54.159> the<00:07:54.319> military<00:07:55.319> so<00:07:55.520> I'm
funding comes from the military so I'm
funding comes from the military so I'm
showing<00:07:55.919> this<00:07:56.159> classified<00:07:56.759> sequence<00:07:57.400> and<00:07:57.800> you
showing this classified sequence and you
showing this classified sequence and you
cannot<00:07:58.440> discuss<00:07:58.800> it<00:07:59.000> outside<00:07:59.560> of<00:07:59.680> this<00:07:59.879> room
cannot discuss it outside of this room
cannot discuss it outside of this room
okay<00:08:01.400> so<00:08:01.599> I<00:08:01.680> want<00:08:01.800> you<00:08:01.919> to<00:08:02.080> look<00:08:02.199> at<00:08:02.319> the
okay so I want you to look at the
okay so I want you to look at the
payload<00:08:03.400> at<00:08:03.520> the<00:08:03.720> tail<00:08:04.199> of<00:08:04.560> of<00:08:04.680> the<00:08:04.800> fruit
payload at the tail of of the fruit
payload at the tail of of the fruit
fly<00:08:06.800> watch<00:08:06.960> it<00:08:07.159> very
fly watch it very
fly watch it very
closely<00:08:08.919> um<00:08:09.120> and<00:08:09.280> you'll<00:08:09.560> see<00:08:10.240> why<00:08:10.639> my<00:08:11.039> uh
closely um and you'll see why my uh
closely um and you'll see why my uh
six-year-old<00:08:12.080> son<00:08:12.840> um<00:08:12.960> now<00:08:13.159> wants<00:08:13.400> to<00:08:13.520> be<00:08:13.720> a
neuroscientist<00:08:17.680> wait<00:08:17.919> for
neuroscientist wait for
neuroscientist wait for
it<00:08:20.599> so<00:08:20.879> at<00:08:21.000> least<00:08:21.159> you'll<00:08:21.440> admit<00:08:21.639> that<00:08:21.759> if
it so at least you'll admit that if
it so at least you'll admit that if
fruit<00:08:22.039> flies<00:08:22.280> are<00:08:22.400> not<00:08:22.560> as<00:08:22.680> clever<00:08:22.919> as<00:08:23.080> mice
fruit flies are not as clever as mice
fruit flies are not as clever as mice
they're<00:08:23.599> at<00:08:23.720> least<00:08:23.919> as<00:08:24.080> clever<00:08:24.400> as
pigeons<00:08:28.400> now<00:08:29.120> I<00:08:29.599> I<00:08:29.720> I<00:08:29.800> want<00:08:29.919> to<00:08:30.080> get<00:08:30.280> across
pigeons now I I I want to get across
pigeons now I I I want to get across
that<00:08:30.800> it's<00:08:30.919> not<00:08:31.080> just<00:08:31.199> a<00:08:31.319> matter<00:08:31.520> of<00:08:31.680> numbers
that it's not just a matter of numbers
that it's not just a matter of numbers
but<00:08:32.360> but<00:08:32.519> also<00:08:32.719> the<00:08:32.919> challenge<00:08:33.279> for<00:08:33.440> a<00:08:33.560> fly<00:08:33.839> to
but but also the challenge for a fly to
but but also the challenge for a fly to
compute<00:08:35.000> everything<00:08:35.320> that<00:08:35.519> brain<00:08:35.800> has<00:08:35.959> to
compute everything that brain has to
compute everything that brain has to
compute<00:08:36.479> with<00:08:36.640> such<00:08:36.919> tiny<00:08:37.159> neurons<00:08:37.640> so<00:08:37.760> this
compute with such tiny neurons so this
compute with such tiny neurons so this
is<00:08:37.959> a<00:08:38.159> beautiful<00:08:38.599> image<00:08:39.039> of<00:08:39.159> a<00:08:39.279> visual<00:08:39.560> inner
is a beautiful image of a visual inner
is a beautiful image of a visual inner
neuron<00:08:40.120> from<00:08:40.240> a<00:08:40.360> mouse<00:08:40.680> that<00:08:40.800> came<00:08:41.080> from<00:08:41.440> from
neuron from a mouse that came from from
neuron from a mouse that came from from
Jeff<00:08:42.000> liman's<00:08:43.000> lab<00:08:43.399> and<00:08:43.599> you<00:08:43.719> could<00:08:43.839> see<00:08:44.080> that
Jeff liman's lab and you could see that
Jeff liman's lab and you could see that
the<00:08:44.360> wonderful<00:08:44.720> images<00:08:45.680> um<00:08:45.920> of<00:08:46.160> of<00:08:46.360> of<00:08:46.440> brains
the wonderful images um of of of brains
the wonderful images um of of of brains
that<00:08:46.959> he<00:08:47.080> showed<00:08:47.519> in<00:08:47.720> his<00:08:48.000> in<00:08:48.200> his<00:08:48.640> uh<00:08:48.959> uh<00:08:49.360> talk
that he showed in his in his uh uh talk
that he showed in his in his uh uh talk
but<00:08:50.080> up<00:08:50.200> in<00:08:50.320> the<00:08:50.519> corner<00:08:51.000> in<00:08:51.120> the<00:08:51.240> right<00:08:51.399> corner
but up in the corner in the right corner
but up in the corner in the right corner
you'll<00:08:51.920> see<00:08:52.200> at<00:08:52.360> the<00:08:52.480> same<00:08:52.760> scale<00:08:53.279> of<00:08:53.480> visual
you'll see at the same scale of visual
you'll see at the same scale of visual
uron<00:08:54.519> from<00:08:55.120> a<00:08:55.480> a<00:08:55.640> fly<00:08:56.320> and<00:08:56.440> I<00:08:56.640> and<00:08:56.720> I'll<00:08:56.959> expand
uron from a a fly and I and I'll expand
uron from a a fly and I and I'll expand
this<00:08:57.600> up<00:08:58.279> um<00:08:58.399> and<00:08:58.519> it's<00:08:58.760> it's<00:08:58.839> a<00:08:58.959> beautiful<00:08:59.440> the
this up um and it's it's a beautiful the
this up um and it's it's a beautiful the
complex<00:09:00.000> neuron<00:09:00.399> it's<00:09:00.560> just<00:09:00.880> very<00:09:01.200> very<00:09:01.519> tiny
complex neuron it's just very very tiny
complex neuron it's just very very tiny
and<00:09:02.000> there's<00:09:02.279> lots<00:09:02.480> of<00:09:02.720> biophysical
and there's lots of biophysical
and there's lots of biophysical
challenges<00:09:04.240> with<00:09:04.399> trying<00:09:04.600> to<00:09:04.760> compute
challenges with trying to compute
challenges with trying to compute
information<00:09:06.040> with<00:09:06.240> tiny<00:09:06.600> tiny<00:09:06.880> neurons<00:09:07.600> how
information with tiny tiny neurons how
information with tiny tiny neurons how
small<00:09:08.079> can<00:09:08.240> neurons<00:09:08.760> get<00:09:09.240> well<00:09:09.440> look<00:09:09.560> at<00:09:09.720> this
small can neurons get well look at this
small can neurons get well look at this
interesting<00:09:10.480> insect<00:09:10.880> it<00:09:11.000> looks<00:09:11.200> sort<00:09:11.360> of<00:09:11.480> like
interesting insect it looks sort of like
interesting insect it looks sort of like
a<00:09:11.680> fly<00:09:12.000> it<00:09:12.120> has<00:09:12.279> wings<00:09:12.600> it<00:09:12.760> has<00:09:12.920> eyes<00:09:13.160> it<00:09:13.279> has
a fly it has wings it has eyes it has
a fly it has wings it has eyes it has
antenna<00:09:13.920> it's<00:09:14.160> legs<00:09:14.760> complicated<00:09:15.240> life
antenna it's legs complicated life
antenna it's legs complicated life
history<00:09:16.079> it's<00:09:16.200> a<00:09:16.399> parasite<00:09:16.839> it<00:09:17.000> has<00:09:17.079> to<00:09:17.240> fly
history it's a parasite it has to fly
history it's a parasite it has to fly
around<00:09:17.720> and<00:09:17.880> find<00:09:18.200> cak<00:09:18.560> pillars<00:09:19.160> to
around and find cak pillars to
around and find cak pillars to
parasitize<00:09:20.600> but<00:09:20.920> not<00:09:21.079> only<00:09:21.440> is<00:09:21.640> its<00:09:22.279> um<00:09:22.839> brain
parasitize but not only is its um brain
parasitize but not only is its um brain
the<00:09:23.519> size<00:09:23.760> of<00:09:23.880> a<00:09:24.000> salt<00:09:24.320> grain<00:09:24.720> which<00:09:24.839> is
the size of a salt grain which is
the size of a salt grain which is
comparable<00:09:25.680> for<00:09:25.800> a<00:09:25.920> fruit<00:09:26.200> fly<00:09:26.880> it<00:09:27.120> is<00:09:27.320> the
comparable for a fruit fly it is the
comparable for a fruit fly it is the
size<00:09:27.720> of<00:09:27.800> a<00:09:27.959> salt<00:09:28.240> brain<00:09:28.920> a<00:09:29.000> salt<00:09:29.600> so<00:09:29.720> here's
size of a salt brain a salt so here's
size of a salt brain a salt so here's
some<00:09:30.160> other<00:09:30.440> organisms<00:09:31.399> of<00:09:31.880> at<00:09:32.000> the<00:09:32.160> similar
some other organisms of at the similar
some other organisms of at the similar
scale<00:09:33.160> this<00:09:33.480> animal<00:09:33.920> is<00:09:34.079> the<00:09:34.240> size<00:09:34.519> of<00:09:34.640> a
scale this animal is the size of a
scale this animal is the size of a
parium<00:09:35.959> and<00:09:36.120> an<00:09:36.480> amoeba<00:09:37.480> um<00:09:37.800> and<00:09:37.920> it<00:09:38.079> has<00:09:38.200> a
parium and an amoeba um and it has a
parium and an amoeba um and it has a
brain<00:09:38.600> of<00:09:38.839> 7,000<00:09:39.600> neurons<00:09:40.079> that's<00:09:40.279> so<00:09:40.600> small
brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small
brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small
you<00:09:41.120> know<00:09:41.279> these<00:09:41.440> things<00:09:41.720> called<00:09:41.959> cell<00:09:42.240> bodies
you know these things called cell bodies
you know these things called cell bodies
you've<00:09:42.760> been<00:09:42.880> hearing<00:09:43.200> about<00:09:43.480> where<00:09:43.640> the
you've been hearing about where the
you've been hearing about where the
nucleus<00:09:44.240> of<00:09:44.360> the<00:09:44.480> neuron<00:09:44.920> is<00:09:45.360> this<00:09:45.560> animal
nucleus of the neuron is this animal
nucleus of the neuron is this animal
gets<00:09:46.160> rid<00:09:46.320> of<00:09:46.480> them<00:09:46.680> because<00:09:46.880> they<00:09:47.040> take<00:09:47.200> up
gets rid of them because they take up
gets rid of them because they take up
too<00:09:47.560> much<00:09:47.839> space<00:09:48.720> so<00:09:48.920> this<00:09:49.000> is<00:09:49.120> a<00:09:49.279> session<00:09:49.560> on
too much space so this is a session on
too much space so this is a session on
Frontiers<00:09:50.240> in<00:09:50.399> Neuroscience<00:09:51.120> I<00:09:51.200> would<00:09:51.399> posit
Frontiers in Neuroscience I would posit
Frontiers in Neuroscience I would posit
that<00:09:51.800> a<00:09:51.959> front<00:09:52.399> one<00:09:52.560> Frontier<00:09:52.959> in
that a front one Frontier in
that a front one Frontier in
Neuroscience<00:09:53.600> is<00:09:53.680> to<00:09:53.839> figure<00:09:54.040> out<00:09:54.160> how<00:09:54.279> the
Neuroscience is to figure out how the
Neuroscience is to figure out how the
brain<00:09:54.600> of<00:09:54.800> that<00:09:55.000> thing<00:09:55.279> works<00:09:56.279> um<00:09:56.839> but<00:09:57.640> let's
brain of that thing works um but let's
brain of that thing works um but let's
think<00:09:58.120> about<00:09:58.440> this<00:09:58.760> how<00:09:58.959> can<00:09:59.040> you<00:09:59.440> make<00:09:59.640> a
think about this how can you make a
think about this how can you make a
small<00:10:00.120> number<00:10:00.360> of<00:10:00.560> neurons<00:10:01.120> do<00:10:01.519> a<00:10:01.720> lot<00:10:02.040> and<00:10:02.240> I<00:10:02.440> I
small number of neurons do a lot and I I
small number of neurons do a lot and I I
think<00:10:02.760> if<00:10:03.160> from<00:10:03.279> an<00:10:03.399> engineering<00:10:03.959> perspective
think if from an engineering perspective
think if from an engineering perspective
you<00:10:04.800> think<00:10:04.959> of<00:10:05.240> multiplexing<00:10:06.240> you<00:10:06.360> can<00:10:06.600> take<00:10:07.160> a
you think of multiplexing you can take a
you think of multiplexing you can take a
hardware<00:10:08.200> and<00:10:08.360> have<00:10:08.519> that<00:10:08.680> Hardware<00:10:09.079> do
hardware and have that Hardware do
hardware and have that Hardware do
different<00:10:09.480> things<00:10:09.680> at<00:10:09.880> different<00:10:10.200> times<00:10:10.519> or
different things at different times or
different things at different times or
have<00:10:10.959> different<00:10:11.279> parts<00:10:11.519> of<00:10:11.640> the<00:10:11.839> hardware
have different parts of the hardware
have different parts of the hardware
doing<00:10:12.880> different<00:10:13.240> things<00:10:13.760> and<00:10:13.920> these<00:10:14.040> are<00:10:14.200> the
doing different things and these are the
doing different things and these are the
two<00:10:15.040> uh<00:10:15.360> Concepts<00:10:15.800> I'd<00:10:15.920> like<00:10:16.079> to<00:10:16.279> explore<00:10:16.680> and
two uh Concepts I'd like to explore and
two uh Concepts I'd like to explore and
they're<00:10:16.920> not<00:10:17.120> Concepts<00:10:17.560> that<00:10:17.760> that<00:10:17.880> I've<00:10:18.040> come
they're not Concepts that that I've come
they're not Concepts that that I've come
up<00:10:18.440> with<00:10:18.880> but<00:10:19.079> Concepts<00:10:19.560> that<00:10:19.720> have<00:10:19.959> have<00:10:20.160> been
up with but Concepts that have have been
up with but Concepts that have have been
um<00:10:21.079> proposed<00:10:21.640> by<00:10:21.880> by<00:10:22.000> others<00:10:22.279> in<00:10:22.399> the<00:10:22.640> past<00:10:23.200> and
um proposed by by others in the past and
um proposed by by others in the past and
and<00:10:23.560> one<00:10:23.760> idea<00:10:24.160> comes<00:10:24.480> from<00:10:24.720> lessons<00:10:25.320> from
and one idea comes from lessons from
and one idea comes from lessons from
chewing<00:10:25.880> crabs<00:10:26.200> and<00:10:26.360> I<00:10:26.440> don't<00:10:26.560> mean<00:10:26.760> chewing
chewing crabs and I don't mean chewing
chewing crabs and I don't mean chewing
the<00:10:27.360> crabs<00:10:27.920> and<00:10:28.600> I<00:10:28.720> I<00:10:28.800> grew<00:10:28.959> up<00:10:29.079> in<00:10:29.320> Baltimore
the crabs and I I grew up in Baltimore
the crabs and I I grew up in Baltimore
and<00:10:29.760> I<00:10:29.920> chew<00:10:30.200> crabs<00:10:30.600> very<00:10:30.920> very<00:10:31.120> well<00:10:31.920> but<00:10:32.040> I'm
and I chew crabs very very well but I'm
and I chew crabs very very well but I'm
talking<00:10:32.399> about<00:10:32.600> the<00:10:32.760> crabs<00:10:33.240> actually<00:10:33.480> doing
talking about the crabs actually doing
talking about the crabs actually doing
the<00:10:33.839> chewing<00:10:34.600> crab<00:10:34.920> chewing<00:10:35.320> is<00:10:35.560> actually
the chewing crab chewing is actually
the chewing crab chewing is actually
really<00:10:36.320> fascinating<00:10:36.839> crabs<00:10:37.160> have<00:10:37.360> this
really fascinating crabs have this
really fascinating crabs have this
complicated<00:10:38.279> structure<00:10:38.959> under<00:10:39.200> their
complicated structure under their
complicated structure under their
carapus<00:10:39.880> called<00:10:40.079> the<00:10:40.240> gastric<00:10:40.720> Mill<00:10:41.320> that
carapus called the gastric Mill that
carapus called the gastric Mill that
grinds<00:10:41.800> their<00:10:41.959> food<00:10:42.200> in<00:10:42.320> a<00:10:42.480> variety<00:10:42.839> of
grinds their food in a variety of
grinds their food in a variety of
different<00:10:43.279> ways<00:10:43.880> and<00:10:44.000> here's<00:10:44.320> an<00:10:44.600> an<00:10:44.800> an
different ways and here's an an an
different ways and here's an an an
endoscopic<00:10:45.639> movie<00:10:46.320> of<00:10:46.519> this<00:10:46.800> of<00:10:46.959> this<00:10:47.279> this
endoscopic movie of this of this this
endoscopic movie of this of this this
this<00:10:47.880> this<00:10:48.079> structure<00:10:48.800> the<00:10:48.959> amazing<00:10:49.440> thing
this this structure the amazing thing
this this structure the amazing thing
about<00:10:50.040> this<00:10:50.480> is<00:10:50.600> that<00:10:50.720> it's<00:10:50.959> controlled<00:10:51.519> by<00:10:51.680> a
about this is that it's controlled by a
about this is that it's controlled by a
really<00:10:52.399> tiny<00:10:52.720> set<00:10:52.920> of<00:10:53.040> neurons<00:10:53.600> about<00:10:53.800> two
really tiny set of neurons about two
really tiny set of neurons about two
dozen<00:10:54.720> neurons<00:10:55.720> um<00:10:55.880> that<00:10:56.000> can<00:10:56.200> produce<00:10:56.800> a<00:10:57.160> vast
dozen neurons um that can produce a vast
dozen neurons um that can produce a vast
variety<00:10:58.200> of<00:10:58.399> different<00:10:58.639> motor<00:10:59.000> p<00:10:59.320> patterns
variety of different motor p patterns
variety of different motor p patterns
and<00:11:00.160> the<00:11:00.279> reason<00:11:00.680> it<00:11:00.800> can<00:11:01.000> do<00:11:01.320> this<00:11:01.880> is<00:11:02.120> that
and the reason it can do this is that
and the reason it can do this is that
the<00:11:02.680> this<00:11:02.839> little<00:11:03.079> tiny<00:11:03.440> gangion<00:11:04.320> in<00:11:04.440> the<00:11:04.639> crab
the this little tiny gangion in the crab
the this little tiny gangion in the crab
is<00:11:05.560> actually<00:11:05.959> inundated<00:11:06.800> by<00:11:06.959> many<00:11:07.320> many
is actually inundated by many many
is actually inundated by many many
neuromodulators<00:11:08.480> you<00:11:08.639> heard<00:11:08.839> about
neuromodulators you heard about
neuromodulators you heard about
neuromodulators<00:11:10.000> earlier<00:11:10.600> there're<00:11:11.160> more
neuromodulators earlier there're more
neuromodulators earlier there're more
neuromodulators<00:11:13.040> that<00:11:13.360> that<00:11:13.600> uh<00:11:13.720> alter<00:11:14.360> that
neuromodulators that that uh alter that
neuromodulators that that uh alter that
that<00:11:14.839> inovate<00:11:15.360> this<00:11:15.519> structure<00:11:15.920> than
that inovate this structure than
that inovate this structure than
actually<00:11:16.519> neurons<00:11:17.079> in<00:11:17.279> the<00:11:17.519> structure<00:11:18.279> and
actually neurons in the structure and
actually neurons in the structure and
they're<00:11:18.639> able<00:11:18.920> to<00:11:19.320> generate<00:11:20.120> a<00:11:20.399> a<00:11:20.560> complicated
they're able to generate a a complicated
they're able to generate a a complicated
set<00:11:21.560> set<00:11:21.720> of<00:11:21.920> patterns<00:11:22.360> and<00:11:22.480> this<00:11:22.600> is<00:11:22.800> the<00:11:23.079> the
set set of patterns and this is the the
set set of patterns and this is the the
work<00:11:23.680> by<00:11:23.880> Eve<00:11:24.120> martyr<00:11:24.560> and<00:11:24.760> her<00:11:25.200> many
work by Eve martyr and her many
work by Eve martyr and her many
colleagues<00:11:25.959> who've<00:11:26.160> been<00:11:26.320> studying<00:11:26.720> this
colleagues who've been studying this
colleagues who've been studying this
fascinating<00:11:27.560> system<00:11:28.120> that<00:11:28.240> show<00:11:28.560> how<00:11:28.720> a<00:11:28.880> small
fascinating system that show how a small
fascinating system that show how a small
cluster<00:11:29.800> of<00:11:29.959> neurons<00:11:30.440> can<00:11:30.600> do<00:11:30.839> many<00:11:31.079> many<00:11:31.360> many
cluster of neurons can do many many many
cluster of neurons can do many many many
things<00:11:32.399> because<00:11:33.040> of<00:11:33.360> of<00:11:33.600> neuromodulation
things because of of neuromodulation
things because of of neuromodulation
that<00:11:34.680> can<00:11:34.880> take<00:11:35.120> place<00:11:35.320> on<00:11:35.440> a<00:11:35.600> moment<00:11:35.880> by<00:11:36.440> basis
that can take place on a moment by basis
that can take place on a moment by basis
so<00:11:37.279> this<00:11:37.360> is<00:11:37.560> basically<00:11:37.920> multiplexing<00:11:38.680> in
so this is basically multiplexing in
so this is basically multiplexing in
Time<00:11:39.440> Imagine<00:11:39.760> a<00:11:39.920> network<00:11:40.240> of<00:11:40.399> neurons<00:11:41.040> with
Time Imagine a network of neurons with
Time Imagine a network of neurons with
one<00:11:41.360> neuromodulated<00:11:42.240> you<00:11:42.360> select<00:11:42.800> one<00:11:43.120> set<00:11:43.320> of
one neuromodulated you select one set of
one neuromodulated you select one set of
cells<00:11:43.800> to<00:11:43.959> perform<00:11:44.399> one<00:11:44.519> sort<00:11:44.800> of<00:11:45.000> behavior
cells to perform one sort of behavior
cells to perform one sort of behavior
another<00:11:46.200> neuromodulator<00:11:47.200> another<00:11:47.480> set<00:11:47.639> of
another neuromodulator another set of
another neuromodulator another set of
cells<00:11:48.320> a<00:11:48.440> different<00:11:48.800> pattern<00:11:49.360> and<00:11:49.440> you<00:11:49.560> can
cells a different pattern and you can
cells a different pattern and you can
imagine<00:11:50.079> you<00:11:50.160> could<00:11:50.399> extrapolate<00:11:51.160> to<00:11:51.320> a<00:11:51.480> very
imagine you could extrapolate to a very
imagine you could extrapolate to a very
very<00:11:51.959> complicated<00:11:52.839> system<00:11:53.839> is<00:11:53.920> there<00:11:54.120> any
very complicated system is there any
very complicated system is there any
evidence<00:11:54.639> that<00:11:54.800> flies<00:11:55.279> do<00:11:55.560> this<00:11:56.079> well<00:11:56.200> for
evidence that flies do this well for
evidence that flies do this well for
many<00:11:56.800> years<00:11:57.279> in<00:11:57.440> my<00:11:57.639> laboratory<00:11:58.079> and<00:11:58.240> other
many years in my laboratory and other
many years in my laboratory and other
Laboratories<00:11:58.880> around<00:11:59.040> the<00:11:59.320> World<00:11:59.519> we've<00:11:59.639> been
Laboratories around the World we've been
Laboratories around the World we've been
studying<00:12:00.079> fly<00:12:00.360> behaviors<00:12:00.760> in<00:12:00.920> little<00:12:01.120> flight
studying fly behaviors in little flight
studying fly behaviors in little flight
simulators<00:12:01.959> you<00:12:02.040> can<00:12:02.160> tether<00:12:02.440> a<00:12:02.519> fly<00:12:02.760> to<00:12:02.880> a
simulators you can tether a fly to a
simulators you can tether a fly to a
little<00:12:03.200> stick<00:12:03.760> you<00:12:03.839> can<00:12:04.000> measure<00:12:04.240> the
little stick you can measure the
little stick you can measure the
aerodynamic<00:12:04.920> forces<00:12:05.320> it's<00:12:05.519> it's<00:12:05.760> creating
aerodynamic forces it's it's creating
aerodynamic forces it's it's creating
you<00:12:06.440> can<00:12:06.600> let<00:12:06.760> the<00:12:06.920> P<00:12:07.240> fly<00:12:07.560> play<00:12:07.760> a<00:12:07.880> little
you can let the P fly play a little
you can let the P fly play a little
video<00:12:08.480> game<00:12:09.120> by<00:12:09.399> by<00:12:09.600> by<00:12:09.720> letting<00:12:09.959> it<00:12:10.079> fly
video game by by by letting it fly
video game by by by letting it fly
around<00:12:11.079> in<00:12:11.320> in<00:12:11.440> in<00:12:11.560> a<00:12:11.680> visual<00:12:12.079> display<00:12:12.560> so<00:12:12.720> let
around in in in a visual display so let
around in in in a visual display so let
me<00:12:12.920> show<00:12:13.120> you<00:12:13.279> a<00:12:13.399> little<00:12:13.639> tiny<00:12:13.920> sequence<00:12:14.320> of
me show you a little tiny sequence of
me show you a little tiny sequence of
this<00:12:15.120> um<00:12:15.399> here's<00:12:15.600> a<00:12:15.760> fly<00:12:16.320> and<00:12:16.480> a<00:12:16.680> large
this um here's a fly and a large
this um here's a fly and a large
infrared<00:12:17.639> view<00:12:17.880> of<00:12:18.000> the<00:12:18.120> fly<00:12:18.440> in<00:12:18.560> the<00:12:18.680> flight
infrared view of the fly in the flight
infrared view of the fly in the flight
simulator<00:12:19.720> and<00:12:19.839> this<00:12:19.920> is<00:12:20.040> a<00:12:20.160> game<00:12:20.360> the<00:12:20.480> Flies
simulator and this is a game the Flies
simulator and this is a game the Flies
love<00:12:21.040> to<00:12:21.199> play<00:12:21.480> you<00:12:21.639> allow<00:12:21.880> them<00:12:22.040> to<00:12:22.160> steer
love to play you allow them to steer
love to play you allow them to steer
towards<00:12:22.760> a<00:12:22.920> little<00:12:23.240> stripe<00:12:24.199> um<00:12:24.440> and<00:12:24.560> they'll
towards a little stripe um and they'll
towards a little stripe um and they'll
just<00:12:24.839> steer<00:12:25.120> towards<00:12:25.440> that<00:12:25.600> stripe<00:12:26.120> uh
just steer towards that stripe uh
just steer towards that stripe uh
forever<00:12:26.959> it's<00:12:27.160> part<00:12:27.279> of<00:12:27.440> their<00:12:27.639> visual
forever it's part of their visual
forever it's part of their visual
guidance<00:12:28.639> um<00:12:28.800> system
guidance um system
guidance um system
but<00:12:30.519> very<00:12:30.760> very<00:12:31.000> recently<00:12:31.800> it's<00:12:32.000> been
but very very recently it's been
but very very recently it's been
possible<00:12:32.639> to<00:12:32.920> modify<00:12:33.880> these<00:12:34.079> sorts<00:12:34.440> of<00:12:34.800> of<00:12:35.040> of
possible to modify these sorts of of of
possible to modify these sorts of of of
Behavioral<00:12:36.000> arenas<00:12:36.680> for<00:12:36.959> physiology<00:12:37.760> so<00:12:37.880> this
Behavioral arenas for physiology so this
Behavioral arenas for physiology so this
is<00:12:38.079> the<00:12:38.279> preparation<00:12:38.760> that<00:12:38.920> one<00:12:39.040> of<00:12:39.160> my<00:12:39.320> former
is the preparation that one of my former
is the preparation that one of my former
posts<00:12:40.240> Gabby<00:12:40.519> Mayon<00:12:40.920> who's<00:12:41.120> now<00:12:41.240> at
posts Gabby Mayon who's now at
posts Gabby Mayon who's now at
Rockefeller<00:12:42.040> developed<00:12:42.720> and<00:12:42.839> it's<00:12:43.040> basically
Rockefeller developed and it's basically
Rockefeller developed and it's basically
a<00:12:43.519> flight<00:12:43.839> simulator<00:12:44.600> but<00:12:44.760> under<00:12:45.320> conditions
a flight simulator but under conditions
a flight simulator but under conditions
where<00:12:45.760> you<00:12:45.959> actually<00:12:46.240> can<00:12:46.360> stick<00:12:46.639> an
where you actually can stick an
where you actually can stick an
electrode<00:12:47.399> in<00:12:47.519> the<00:12:47.639> brain<00:12:47.880> of<00:12:48.040> the<00:12:48.160> fly<00:12:48.800> and
electrode in the brain of the fly and
electrode in the brain of the fly and
record<00:12:49.519> from<00:12:49.680> a<00:12:49.959> genetically<00:12:50.959> identified
record from a genetically identified
record from a genetically identified
neuron<00:12:51.959> in<00:12:52.079> the<00:12:52.160> fly's<00:12:52.680> brain<00:12:53.399> and<00:12:53.519> this<00:12:53.639> is
neuron in the fly's brain and this is
neuron in the fly's brain and this is
what<00:12:53.920> one<00:12:54.040> of<00:12:54.199> these<00:12:54.480> experiments<00:12:55.000> looks<00:12:55.320> like
what one of these experiments looks like
what one of these experiments looks like
it<00:12:55.639> was<00:12:55.800> a<00:12:56.199> a<00:12:56.360> sequence<00:12:56.800> taken<00:12:57.040> from<00:12:57.240> another
it was a a sequence taken from another
it was a a sequence taken from another
postto<00:12:58.040> in<00:12:58.120> the<00:12:58.279> lab<00:12:58.600> patina<00:12:59.320> now<00:12:59.839> the<00:13:00.000> green
postto in the lab patina now the green
postto in the lab patina now the green
Trace<00:13:00.680> at<00:13:00.800> the<00:13:01.000> bottom<00:13:01.480> is<00:13:01.639> the<00:13:01.800> membrane
Trace at the bottom is the membrane
Trace at the bottom is the membrane
potential<00:13:03.199> of<00:13:03.320> a<00:13:03.519> neuron<00:13:03.959> in<00:13:04.120> the<00:13:04.240> fly's<00:13:04.720> brain
potential of a neuron in the fly's brain
potential of a neuron in the fly's brain
and<00:13:05.360> you'll<00:13:05.560> see<00:13:05.760> the<00:13:05.880> fly<00:13:06.199> start<00:13:06.440> to<00:13:06.639> fly<00:13:07.320> and
and you'll see the fly start to fly and
and you'll see the fly start to fly and
the<00:13:07.519> Fly<00:13:07.839> is<00:13:08.040> actually<00:13:08.399> controlling<00:13:09.000> the
the Fly is actually controlling the
the Fly is actually controlling the
rotation<00:13:09.639> of<00:13:09.839> that<00:13:10.000> visual<00:13:10.399> pattern<00:13:10.839> Itself
rotation of that visual pattern Itself
rotation of that visual pattern Itself
by<00:13:11.760> its<00:13:11.920> own<00:13:12.160> Wing<00:13:12.440> motion<00:13:13.120> and<00:13:13.240> you<00:13:13.360> can<00:13:13.519> see
by its own Wing motion and you can see
by its own Wing motion and you can see
this<00:13:14.199> visual<00:13:14.480> inter<00:13:14.839> neuron<00:13:15.440> respond<00:13:15.959> to<00:13:16.120> the
this visual inter neuron respond to the
this visual inter neuron respond to the
pattern<00:13:16.560> of<00:13:16.680> wing<00:13:16.920> motion<00:13:17.560> as<00:13:17.720> the<00:13:17.839> fly<00:13:18.199> flies
pattern of wing motion as the fly flies
pattern of wing motion as the fly flies
so<00:13:19.000> for<00:13:19.160> the<00:13:19.360> first<00:13:19.639> time<00:13:19.880> we've<00:13:20.160> actually
so for the first time we've actually
so for the first time we've actually
been<00:13:20.600> able<00:13:20.800> to<00:13:21.040> record<00:13:21.800> from<00:13:22.079> neurons<00:13:22.560> in<00:13:22.680> the
been able to record from neurons in the
been able to record from neurons in the
fly's<00:13:23.320> brain<00:13:23.720> while<00:13:23.920> the<00:13:24.040> fly<00:13:24.360> is<00:13:24.760> performing
fly's brain while the fly is performing
fly's brain while the fly is performing
sophisticated<00:13:26.480> behaviors<00:13:27.320> such<00:13:27.560> as<00:13:27.839> such<00:13:28.040> as
sophisticated behaviors such as such as
sophisticated behaviors such as such as
flight<00:13:28.839> and<00:13:29.120> one<00:13:29.240> of<00:13:29.320> the<00:13:29.440> lessons<00:13:29.800> we've<00:13:29.959> been
flight and one of the lessons we've been
flight and one of the lessons we've been
learning<00:13:30.600> is<00:13:30.680> that<00:13:30.839> the<00:13:31.040> physiology<00:13:31.639> of<00:13:31.800> cells
learning is that the physiology of cells
learning is that the physiology of cells
that<00:13:32.360> we've<00:13:32.519> been<00:13:32.639> studying<00:13:33.040> for<00:13:33.360> many<00:13:33.760> years
that we've been studying for many years
that we've been studying for many years
in<00:13:34.560> quiescent<00:13:35.160> flies<00:13:35.839> is<00:13:36.040> not<00:13:36.279> the<00:13:36.399> same<00:13:36.639> as
in quiescent flies is not the same as
in quiescent flies is not the same as
the<00:13:37.000> physiology<00:13:37.560> of<00:13:37.720> those<00:13:37.880> cells<00:13:38.160> when<00:13:38.279> the<00:13:38.360> f
the physiology of those cells when the f
the physiology of those cells when the f
is<00:13:38.839> actually<00:13:39.160> engaged<00:13:39.639> in<00:13:39.880> active<00:13:40.240> behaviors
is actually engaged in active behaviors
is actually engaged in active behaviors
like<00:13:41.199> flying<00:13:41.760> and<00:13:41.959> walking<00:13:42.360> and<00:13:42.519> so<00:13:42.800> forth<00:13:43.480> and
like flying and walking and so forth and
like flying and walking and so forth and
why<00:13:44.120> is<00:13:44.360> the<00:13:44.680> the<00:13:44.800> physiology<00:13:45.639> different<00:13:46.160> well
why is the the physiology different well
why is the the physiology different well
it<00:13:46.440> turns<00:13:46.720> out<00:13:47.079> it's<00:13:47.279> these<00:13:47.480> neuromodulators
it turns out it's these neuromodulators
it turns out it's these neuromodulators
just<00:13:48.639> like<00:13:48.760> the<00:13:48.959> neuromodulators<00:13:49.959> in<00:13:50.120> that
just like the neuromodulators in that
just like the neuromodulators in that
little<00:13:50.480> tiny<00:13:50.800> ganglion<00:13:51.480> in<00:13:51.600> the<00:13:51.759> crab<00:13:52.160> so
little tiny ganglion in the crab so
little tiny ganglion in the crab so
here's<00:13:52.519> a<00:13:52.680> picture<00:13:53.320> of<00:13:53.480> the<00:13:53.680> octopamine
here's a picture of the octopamine
here's a picture of the octopamine
system<00:13:54.759> octopamine<00:13:55.320> is<00:13:55.399> a<00:13:55.680> neuromodulator<00:13:56.680> um
system octopamine is a neuromodulator um
system octopamine is a neuromodulator um
that<00:13:56.920> seems<00:13:57.160> to<00:13:57.320> play<00:13:57.519> an<00:13:57.680> important<00:13:58.320> role<00:13:58.600> in
that seems to play an important role in
that seems to play an important role in
flight<00:13:59.720> and<00:13:59.880> other<00:14:00.120> behaviors<00:14:00.920> but<00:14:01.040> this<00:14:01.160> is
flight and other behaviors but this is
flight and other behaviors but this is
just<00:14:01.519> one<00:14:01.720> of<00:14:02.079> many<00:14:02.360> neuromodulators<00:14:03.279> that's
just one of many neuromodulators that's
just one of many neuromodulators that's
in<00:14:03.560> the<00:14:03.680> fly's<00:14:04.120> brain<00:14:04.639> so<00:14:04.839> I<00:14:05.000> really<00:14:05.240> think
in the fly's brain so I really think
in the fly's brain so I really think
that<00:14:05.680> as<00:14:05.920> we<00:14:06.160> we<00:14:06.320> learn<00:14:06.639> more<00:14:07.160> it's<00:14:07.279> going<00:14:07.399> to
that as we we learn more it's going to
that as we we learn more it's going to
turn<00:14:07.680> out<00:14:07.880> that<00:14:08.199> the<00:14:08.279> whole<00:14:08.480> fly<00:14:08.880> brain<00:14:09.800> is
turn out that the whole fly brain is
turn out that the whole fly brain is
just<00:14:10.040> like<00:14:10.160> a<00:14:10.320> large<00:14:10.680> version<00:14:11.079> of<00:14:11.199> the
just like a large version of the
just like a large version of the
stomatogastric<00:14:12.000> gangion<00:14:12.839> and<00:14:12.959> that's<00:14:13.120> one<00:14:13.240> of
stomatogastric gangion and that's one of
stomatogastric gangion and that's one of
the<00:14:13.519> reasons<00:14:14.079> why<00:14:14.519> it<00:14:14.600> can<00:14:14.759> do<00:14:15.079> so<00:14:15.279> much<00:14:15.680> with
the reasons why it can do so much with
the reasons why it can do so much with
so<00:14:16.040> few<00:14:16.279> neurons<00:14:17.240> now<00:14:17.480> another<00:14:17.920> idea<00:14:18.560> another
so few neurons now another idea another
so few neurons now another idea another
way<00:14:18.959> of<00:14:19.079> multiplexing<00:14:19.880> is<00:14:20.000> multiplexing<00:14:20.839> in
way of multiplexing is multiplexing in
way of multiplexing is multiplexing in
space<00:14:21.519> having<00:14:21.839> different<00:14:22.160> parts<00:14:22.399> of<00:14:22.519> a<00:14:22.680> neuron
space having different parts of a neuron
space having different parts of a neuron
do<00:14:23.519> different<00:14:23.880> things<00:14:24.240> at<00:14:24.360> the<00:14:24.519> same<00:14:24.839> time<00:14:25.320> so
do different things at the same time so
do different things at the same time so
here's<00:14:25.759> two<00:14:26.120> sort<00:14:26.279> of<00:14:26.440> canonical<00:14:26.920> neurons
here's two sort of canonical neurons
here's two sort of canonical neurons
from<00:14:27.480> a<00:14:27.639> vertebrate<00:14:28.279> and<00:14:28.399> an<00:14:28.519> invertebrate<00:14:29.320> a
from a vertebrate and an invertebrate a
from a vertebrate and an invertebrate a
human<00:14:29.800> paramal<00:14:30.399> neuron<00:14:31.079> from<00:14:31.360> Ramon<00:14:31.880> kahal
human paramal neuron from Ramon kahal
human paramal neuron from Ramon kahal
and<00:14:32.959> and<00:14:33.120> and<00:14:33.279> another<00:14:33.920> cell<00:14:34.240> to<00:14:34.399> the<00:14:34.560> right<00:14:34.839> a
and and and another cell to the right a
and and and another cell to the right a
nonspiking<00:14:35.880> inner<00:14:36.199> neuron<00:14:36.880> and<00:14:37.000> this<00:14:37.160> is<00:14:37.279> the
nonspiking inner neuron and this is the
nonspiking inner neuron and this is the
work<00:14:37.639> of<00:14:37.920> of<00:14:38.160> Alan<00:14:38.480> Watson<00:14:38.839> and<00:14:38.959> Malcolm
work of of Alan Watson and Malcolm
work of of Alan Watson and Malcolm
buroughs<00:14:39.759> many<00:14:40.079> years<00:14:40.360> ago<00:14:41.079> and<00:14:41.240> and<00:14:41.320> Malcolm
buroughs many years ago and and Malcolm
buroughs many years ago and and Malcolm
burough<00:14:42.000> came<00:14:42.160> up<00:14:42.279> with<00:14:42.600> a<00:14:42.720> pretty
burough came up with a pretty
burough came up with a pretty
interesting<00:14:43.759> idea<00:14:44.199> based<00:14:44.440> on<00:14:44.600> the<00:14:44.759> fact<00:14:45.040> that
interesting idea based on the fact that
interesting idea based on the fact that
this<00:14:45.519> neuron<00:14:45.920> from<00:14:46.079> a<00:14:46.279> Locus<00:14:46.959> does<00:14:47.160> not<00:14:47.399> fire
this neuron from a Locus does not fire
this neuron from a Locus does not fire
Action<00:14:48.360> potentials<00:14:48.880> it's<00:14:49.000> a<00:14:49.160> non-spiking
Action potentials it's a non-spiking
Action potentials it's a non-spiking
cell<00:14:50.639> so<00:14:50.800> a<00:14:51.000> typical<00:14:51.360> cell<00:14:51.680> like<00:14:51.800> the<00:14:51.880> neurons
cell so a typical cell like the neurons
cell so a typical cell like the neurons
in<00:14:52.399> our<00:14:52.680> brain<00:14:53.320> has<00:14:53.399> a<00:14:53.560> region<00:14:53.920> called<00:14:54.079> the
in our brain has a region called the
in our brain has a region called the
dendrit<00:14:54.839> that<00:14:55.240> receives<00:14:55.600> input<00:14:56.560> um<00:14:56.759> and<00:14:56.880> that
dendrit that receives input um and that
dendrit that receives input um and that
input<00:14:57.720> sums<00:14:58.320> together<00:14:58.880> and<00:14:59.040> and<00:14:59.199> will<00:14:59.399> produce
input sums together and and will produce
input sums together and and will produce
action<00:15:00.279> potentials<00:15:01.040> that<00:15:01.160> run<00:15:01.519> down<00:15:01.759> the<00:15:01.920> axon
action potentials that run down the axon
action potentials that run down the axon
and<00:15:02.560> then<00:15:02.800> activate<00:15:03.399> all<00:15:03.639> the<00:15:03.800> output<00:15:04.240> regions
and then activate all the output regions
and then activate all the output regions
of<00:15:04.839> the<00:15:04.959> neuron<00:15:05.440> but<00:15:05.560> non-spiking<00:15:06.240> neurons
of the neuron but non-spiking neurons
of the neuron but non-spiking neurons
are<00:15:07.000> actually<00:15:07.399> quite<00:15:07.759> complicated<00:15:08.639> because
are actually quite complicated because
are actually quite complicated because
they<00:15:09.040> can<00:15:09.240> have<00:15:09.480> input<00:15:09.839> synapses<00:15:10.360> and<00:15:10.519> output
they can have input synapses and output
they can have input synapses and output
synapses<00:15:11.680> all<00:15:12.279> interdigitated<00:15:13.279> and<00:15:13.399> there's
synapses all interdigitated and there's
synapses all interdigitated and there's
no<00:15:13.880> single<00:15:14.399> action<00:15:14.720> potential<00:15:15.279> that<00:15:15.399> drives
no single action potential that drives
no single action potential that drives
all<00:15:16.240> the<00:15:16.519> the<00:15:16.720> the<00:15:16.839> outputs<00:15:17.320> at<00:15:17.480> the<00:15:17.600> same<00:15:17.920> time
all the the the outputs at the same time
all the the the outputs at the same time
so<00:15:18.720> there's<00:15:18.880> a<00:15:19.199> possibility<00:15:20.199> that<00:15:20.320> you<00:15:20.519> have
so there's a possibility that you have
so there's a possibility that you have
computational<00:15:21.680> compartments<00:15:22.320> that<00:15:22.440> allow
computational compartments that allow
computational compartments that allow
the<00:15:23.000> different<00:15:23.519> different<00:15:23.759> neurons<00:15:24.480> to<00:15:24.639> do
the different different neurons to do
the different different neurons to do
different<00:15:25.360> of<00:15:25.519> different<00:15:25.720> parts<00:15:25.920> of<00:15:26.000> the
different of different parts of the
different of different parts of the
neuron<00:15:26.360> to<00:15:26.480> do<00:15:26.680> different<00:15:26.959> things<00:15:27.560> at<00:15:27.759> at<00:15:27.880> the
neuron to do different things at at the
neuron to do different things at at the
same<00:15:28.319> time<00:15:28.720> so<00:15:29.040> these<00:15:29.240> basic<00:15:29.639> concepts<00:15:30.639> of<00:15:31.120> of
same time so these basic concepts of of
same time so these basic concepts of of
of<00:15:31.720> multi-tasking<00:15:32.720> in<00:15:33.279> time<00:15:34.279> and
of multi-tasking in time and
of multi-tasking in time and
multitasking<00:15:35.120> in<00:15:35.319> space<00:15:35.920> I<00:15:36.040> think<00:15:36.199> these<00:15:36.319> are
multitasking in space I think these are
multitasking in space I think these are
things<00:15:36.959> that<00:15:37.040> are<00:15:37.199> true<00:15:37.399> in<00:15:37.519> our<00:15:37.680> brains<00:15:38.079> as
things that are true in our brains as
things that are true in our brains as
well<00:15:38.519> but<00:15:38.639> I<00:15:38.720> think<00:15:38.880> the<00:15:39.079> insects<00:15:39.639> are<00:15:39.800> the
well but I think the insects are the
well but I think the insects are the
true<00:15:40.240> masters<00:15:40.680> of<00:15:40.880> this<00:15:41.240> so<00:15:41.399> I<00:15:41.480> hope<00:15:41.639> you<00:15:41.759> think
true masters of this so I hope you think
true masters of this so I hope you think
of<00:15:42.399> insects<00:15:42.759> a<00:15:42.880> little<00:15:43.040> bit<00:15:43.199> differently<00:15:43.639> next
of insects a little bit differently next
of insects a little bit differently next
time<00:15:44.440> and<00:15:44.600> as<00:15:44.720> I<00:15:44.839> say<00:15:45.079> up<00:15:45.240> here<00:15:45.519> please<00:15:45.800> think
time and as I say up here please think
time and as I say up here please think
before<00:15:46.319> you
before you
before you
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Music]
swat
insect insect flight, fruit, fly, TED, TEDx, TEDxCaltech, Caltech, Michael, Dickinson, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
