How I discovered DNA - James Watson
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well<00:00:15.559> I<00:00:15.639> thought<00:00:15.839> they'<00:00:16.080> be<00:00:16.199> a<00:00:16.320> Podium<00:00:16.720> so<00:00:17.000> I'm
well I thought they' be a Podium so I'm
well I thought they' be a Podium so I'm
a<00:00:17.680> bit
scared<00:00:21.199> Chris<00:00:21.560> asked<00:00:21.760> me<00:00:21.920> to<00:00:22.199> tell<00:00:22.519> again<00:00:22.760> how
scared Chris asked me to tell again how
scared Chris asked me to tell again how
we<00:00:23.039> found<00:00:23.240> the<00:00:23.359> structure<00:00:23.720> of<00:00:24.119> DNA<00:00:25.119> and<00:00:25.480> since
we found the structure of DNA and since
we found the structure of DNA and since
you<00:00:25.920> know<00:00:26.080> I<00:00:26.199> follow<00:00:26.519> his<00:00:26.640> orders<00:00:27.119> I'll<00:00:27.320> do<00:00:27.480> it
you know I follow his orders I'll do it
you know I follow his orders I'll do it
but<00:00:28.640> it<00:00:28.760> slightly<00:00:29.160> bores<00:00:29.560> me
but it slightly bores me
but it slightly bores me
and
and
and
uh<00:00:33.520> yeah<00:00:33.800> I<00:00:33.879> wrote<00:00:34.120> a<00:00:34.239> book<00:00:34.800> so<00:00:35.040> I'll<00:00:35.200> say
uh yeah I wrote a book so I'll say
uh yeah I wrote a book so I'll say
something<00:00:38.480> I'll<00:00:38.680> say<00:00:38.960> a<00:00:39.079> little<00:00:39.559> about<00:00:40.200> uh<00:00:40.399> you
something I'll say a little about uh you
something I'll say a little about uh you
know<00:00:40.719> how<00:00:40.879> the<00:00:41.280> discovery<00:00:41.559> was<00:00:41.719> made<00:00:41.920> and<00:00:42.160> why
know how the discovery was made and why
know how the discovery was made and why
Francis<00:00:42.879> and<00:00:43.039> I<00:00:43.200> found<00:00:43.440> it<00:00:43.920> and<00:00:44.079> then<00:00:44.440> I<00:00:44.600> hope
Francis and I found it and then I hope
Francis and I found it and then I hope
maybe<00:00:45.160> I<00:00:45.360> have<00:00:45.719> uh<00:00:46.520> at<00:00:46.680> least<00:00:46.960> five<00:00:47.160> minutes<00:00:47.480> to
maybe I have uh at least five minutes to
maybe I have uh at least five minutes to
say<00:00:47.920> what<00:00:48.399> uh<00:00:49.160> uh<00:00:49.320> makes<00:00:49.559> me<00:00:49.719> take<00:00:50.120> now<00:00:51.120> uh<00:00:51.680> back
say what uh uh makes me take now uh back
say what uh uh makes me take now uh back
of<00:00:52.039> me<00:00:52.320> is<00:00:52.559> a<00:00:52.920> a<00:00:53.079> picture<00:00:53.359> of<00:00:53.480> me<00:00:53.680> when<00:00:53.840> I<00:00:54.079> was<00:00:54.520> uh
of me is a a picture of me when I was uh
of me is a a picture of me when I was uh
17<00:00:56.879> I<00:00:57.000> was<00:00:57.160> at<00:00:57.320> the<00:00:57.399> University<00:00:57.840> of<00:00:57.960> Chicago<00:00:58.480> in
17 I was at the University of Chicago in
17 I was at the University of Chicago in
my<00:00:58.879> third<00:00:59.239> year
my third year
my third year
and<00:01:01.199> uh<00:01:02.199> I<00:01:02.320> was<00:01:02.519> in<00:01:02.719> my<00:01:02.840> third<00:01:03.079> year<00:01:03.399> because
and uh I was in my third year because
and uh I was in my third year because
the<00:01:05.159> University<00:01:05.600> of<00:01:05.680> Chicago<00:01:06.119> let<00:01:06.280> you<00:01:06.400> in
the University of Chicago let you in
the University of Chicago let you in
after<00:01:06.799> two<00:01:07.000> years<00:01:07.159> of<00:01:07.400> high<00:01:07.560> school<00:01:07.960> so
after two years of high school so
after two years of high school so
you<00:01:09.680> uh<00:01:10.080> it<00:01:10.280> was<00:01:10.640> it<00:01:10.720> was<00:01:10.920> fun<00:01:11.119> to<00:01:11.280> get<00:01:11.439> away
you uh it was it was fun to get away
you uh it was it was fun to get away
from<00:01:11.840> high<00:01:12.040> school<00:01:13.040> and<00:01:13.439> uh<00:01:14.320> cuz<00:01:14.479> I'm<00:01:14.759> very
from high school and uh cuz I'm very
from high school and uh cuz I'm very
small<00:01:15.640> no<00:01:15.799> good<00:01:16.000> in<00:01:16.119> sports<00:01:16.439> or<00:01:16.600> anything<00:01:16.920> like
small no good in sports or anything like
small no good in sports or anything like
that<00:01:17.799> but<00:01:18.159> I<00:01:18.240> should<00:01:18.520> say<00:01:18.880> that<00:01:19.360> uh<00:01:20.320> my
that but I should say that uh my
that but I should say that uh my
background<00:01:21.159> my<00:01:21.640> uh<00:01:22.000> father<00:01:22.520> was<00:01:22.840> you<00:01:22.960> know
background my uh father was you know
background my uh father was you know
raised<00:01:23.479> to<00:01:23.600> be<00:01:23.759> an<00:01:23.960> Episcopalian<00:01:24.880> and
raised to be an Episcopalian and
raised to be an Episcopalian and
Republican<00:01:26.479> but<00:01:26.880> uh<00:01:27.280> after<00:01:27.680> one<00:01:27.920> year<00:01:28.079> of
Republican but uh after one year of
Republican but uh after one year of
college<00:01:28.560> you<00:01:28.759> became<00:01:29.000> an<00:01:29.159> atheist<00:01:29.560> and
college you became an atheist and
college you became an atheist and
Democrat<00:01:31.320> and<00:01:31.960> uh<00:01:32.960> U<00:01:33.520> my<00:01:33.680> mother<00:01:34.119> was<00:01:34.520> Irish
Democrat and uh U my mother was Irish
Democrat and uh U my mother was Irish
Catholic<00:01:36.079> and<00:01:36.360> but<00:01:36.520> she<00:01:36.640> didn't<00:01:36.880> take<00:01:37.159> s<00:01:37.920> uh
Catholic and but she didn't take s uh
Catholic and but she didn't take s uh
you<00:01:39.000> know<00:01:39.119> religion<00:01:39.520> too<00:01:39.799> seriously<00:01:40.520> and<00:01:40.840> by
you know religion too seriously and by
you know religion too seriously and by
the<00:01:41.240> age<00:01:41.439> of<00:01:41.640> 11<00:01:42.159> I<00:01:42.640> was<00:01:42.799> no<00:01:43.000> longer<00:01:43.280> going<00:01:43.560> to
the age of 11 I was no longer going to
the age of 11 I was no longer going to
Sunday<00:01:44.320> mass<00:01:44.920> and<00:01:45.439> going<00:01:45.759> on<00:01:46.000> bird<00:01:46.560> watching
Sunday mass and going on bird watching
Sunday mass and going on bird watching
uh<00:01:47.759> walks<00:01:48.159> with<00:01:48.399> my<00:01:48.880> father<00:01:49.880> so<00:01:50.399> uh<00:01:50.520> early<00:01:50.799> on<00:01:51.000> I
uh walks with my father so uh early on I
uh walks with my father so uh early on I
heard<00:01:51.320> of<00:01:51.479> Charles
heard of Charles
heard of Charles
Darwin<00:01:53.479> uh<00:01:53.640> I<00:01:53.799> guess<00:01:54.119> you<00:01:54.240> know<00:01:54.399> he<00:01:54.520> was<00:01:54.799> the
Darwin uh I guess you know he was the
Darwin uh I guess you know he was the
the<00:01:55.240> big<00:01:55.560> hero<00:01:56.560> and<00:01:56.799> you<00:01:56.920> know<00:01:57.680> you<00:01:58.320> understand
the big hero and you know you understand
the big hero and you know you understand
life<00:01:58.920> as<00:01:59.079> it<00:01:59.240> now<00:01:59.479> exists
life as it now exists
life as it now exists
through
through
through
Evolution<00:02:02.320> and<00:02:02.759> at<00:02:02.840> the<00:02:02.920> University<00:02:03.280> of
Evolution and at the University of
Evolution and at the University of
Chicago<00:02:03.759> I<00:02:03.840> was<00:02:03.920> a<00:02:04.039> zoology<00:02:04.920> major<00:02:05.920> and
Chicago I was a zoology major and
Chicago I was a zoology major and
thought<00:02:06.600> I<00:02:06.680> would<00:02:06.920> end<00:02:07.159> up<00:02:07.640> uh<00:02:07.719> you<00:02:07.880> know<00:02:08.080> if<00:02:08.200> I
thought I would end up uh you know if I
thought I would end up uh you know if I
was<00:02:08.520> bright<00:02:08.800> enough<00:02:09.080> maybe<00:02:09.360> getting<00:02:09.599> a<00:02:09.840> PhD
was bright enough maybe getting a PhD
was bright enough maybe getting a PhD
from<00:02:10.759> Cornell<00:02:11.280> in
from Cornell in
from Cornell in
Ornithology<00:02:13.840> uh<00:02:14.840> uh<00:02:15.080> then<00:02:16.000> uh<00:02:17.000> uh<00:02:17.440> in<00:02:17.560> the
Ornithology uh uh then uh uh in the
Ornithology uh uh then uh uh in the
Chicago<00:02:18.160> paper<00:02:18.599> there<00:02:18.720> was<00:02:18.920> a<00:02:19.120> review<00:02:19.440> of<00:02:19.560> a
Chicago paper there was a review of a
Chicago paper there was a review of a
book<00:02:20.040> that<00:02:20.599> uh<00:02:21.599> called<00:02:21.840> what<00:02:21.959> is<00:02:22.160> life<00:02:22.440> by<00:02:22.599> the
book that uh called what is life by the
book that uh called what is life by the
great<00:02:22.879> physicist<00:02:23.680> Sher<00:02:24.680> and<00:02:24.840> that<00:02:25.000> of<00:02:25.120> course
great physicist Sher and that of course
great physicist Sher and that of course
has<00:02:25.440> been<00:02:25.599> a<00:02:25.760> question<00:02:26.080> I<00:02:26.160> wanted<00:02:26.400> to<00:02:26.560> know<00:02:26.959> you
has been a question I wanted to know you
has been a question I wanted to know you
know<00:02:27.400> Darwin<00:02:27.879> explained<00:02:28.680> life<00:02:28.959> after<00:02:29.160> it<00:02:29.319> got
know Darwin explained life after it got
know Darwin explained life after it got
started<00:02:30.120> but<00:02:30.360> what<00:02:30.480> was<00:02:30.640> the<00:02:30.760> essence<00:02:31.040> of<00:02:31.519> life
started but what was the essence of life
started but what was the essence of life
and<00:02:32.920> uh<00:02:33.040> schinger<00:02:33.680> said<00:02:34.000> the<00:02:34.200> essence<00:02:34.599> was
and uh schinger said the essence was
and uh schinger said the essence was
information<00:02:36.840> uh<00:02:37.200> present<00:02:37.599> on<00:02:37.720> our
information uh present on our
information uh present on our
chromosomes<00:02:38.519> and<00:02:38.640> it<00:02:38.760> had<00:02:38.879> to<00:02:39.000> be<00:02:39.200> present<00:02:40.239> uh
chromosomes and it had to be present uh
chromosomes and it had to be present uh
uh<00:02:41.959> on<00:02:42.120> a<00:02:42.280> molecule<00:02:43.280> I<00:02:43.480> never<00:02:44.040> really<00:02:44.239> thought
uh on a molecule I never really thought
uh on a molecule I never really thought
of<00:02:44.599> molecules<00:02:45.239> before<00:02:46.200> you<00:02:46.319> know<00:02:46.599> chromosome
of molecules before you know chromosome
of molecules before you know chromosome
but<00:02:47.400> this<00:02:47.560> was<00:02:47.680> a<00:02:47.800> molecule<00:02:48.560> and<00:02:49.040> uh<00:02:49.840> somehow
but this was a molecule and uh somehow
but this was a molecule and uh somehow
the<00:02:50.680> information<00:02:51.239> was<00:02:51.519> probably<00:02:51.959> present<00:02:52.560> in
the information was probably present in
the information was probably present in
some<00:02:53.159> digital<00:02:54.000> form<00:02:55.000> and<00:02:55.480> there<00:02:55.560> was<00:02:55.720> a<00:02:55.840> big
some digital form and there was a big
some digital form and there was a big
question<00:02:56.400> how<00:02:56.519> did<00:02:56.680> you<00:02:56.920> copy<00:02:57.280> the
question how did you copy the
question how did you copy the
information<00:02:59.239> so<00:03:00.000> uh<00:03:00.319> that<00:03:00.519> was<00:03:00.720> the<00:03:00.840> book<00:03:01.239> and
information so uh that was the book and
information so uh that was the book and
uh<00:03:02.159> so<00:03:02.480> from<00:03:02.720> that<00:03:02.879> moment<00:03:03.159> on<00:03:03.519> I<00:03:04.319> wanted<00:03:04.680> to<00:03:05.440> uh
uh so from that moment on I wanted to uh
uh so from that moment on I wanted to uh
uh<00:03:06.959> be<00:03:07.159> a<00:03:07.360> geneticist<00:03:08.360> understand<00:03:08.560> the<00:03:08.680> Gene
uh be a geneticist understand the Gene
uh be a geneticist understand the Gene
and<00:03:09.480> through<00:03:09.720> that<00:03:10.239> understand<00:03:10.680> life<00:03:11.680> so<00:03:12.400> uh<00:03:13.400> I
and through that understand life so uh I
and through that understand life so uh I
had<00:03:13.879> you<00:03:14.000> know<00:03:14.239> a<00:03:14.400> hero<00:03:14.680> at<00:03:14.840> a<00:03:15.040> distance<00:03:15.480> wasn't
had you know a hero at a distance wasn't
had you know a hero at a distance wasn't
a<00:03:15.879> baseball<00:03:16.319> player<00:03:16.560> it<00:03:16.680> was<00:03:16.799> lonus<00:03:17.599> paing<00:03:18.599> and
a baseball player it was lonus paing and
a baseball player it was lonus paing and
uh<00:03:19.200> so<00:03:19.360> I<00:03:19.480> applied<00:03:19.799> to<00:03:19.920> Caltech<00:03:20.640> and<00:03:21.200> uh<00:03:22.120> they
uh so I applied to Caltech and uh they
uh so I applied to Caltech and uh they
turned<00:03:22.599> me<00:03:23.120> down
turned me down
turned me down
uh<00:03:25.640> so<00:03:25.959> I<00:03:26.040> went<00:03:26.239> to<00:03:26.400> Indiana<00:03:27.040> which<00:03:27.239> was
uh so I went to Indiana which was
uh so I went to Indiana which was
actually<00:03:28.159> as<00:03:28.319> good<00:03:28.480> as<00:03:28.640> Caltech<00:03:29.120> in<00:03:29.280> genetics
actually as good as Caltech in genetics
actually as good as Caltech in genetics
and<00:03:30.519> uh<00:03:30.920> besides<00:03:31.280> they<00:03:31.439> had<00:03:31.959> really<00:03:32.159> good
and uh besides they had really good
and uh besides they had really good
basketball<00:03:32.920> team<00:03:33.280> so<00:03:33.920> I<00:03:34.080> had<00:03:34.239> a<00:03:34.599> really<00:03:34.920> quite
basketball team so I had a really quite
basketball team so I had a really quite
happy<00:03:35.519> life<00:03:35.760> at<00:03:35.959> Indiana<00:03:36.519> and<00:03:36.680> it<00:03:36.799> was<00:03:36.920> in
happy life at Indiana and it was in
happy life at Indiana and it was in
Indiana<00:03:38.519> uh<00:03:38.760> I<00:03:38.879> got<00:03:39.080> the<00:03:39.239> impression<00:03:39.760> that<00:03:39.959> you
Indiana uh I got the impression that you
Indiana uh I got the impression that you
know<00:03:40.239> the<00:03:40.360> gene<00:03:40.680> was<00:03:40.879> likely<00:03:41.159> to<00:03:41.360> be<00:03:41.599> DNA<00:03:42.159> and
know the gene was likely to be DNA and
know the gene was likely to be DNA and
so<00:03:42.480> when<00:03:42.640> I<00:03:42.760> got<00:03:42.959> my<00:03:43.159> PhD<00:03:43.640> I<00:03:43.720> should<00:03:43.879> go<00:03:44.000> and
so when I got my PhD I should go and
so when I got my PhD I should go and
search<00:03:44.360> of<00:03:44.799> DNA<00:03:45.799> so<00:03:46.239> I<00:03:46.360> first<00:03:46.640> went<00:03:46.879> to<00:03:47.560> uh
search of DNA so I first went to uh
search of DNA so I first went to uh
Copenhagen<00:03:48.879> because<00:03:49.599> uh<00:03:50.599> I<00:03:50.720> thought<00:03:51.040> well
Copenhagen because uh I thought well
Copenhagen because uh I thought well
maybe<00:03:51.560> I<00:03:51.640> could<00:03:51.840> become<00:03:52.079> a<00:03:52.239> biochemist<00:03:53.040> but<00:03:53.159> I
maybe I could become a biochemist but I
maybe I could become a biochemist but I
discovered<00:03:53.840> biochemistry<00:03:54.560> was<00:03:54.760> very<00:03:55.280> boring
discovered biochemistry was very boring
discovered biochemistry was very boring
uh<00:03:56.439> it<00:03:56.560> wasn't<00:03:56.840> going<00:03:57.239> anywhere<00:03:57.720> toward<00:03:58.159> you
uh it wasn't going anywhere toward you
uh it wasn't going anywhere toward you
know<00:03:58.480> saying<00:03:58.799> what<00:03:58.959> the<00:03:59.079> gene<00:03:59.439> was<00:03:59.920> it<00:04:00.000> was
know saying what the gene was it was
know saying what the gene was it was
just<00:04:00.319> nucleo<00:04:00.879> sdes<00:04:01.360> and<00:04:01.760> uh<00:04:02.000> oh<00:04:02.200> that's<00:04:02.400> the
just nucleo sdes and uh oh that's the
just nucleo sdes and uh oh that's the
book<00:04:02.879> little<00:04:03.120> book<00:04:03.439> you<00:04:03.560> can<00:04:03.680> read<00:04:03.879> it<00:04:04.079> in
book little book you can read it in
book little book you can read it in
about<00:04:04.599> two<00:04:05.040> hours<00:04:06.040> and<00:04:06.400> uh<00:04:07.200> but<00:04:07.360> then<00:04:07.680> I<00:04:07.840> went
about two hours and uh but then I went
about two hours and uh but then I went
to<00:04:08.120> a<00:04:08.239> meeting<00:04:08.640> in<00:04:08.920> Italy<00:04:09.640> and<00:04:10.040> uh<00:04:10.959> uh<00:04:11.159> There
to a meeting in Italy and uh uh There
to a meeting in Italy and uh uh There
Was<00:04:12.400> An<00:04:12.560> Unexpected<00:04:13.200> speaker<00:04:13.519> who<00:04:13.640> wasn't<00:04:13.879> on
Was An Unexpected speaker who wasn't on
Was An Unexpected speaker who wasn't on
the<00:04:14.159> program<00:04:14.760> and<00:04:14.879> he<00:04:15.000> talked<00:04:15.280> about
the program and he talked about
the program and he talked about
DNA<00:04:17.120> this<00:04:17.239> was<00:04:17.400> Morris<00:04:17.759> Wilkins<00:04:18.239> he<00:04:18.359> was
DNA this was Morris Wilkins he was
DNA this was Morris Wilkins he was
trained<00:04:18.919> as<00:04:19.040> a<00:04:19.239> physicist<00:04:19.840> and<00:04:20.079> after<00:04:20.320> the<00:04:20.440> war
trained as a physicist and after the war
trained as a physicist and after the war
he<00:04:20.880> wanted<00:04:21.120> to<00:04:21.239> do<00:04:21.479> biophysics<00:04:22.160> and<00:04:22.360> he<00:04:22.479> picked
he wanted to do biophysics and he picked
he wanted to do biophysics and he picked
DNA<00:04:23.360> because<00:04:24.080> DNA<00:04:24.560> had<00:04:24.680> been<00:04:24.840> shown<00:04:25.080> at<00:04:25.199> the
DNA because DNA had been shown at the
DNA because DNA had been shown at the
Rockefeller<00:04:25.960> Institute<00:04:26.440> to<00:04:27.120> possibly<00:04:27.639> be<00:04:27.880> the
Rockefeller Institute to possibly be the
Rockefeller Institute to possibly be the
genetic<00:04:28.520> molecules<00:04:29.080> on<00:04:29.199> the<00:04:29.320> chromosome<00:04:30.080> most
genetic molecules on the chromosome most
genetic molecules on the chromosome most
people<00:04:30.440> believed<00:04:30.720> it<00:04:30.800> was
people believed it was
people believed it was
proteins<00:04:32.759> but<00:04:32.960> Wilkin<00:04:33.880> you<00:04:34.000> know<00:04:34.199> thought<00:04:34.479> DNA
proteins but Wilkin you know thought DNA
proteins but Wilkin you know thought DNA
was<00:04:35.080> the<00:04:35.240> best<00:04:35.520> bet<00:04:35.880> and<00:04:36.280> uh<00:04:36.720> he<00:04:36.840> showed<00:04:37.160> this
was the best bet and uh he showed this
was the best bet and uh he showed this
x-ray
x-ray
x-ray
photograph<00:04:39.400> and<00:04:40.160> it<00:04:40.880> sort<00:04:41.039> of<00:04:41.199> crystallin<00:04:42.160> so
photograph and it sort of crystallin so
photograph and it sort of crystallin so
DNA<00:04:42.800> had<00:04:42.880> a<00:04:43.080> structure<00:04:43.600> even<00:04:43.840> though<00:04:44.000> it<00:04:44.639> all
DNA had a structure even though it all
DNA had a structure even though it all
probably<00:04:45.479> different<00:04:45.800> molecules<00:04:46.280> carried
probably different molecules carried
probably different molecules carried
different<00:04:46.840> set<00:04:47.000> of<00:04:47.199> instructions<00:04:47.840> so<00:04:48.000> there
different set of instructions so there
different set of instructions so there
was<00:04:48.280> something<00:04:48.600> Universal<00:04:49.199> about<00:04:49.400> the<00:04:49.520> DNA
was something Universal about the DNA
was something Universal about the DNA
molecule<00:04:50.840> so<00:04:51.240> I<00:04:51.919> wanted<00:04:52.199> to<00:04:52.479> work<00:04:52.720> with<00:04:52.880> him
molecule so I wanted to work with him
molecule so I wanted to work with him
but<00:04:53.240> he<00:04:53.360> didn't<00:04:53.680> want<00:04:53.800> a<00:04:54.080> former<00:04:54.520> bird<00:04:54.880> watcher
but he didn't want a former bird watcher
but he didn't want a former bird watcher
and<00:04:55.680> I<00:04:55.800> ended<00:04:56.000> up<00:04:56.120> in<00:04:56.280> Cambridge<00:04:56.639> England<00:04:57.039> so<00:04:57.240> I
and I ended up in Cambridge England so I
and I ended up in Cambridge England so I
went<00:04:57.600> to<00:04:57.800> Cambridge<00:04:58.360> Cu<00:04:58.759> uh<00:04:59.880> it<00:05:00.000> was<00:05:00.199> really
went to Cambridge Cu uh it was really
went to Cambridge Cu uh it was really
the<00:05:00.840> best<00:05:01.120> place<00:05:01.320> in<00:05:01.440> the<00:05:01.520> world<00:05:01.840> then<00:05:02.000> for
the best place in the world then for
the best place in the world then for
X-ray<00:05:02.639> crystallography<00:05:03.639> and<00:05:03.759> x-ray
X-ray crystallography and x-ray
X-ray crystallography and x-ray
crystallography<00:05:04.800> is<00:05:04.919> now<00:05:05.160> subject<00:05:05.440> in<00:05:05.639> you
crystallography is now subject in you
crystallography is now subject in you
know<00:05:06.759> chemistry<00:05:07.280> department<00:05:08.080> but<00:05:08.199> in<00:05:08.320> those
know chemistry department but in those
know chemistry department but in those
days<00:05:08.759> it<00:05:08.880> was<00:05:09.080> in<00:05:09.360> the<00:05:09.680> domain<00:05:10.000> of<00:05:10.160> the
days it was in the domain of the
days it was in the domain of the
physicist<00:05:11.720> so<00:05:12.360> uh<00:05:12.520> the<00:05:12.680> best<00:05:12.919> place<00:05:13.120> for<00:05:13.320> x-ray
physicist so uh the best place for x-ray
physicist so uh the best place for x-ray
crystallography<00:05:14.479> was<00:05:14.639> in<00:05:14.840> the<00:05:14.960> Cavendish
crystallography was in the Cavendish
crystallography was in the Cavendish
laboratory<00:05:16.320> at<00:05:17.080> Cambridge<00:05:18.080> and<00:05:18.520> uh<00:05:19.520> there<00:05:19.680> I
laboratory at Cambridge and uh there I
laboratory at Cambridge and uh there I
met<00:05:20.080> Francis<00:05:20.960> CRA<00:05:21.960> uh<00:05:22.199> I<00:05:22.479> went<00:05:22.759> there<00:05:22.960> without
met Francis CRA uh I went there without
met Francis CRA uh I went there without
knowing<00:05:23.560> him<00:05:23.960> he<00:05:24.199> was<00:05:24.720> 35<00:05:25.360> I<00:05:25.520> was
knowing him he was 35 I was
knowing him he was 35 I was
23<00:05:27.199> and<00:05:27.759> uh<00:05:28.039> within<00:05:28.319> a<00:05:28.560> day<00:05:29.039> we<00:05:29.479> uh
23 and uh within a day we uh
23 and uh within a day we uh
decided<00:05:31.319> that<00:05:31.680> uh<00:05:32.319> maybe<00:05:32.800> one<00:05:33.600> could<00:05:33.919> take<00:05:34.120> a
decided that uh maybe one could take a
decided that uh maybe one could take a
shortcut<00:05:34.800> to<00:05:34.960> finding<00:05:35.280> the<00:05:35.440> structure<00:05:35.919> dny
shortcut to finding the structure dny
shortcut to finding the structure dny
not<00:05:36.639> Sol<00:05:36.960> it<00:05:37.319> by<00:05:37.520> you<00:05:37.919> know<00:05:39.199> uh<00:05:40.199> rigorous
not Sol it by you know uh rigorous
not Sol it by you know uh rigorous
fashion<00:05:41.360> but<00:05:41.520> build<00:05:41.759> a<00:05:42.120> model<00:05:43.120> a<00:05:43.280> molecular
fashion but build a model a molecular
fashion but build a model a molecular
model<00:05:44.479> using<00:05:44.919> some<00:05:45.199> coordinates<00:05:45.800> some<00:05:46.240> you
model using some coordinates some you
model using some coordinates some you
know<00:05:46.680> length<00:05:47.160> all<00:05:47.360> that<00:05:47.479> sort<00:05:47.639> of<00:05:47.800> stuff<00:05:48.520> uh
know length all that sort of stuff uh
know length all that sort of stuff uh
from<00:05:48.919> x-ray<00:05:49.400> photographs<00:05:50.080> but<00:05:50.280> just<00:05:50.880> as<00:05:51.240> what
from x-ray photographs but just as what
from x-ray photographs but just as what
the<00:05:51.600> molecule<00:05:52.160> how<00:05:52.319> should<00:05:52.479> it<00:05:52.600> fold<00:05:53.080> up<00:05:54.080> and
the molecule how should it fold up and
the molecule how should it fold up and
the<00:05:54.639> reason<00:05:54.880> for<00:05:55.160> doing<00:05:55.479> so<00:05:55.720> is<00:05:55.919> center<00:05:56.199> of<00:05:56.280> the
the reason for doing so is center of the
the reason for doing so is center of the
photograph<00:05:56.880> this<00:05:57.039> line<00:05:57.240> is<00:05:57.400> Ping<00:05:58.280> about<00:05:58.520> 6
photograph this line is Ping about 6
photograph this line is Ping about 6
months<00:05:59.080> before<00:05:59.319> he<00:05:59.680> proposed<00:06:00.080> the<00:06:00.319> alpha
months before he proposed the alpha
months before he proposed the alpha
helical<00:06:01.120> structure<00:06:01.479> for<00:06:01.800> proteins<00:06:02.800> and<00:06:03.000> in
helical structure for proteins and in
helical structure for proteins and in
doing<00:06:03.440> so<00:06:03.639> he<00:06:03.800> vanished<00:06:04.199> the<00:06:04.319> man<00:06:04.600> on<00:06:04.880> the
doing so he vanished the man on the
doing so he vanished the man on the
right<00:06:05.520> sir<00:06:05.720> Lawrence<00:06:06.080> brag<00:06:06.960> who<00:06:07.120> was<00:06:07.280> the
right sir Lawrence brag who was the
right sir Lawrence brag who was the
Cavendish<00:06:08.080> Professor<00:06:08.520> this<00:06:08.639> is<00:06:08.800> a<00:06:08.880> photograph
Cavendish Professor this is a photograph
Cavendish Professor this is a photograph
several<00:06:10.199> years<00:06:10.440> later<00:06:10.759> when<00:06:10.960> brag<00:06:11.319> had<00:06:11.479> caused
several years later when brag had caused
several years later when brag had caused
a<00:06:12.000> smile<00:06:12.400> he<00:06:12.520> certainly<00:06:12.840> wasn't<00:06:13.199> smiling<00:06:13.720> when
a smile he certainly wasn't smiling when
a smile he certainly wasn't smiling when
I<00:06:14.120> got<00:06:14.360> there<00:06:14.759> because<00:06:15.000> he<00:06:15.160> was<00:06:15.800> somewhat
I got there because he was somewhat
I got there because he was somewhat
humiliated<00:06:17.039> by<00:06:17.280> Pauling<00:06:17.720> getting<00:06:18.000> the<00:06:18.160> alpha
humiliated by Pauling getting the alpha
humiliated by Pauling getting the alpha
Helix<00:06:18.960> and<00:06:19.720> the<00:06:19.880> Cambridge<00:06:20.280> people<00:06:20.840> failing
Helix and the Cambridge people failing
Helix and the Cambridge people failing
because<00:06:22.080> they<00:06:22.199> weren't
because they weren't
because they weren't
chemists<00:06:24.560> and<00:06:25.000> uh<00:06:25.599> certainly<00:06:26.080> neither<00:06:26.360> crick
chemists and uh certainly neither crick
chemists and uh certainly neither crick
or<00:06:26.800> I<00:06:26.960> were<00:06:27.240> chemists<00:06:28.240> so<00:06:28.479> we<00:06:28.639> tried<00:06:28.880> to<00:06:29.000> build
or I were chemists so we tried to build
or I were chemists so we tried to build
a<00:06:29.319> model<00:06:30.039> and<00:06:30.599> uh<00:06:31.599> he<00:06:31.759> KN<00:06:32.560> Francis<00:06:33.039> knew<00:06:33.520> wens
a model and uh he KN Francis knew wens
a model and uh he KN Francis knew wens
woken<00:06:34.599> said<00:06:34.759> he<00:06:34.880> thought<00:06:35.039> it<00:06:35.120> was<00:06:35.240> the<00:06:35.400> Helix
woken said he thought it was the Helix
woken said he thought it was the Helix
x-ray<00:06:36.319> diagram<00:06:36.800> he<00:06:36.919> thought<00:06:37.280> was<00:06:37.639> compatible
x-ray diagram he thought was compatible
x-ray diagram he thought was compatible
with<00:06:38.240> the<00:06:38.400> Helix<00:06:39.000> so<00:06:39.160> we<00:06:39.280> built<00:06:39.520> a<00:06:39.680> three-
with the Helix so we built a three-
with the Helix so we built a three-
stranded<00:06:40.360> model<00:06:41.319> the<00:06:41.479> people<00:06:41.759> from<00:06:41.960> London
stranded model the people from London
stranded model the people from London
came<00:06:42.639> up<00:06:42.840> Wilkins<00:06:43.400> and<00:06:44.039> this<00:06:45.039> uh<00:06:45.319> collaborator
came up Wilkins and this uh collaborator
came up Wilkins and this uh collaborator
or<00:06:46.560> possible<00:06:47.039> collaborator<00:06:47.560> rosin<00:06:48.000> Franklin
or possible collaborator rosin Franklin
or possible collaborator rosin Franklin
came<00:06:48.599> up<00:06:48.800> and<00:06:48.919> sort<00:06:49.120> of<00:06:49.240> laughed<00:06:49.520> at<00:06:49.639> our<00:06:49.840> model
came up and sort of laughed at our model
came up and sort of laughed at our model
they<00:06:50.280> said<00:06:50.440> it<00:06:50.560> was<00:06:50.720> lousy<00:06:51.440> and<00:06:51.880> uh<00:06:52.199> it<00:06:52.800> was<00:06:53.800> uh
they said it was lousy and uh it was uh
they said it was lousy and uh it was uh
so<00:06:54.599> uh<00:06:55.080> we<00:06:55.160> were<00:06:55.319> told<00:06:55.560> to<00:06:55.680> build<00:06:55.960> no<00:06:56.120> more
so uh we were told to build no more
so uh we were told to build no more
model<00:06:56.919> we<00:06:57.039> were
model we were
model we were
incompetent<00:06:58.840> and<00:06:59.199> uh
incompetent and uh
incompetent and uh
so<00:07:01.639> we<00:07:01.800> didn't<00:07:02.000> build<00:07:02.319> any<00:07:02.599> models<00:07:03.039> and
so we didn't build any models and
so we didn't build any models and
Francis<00:07:03.759> sort<00:07:03.960> of<00:07:04.680> continued<00:07:05.120> to<00:07:05.240> work<00:07:05.440> on
Francis sort of continued to work on
Francis sort of continued to work on
proteins<00:07:06.440> and<00:07:07.360> basically<00:07:07.800> I<00:07:07.919> did<00:07:08.319> nothing<00:07:09.639> uh
proteins and basically I did nothing uh
proteins and basically I did nothing uh
and<00:07:11.080> uh<00:07:11.319> except<00:07:11.680> read<00:07:12.680> you<00:07:12.800> know<00:07:13.560> basically
and uh except read you know basically
and uh except read you know basically
reading<00:07:14.280> is<00:07:14.400> a<00:07:14.560> good<00:07:14.759> thing<00:07:14.960> you<00:07:15.120> get<00:07:15.360> facts
reading is a good thing you get facts
reading is a good thing you get facts
and<00:07:16.720> uh<00:07:16.840> we<00:07:16.960> kept<00:07:17.160> telling<00:07:17.479> the<00:07:17.639> people<00:07:17.840> in
and uh we kept telling the people in
and uh we kept telling the people in
London<00:07:18.360> the<00:07:18.520> Linus<00:07:18.879> polling<00:07:19.160> is<00:07:19.280> going<00:07:19.360> to
London the Linus polling is going to
London the Linus polling is going to
move<00:07:19.639> on<00:07:19.759> to<00:07:19.960> DNA<00:07:20.520> if<00:07:20.680> DNA<00:07:21.080> is<00:07:21.199> that<00:07:21.360> important
move on to DNA if DNA is that important
move on to DNA if DNA is that important
lonus<00:07:22.039> will<00:07:22.199> know<00:07:22.319> it<00:07:22.440> he'll<00:07:22.639> build<00:07:22.800> a<00:07:22.960> model
lonus will know it he'll build a model
lonus will know it he'll build a model
and<00:07:23.560> everyone<00:07:23.879> will<00:07:24.039> be<00:07:24.199> scoped<00:07:25.199> and<00:07:25.360> in<00:07:25.520> fact
and everyone will be scoped and in fact
and everyone will be scoped and in fact
he'd<00:07:25.919> written<00:07:26.160> the<00:07:26.360> people<00:07:26.639> in<00:07:26.800> London<00:07:27.199> could
he'd written the people in London could
he'd written the people in London could
he<00:07:27.720> see<00:07:28.039> their<00:07:28.319> x-ray<00:07:28.759> photograph<00:07:29.319> and<00:07:29.840> they
he see their x-ray photograph and they
he see their x-ray photograph and they
had<00:07:30.199> the<00:07:30.319> wisdom<00:07:30.680> to<00:07:30.800> say<00:07:31.039> no<00:07:31.639> so<00:07:31.879> he<00:07:32.039> didn't
had the wisdom to say no so he didn't
had the wisdom to say no so he didn't
have<00:07:32.479> it<00:07:33.120> but<00:07:33.240> there<00:07:33.400> was<00:07:33.639> ones<00:07:33.919> in<00:07:34.080> the
have it but there was ones in the
have it but there was ones in the
literature<00:07:34.800> actually<00:07:35.160> lus<00:07:35.560> didn't<00:07:35.759> look<00:07:35.919> at
literature actually lus didn't look at
literature actually lus didn't look at
them<00:07:36.319> that<00:07:36.520> carefully<00:07:37.479> but<00:07:38.000> uh<00:07:38.720> about
them that carefully but uh about
them that carefully but uh about
a<00:07:40.960> 15<00:07:41.360> months<00:07:41.680> after<00:07:41.919> I<00:07:42.080> got<00:07:42.199> to<00:07:42.400> Cambridge<00:07:42.879> or
a 15 months after I got to Cambridge or
a 15 months after I got to Cambridge or
rumors<00:07:43.800> began<00:07:44.080> to<00:07:44.280> appear<00:07:44.599> from<00:07:44.879> lonus<00:07:45.319> poing
rumors began to appear from lonus poing
rumors began to appear from lonus poing
son<00:07:45.919> who<00:07:46.039> was<00:07:46.159> in<00:07:46.319> Cambridge<00:07:46.800> his<00:07:47.000> father<00:07:47.319> was
son who was in Cambridge his father was
son who was in Cambridge his father was
now<00:07:48.159> working<00:07:48.520> on<00:07:48.960> DNA<00:07:49.960> and<00:07:50.400> uh<00:07:50.560> so<00:07:50.919> one<00:07:51.159> day
now working on DNA and uh so one day
now working on DNA and uh so one day
Peter<00:07:52.000> came<00:07:52.159> in<00:07:52.400> it<00:07:52.560> says<00:07:52.800> Peter<00:07:53.080> poing<00:07:53.479> and
Peter came in it says Peter poing and
Peter came in it says Peter poing and
gave<00:07:53.800> me<00:07:53.960> a<00:07:54.120> copy<00:07:54.400> of<00:07:54.520> his<00:07:54.720> father's
gave me a copy of his father's
gave me a copy of his father's
manuscript<00:07:56.560> and<00:07:57.199> boy<00:07:57.479> I<00:07:57.599> was<00:07:57.800> scared<00:07:58.720> cuz<00:07:58.960> I
manuscript and boy I was scared cuz I
manuscript and boy I was scared cuz I
thought
thought
thought
you<00:08:00.319> know<00:08:00.520> we<00:08:00.639> may<00:08:00.840> be<00:08:00.960> scooped<00:08:01.479> I<00:08:01.560> have
you know we may be scooped I have
you know we may be scooped I have
nothing<00:08:01.960> to<00:08:02.159> do<00:08:02.560> no<00:08:02.879> qualifications<00:08:03.720> for
nothing to do no qualifications for
nothing to do no qualifications for
anything<00:08:05.240> uh<00:08:06.240> and<00:08:06.639> uh<00:08:07.080> so<00:08:07.360> there<00:08:07.560> was<00:08:07.720> the
anything uh and uh so there was the
anything uh and uh so there was the
paper<00:08:09.080> and<00:08:09.240> he<00:08:09.440> proposed<00:08:10.000> a<00:08:10.879> a<00:08:11.000> three<00:08:11.319> standard
paper and he proposed a a three standard
paper and he proposed a a three standard
structure<00:08:12.159> and<00:08:12.280> I<00:08:12.440> read<00:08:12.639> it<00:08:13.159> and<00:08:13.280> it<00:08:13.360> was<00:08:13.599> just
structure and I read it and it was just
structure and I read it and it was just
it<00:08:14.120> was
crap<00:08:18.879> so<00:08:19.199> this<00:08:19.400> was<00:08:19.720> you<00:08:19.840> know<00:08:20.560> unexpected<00:08:21.560> uh
crap so this was you know unexpected uh
crap so this was you know unexpected uh
from<00:08:21.879> the
from the
from the
world<00:08:24.800> and<00:08:25.240> uh<00:08:25.639> so<00:08:25.879> it<00:08:26.000> was<00:08:26.199> held<00:08:26.639> together<00:08:26.919> by
world and uh so it was held together by
world and uh so it was held together by
hydrogen<00:08:27.680> bonds<00:08:28.240> between<00:08:28.840> phosphate<00:08:29.520> groups
hydrogen bonds between phosphate groups
hydrogen bonds between phosphate groups
well<00:08:30.800> at<00:08:31.000> the<00:08:31.720> P<00:08:32.159> pH<00:08:32.880> that<00:08:33.000> cells<00:08:33.360> have<00:08:33.560> around
well at the P pH that cells have around
well at the P pH that cells have around
seven<00:08:34.279> those<00:08:34.800> hydrogen<00:08:35.320> bonds<00:08:35.640> couldn't
seven those hydrogen bonds couldn't
seven those hydrogen bonds couldn't
exist<00:08:36.320> we<00:08:36.479> rushed<00:08:36.800> over<00:08:36.959> to<00:08:37.080> the<00:08:37.240> chemistry
exist we rushed over to the chemistry
exist we rushed over to the chemistry
department<00:08:38.159> and<00:08:38.279> said<00:08:38.839> could<00:08:39.039> Pauling<00:08:39.440> be
department and said could Pauling be
department and said could Pauling be
right<00:08:40.039> and<00:08:40.279> Alex<00:08:40.640> to<00:08:40.959> said<00:08:41.279> no<00:08:41.680> so<00:08:42.279> uh<00:08:43.240> we<00:08:43.360> were
right and Alex to said no so uh we were
right and Alex to said no so uh we were
happy<00:08:44.800> and<00:08:45.480> uh<00:08:46.480> you<00:08:46.600> know<00:08:47.040> we<00:08:47.160> were<00:08:47.560> still<00:08:47.880> in
happy and uh you know we were still in
happy and uh you know we were still in
the<00:08:48.160> game<00:08:48.399> but<00:08:48.600> we<00:08:48.720> were<00:08:49.240> frightened<00:08:49.720> that
the game but we were frightened that
the game but we were frightened that
someone<00:08:50.480> Caltech<00:08:51.040> would<00:08:51.320> tell<00:08:51.600> L<00:08:52.040> us<00:08:52.279> that<00:08:52.399> he
someone Caltech would tell L us that he
someone Caltech would tell L us that he
was<00:08:52.720> wrong<00:08:53.680> and<00:08:54.120> uh<00:08:54.519> so<00:08:54.760> brags<00:08:55.160> had<00:08:55.360> build
was wrong and uh so brags had build
was wrong and uh so brags had build
models<00:08:56.240> and<00:08:56.720> uh<00:08:57.160> a<00:08:57.320> month<00:08:57.720> after<00:08:58.040> we<00:08:58.160> got<00:08:58.360> the
models and uh a month after we got the
models and uh a month after we got the
polling<00:08:58.880> manuscript
polling manuscript
polling manuscript
uh<00:09:01.399> I<00:09:01.519> should<00:09:01.839> say<00:09:02.279> I<00:09:02.399> took<00:09:02.600> the<00:09:02.720> manuscript<00:09:03.279> to
uh I should say I took the manuscript to
uh I should say I took the manuscript to
London<00:09:03.800> to<00:09:03.920> show<00:09:04.200> the<00:09:04.360> people<00:09:04.640> you<00:09:04.760> know<00:09:04.959> that
London to show the people you know that
London to show the people you know that
lus<00:09:05.560> was<00:09:05.760> wrong<00:09:05.959> and<00:09:06.120> they<00:09:06.200> were<00:09:06.360> still<00:09:06.600> in<00:09:06.720> the
lus was wrong and they were still in the
lus was wrong and they were still in the
game<00:09:07.279> and<00:09:07.519> should<00:09:07.800> immediately<00:09:08.240> start
game and should immediately start
game and should immediately start
building<00:09:08.920> models<00:09:09.519> but<00:09:10.000> uh<00:09:10.200> wilin<00:09:10.680> said<00:09:10.920> no<00:09:11.640> uh
building models but uh wilin said no uh
building models but uh wilin said no uh
Roslin<00:09:12.680> Franklin<00:09:13.200> was<00:09:13.360> leaving<00:09:13.720> in<00:09:13.959> about<00:09:14.240> two
Roslin Franklin was leaving in about two
Roslin Franklin was leaving in about two
months<00:09:14.800> and<00:09:15.040> after<00:09:15.399> she<00:09:15.560> left<00:09:16.079> uh<00:09:16.640> he<00:09:16.800> would
months and after she left uh he would
months and after she left uh he would
start<00:09:17.240> building<00:09:17.560> models<00:09:18.320> and<00:09:18.720> uh<00:09:18.839> so<00:09:19.040> I<00:09:19.160> came
start building models and uh so I came
start building models and uh so I came
back<00:09:19.560> with<00:09:19.720> that<00:09:19.839> news<00:09:20.079> the<00:09:20.279> Cambridge<00:09:20.640> and
back with that news the Cambridge and
back with that news the Cambridge and
brag<00:09:21.120> said<00:09:21.360> build<00:09:21.640> models<00:09:22.279> or<00:09:22.480> of<00:09:22.640> course<00:09:22.800> I
brag said build models or of course I
brag said build models or of course I
wanted<00:09:23.200> to<00:09:23.399> build<00:09:23.600> models<00:09:24.600> and<00:09:25.000> uh<00:09:25.360> there<00:09:25.480> was
wanted to build models and uh there was
wanted to build models and uh there was
a<00:09:25.800> picture<00:09:26.079> of<00:09:26.480> Rosland<00:09:27.480> uh<00:09:27.839> she<00:09:28.360> really<00:09:29.440> you
a picture of Rosland uh she really you
a picture of Rosland uh she really you
know<00:09:30.240> in<00:09:30.399> one<00:09:30.600> sense<00:09:30.839> she<00:09:30.959> was<00:09:31.079> a<00:09:31.200> chemist<00:09:31.600> but
know in one sense she was a chemist but
know in one sense she was a chemist but
really<00:09:31.959> she<00:09:32.200> would<00:09:32.440> been<00:09:32.600> trained<00:09:33.240> to<00:09:33.640> she
really she would been trained to she
really she would been trained to she
didn't<00:09:34.000> know<00:09:34.200> any<00:09:34.440> organic<00:09:34.959> chemistry<00:09:35.600> or
didn't know any organic chemistry or
didn't know any organic chemistry or
quantum<00:09:36.320> chemistry<00:09:36.760> she<00:09:36.880> was<00:09:37.000> a
quantum chemistry she was a
quantum chemistry she was a
crystallographer<00:09:38.800> and<00:09:39.240> uh<00:09:39.880> I<00:09:39.959> think<00:09:40.160> part<00:09:40.320> of
crystallographer and uh I think part of
crystallographer and uh I think part of
the<00:09:40.560> reason<00:09:40.839> she<00:09:40.959> didn't<00:09:41.160> want<00:09:41.240> to<00:09:41.360> build
the reason she didn't want to build
the reason she didn't want to build
models<00:09:42.040> is<00:09:42.200> she<00:09:42.360> wasn't<00:09:43.320> a<00:09:43.519> chemist<00:09:43.959> whereas
models is she wasn't a chemist whereas
models is she wasn't a chemist whereas
poing<00:09:44.839> was<00:09:45.000> a<00:09:45.440> chemist<00:09:46.440> and<00:09:46.920> uh<00:09:47.920> so<00:09:48.279> cck<00:09:48.600> and<00:09:48.760> I
poing was a chemist and uh so cck and I
poing was a chemist and uh so cck and I
uh<00:09:49.600> you<00:09:49.760> know<00:09:49.920> started<00:09:50.240> building<00:09:50.600> models<00:09:51.000> and
uh you know started building models and
uh you know started building models and
I<00:09:51.320> learned<00:09:51.600> a<00:09:51.720> little<00:09:52.040> chemistry<00:09:52.640> but<00:09:52.800> not
I learned a little chemistry but not
I learned a little chemistry but not
enough<00:09:54.000> well<00:09:54.200> we<00:09:54.320> got<00:09:54.519> the<00:09:54.680> answer<00:09:55.000> on<00:09:55.240> 28th<00:09:55.839> of
enough well we got the answer on 28th of
enough well we got the answer on 28th of
February<00:09:57.079> 53<00:09:58.079> and<00:09:58.240> it<00:09:58.320> was<00:09:58.640> because<00:09:59.000> of<00:09:59.480> a<00:09:59.680> rule
February 53 and it was because of a rule
February 53 and it was because of a rule
which<00:10:00.440> to<00:10:00.600> me<00:10:00.720> is<00:10:00.839> a<00:10:01.000> very<00:10:01.200> good<00:10:01.360> rule<00:10:01.680> never<00:10:01.920> be
which to me is a very good rule never be
which to me is a very good rule never be
the<00:10:02.240> brightest<00:10:02.640> person<00:10:02.880> in<00:10:03.040> the<00:10:03.519> room<00:10:04.519> and<00:10:05.399> uh
the brightest person in the room and uh
the brightest person in the room and uh
we<00:10:06.560> weren't<00:10:07.079> I<00:10:07.120> mean<00:10:07.480> we<00:10:07.560> weren't<00:10:07.839> the<00:10:07.959> best
we weren't I mean we weren't the best
we weren't I mean we weren't the best
Chemists<00:10:08.600> in<00:10:08.720> the<00:10:08.839> room<00:10:09.079> I<00:10:09.160> went<00:10:09.360> in<00:10:09.480> and
Chemists in the room I went in and
Chemists in the room I went in and
showed<00:10:09.920> them<00:10:10.640> pairing<00:10:11.000> I<00:10:11.200> done
showed them pairing I done
showed them pairing I done
and<00:10:13.360> Jerry<00:10:13.680> Donnie<00:10:14.240> he<00:10:14.320> was<00:10:14.480> a<00:10:14.600> chemist<00:10:14.959> he
and Jerry Donnie he was a chemist he
and Jerry Donnie he was a chemist he
said<00:10:15.320> it's<00:10:15.560> wrong<00:10:16.040> you<00:10:16.200> got<00:10:16.480> the<00:10:16.720> hydrogen
said it's wrong you got the hydrogen
said it's wrong you got the hydrogen
atoms<00:10:17.600> are<00:10:17.800> in<00:10:17.920> the<00:10:18.040> wrong<00:10:18.320> place<00:10:18.880> I<00:10:19.000> just<00:10:19.279> put
atoms are in the wrong place I just put
atoms are in the wrong place I just put
them<00:10:19.680> down<00:10:19.920> like<00:10:20.040> they<00:10:20.160> were<00:10:20.320> in<00:10:20.440> the<00:10:21.000> books<00:10:21.600> he
them down like they were in the books he
them down like they were in the books he
said<00:10:21.880> they<00:10:22.000> were<00:10:22.480> wrong<00:10:23.480> so<00:10:23.720> the<00:10:23.880> next<00:10:24.200> day<00:10:24.480> you
said they were wrong so the next day you
said they were wrong so the next day you
know<00:10:24.839> after<00:10:25.360> I<00:10:25.800> thought<00:10:26.120> well<00:10:26.240> he<00:10:26.399> might<00:10:26.600> be
know after I thought well he might be
know after I thought well he might be
right<00:10:27.079> so<00:10:27.240> I<00:10:27.360> changed<00:10:27.800> locations<00:10:28.360> and<00:10:28.519> then<00:10:28.680> we
right so I changed locations and then we
right so I changed locations and then we
found
found
found
the<00:10:30.079> base<00:10:30.360> pairing<00:10:30.880> and<00:10:31.120> Francis<00:10:31.560> and<00:10:31.680> me<00:10:31.880> they
the base pairing and Francis and me they
the base pairing and Francis and me they
said<00:10:32.160> the<00:10:32.279> chains<00:10:32.600> run<00:10:32.839> in<00:10:33.000> absite<00:10:33.440> directions
said the chains run in absite directions
said the chains run in absite directions
and<00:10:34.519> uh<00:10:34.920> we<00:10:35.040> knew<00:10:35.240> we<00:10:35.360> were<00:10:35.920> right<00:10:36.920> so<00:10:37.600> uh<00:10:38.000> it
and uh we knew we were right so uh it
and uh we knew we were right so uh it
was<00:10:38.279> a
was a
was a
pretty<00:10:40.440> you<00:10:40.560> know<00:10:40.720> it<00:10:40.839> all<00:10:41.120> happened<00:10:41.639> about<00:10:41.880> 2
pretty you know it all happened about 2
pretty you know it all happened about 2
hours<00:10:43.959> you<00:10:44.079> know<00:10:44.360> from<00:10:44.680> nothing<00:10:45.279> to<00:10:45.760> B<00:10:46.160> and<00:10:46.240> we
hours you know from nothing to B and we
hours you know from nothing to B and we
knew<00:10:46.560> it<00:10:46.639> was<00:10:46.880> big<00:10:47.320> because<00:10:48.040> uh<00:10:48.839> you<00:10:48.959> know<00:10:49.839> if
knew it was big because uh you know if
knew it was big because uh you know if
you<00:10:50.079> just<00:10:50.279> put<00:10:50.480> a<00:10:50.720> next<00:10:50.959> to<00:10:51.600> T<00:10:51.920> and<00:10:52.079> G<00:10:52.360> next<00:10:52.560> to<00:10:52.680> C
you just put a next to T and G next to C
you just put a next to T and G next to C
you<00:10:53.079> have<00:10:53.200> a<00:10:53.399> copying
you have a copying
you have a copying
mechanism<00:10:55.440> so<00:10:55.839> we<00:10:55.959> saw<00:10:56.279> how<00:10:56.839> genetic
mechanism so we saw how genetic
mechanism so we saw how genetic
information<00:10:57.760> is<00:10:58.000> carried<00:10:58.399> it's<00:10:58.600> the<00:10:58.720> order<00:10:58.959> of
information is carried it's the order of
information is carried it's the order of
the<00:10:59.320> for<00:10:59.600> basically<00:11:00.000> so<00:11:00.160> in<00:11:00.279> a<00:11:00.440> sense<00:11:00.680> it<00:11:00.800> is<00:11:00.920> a
the for basically so in a sense it is a
the for basically so in a sense it is a
sort<00:11:01.240> of<00:11:01.440> digital<00:11:02.399> type<00:11:03.440> information<00:11:04.440> and<00:11:04.839> you
sort of digital type information and you
sort of digital type information and you
copy<00:11:05.360> it<00:11:05.680> by<00:11:06.120> going<00:11:06.519> from<00:11:07.079> uh<00:11:07.880> strand
copy it by going from uh strand
copy it by going from uh strand
separating<00:11:09.880> so<00:11:10.160> it's<00:11:10.519> you<00:11:10.839> know<00:11:11.839> if<00:11:11.959> it<00:11:12.079> didn't
separating so it's you know if it didn't
separating so it's you know if it didn't
work<00:11:12.600> this<00:11:12.800> way<00:11:13.279> you<00:11:13.760> know<00:11:14.760> you<00:11:14.880> know<00:11:15.000> you
work this way you know you know you
work this way you know you know you
might<00:11:15.320> as<00:11:15.440> well<00:11:15.600> believe<00:11:15.880> it<00:11:16.079> because<00:11:16.240> you
might as well believe it because you
might as well believe it because you
didn't<00:11:16.560> have<00:11:16.760> any<00:11:16.959> other<00:11:17.279> scheme
didn't have any other scheme
didn't have any other scheme
uh<00:11:20.920> but<00:11:21.320> that's<00:11:21.560> not<00:11:21.839> the<00:11:21.959> way<00:11:22.200> most
uh but that's not the way most
uh but that's not the way most
scientists<00:11:23.000> think<00:11:23.320> most<00:11:23.560> scientists<00:11:24.000> are
scientists think most scientists are
scientists think most scientists are
really<00:11:24.959> uh<00:11:25.760> rather<00:11:26.120> D<00:11:26.440> they<00:11:26.519> say<00:11:26.760> we<00:11:26.880> won't
really uh rather D they say we won't
really uh rather D they say we won't
think<00:11:27.360> about<00:11:27.560> it<00:11:27.760> until<00:11:28.160> we<00:11:28.279> know<00:11:28.440> it's<00:11:28.760> right
think about it until we know it's right
think about it until we know it's right
but<00:11:30.720> you<00:11:30.839> know<00:11:31.040> we<00:11:31.200> thought<00:11:31.519> was<00:11:31.800> at<00:11:31.920> least<00:11:32.160> 95%
but you know we thought was at least 95%
but you know we thought was at least 95%
right<00:11:33.320> or<00:11:33.480> 99%<00:11:34.440> right<00:11:34.800> so<00:11:35.040> think<00:11:35.279> about
right or 99% right so think about
right or 99% right so think about
it<00:11:37.040> uh<00:11:37.279> the<00:11:37.440> next<00:11:37.680> 5<00:11:37.920> years<00:11:38.240> there<00:11:38.360> were
it uh the next 5 years there were
it uh the next 5 years there were
essentially<00:11:39.000> something<00:11:39.279> like<00:11:39.600> five
essentially something like five
essentially something like five
references<00:11:40.639> to<00:11:40.800> our<00:11:40.959> work<00:11:41.240> in<00:11:41.440> nature
references to our work in nature
references to our work in nature
none<00:11:43.720> and<00:11:44.120> uh<00:11:44.240> so<00:11:44.440> we<00:11:44.560> were<00:11:44.760> left<00:11:45.000> by<00:11:45.160> ourselves
none and uh so we were left by ourselves
none and uh so we were left by ourselves
and<00:11:46.440> uh<00:11:46.760> trying<00:11:47.079> to<00:11:47.279> do<00:11:47.560> the<00:11:47.800> last<00:11:48.440> part<00:11:48.720> of<00:11:49.000> the
and uh trying to do the last part of the
and uh trying to do the last part of the
the<00:11:49.360> trio<00:11:50.279> uh<00:11:50.440> how<00:11:50.600> do<00:11:50.760> you<00:11:51.360> uh<00:11:52.360> how<00:11:53.120> what<00:11:53.320> does
the trio uh how do you uh how what does
the trio uh how do you uh how what does
the<00:11:53.720> genetic<00:11:54.160> information<00:11:54.800> do<00:11:55.480> and<00:11:55.880> it<00:11:56.000> was
the genetic information do and it was
the genetic information do and it was
pretty<00:11:56.519> obvious<00:11:56.880> that<00:11:57.040> it<00:11:57.279> provided<00:11:57.680> the
pretty obvious that it provided the
pretty obvious that it provided the
information<00:11:58.320> to<00:11:58.519> an<00:11:58.680> RNA<00:11:59.040> model<00:11:59.240> molecule<00:11:59.639> and
information to an RNA model molecule and
information to an RNA model molecule and
then<00:12:00.079> how<00:12:00.160> do<00:12:00.279> you<00:12:00.440> go<00:12:00.600> from<00:12:00.760> RNA<00:12:01.160> to<00:12:01.480> protein
then how do you go from RNA to protein
then how do you go from RNA to protein
uh<00:12:02.600> for<00:12:02.839> about<00:12:03.079> 3<00:12:03.360> years<00:12:03.680> we<00:12:03.920> just<00:12:04.680> I<00:12:04.800> tried<00:12:05.040> to
uh for about 3 years we just I tried to
uh for about 3 years we just I tried to
solve<00:12:05.519> the<00:12:05.639> structure<00:12:06.000> of<00:12:06.160> RNA<00:12:06.800> it<00:12:06.920> didn't<00:12:07.560> uh
solve the structure of RNA it didn't uh
solve the structure of RNA it didn't uh
yield<00:12:08.480> didn't<00:12:08.680> give<00:12:08.959> good<00:12:09.120> x-ray<00:12:09.519> photographs
yield didn't give good x-ray photographs
yield didn't give good x-ray photographs
I<00:12:10.519> was<00:12:10.720> largely<00:12:11.160> unhappy<00:12:11.680> a<00:12:11.839> girl<00:12:12.079> didn't
I was largely unhappy a girl didn't
I was largely unhappy a girl didn't
marry<00:12:12.639> me<00:12:12.839> it<00:12:12.920> was<00:12:13.120> really<00:12:13.399> you<00:12:13.519> know<00:12:14.480> sort<00:12:14.680> of
marry me it was really you know sort of
marry me it was really you know sort of
a<00:12:14.920> shitty<00:12:15.480> time
a shitty time
a shitty time
uh<00:12:18.680> oh<00:12:18.880> there's<00:12:19.040> a<00:12:19.360> picture<00:12:19.760> of<00:12:19.959> Francis<00:12:20.440> and<00:12:20.639> I
uh oh there's a picture of Francis and I
uh oh there's a picture of Francis and I
before<00:12:21.480> I<00:12:21.639> met<00:12:21.839> the<00:12:22.000> girl<00:12:22.320> so<00:12:22.519> I'm<00:12:22.639> still
before I met the girl so I'm still
before I met the girl so I'm still
looking
happy<00:12:26.399> but<00:12:26.920> uh<00:12:27.399> there<00:12:27.639> is<00:12:28.000> what<00:12:28.160> we<00:12:28.320> did<00:12:28.560> when
happy but uh there is what we did when
happy but uh there is what we did when
we<00:12:28.839> didn't<00:12:29.000> know<00:12:29.279> where<00:12:29.399> to<00:12:29.519> go<00:12:29.680> forward<00:12:30.120> we
we didn't know where to go forward we
we didn't know where to go forward we
formed<00:12:30.600> a<00:12:31.040> club<00:12:32.360> uh<00:12:33.360> and<00:12:33.639> called<00:12:33.959> it<00:12:34.160> the<00:12:34.320> RNA
formed a club uh and called it the RNA
formed a club uh and called it the RNA
thae<00:12:35.160> Club<00:12:35.440> George<00:12:35.839> gamma<00:12:36.199> off<00:12:36.440> the<00:12:36.639> great
thae Club George gamma off the great
thae Club George gamma off the great
physicist<00:12:38.079> uh<00:12:38.519> he<00:12:38.720> designed<00:12:39.199> the<00:12:39.360> tie<00:12:39.760> he<00:12:39.880> was
physicist uh he designed the tie he was
physicist uh he designed the tie he was
one<00:12:40.199> of<00:12:40.320> the<00:12:40.440> members<00:12:41.079> and<00:12:41.440> the<00:12:41.680> question<00:12:42.079> was
one of the members and the question was
one of the members and the question was
how<00:12:42.760> do<00:12:42.920> you<00:12:43.120> go<00:12:43.360> from<00:12:43.560> a<00:12:43.680> four-letter<00:12:44.279> code<00:12:44.519> to
how do you go from a four-letter code to
how do you go from a four-letter code to
the<00:12:44.800> 20l<00:12:45.440> code<00:12:45.760> of
the 20l code of
the 20l code of
proteins<00:12:47.880> fan<00:12:48.440> was<00:12:48.560> a<00:12:48.720> member<00:12:49.360> and<00:12:49.920> Teller<00:12:50.440> and
proteins fan was a member and Teller and
proteins fan was a member and Teller and
fr<00:12:50.920> of<00:12:51.160> g<00:12:51.399> off<00:12:52.399> uh<00:12:52.959> but<00:12:53.800> that's<00:12:53.959> the<00:12:54.120> only<00:12:54.639> photo
fr of g off uh but that's the only photo
fr of g off uh but that's the only photo
no<00:12:55.480> we<00:12:55.600> were<00:12:55.760> only<00:12:56.000> photographed<00:12:57.000> twice<00:12:57.440> and
no we were only photographed twice and
no we were only photographed twice and
in<00:12:57.880> both<00:12:58.160> occasions<00:12:58.680> you<00:12:58.800> know<00:12:59.199> one<00:12:59.279> of<00:12:59.399> us<00:12:59.560> was
in both occasions you know one of us was
in both occasions you know one of us was
missing<00:13:00.079> the<00:13:00.279> tie<00:13:00.639> there's<00:13:01.160> Francis<00:13:01.680> up<00:13:01.880> on
missing the tie there's Francis up on
missing the tie there's Francis up on
the<00:13:02.760> upper<00:13:03.120> right<00:13:03.519> and<00:13:03.920> uh<00:13:04.480> Alex<00:13:04.880> Rich<00:13:05.399> the<00:13:05.680> MD
the upper right and uh Alex Rich the MD
the upper right and uh Alex Rich the MD
turned<00:13:06.560> crystallographers<00:13:07.560> next<00:13:07.760> to<00:13:07.920> me<00:13:08.399> this
turned crystallographers next to me this
turned crystallographers next to me this
was<00:13:08.800> taken<00:13:09.040> in<00:13:09.240> Cambridge<00:13:09.760> in<00:13:10.199> uh<00:13:10.920> September
was taken in Cambridge in uh September
was taken in Cambridge in uh September
of
of
of
1955<00:13:13.680> and<00:13:14.760> uh<00:13:15.760> I'm<00:13:16.279> smiling<00:13:17.279> sort<00:13:17.440> of<00:13:17.600> forced<00:13:18.120> I
1955 and uh I'm smiling sort of forced I
1955 and uh I'm smiling sort of forced I
think<00:13:19.040> cuz<00:13:19.800> the<00:13:19.920> girl<00:13:20.760> boy<00:13:21.040> she<00:13:21.199> is
think cuz the girl boy she is
think cuz the girl boy she is
gone<00:13:22.959> and
gone and
gone and
uh<00:13:25.639> and<00:13:26.079> uh<00:13:26.800> so<00:13:27.600> I<00:13:27.720> didn't<00:13:28.000> really<00:13:28.279> get<00:13:28.480> happy
uh and uh so I didn't really get happy
uh and uh so I didn't really get happy
until
until
until
1960<00:13:30.720> uh<00:13:31.639> because<00:13:32.079> then<00:13:32.279> we<00:13:32.480> found<00:13:32.839> out
1960 uh because then we found out
1960 uh because then we found out
basically<00:13:34.000> you<00:13:34.120> know<00:13:34.800> that<00:13:34.959> there<00:13:35.040> are<00:13:35.240> three
basically you know that there are three
basically you know that there are three
forms<00:13:35.760> of<00:13:35.920> RNA<00:13:36.480> and<00:13:36.839> we<00:13:37.079> knew<00:13:37.440> basically<00:13:37.880> DNA
forms of RNA and we knew basically DNA
forms of RNA and we knew basically DNA
provides<00:13:38.800> the<00:13:38.959> informational<00:13:39.480> RNA<00:13:39.880> RNA
provides the informational RNA RNA
provides the informational RNA RNA
provides<00:13:40.600> the<00:13:40.760> information<00:13:41.320> protein<00:13:42.079> and
provides the information protein and
provides the information protein and
that<00:13:42.399> led<00:13:42.639> Marshall<00:13:43.079> nurg<00:13:43.880> you<00:13:44.000> know<00:13:44.480> take<00:13:44.800> RNA
that led Marshall nurg you know take RNA
that led Marshall nurg you know take RNA
synthetic<00:13:45.839> RNA<00:13:46.399> put<00:13:46.519> it<00:13:46.639> in<00:13:46.800> the<00:13:47.000> system
synthetic RNA put it in the system
synthetic RNA put it in the system
making<00:13:47.600> protein<00:13:48.040> you<00:13:48.160> made<00:13:48.600> uh<00:13:49.160> probably<00:13:50.120> uh
making protein you made uh probably uh
making protein you made uh probably uh
uh<00:13:51.920> pheno<00:13:52.279> alanine<00:13:52.800> probably<00:13:53.120> you<00:13:53.800> made<00:13:54.800> so<00:13:55.800> uh
uh pheno alanine probably you made so uh
uh pheno alanine probably you made so uh
that's<00:13:56.440> the
that's the
that's the
first<00:13:58.320> uh<00:13:58.600> first<00:13:59.120> tring<00:13:59.399> of<00:13:59.519> the<00:13:59.680> genetic<00:14:00.079> code
first uh first tring of the genetic code
first uh first tring of the genetic code
and<00:14:00.519> was<00:14:00.680> all<00:14:00.880> over<00:14:01.160> by
and was all over by
and was all over by
1966<00:14:03.120> so<00:14:03.519> that<00:14:03.759> that's<00:14:04.000> what<00:14:04.199> Chris<00:14:04.519> wanted<00:14:04.800> me
1966 so that that's what Chris wanted me
1966 so that that's what Chris wanted me
to<00:14:05.120> do<00:14:05.440> it<00:14:05.639> was<00:14:06.320> uh<00:14:07.320> so<00:14:08.040> what<00:14:08.240> happened<00:14:08.639> since
to do it was uh so what happened since
to do it was uh so what happened since
then<00:14:09.279> well<00:14:09.639> at<00:14:09.839> that<00:14:10.240> time<00:14:11.240> uh<00:14:11.959> I<00:14:12.079> should<00:14:12.519> go
then well at that time uh I should go
then well at that time uh I should go
back<00:14:13.040> when<00:14:13.199> we<00:14:13.320> found<00:14:13.600> the<00:14:13.720> structure<00:14:14.079> of<00:14:14.240> DNA
back when we found the structure of DNA
back when we found the structure of DNA
uh<00:14:16.399> I<00:14:16.759> in<00:14:16.880> my<00:14:17.079> first<00:14:17.360> talk<00:14:17.639> at<00:14:17.839> K<00:14:18.079> Spring<00:14:18.320> Harbor
uh I in my first talk at K Spring Harbor
uh I in my first talk at K Spring Harbor
the<00:14:19.000> physicist<00:14:19.519> Leo<00:14:19.880> zard<00:14:20.639> uh<00:14:21.279> he<00:14:21.480> looked<00:14:21.720> at
the physicist Leo zard uh he looked at
the physicist Leo zard uh he looked at
he<00:14:22.040> said<00:14:22.240> are<00:14:22.360> you<00:14:22.440> going<00:14:22.519> to<00:14:22.720> patent<00:14:23.160> this<00:14:24.279> and
he said are you going to patent this and
he said are you going to patent this and
but<00:14:25.800> he<00:14:26.160> he<00:14:26.320> knew<00:14:26.680> patent<00:14:27.000> law<00:14:27.199> and<00:14:27.360> knew<00:14:27.560> we
but he he knew patent law and knew we
but he he knew patent law and knew we
couldn't<00:14:28.000> patent<00:14:28.279> it<00:14:28.480> cuz<00:14:28.639> you<00:14:29.519> no<00:14:29.720> use<00:14:29.920> for
couldn't patent it cuz you no use for
couldn't patent it cuz you no use for
it<00:14:32.920> and<00:14:33.320> uh<00:14:33.800> so<00:14:34.160> DNA<00:14:34.639> didn't<00:14:34.920> become<00:14:35.199> a<00:14:35.360> useful
it and uh so DNA didn't become a useful
it and uh so DNA didn't become a useful
molecule<00:14:36.440> and<00:14:36.560> the<00:14:36.639> lawyers<00:14:37.120> didn't<00:14:37.360> enter
molecule and the lawyers didn't enter
molecule and the lawyers didn't enter
into<00:14:38.040> the<00:14:38.399> equation<00:14:39.199> until
into the equation until
into the equation until
1973<00:14:41.920> 20<00:14:42.240> years<00:14:42.519> later<00:14:42.920> when<00:14:43.160> Boer<00:14:43.519> and<00:14:44.199> conth
1973 20 years later when Boer and conth
1973 20 years later when Boer and conth
in<00:14:45.399> San<00:14:45.600> Francisco<00:14:46.120> and<00:14:46.320> Stanford<00:14:46.920> came<00:14:47.120> up
in San Francisco and Stanford came up
in San Francisco and Stanford came up
with<00:14:47.399> their<00:14:47.600> method<00:14:47.880> of<00:14:48.079> recombinate<00:14:48.759> DNA<00:14:49.160> and
with their method of recombinate DNA and
with their method of recombinate DNA and
Stanford<00:14:49.839> patented<00:14:50.279> and<00:14:50.360> made<00:14:50.560> a<00:14:50.639> lot<00:14:50.759> of
Stanford patented and made a lot of
Stanford patented and made a lot of
money<00:14:51.759> that<00:14:51.920> is<00:14:52.079> they<00:14:52.279> patented<00:14:52.720> something
money that is they patented something
money that is they patented something
which<00:14:53.399> you<00:14:53.519> know<00:14:53.759> could<00:14:54.440> do<00:14:54.800> useful<00:14:55.320> things
which you know could do useful things
which you know could do useful things
and<00:14:56.199> uh<00:14:56.680> then<00:14:56.839> they<00:14:56.959> learned<00:14:57.240> how<00:14:57.360> to<00:14:57.519> read<00:14:57.720> the
and uh then they learned how to read the
and uh then they learned how to read the
letters<00:14:58.160> of<00:14:58.320> the<00:14:58.480> code<00:14:58.800> and<00:14:59.320> boom<00:14:59.720> we've
letters of the code and boom we've
letters of the code and boom we've
uh<00:15:01.920> know<00:15:02.120> had<00:15:02.279> a<00:15:02.440> bi<00:15:02.720> tech<00:15:02.959> industry<00:15:03.759> and
uh know had a bi tech industry and
uh know had a bi tech industry and
uh<00:15:06.160> uh<00:15:06.720> but<00:15:06.959> we<00:15:07.040> were<00:15:07.199> still<00:15:07.480> a<00:15:07.720> long<00:15:08.199> ways<00:15:08.800> from
uh uh but we were still a long ways from
uh uh but we were still a long ways from
you<00:15:09.199> know<00:15:09.519> asking<00:15:10.040> answering<00:15:10.440> a<00:15:10.680> question
you know asking answering a question
you know asking answering a question
which<00:15:11.279> sort<00:15:11.480> of<00:15:11.680> dominated<00:15:12.360> my<00:15:12.560> childhood
which sort of dominated my childhood
which sort of dominated my childhood
which<00:15:13.279> is<00:15:14.120> uh<00:15:15.120> how<00:15:15.279> do<00:15:15.399> you<00:15:15.920> uh<00:15:16.399> nature<00:15:17.160> nurture
which is uh how do you uh nature nurture
which is uh how do you uh nature nurture
and<00:15:18.600> uh<00:15:18.880> so<00:15:19.160> I'll<00:15:19.360> go<00:15:19.519> on<00:15:19.880> I'm<00:15:20.360> already<00:15:20.720> out<00:15:20.880> of
and uh so I'll go on I'm already out of
and uh so I'll go on I'm already out of
time<00:15:21.360> but<00:15:21.560> this<00:15:21.680> is<00:15:21.839> Michael<00:15:22.199> wigler<00:15:22.600> a<00:15:22.720> very
time but this is Michael wigler a very
time but this is Michael wigler a very
very<00:15:23.320> clever<00:15:24.240> mathematician<00:15:25.000> turn<00:15:25.440> physicist
very clever mathematician turn physicist
very clever mathematician turn physicist
and<00:15:26.240> he<00:15:26.440> developed<00:15:26.839> a<00:15:27.079> technique<00:15:27.680> which<00:15:28.079> uh
and he developed a technique which uh
and he developed a technique which uh
eventually<00:15:29.480> will<00:15:29.680> let<00:15:29.839> us<00:15:30.040> look<00:15:30.240> at<00:15:30.639> sample
eventually will let us look at sample
eventually will let us look at sample
DNA<00:15:31.480> at<00:15:31.920> eventually<00:15:32.319> a<00:15:32.440> million<00:15:32.920> spots<00:15:33.360> along
DNA at eventually a million spots along
DNA at eventually a million spots along
it<00:15:33.839> there's<00:15:34.000> a<00:15:34.319> chip<00:15:34.639> there<00:15:34.839> a<00:15:35.000> conventional
it there's a chip there a conventional
it there's a chip there a conventional
one<00:15:35.839> then<00:15:36.000> there's<00:15:36.240> one<00:15:36.440> made<00:15:36.680> by<00:15:36.839> a<00:15:36.959> photo
one then there's one made by a photo
one then there's one made by a photo
liography<00:15:37.800> by<00:15:38.199> a<00:15:38.319> company<00:15:38.639> in<00:15:38.759> Madison<00:15:39.240> called
liography by a company in Madison called
liography by a company in Madison called
nimblegen<00:15:40.680> which<00:15:40.920> is<00:15:41.440> uh<00:15:42.279> uh<00:15:42.519> way<00:15:42.759> ahead<00:15:43.120> of
nimblegen which is uh uh way ahead of
nimblegen which is uh uh way ahead of
apim<00:15:43.759> metrics<00:15:44.519> and<00:15:44.920> uh<00:15:45.199> we<00:15:45.399> use<00:15:45.720> their
apim metrics and uh we use their
apim metrics and uh we use their
technique<00:15:47.240> and<00:15:47.720> what<00:15:47.839> you<00:15:47.959> can<00:15:48.160> do<00:15:48.440> is<00:15:48.600> sort<00:15:48.759> of
technique and what you can do is sort of
technique and what you can do is sort of
compare<00:15:49.360> DNA<00:15:49.880> of<00:15:50.079> normal<00:15:50.480> sa<00:15:50.839> versus<00:15:51.279> cancer
compare DNA of normal sa versus cancer
compare DNA of normal sa versus cancer
and
and
and
uh<00:15:54.319> you<00:15:54.440> can<00:15:54.600> see<00:15:55.319> on<00:15:55.480> the<00:15:55.720> top<00:15:56.079> that<00:15:56.399> cancers
uh you can see on the top that cancers
uh you can see on the top that cancers
which<00:15:57.040> are<00:15:57.279> bad<00:15:57.920> show<00:15:58.399> insertion<00:15:59.160> or
which are bad show insertion or
which are bad show insertion or
deletions<00:16:01.199> so<00:16:01.399> the<00:16:01.560> DNA<00:16:01.959> is<00:16:02.160> really<00:16:02.759> badly
deletions so the DNA is really badly
deletions so the DNA is really badly
mucked<00:16:03.519> up<00:16:03.759> whereas<00:16:04.040> if<00:16:04.160> you<00:16:04.279> have<00:16:04.399> a<00:16:04.600> chance
mucked up whereas if you have a chance
mucked up whereas if you have a chance
of<00:16:05.079> surviving<00:16:05.600> the<00:16:05.759> DNA<00:16:06.199> Isn't<00:16:06.480> So<00:16:06.680> mucked<00:16:07.079> up
of surviving the DNA Isn't So mucked up
of surviving the DNA Isn't So mucked up
so<00:16:08.199> we<00:16:08.399> think<00:16:08.759> that<00:16:09.040> this<00:16:09.199> will<00:16:09.440> eventually
so we think that this will eventually
so we think that this will eventually
lead<00:16:10.079> to<00:16:10.319> what<00:16:10.440> we<00:16:10.639> call<00:16:10.880> DNA<00:16:11.360> biopsies<00:16:12.279> before
lead to what we call DNA biopsies before
lead to what we call DNA biopsies before
you<00:16:13.079> get<00:16:13.240> treated<00:16:13.600> for<00:16:13.839> cancer<00:16:14.199> you<00:16:14.279> should
you get treated for cancer you should
you get treated for cancer you should
really<00:16:15.319> look<00:16:15.560> at<00:16:15.800> this<00:16:16.040> technique<00:16:16.600> and<00:16:17.120> get<00:16:17.279> a
really look at this technique and get a
really look at this technique and get a
feeling<00:16:18.160> of<00:16:18.399> the<00:16:18.639> face<00:16:18.880> of<00:16:19.040> the<00:16:19.160> enemy<00:16:19.600> it's
feeling of the face of the enemy it's
feeling of the face of the enemy it's
not<00:16:20.000> a<00:16:20.680> it's<00:16:20.839> only<00:16:21.079> a<00:16:21.199> partial<00:16:21.600> look<00:16:22.000> but<00:16:22.160> it's
not a it's only a partial look but it's
not a it's only a partial look but it's
a<00:16:23.199> I<00:16:23.279> think<00:16:23.440> it's<00:16:23.600> going<00:16:23.720> to<00:16:23.880> be<00:16:24.160> very<00:16:24.440> very
a I think it's going to be very very
a I think it's going to be very very
useful<00:16:25.240> so<00:16:25.680> we<00:16:25.839> started<00:16:26.279> with<00:16:26.480> breast<00:16:26.800> cancer
useful so we started with breast cancer
useful so we started with breast cancer
because<00:16:27.639> there's<00:16:27.959> lots<00:16:28.160> of<00:16:28.920> money<00:16:29.120> for<00:16:29.360> it<00:16:29.800> no
because there's lots of money for it no
because there's lots of money for it no
government<00:16:30.560> money<00:16:31.560> and<00:16:32.079> uh<00:16:32.279> now<00:16:32.519> I<00:16:32.639> have<00:16:32.800> a
government money and uh now I have a
government money and uh now I have a
sort<00:16:33.240> of<00:16:33.399> vested<00:16:33.800> interest<00:16:34.199> I<00:16:34.279> want<00:16:34.399> to<00:16:34.560> do<00:16:34.680> it
sort of vested interest I want to do it
sort of vested interest I want to do it
for<00:16:35.040> prostate<00:16:35.560> cancer<00:16:36.000> so<00:16:36.240> you<00:16:36.360> know<00:16:36.600> you
for prostate cancer so you know you
for prostate cancer so you know you
aren't<00:16:37.480> treated<00:16:37.920> if<00:16:38.160> you<00:16:38.279> know<00:16:38.440> it's<00:16:38.639> not
aren't treated if you know it's not
aren't treated if you know it's not
dangerous<00:16:40.160> and<00:16:40.560> uh<00:16:40.880> so<00:16:41.480> but<00:16:41.720> wigler<00:16:42.720> besides
dangerous and uh so but wigler besides
dangerous and uh so but wigler besides
you<00:16:43.279> know<00:16:43.440> looking<00:16:43.680> at<00:16:43.839> cancer<00:16:44.160> cells<00:16:44.480> looked
you know looking at cancer cells looked
you know looking at cancer cells looked
at<00:16:44.759> normal<00:16:45.079> cells<00:16:45.399> and<00:16:45.519> made<00:16:45.720> a<00:16:46.319> really<00:16:46.720> sort
at normal cells and made a really sort
at normal cells and made a really sort
of<00:16:47.120> surprising<00:16:47.759> observation<00:16:48.519> which<00:16:48.639> is<00:16:49.120> all
of surprising observation which is all
of surprising observation which is all
of<00:16:49.480> us<00:16:50.440> have<00:16:50.680> about<00:16:50.920> 10<00:16:51.279> places<00:16:51.600> in<00:16:51.720> our<00:16:51.920> genome
of us have about 10 places in our genome
of us have about 10 places in our genome
where<00:16:52.480> we've<00:16:52.680> lost<00:16:53.000> the<00:16:53.160> gene<00:16:53.600> or<00:16:53.800> gained
where we've lost the gene or gained
where we've lost the gene or gained
another
another
another
one<00:16:56.720> so<00:16:57.480> we're<00:16:58.399> we're<00:16:58.519> sort<00:16:58.680> of<00:16:58.959> all<00:16:59.360> imperfect
one so we're we're sort of all imperfect
one so we're we're sort of all imperfect
and<00:17:00.480> the<00:17:00.680> question<00:17:00.920> is<00:17:01.240> well<00:17:02.160> if<00:17:02.319> we're<00:17:02.600> around
and the question is well if we're around
and the question is well if we're around
here<00:17:03.360> you<00:17:03.480> know<00:17:03.880> these<00:17:04.400> losses<00:17:04.760> or<00:17:04.959> gains
here you know these losses or gains
here you know these losses or gains
might<00:17:05.600> not<00:17:05.799> be<00:17:06.000> too<00:17:06.280> bad<00:17:07.160> but<00:17:07.319> if<00:17:07.520> these
might not be too bad but if these
might not be too bad but if these
deletions<00:17:09.160> or<00:17:09.559> amplifications<00:17:10.360> occurred<00:17:10.679> in
deletions or amplifications occurred in
deletions or amplifications occurred in
the<00:17:10.919> wrong<00:17:11.120> gen<00:17:11.439> maybe<00:17:11.679> you<00:17:12.039> really<00:17:12.319> are<00:17:12.760> sick
the wrong gen maybe you really are sick
the wrong gen maybe you really are sick
so<00:17:14.120> the<00:17:14.319> first<00:17:15.000> disease<00:17:15.400> he<00:17:15.559> looked<00:17:15.799> at<00:17:16.079> was
so the first disease he looked at was
so the first disease he looked at was
autism<00:17:18.000> and<00:17:18.480> uh<00:17:19.079> the<00:17:19.199> reason<00:17:19.720> we<00:17:19.880> looked<00:17:20.079> at
autism and uh the reason we looked at
autism and uh the reason we looked at
autism<00:17:20.760> is<00:17:20.959> we<00:17:21.079> had<00:17:21.240> the<00:17:21.319> money<00:17:21.640> to<00:17:21.799> do<00:17:21.959> it<00:17:22.520> look
autism is we had the money to do it look
autism is we had the money to do it look
at<00:17:22.880> an<00:17:23.039> individual<00:17:23.600> about<00:17:23.839> $3,000<00:17:24.839> and<00:17:25.079> the
at an individual about $3,000 and the
at an individual about $3,000 and the
parent<00:17:25.679> of<00:17:25.839> a<00:17:26.000> child<00:17:26.360> with<00:17:26.600> aspergers<00:17:27.280> disease
parent of a child with aspergers disease
parent of a child with aspergers disease
the<00:17:27.880> high<00:17:28.079> intelligence<00:17:29.039> ISM<00:17:29.840> had<00:17:30.039> sent<00:17:30.360> his
the high intelligence ISM had sent his
the high intelligence ISM had sent his
thing<00:17:31.520> to<00:17:31.720> a<00:17:31.880> conventional<00:17:32.400> company<00:17:32.760> they
thing to a conventional company they
thing to a conventional company they
didn't<00:17:33.080> do<00:17:33.240> it<00:17:33.720> couldn't<00:17:34.000> do<00:17:34.120> it<00:17:34.280> by
didn't do it couldn't do it by
didn't do it couldn't do it by
conventional<00:17:35.039> genetics<00:17:35.480> but<00:17:35.679> just<00:17:35.880> scanning
conventional genetics but just scanning
conventional genetics but just scanning
it<00:17:37.160> uh<00:17:37.320> we<00:17:37.480> began<00:17:37.760> to<00:17:38.000> find<00:17:38.520> genes<00:17:38.919> for<00:17:39.160> autism
it uh we began to find genes for autism
it uh we began to find genes for autism
and<00:17:39.919> you<00:17:40.000> can<00:17:40.160> see<00:17:40.559> here<00:17:41.559> uh<00:17:42.039> there<00:17:42.160> are<00:17:42.280> a<00:17:42.400> lot
and you can see here uh there are a lot
and you can see here uh there are a lot
of<00:17:43.160> them<00:17:44.320> so<00:17:45.320> a<00:17:45.440> lot<00:17:45.600> of<00:17:45.760> autistic<00:17:46.320> kids<00:17:46.559> are
of them so a lot of autistic kids are
of them so a lot of autistic kids are
autistic<00:17:47.320> because<00:17:47.480> they<00:17:47.640> just<00:17:47.840> lost<00:17:48.120> a<00:17:48.320> big
autistic because they just lost a big
autistic because they just lost a big
piece<00:17:48.720> of<00:17:48.919> DNA<00:17:49.880> I<00:17:49.960> mean<00:17:50.200> big<00:17:50.400> piece<00:17:50.640> at<00:17:50.760> the
piece of DNA I mean big piece at the
piece of DNA I mean big piece at the
molecular<00:17:51.480> level<00:17:52.080> we<00:17:52.240> saw<00:17:52.520> one<00:17:52.679> autistic<00:17:53.280> kid
molecular level we saw one autistic kid
molecular level we saw one autistic kid
5<00:17:54.240> million<00:17:54.600> bases<00:17:55.039> just<00:17:55.240> missing<00:17:55.600> from<00:17:55.840> one<00:17:55.960> of
5 million bases just missing from one of
5 million bases just missing from one of
his<00:17:56.559> chromosomes<00:17:57.559> we<00:17:57.799> haven't<00:17:58.159> yet<00:17:58.320> looked<00:17:58.559> at
his chromosomes we haven't yet looked at
his chromosomes we haven't yet looked at
the<00:17:58.919> parents<00:17:59.240> but<00:17:59.360> the<00:17:59.480> parents<00:17:59.840> probably
the parents but the parents probably
the parents but the parents probably
don't<00:18:00.320> have<00:18:00.520> that<00:18:00.679> loss<00:18:00.919> or<00:18:01.159> they<00:18:01.240> wouldn't<00:18:01.480> be
don't have that loss or they wouldn't be
don't have that loss or they wouldn't be
parents<00:18:03.480> now<00:18:04.360> uh<00:18:05.360> so<00:18:06.320> our<00:18:06.559> autism<00:18:07.159> study<00:18:07.559> is
parents now uh so our autism study is
parents now uh so our autism study is
just<00:18:08.000> beginning<00:18:08.480> we<00:18:08.600> got<00:18:08.720> $3<00:18:09.039> million<00:18:09.720> I<00:18:09.799> think
just beginning we got $3 million I think
just beginning we got $3 million I think
it'll<00:18:10.240> cost<00:18:10.600> at<00:18:10.760> least<00:18:11.200> 10<00:18:11.480> to<00:18:11.679> 20<00:18:12.200> before<00:18:13.080> You'
it'll cost at least 10 to 20 before You'
it'll cost at least 10 to 20 before You'
be<00:18:13.520> in<00:18:13.640> a<00:18:13.840> position<00:18:14.159> to<00:18:14.360> help<00:18:14.600> parents<00:18:14.960> who've
be in a position to help parents who've
be in a position to help parents who've
had<00:18:15.360> an<00:18:15.559> autistic<00:18:16.120> child<00:18:16.400> or<00:18:16.600> think<00:18:16.799> they<00:18:16.960> may
had an autistic child or think they may
had an autistic child or think they may
have<00:18:17.240> an<00:18:17.400> autistic<00:18:17.919> child<00:18:18.240> and<00:18:18.480> can<00:18:18.679> we<00:18:19.200> uh
have an autistic child and can we uh
have an autistic child and can we uh
Spot<00:18:20.000> the<00:18:20.200> Difference<00:18:21.039> so<00:18:21.520> this<00:18:21.760> same
Spot the Difference so this same
Spot the Difference so this same
technique<00:18:22.440> should<00:18:22.640> probably<00:18:22.960> look<00:18:23.080> at
technique should probably look at
technique should probably look at
all<00:18:25.159> it's<00:18:25.280> a<00:18:25.600> wonderful<00:18:26.080> way<00:18:26.200> to<00:18:26.360> find<00:18:26.880> genes
all it's a wonderful way to find genes
all it's a wonderful way to find genes
and<00:18:28.159> so<00:18:28.440> I'll<00:18:28.840> conclude<00:18:29.200> by<00:18:29.360> saying<00:18:29.640> we've
and so I'll conclude by saying we've
and so I'll conclude by saying we've
looked<00:18:30.080> at<00:18:30.240> 20<00:18:30.559> people<00:18:30.840> with
looked at 20 people with
looked at 20 people with
schizophrenia<00:18:32.840> and<00:18:33.000> we<00:18:33.120> thought<00:18:33.360> we<00:18:33.559> probably
schizophrenia and we thought we probably
schizophrenia and we thought we probably
had<00:18:33.960> to<00:18:34.080> look<00:18:34.200> at<00:18:34.360> several<00:18:34.760> hundred<00:18:35.120> before<00:18:35.360> we
had to look at several hundred before we
had to look at several hundred before we
got<00:18:35.600> a<00:18:35.799> picture<00:18:36.679> but<00:18:37.000> as<00:18:37.080> you<00:18:37.200> can<00:18:37.320> see<00:18:37.559> there<00:18:37.799> 7
got a picture but as you can see there 7
got a picture but as you can see there 7
out<00:18:38.240> of<00:18:38.400> 20<00:18:38.799> had<00:18:38.919> a<00:18:39.080> change<00:18:39.520> which<00:18:40.480> was<00:18:41.480> very
out of 20 had a change which was very
out of 20 had a change which was very
high<00:18:42.480> and<00:18:42.640> in<00:18:42.799> the<00:18:42.960> controls<00:18:43.480> there<00:18:43.600> were
high and in the controls there were
high and in the controls there were
three<00:18:45.000> so<00:18:45.280> what's<00:18:45.440> the<00:18:45.559> meaning<00:18:45.840> of<00:18:45.960> the
three so what's the meaning of the
three so what's the meaning of the
controls<00:18:46.559> were<00:18:46.760> they<00:18:46.919> crazy<00:18:47.400> also<00:18:47.720> and<00:18:47.840> we
controls were they crazy also and we
controls were they crazy also and we
didn't<00:18:48.200> know<00:18:48.360> it<00:18:48.600> or<00:18:49.000> you<00:18:49.120> know<00:18:49.280> were<00:18:49.520> they
didn't know it or you know were they
didn't know it or you know were they
normal<00:18:51.120> uh<00:18:51.880> I<00:18:52.000> I<00:18:52.080> would<00:18:52.280> guess<00:18:52.480> they're<00:18:53.000> normal
normal uh I I would guess they're normal
normal uh I I would guess they're normal
and
and
and
uh<00:18:55.960> what<00:18:56.120> we<00:18:56.360> think<00:18:56.640> in<00:18:56.880> schizophrenia<00:18:57.679> is
uh what we think in schizophrenia is
uh what we think in schizophrenia is
there<00:18:58.000> genes<00:18:58.280> that<00:18:58.440> pred
there genes that pred
there genes that pred
disposure<00:19:00.600> and<00:19:01.559> uh<00:19:02.559> whether<00:19:02.960> this<00:19:03.080> is<00:19:03.440> one
disposure and uh whether this is one
disposure and uh whether this is one
predisposes<00:19:05.880> and<00:19:06.000> then<00:19:06.159> there's<00:19:06.400> only<00:19:06.760> a<00:19:07.120> Subs
predisposes and then there's only a Subs
predisposes and then there's only a Subs
segment<00:19:08.039> of<00:19:08.200> the<00:19:08.480> population<00:19:09.200> that's<00:19:09.520> capable
segment of the population that's capable
segment of the population that's capable
of<00:19:10.080> being
of being
of being
schizophrenic<00:19:12.080> now<00:19:12.240> we<00:19:12.400> don't<00:19:12.679> have
schizophrenic now we don't have
schizophrenic now we don't have
really<00:19:14.960> any<00:19:15.240> evidence<00:19:15.679> of<00:19:16.200> it<00:19:17.200> but<00:19:17.440> I<00:19:17.600> say<00:19:17.919> to
really any evidence of it but I say to
really any evidence of it but I say to
give<00:19:18.200> a<00:19:18.360> hypothesis<00:19:19.240> the<00:19:19.480> best
give a hypothesis the best
give a hypothesis the best
guess<00:19:22.360> is<00:19:22.679> that<00:19:23.679> if<00:19:23.799> you're<00:19:24.080> left-handed
guess is that if you're left-handed
guess is that if you're left-handed
you're<00:19:24.840> PR<00:19:25.280> to
you're PR to
you're PR to
schizophrenia<00:19:27.120> uh<00:19:27.400> 30%<00:19:28.039> of<00:19:28.200> schizophr<00:19:28.720> iic
schizophrenia uh 30% of schizophr iic
schizophrenia uh 30% of schizophr iic
people<00:19:29.200> are<00:19:29.480> left-handed<00:19:30.480> and<00:19:30.640> schizophrenia
people are left-handed and schizophrenia
people are left-handed and schizophrenia
has<00:19:31.440> a<00:19:31.600> very<00:19:31.760> funny<00:19:32.360> genetics<00:19:32.880> which<00:19:33.080> means
has a very funny genetics which means
has a very funny genetics which means
60%<00:19:34.080> of<00:19:34.240> the<00:19:34.400> people<00:19:34.720> are<00:19:35.720> genetically
60% of the people are genetically
60% of the people are genetically
left-handed<00:19:36.960> but<00:19:37.080> only<00:19:37.360> half<00:19:37.520> of<00:19:37.640> it<00:19:37.760> show<00:19:38.120> I
left-handed but only half of it show I
left-handed but only half of it show I
don't<00:19:38.320> have<00:19:38.480> the<00:19:38.679> time<00:19:38.840> to<00:19:39.000> say<00:19:39.520> it<00:19:40.520> now<00:19:40.799> some
don't have the time to say it now some
don't have the time to say it now some
people<00:19:41.280> who<00:19:41.440> think<00:19:41.600> they're<00:19:41.840> right-handed
people who think they're right-handed
people who think they're right-handed
are<00:19:42.600> genetically
left-handed<00:19:46.440> okay<00:19:46.880> I'm<00:19:47.039> just<00:19:47.200> saying<00:19:47.520> that<00:19:47.720> if
left-handed okay I'm just saying that if
left-handed okay I'm just saying that if
you<00:19:48.080> think<00:19:48.559> oh<00:19:48.720> I<00:19:48.840> don't<00:19:49.039> carry<00:19:49.320> a<00:19:49.440> left-handed
you think oh I don't carry a left-handed
you think oh I don't carry a left-handed
Jean<00:19:51.039> so<00:19:51.280> therefore<00:19:51.720> my<00:19:52.039> you<00:19:52.159> know<00:19:52.320> children
Jean so therefore my you know children
Jean so therefore my you know children
won't<00:19:52.880> be<00:19:53.000> at<00:19:53.120> risk<00:19:53.280> of<00:19:53.440> schizophrenia<00:19:54.159> you
won't be at risk of schizophrenia you
won't be at risk of schizophrenia you
might
might
might
Okay<00:19:58.360> so<00:19:58.760> it's<00:19:59.080> to<00:19:59.240> me<00:19:59.559> an<00:19:59.880> extraordinary
Okay so it's to me an extraordinary
Okay so it's to me an extraordinary
exciting<00:20:01.120> time<00:20:01.720> we<00:20:01.840> ought<00:20:01.960> to<00:20:02.080> be<00:20:02.200> able<00:20:02.360> to
exciting time we ought to be able to
exciting time we ought to be able to
find<00:20:02.640> the<00:20:02.760> gene<00:20:03.039> for<00:20:03.320> bipolar<00:20:03.919> there's
find the gene for bipolar there's
find the gene for bipolar there's
relationship<00:20:05.640> and<00:20:05.960> if<00:20:06.200> I<00:20:06.320> had<00:20:06.480> enough<00:20:06.760> money
relationship and if I had enough money
relationship and if I had enough money
we'd<00:20:07.159> find<00:20:07.320> them<00:20:07.480> all<00:20:07.720> this<00:20:07.919> year<00:20:08.720> I<00:20:08.880> thank<00:20:09.039> you
TED Nobel laureate, James, Watson, DNA, Francis, Crick, DNA, discovery, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
