Advice to young scientists - E.O. Wilson
what<00:00:16.240> i'm<00:00:16.320> going<00:00:16.560> to<00:00:16.640> do<00:00:16.880> is<00:00:17.039> to<00:00:17.279> just
what i'm going to do is to just
what i'm going to do is to just
give<00:00:18.240> a<00:00:18.320> few<00:00:18.640> notes
give a few notes
give a few notes
uh<00:00:20.240> and<00:00:20.560> this<00:00:21.039> is<00:00:21.359> from<00:00:21.680> a<00:00:21.840> book<00:00:22.080> i'm<00:00:22.320> preparing
uh and this is from a book i'm preparing
uh and this is from a book i'm preparing
called
called
called
letters<00:00:24.400> to<00:00:24.560> a<00:00:24.640> young<00:00:24.880> scientist
letters to a young scientist
letters to a young scientist
and<00:00:26.240> i<00:00:26.320> thought<00:00:26.480> it<00:00:26.560> would<00:00:26.640> be<00:00:26.880> appropriate<00:00:27.439> to
and i thought it would be appropriate to
and i thought it would be appropriate to
present<00:00:28.720> it
present it
present it
on<00:00:29.599> the<00:00:29.679> basis<00:00:30.160> that<00:00:30.320> i<00:00:30.480> have<00:00:30.720> had<00:00:31.279> extensive
on the basis that i have had extensive
on the basis that i have had extensive
experience<00:00:33.040> in<00:00:33.280> teaching<00:00:33.840> counseling
experience in teaching counseling
experience in teaching counseling
sciences<00:00:34.880> across<00:00:35.200> the<00:00:35.360> broad<00:00:35.760> array<00:00:36.079> of
sciences across the broad array of
sciences across the broad array of
fields
fields
fields
and<00:00:37.440> you<00:00:37.600> might<00:00:37.840> like<00:00:38.000> to<00:00:38.160> hear<00:00:38.719> some<00:00:38.879> of<00:00:38.960> the
and you might like to hear some of the
and you might like to hear some of the
principles<00:00:39.600> that<00:00:39.760> i've<00:00:40.000> developed<00:00:40.960> in<00:00:41.600> doing
principles that i've developed in doing
principles that i've developed in doing
that<00:00:42.399> teaching<00:00:42.800> and<00:00:42.960> counseling<00:00:44.239> so<00:00:44.480> let<00:00:44.640> me
that teaching and counseling so let me
that teaching and counseling so let me
begin<00:00:45.600> uh<00:00:45.840> by<00:00:46.079> urging<00:00:46.559> you<00:00:47.039> particularly<00:00:47.680> you
begin uh by urging you particularly you
begin uh by urging you particularly you
on<00:00:48.000> the<00:00:48.079> youngster<00:00:48.640> side<00:00:49.200> on<00:00:49.360> this<00:00:49.680> path
on the youngster side on this path
on the youngster side on this path
you've<00:00:50.320> chosen<00:00:50.800> and<00:00:50.879> to<00:00:51.039> go<00:00:51.280> as<00:00:51.520> far<00:00:51.760> as<00:00:52.000> you
you've chosen and to go as far as you
you've chosen and to go as far as you
can
can
can
the<00:00:53.680> world<00:00:54.239> needs<00:00:54.559> you
the world needs you
the world needs you
badly
badly
badly
humanity<00:00:57.600> is<00:00:57.840> now<00:00:58.160> fully<00:00:58.480> into<00:00:58.800> the<00:00:58.960> text<00:00:59.280> of
humanity is now fully into the text of
humanity is now fully into the text of
scientific<00:01:00.239> age
scientific age
scientific age
there's<00:01:01.600> going<00:01:01.840> to<00:01:02.000> be<00:01:02.160> no<00:01:02.480> turning<00:01:02.960> back
there's going to be no turning back
there's going to be no turning back
uh<00:01:04.799> although<00:01:05.199> varying<00:01:05.600> among<00:01:05.920> disciplines
uh although varying among disciplines
uh although varying among disciplines
say<00:01:07.200> astrophysics<00:01:08.400> molecular<00:01:09.040> genetics
say astrophysics molecular genetics
say astrophysics molecular genetics
immunology<00:01:10.720> the<00:01:10.880> microbiology<00:01:11.920> the<00:01:12.080> public
immunology the microbiology the public
immunology the microbiology the public
health<00:01:13.520> to<00:01:13.760> the<00:01:13.920> new
health to the new
health to the new
area<00:01:15.360> of<00:01:15.840> the<00:01:16.000> human<00:01:16.640> body<00:01:17.040> of<00:01:17.119> the<00:01:17.439> symbiont
area of the human body of the symbiont
area of the human body of the symbiont
to<00:01:18.960> public<00:01:19.360> health<00:01:19.840> environmental<00:01:20.560> science
to public health environmental science
to public health environmental science
knowledge<00:01:21.520> in<00:01:21.680> medical<00:01:22.159> science<00:01:22.640> and<00:01:22.960> science
knowledge in medical science and science
knowledge in medical science and science
overall<00:01:24.000> is<00:01:24.240> doubling<00:01:24.640> every<00:01:25.040> 15<00:01:26.240> to<00:01:26.479> 20<00:01:26.799> years
overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years
overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years
technology<00:01:28.479> is<00:01:28.640> increasing<00:01:29.200> at<00:01:29.360> a<00:01:29.439> comparable
technology is increasing at a comparable
technology is increasing at a comparable
rate<00:01:30.240> between<00:01:30.799> them<00:01:31.520> the<00:01:31.759> two<00:01:32.159> already
rate between them the two already
rate between them the two already
pervaded<00:01:33.520> as<00:01:33.920> most<00:01:34.159> of<00:01:34.320> you<00:01:34.640> here<00:01:34.960> seated
pervaded as most of you here seated
pervaded as most of you here seated
realize<00:01:36.240> every<00:01:36.560> dimension<00:01:37.600> of<00:01:37.759> human<00:01:38.159> life<00:01:38.799> so
realize every dimension of human life so
realize every dimension of human life so
swift<00:01:39.759> is<00:01:40.000> the<00:01:40.159> velocity
swift is the velocity
swift is the velocity
of<00:01:41.600> the<00:01:41.880> techno-scientific<00:01:42.880> revolution
of the techno-scientific revolution
of the techno-scientific revolution
so<00:01:44.479> startling<00:01:45.119> and<00:01:45.280> it's<00:01:45.520> countless<00:01:46.000> twists
so startling and it's countless twists
so startling and it's countless twists
and<00:01:46.720> turns<00:01:47.040> that<00:01:47.280> no<00:01:47.439> one<00:01:47.759> can<00:01:47.920> predict<00:01:48.320> its
and turns that no one can predict its
and turns that no one can predict its
outcome
outcome
outcome
even<00:01:49.920> a<00:01:50.079> decade
even a decade
even a decade
from<00:01:51.840> the<00:01:52.000> present<00:01:52.399> moment<00:01:53.200> there<00:01:53.360> will<00:01:53.439> come
from the present moment there will come
from the present moment there will come
a<00:01:53.840> time<00:01:54.159> of<00:01:54.320> course
a time of course
a time of course
when<00:01:55.439> the<00:01:55.600> exponential<00:01:56.240> growth<00:01:56.640> of<00:01:56.799> discovery
when the exponential growth of discovery
when the exponential growth of discovery
and<00:01:57.520> knowledge<00:01:57.920> which<00:01:58.159> actually<00:01:58.560> began<00:01:58.960> in
and knowledge which actually began in
and knowledge which actually began in
the<00:01:59.280> 1600s
the 1600s
the 1600s
has<00:02:01.680> to<00:02:01.840> peak<00:02:02.159> and<00:02:02.240> level<00:02:02.560> off<00:02:02.719> but<00:02:02.880> that's<00:02:03.040> not
has to peak and level off but that's not
has to peak and level off but that's not
going<00:02:03.520> to<00:02:03.680> matter<00:02:04.000> to<00:02:04.159> you<00:02:04.399> the<00:02:04.560> revolution<00:02:05.119> is
going to matter to you the revolution is
going to matter to you the revolution is
going<00:02:05.520> to<00:02:05.680> continue
going to continue
going to continue
for<00:02:07.280> at<00:02:07.439> least<00:02:07.600> several<00:02:08.000> more<00:02:08.239> decades<00:02:08.720> it
for at least several more decades it
for at least several more decades it
will<00:02:09.039> render<00:02:09.360> the<00:02:09.520> human<00:02:09.840> condition
will render the human condition
will render the human condition
radically<00:02:11.280> different<00:02:11.599> from<00:02:11.760> what<00:02:11.920> it<00:02:12.080> is
radically different from what it is
radically different from what it is
today
traditional<00:02:15.920> fields<00:02:16.319> of<00:02:16.400> study
traditional fields of study
traditional fields of study
are<00:02:17.599> going<00:02:17.840> to<00:02:18.000> continue<00:02:18.560> to<00:02:18.720> grow
are going to continue to grow
are going to continue to grow
and<00:02:19.920> in<00:02:20.160> so<00:02:20.400> doing<00:02:21.200> inevitably<00:02:21.920> they<00:02:22.080> will
and in so doing inevitably they will
and in so doing inevitably they will
meet<00:02:22.480> and<00:02:22.640> create<00:02:23.120> new<00:02:23.280> disciplines
meet and create new disciplines
meet and create new disciplines
in<00:02:24.800> time<00:02:25.280> all<00:02:25.599> of<00:02:25.760> science<00:02:26.560> will<00:02:27.040> come<00:02:27.360> to<00:02:27.520> be<00:02:27.680> a
in time all of science will come to be a
in time all of science will come to be a
continuum<00:02:28.560> of<00:02:28.800> description
continuum of description
continuum of description
and<00:02:30.239> explanation<00:02:30.879> of<00:02:31.040> networks<00:02:31.599> of
and explanation of networks of
and explanation of networks of
principles<00:02:32.400> and<00:02:32.560> laws<00:02:33.440> that's<00:02:33.760> why<00:02:34.000> you<00:02:34.319> need
principles and laws that's why you need
principles and laws that's why you need
not<00:02:35.360> just<00:02:35.760> be<00:02:36.080> training<00:02:36.560> in<00:02:36.720> one<00:02:37.040> specialty
not just be training in one specialty
not just be training in one specialty
but<00:02:38.080> also<00:02:38.480> acquire<00:02:38.959> breadth
but also acquire breadth
but also acquire breadth
in<00:02:40.239> other<00:02:40.560> fields<00:02:40.879> related<00:02:41.440> to<00:02:41.680> and<00:02:41.840> even
in other fields related to and even
in other fields related to and even
distance<00:02:42.800> from<00:02:43.040> your<00:02:43.280> own<00:02:43.519> initial<00:02:44.080> choice
distance from your own initial choice
distance from your own initial choice
keep<00:02:45.519> your<00:02:45.680> eyes<00:02:46.239> lifted
keep your eyes lifted
keep your eyes lifted
and<00:02:47.440> your<00:02:47.680> head<00:02:48.080> turning<00:02:48.959> the<00:02:49.200> thirst<00:02:49.519> for
and your head turning the thirst for
and your head turning the thirst for
knowledge<00:02:50.400> is<00:02:50.640> in<00:02:50.800> our<00:02:51.120> genes
knowledge is in our genes
knowledge is in our genes
it<00:02:52.480> was<00:02:52.720> put<00:02:52.959> there<00:02:53.280> by<00:02:53.519> our<00:02:53.760> distant
it was put there by our distant
it was put there by our distant
ancestors<00:02:55.040> who<00:02:55.200> spread<00:02:55.599> across<00:02:56.000> the<00:02:56.160> world
ancestors who spread across the world
ancestors who spread across the world
and<00:02:56.640> it's<00:02:56.879> never<00:02:57.200> going<00:02:57.440> to<00:02:57.519> be<00:02:57.760> quenched
and it's never going to be quenched
and it's never going to be quenched
to<00:02:59.120> understand<00:02:59.840> and<00:03:00.000> use<00:03:00.319> it
to understand and use it
to understand and use it
sanely<00:03:01.920> as<00:03:02.159> a<00:03:02.319> part<00:03:03.040> of<00:03:03.120> the<00:03:03.280> civilization
sanely as a part of the civilization
sanely as a part of the civilization
yet<00:03:04.800> to<00:03:05.040> evolve<00:03:05.680> requires<00:03:06.159> a<00:03:06.319> vastly<00:03:06.879> larger
yet to evolve requires a vastly larger
yet to evolve requires a vastly larger
population<00:03:07.920> of<00:03:08.080> scientifically<00:03:08.800> trained
population of scientifically trained
population of scientifically trained
people
people
people
like<00:03:11.040> you
like you
like you
in<00:03:12.319> education<00:03:13.360> medicine<00:03:14.080> law<00:03:14.640> diplomacy
in education medicine law diplomacy
in education medicine law diplomacy
government<00:03:16.959> business<00:03:17.840> and<00:03:18.000> the<00:03:18.080> media<00:03:18.560> that
government business and the media that
government business and the media that
exists<00:03:19.200> today<00:03:20.080> our<00:03:20.239> political<00:03:20.879> leaders<00:03:21.840> need
exists today our political leaders need
exists today our political leaders need
at<00:03:22.480> least<00:03:22.800> a<00:03:22.959> modest<00:03:23.440> degree<00:03:23.840> of<00:03:24.080> scientific
at least a modest degree of scientific
at least a modest degree of scientific
literacy<00:03:25.280> which<00:03:25.840> most<00:03:26.319> badly<00:03:26.879> lack<00:03:27.280> today<00:03:27.760> no
literacy which most badly lack today no
literacy which most badly lack today no
applause<00:03:28.480> please
applause please
applause please
uh<00:03:30.000> it<00:03:30.159> will<00:03:30.400> be<00:03:30.720> better<00:03:31.120> for<00:03:31.440> all<00:03:31.760> if<00:03:31.920> they
uh it will be better for all if they
uh it will be better for all if they
prepared<00:03:32.720> before<00:03:33.280> entering
prepared before entering
prepared before entering
office<00:03:34.799> rather<00:03:35.120> than<00:03:35.360> learning<00:03:35.680> on<00:03:35.840> the<00:03:36.000> job
office rather than learning on the job
office rather than learning on the job
therefore<00:03:36.879> you<00:03:37.200> will<00:03:37.599> do<00:03:37.920> well<00:03:38.400> to<00:03:38.640> act<00:03:38.959> on<00:03:39.040> the
therefore you will do well to act on the
therefore you will do well to act on the
side<00:03:39.680> no<00:03:39.840> matter<00:03:40.239> how<00:03:40.560> far<00:03:41.280> into<00:03:41.599> the
side no matter how far into the
side no matter how far into the
laboratory<00:03:42.560> you<00:03:42.720> may<00:03:43.040> go
laboratory you may go
laboratory you may go
to<00:03:44.720> service<00:03:45.200> teachers<00:03:45.760> during<00:03:46.000> the<00:03:46.159> span<00:03:46.560> of
to service teachers during the span of
to service teachers during the span of
your<00:03:46.879> career<00:03:47.680> i'll<00:03:47.920> now<00:03:48.239> proceed<00:03:48.879> quickly<00:03:49.840> and
your career i'll now proceed quickly and
your career i'll now proceed quickly and
before<00:03:50.560> else<00:03:50.879> to<00:03:51.120> a<00:03:51.280> subject<00:03:51.760> that<00:03:51.920> is<00:03:52.080> both<00:03:52.319> a
before else to a subject that is both a
before else to a subject that is both a
vital<00:03:52.879> asset<00:03:53.439> a<00:03:53.599> potential<00:03:54.319> barrier<00:03:54.799> to<00:03:54.959> a
vital asset a potential barrier to a
vital asset a potential barrier to a
scientific<00:03:55.760> career<00:03:56.640> if<00:03:56.799> you<00:03:57.040> are<00:03:57.200> a<00:03:57.280> bit<00:03:57.680> short
scientific career if you are a bit short
scientific career if you are a bit short
in<00:03:58.640> mathematical<00:03:59.439> skills<00:04:00.080> don't<00:04:00.560> worry
in mathematical skills don't worry
in mathematical skills don't worry
many<00:04:01.760> of<00:04:01.920> the<00:04:02.000> most<00:04:02.239> successful<00:04:02.959> scientists
many of the most successful scientists
many of the most successful scientists
that<00:04:03.840> work<00:04:04.239> today<00:04:05.040> are<00:04:05.200> mathematically
that work today are mathematically
that work today are mathematically
semi-literate<00:04:07.760> a<00:04:08.000> metaphor
semi-literate a metaphor
semi-literate a metaphor
will<00:04:09.519> serve<00:04:10.000> here
will serve here
will serve here
where<00:04:11.519> elite<00:04:12.040> mathematicians<00:04:13.120> and
where elite mathematicians and
where elite mathematicians and
statisticians<00:04:16.880> and<00:04:17.120> theorists<00:04:17.680> often<00:04:18.160> serve
statisticians and theorists often serve
statisticians and theorists often serve
as<00:04:19.359> architects<00:04:20.079> in<00:04:20.160> the<00:04:20.400> expanding<00:04:21.120> realm
as architects in the expanding realm
as architects in the expanding realm
of<00:04:22.240> science<00:04:22.960> the<00:04:23.120> remaining<00:04:23.759> large<00:04:24.240> majority
of science the remaining large majority
of science the remaining large majority
of<00:04:25.040> basic<00:04:25.520> applied<00:04:26.160> scientists
of basic applied scientists
of basic applied scientists
including<00:04:28.000> a<00:04:28.080> large<00:04:28.479> portion<00:04:28.880> of<00:04:29.040> those<00:04:29.280> who
including a large portion of those who
including a large portion of those who
could<00:04:29.680> be
could be
could be
said<00:04:30.560> to<00:04:30.720> be<00:04:30.880> of<00:04:31.040> the<00:04:31.120> first<00:04:31.520> rank<00:04:31.919> are<00:04:32.000> the
said to be of the first rank are the
said to be of the first rank are the
ones<00:04:32.479> who<00:04:32.880> map<00:04:33.280> the<00:04:33.600> terrain<00:04:34.080> they<00:04:34.400> scout<00:04:35.040> the
ones who map the terrain they scout the
ones who map the terrain they scout the
frontiers<00:04:36.320> they<00:04:36.639> cut<00:04:36.960> the<00:04:37.199> pathways<00:04:38.240> they
frontiers they cut the pathways they
frontiers they cut the pathways they
raise<00:04:38.800> the<00:04:39.040> buildings<00:04:39.680> along<00:04:40.080> the<00:04:40.240> way<00:04:40.880> some
raise the buildings along the way some
raise the buildings along the way some
maybe<00:04:41.520> it<00:04:41.759> may<00:04:42.000> have<00:04:42.160> considered<00:04:42.800> me
maybe it may have considered me
maybe it may have considered me
foolhardy<00:04:44.240> but<00:04:44.400> it's<00:04:44.560> been<00:04:44.720> my<00:04:44.960> habit<00:04:45.280> to
foolhardy but it's been my habit to
foolhardy but it's been my habit to
brush<00:04:45.840> aside<00:04:46.320> the<00:04:46.479> fear<00:04:46.720> of<00:04:46.880> mathematics<00:04:47.600> when
brush aside the fear of mathematics when
brush aside the fear of mathematics when
talking<00:04:48.240> to<00:04:48.400> candidate<00:04:49.040> scientists<00:04:49.919> during
talking to candidate scientists during
talking to candidate scientists during
41<00:04:51.040> years<00:04:51.440> of<00:04:51.680> teaching<00:04:52.160> biology<00:04:52.880> at<00:04:53.040> harvard
41 years of teaching biology at harvard
41 years of teaching biology at harvard
i<00:04:54.160> watched<00:04:54.560> sadly<00:04:55.360> as<00:04:55.600> bright<00:04:56.160> students
i watched sadly as bright students
i watched sadly as bright students
turned<00:04:57.120> away
turned away
turned away
from<00:04:58.320> the<00:04:58.479> possibility<00:04:59.199> of<00:04:59.360> a<00:04:59.520> scientific
from the possibility of a scientific
from the possibility of a scientific
career<00:05:00.639> or<00:05:00.720> even<00:05:01.039> from<00:05:01.280> taking
career or even from taking
career or even from taking
non-required<00:05:03.199> courses<00:05:03.680> in<00:05:03.840> science<00:05:04.240> because
non-required courses in science because
non-required courses in science because
they<00:05:04.720> were<00:05:04.880> afraid<00:05:05.280> of<00:05:05.520> failure
they were afraid of failure
they were afraid of failure
these<00:05:06.880> math<00:05:07.280> folks<00:05:07.759> deprive<00:05:08.320> science<00:05:08.880> and
these math folks deprive science and
these math folks deprive science and
medicine<00:05:09.919> of<00:05:10.080> immeasurable<00:05:11.039> amounts<00:05:11.360> of
medicine of immeasurable amounts of
medicine of immeasurable amounts of
badly<00:05:11.919> needed<00:05:12.400> talent
badly needed talent
badly needed talent
here's<00:05:13.759> how<00:05:13.919> to<00:05:14.080> relax<00:05:14.560> your<00:05:14.800> anxieties<00:05:15.840> if
here's how to relax your anxieties if
here's how to relax your anxieties if
you<00:05:16.160> have<00:05:16.400> them<00:05:16.639> understand<00:05:17.280> that
you have them understand that
you have them understand that
mathematics<00:05:18.320> is<00:05:18.479> a<00:05:18.639> language<00:05:19.680> ruled<00:05:20.560> like
mathematics is a language ruled like
mathematics is a language ruled like
other
other
other
verbal<00:05:22.240> languages<00:05:23.120> unlike<00:05:23.520> verbal<00:05:23.840> language
verbal languages unlike verbal language
verbal languages unlike verbal language
generally<00:05:24.960> by<00:05:25.120> its<00:05:25.360> own<00:05:25.600> grammar
generally by its own grammar
generally by its own grammar
and<00:05:26.880> system<00:05:27.280> of<00:05:27.440> logic<00:05:27.919> any<00:05:28.160> person<00:05:28.479> with
and system of logic any person with
and system of logic any person with
average<00:05:29.360> quantitative<00:05:30.080> intelligent
average quantitative intelligent
average quantitative intelligent
intelligence<00:05:31.280> who<00:05:31.520> learns<00:05:31.919> to<00:05:32.160> read<00:05:32.479> and
intelligence who learns to read and
intelligence who learns to read and
write<00:05:32.960> mathematics
write mathematics
write mathematics
at<00:05:35.600> an<00:05:35.759> elementary<00:05:36.639> level<00:05:37.199> will<00:05:37.919> as<00:05:38.240> in<00:05:38.479> verbal
at an elementary level will as in verbal
at an elementary level will as in verbal
languages<00:05:39.600> have<00:05:39.840> little<00:05:40.080> difficulty<00:05:40.800> picking
languages have little difficulty picking
languages have little difficulty picking
up<00:05:41.440> most<00:05:41.680> of<00:05:41.840> the<00:05:41.919> fundamentals<00:05:42.960> if<00:05:43.120> they
up most of the fundamentals if they
up most of the fundamentals if they
choose<00:05:44.000> to<00:05:44.400> master<00:05:44.960> the<00:05:45.120> math<00:05:45.520> speak<00:05:45.919> of<00:05:46.080> most
choose to master the math speak of most
choose to master the math speak of most
disciplines<00:05:47.360> of<00:05:47.520> science<00:05:48.000> the<00:05:48.160> longer<00:05:48.880> you
disciplines of science the longer you
disciplines of science the longer you
wait<00:05:50.000> to<00:05:50.160> become<00:05:50.560> at<00:05:50.639> least<00:05:50.960> semi-literate
wait to become at least semi-literate
wait to become at least semi-literate
the<00:05:52.000> harder<00:05:52.400> language
the harder language
the harder language
of<00:05:53.680> mathematics<00:05:54.400> will<00:05:54.639> be<00:05:54.960> to<00:05:55.280> master<00:05:56.160> just<00:05:56.400> as
of mathematics will be to master just as
of mathematics will be to master just as
again<00:05:57.120> in<00:05:57.280> any<00:05:57.520> verbal<00:05:58.000> language<00:05:58.560> but<00:05:58.720> it<00:05:58.800> can
again in any verbal language but it can
again in any verbal language but it can
be<00:05:59.280> done<00:05:59.919> at<00:06:00.319> any<00:06:00.560> age<00:06:00.960> i<00:06:01.120> speak<00:06:01.440> as<00:06:01.600> an
be done at any age i speak as an
be done at any age i speak as an
authority<00:06:02.800> on<00:06:02.880> that<00:06:03.120> subject<00:06:03.600> because<00:06:04.240> i'm<00:06:04.479> an
authority on that subject because i'm an
authority on that subject because i'm an
extreme<00:06:06.000> case<00:06:06.720> i<00:06:06.880> didn't<00:06:07.199> take<00:06:07.600> algebra<00:06:08.639> until
extreme case i didn't take algebra until
extreme case i didn't take algebra until
my<00:06:09.280> freshman<00:06:09.759> year<00:06:10.240> at<00:06:10.400> the<00:06:10.560> university<00:06:11.199> of
my freshman year at the university of
my freshman year at the university of
alabama<00:06:12.160> they<00:06:12.400> didn't<00:06:12.720> teach<00:06:13.039> it
alabama they didn't teach it
alabama they didn't teach it
before<00:06:14.160> then<00:06:14.720> i<00:06:14.960> finally<00:06:15.280> got<00:06:15.520> around<00:06:15.840> the
before then i finally got around the
before then i finally got around the
calculus<00:06:16.639> as<00:06:16.800> a<00:06:16.880> 32<00:06:17.440> year<00:06:17.680> old<00:06:17.919> tenured
calculus as a 32 year old tenured
calculus as a 32 year old tenured
professor<00:06:18.880> at<00:06:18.960> harvard<00:06:19.919> where<00:06:20.160> i<00:06:20.400> sat
professor at harvard where i sat
professor at harvard where i sat
uncomfortably<00:06:21.840> in<00:06:22.080> classes<00:06:22.639> with
uncomfortably in classes with
uncomfortably in classes with
undergraduate<00:06:23.680> students<00:06:24.560> a<00:06:24.639> little<00:06:24.880> more
undergraduate students a little more
undergraduate students a little more
than<00:06:25.360> half<00:06:25.680> my<00:06:25.919> age<00:06:26.240> a<00:06:26.319> couple<00:06:26.639> of<00:06:26.720> them<00:06:26.960> were
than half my age a couple of them were
than half my age a couple of them were
students<00:06:28.080> in<00:06:28.240> a<00:06:28.400> course<00:06:28.800> i<00:06:28.880> was<00:06:29.120> giving<00:06:29.360> on
students in a course i was giving on
students in a course i was giving on
evolutionary<00:06:30.400> biology<00:06:31.360> i<00:06:31.600> swear<00:06:32.400> i<00:06:32.639> swallowed
evolutionary biology i swear i swallowed
evolutionary biology i swear i swallowed
my<00:06:33.600> pride
my pride
my pride
and<00:06:34.800> i<00:06:35.120> learned<00:06:35.759> calculus<00:06:36.400> i<00:06:36.560> found<00:06:36.960> out<00:06:37.199> that
and i learned calculus i found out that
and i learned calculus i found out that
in<00:06:37.680> science<00:06:38.160> and<00:06:38.319> all<00:06:38.560> its<00:06:38.800> applications<00:06:39.520> what
in science and all its applications what
in science and all its applications what
is<00:06:39.919> crucial
is crucial
is crucial
is<00:06:41.600> not<00:06:41.919> that<00:06:42.160> technical<00:06:42.720> ability<00:06:43.280> but<00:06:43.440> it<00:06:43.600> is
is not that technical ability but it is
is not that technical ability but it is
imagination<00:06:44.880> and<00:06:45.039> all<00:06:45.199> of<00:06:45.360> its<00:06:45.600> applications
imagination and all of its applications
imagination and all of its applications
the<00:06:47.360> ability<00:06:47.759> to<00:06:48.080> form<00:06:48.800> concepts<00:06:49.599> with<00:06:49.919> images
the ability to form concepts with images
the ability to form concepts with images
of<00:06:50.560> entities<00:06:51.039> and<00:06:51.199> processes<00:06:51.919> pictured<00:06:52.800> by
of entities and processes pictured by
of entities and processes pictured by
intuition<00:06:54.240> i<00:06:54.400> found<00:06:54.800> out<00:06:54.960> that<00:06:55.199> advances<00:06:55.840> in
intuition i found out that advances in
intuition i found out that advances in
science<00:06:56.560> rarely<00:06:57.039> come<00:06:57.599> upstream
science rarely come upstream
science rarely come upstream
from<00:06:58.960> an<00:06:59.120> ability<00:06:59.599> to<00:06:59.840> stand<00:07:00.479> in<00:07:00.560> a<00:07:00.720> blackboard
from an ability to stand in a blackboard
from an ability to stand in a blackboard
and<00:07:01.440> conjure<00:07:01.919> images<00:07:02.319> from<00:07:02.560> unfolding
and conjure images from unfolding
and conjure images from unfolding
mathematical<00:07:03.919> proposition<00:07:05.039> and<00:07:05.280> equations
mathematical proposition and equations
mathematical proposition and equations
they<00:07:06.560> are<00:07:06.720> instead<00:07:07.360> the<00:07:07.599> products<00:07:08.160> of
they are instead the products of
they are instead the products of
downstream<00:07:09.440> imagination<00:07:10.400> leading<00:07:10.720> to<00:07:10.880> hard
downstream imagination leading to hard
downstream imagination leading to hard
work<00:07:11.919> during<00:07:12.240> which<00:07:12.479> mathematical<00:07:13.280> reasoning
work during which mathematical reasoning
work during which mathematical reasoning
may<00:07:14.479> or<00:07:14.639> may<00:07:14.880> not<00:07:15.120> prove<00:07:15.360> to<00:07:15.520> be<00:07:15.680> relevant
may or may not prove to be relevant
may or may not prove to be relevant
ideas<00:07:17.520> emerge<00:07:18.160> when<00:07:18.400> a<00:07:18.560> part<00:07:18.960> of<00:07:19.120> the<00:07:19.280> real<00:07:19.680> or
ideas emerge when a part of the real or
ideas emerge when a part of the real or
imagined<00:07:20.639> world<00:07:21.039> is<00:07:21.199> studied<00:07:21.599> for<00:07:21.759> its<00:07:21.919> own
imagined world is studied for its own
imagined world is studied for its own
sake
sake
sake
of<00:07:23.599> foremost<00:07:24.400> importance<00:07:25.520> is<00:07:25.759> a<00:07:25.919> thorough
of foremost importance is a thorough
of foremost importance is a thorough
well-organized<00:07:28.160> knowledge<00:07:29.039> of<00:07:29.360> all<00:07:29.520> that<00:07:29.759> is
well-organized knowledge of all that is
well-organized knowledge of all that is
known<00:07:30.160> of<00:07:30.319> the<00:07:30.479> relevant<00:07:30.960> entities<00:07:31.520> and
known of the relevant entities and
known of the relevant entities and
processes<00:07:32.479> that<00:07:32.639> might<00:07:32.880> be<00:07:33.120> involved<00:07:34.080> in<00:07:34.400> that
processes that might be involved in that
processes that might be involved in that
domain<00:07:35.199> you<00:07:35.360> propose<00:07:35.919> to<00:07:36.160> enter
domain you propose to enter
domain you propose to enter
when<00:07:37.280> something<00:07:37.680> new<00:07:37.919> is<00:07:38.080> discovered<00:07:38.720> is
when something new is discovered is
when something new is discovered is
logical<00:07:39.599> then
logical then
logical then
that
that
that
one<00:07:41.360> of<00:07:41.440> the<00:07:41.680> following<00:07:42.160> up<00:07:42.400> steps
one of the following up steps
one of the following up steps
is<00:07:43.599> to<00:07:43.759> find<00:07:44.000> the<00:07:44.160> mathematical<00:07:45.039> and
is to find the mathematical and
is to find the mathematical and
statistical<00:07:45.919> methods<00:07:46.400> to<00:07:46.639> move<00:07:46.960> its<00:07:47.199> analysis
statistical methods to move its analysis
statistical methods to move its analysis
forward<00:07:48.400> if<00:07:48.560> that<00:07:48.800> step<00:07:49.199> proves<00:07:49.599> too
forward if that step proves too
forward if that step proves too
difficult
difficult
difficult
the<00:07:52.080> person<00:07:52.560> or<00:07:52.879> team<00:07:53.280> that<00:07:53.520> made<00:07:53.759> the
the person or team that made the
the person or team that made the
discovery
discovery
discovery
a
a
a
mathematician<00:07:57.919> can<00:07:58.479> then<00:07:58.800> be<00:07:59.039> added<00:07:59.360> by<00:07:59.599> them
mathematician can then be added by them
mathematician can then be added by them
as<00:08:01.039> a<00:08:01.120> collaborator<00:08:02.160> consider<00:08:02.720> the<00:08:02.960> following
as a collaborator consider the following
as a collaborator consider the following
principle<00:08:04.240> which<00:08:04.639> i<00:08:04.800> will<00:08:05.039> modestly
principle which i will modestly
principle which i will modestly
call<00:08:06.879> wilson's<00:08:07.599> principle<00:08:08.160> number<00:08:08.800> one
it<00:08:11.520> is<00:08:11.840> far<00:08:12.319> easier<00:08:12.879> for<00:08:13.120> scientists
it is far easier for scientists
it is far easier for scientists
including<00:08:14.960> medical<00:08:15.440> researchers<00:08:16.160> to<00:08:16.400> require
including medical researchers to require
including medical researchers to require
needed<00:08:17.599> collaboration<00:08:18.479> in<00:08:18.639> mathematics<00:08:19.440> and
needed collaboration in mathematics and
needed collaboration in mathematics and
statistics
statistics
statistics
than<00:08:21.360> it<00:08:21.520> is<00:08:21.680> for<00:08:21.919> mathematicians<00:08:23.199> and
than it is for mathematicians and
than it is for mathematicians and
statisticians<00:08:24.639> to<00:08:24.800> find<00:08:25.199> scientists<00:08:26.160> able<00:08:26.479> to
statisticians to find scientists able to
statisticians to find scientists able to
make<00:08:26.879> use<00:08:27.199> of<00:08:27.360> their<00:08:27.599> equations
make use of their equations
make use of their equations
it's<00:08:29.360> important<00:08:30.000> and<00:08:30.160> in<00:08:30.319> choosing<00:08:30.720> the
it's important and in choosing the
it's important and in choosing the
direction<00:08:31.360> you<00:08:31.599> take<00:08:31.840> in<00:08:32.000> sciences<00:08:32.640> to<00:08:32.800> find
direction you take in sciences to find
direction you take in sciences to find
the<00:08:33.200> subject<00:08:34.080> of<00:08:34.240> your<00:08:34.560> level<00:08:34.959> at<00:08:35.120> your<00:08:35.360> level
the subject of your level at your level
the subject of your level at your level
of<00:08:35.760> competence<00:08:36.640> that<00:08:37.039> interests<00:08:37.440> you<00:08:37.760> deeply
of competence that interests you deeply
of competence that interests you deeply
and<00:08:38.479> focus<00:08:38.959> on<00:08:39.279> that<00:08:40.080> keep<00:08:40.320> in<00:08:40.560> mind<00:08:40.959> then
and focus on that keep in mind then
and focus on that keep in mind then
wilson's<00:08:43.279> second<00:08:43.680> principle
wilson's second principle
wilson's second principle
for<00:08:45.279> every<00:08:45.760> scientist<00:08:46.880> whether<00:08:47.680> researcher
for every scientist whether researcher
for every scientist whether researcher
technician
technician
technician
teacher<00:08:50.560> manager<00:08:51.360> or<00:08:51.519> businessman
teacher manager or businessman
teacher manager or businessman
working<00:08:53.279> at<00:08:53.519> any<00:08:54.000> level<00:08:54.560> of<00:08:54.720> mathematical
working at any level of mathematical
working at any level of mathematical
competence<00:08:56.560> there<00:08:56.800> exists<00:08:57.360> a<00:08:57.519> discipline<00:08:58.080> in
competence there exists a discipline in
competence there exists a discipline in
science<00:08:58.720> or<00:08:58.959> medicine
science or medicine
science or medicine
for<00:09:00.160> which<00:09:00.480> that<00:09:00.800> level<00:09:01.279> is<00:09:01.519> enough<00:09:01.839> to
for which that level is enough to
for which that level is enough to
achieve<00:09:02.720> excellence
achieve excellence
achieve excellence
now<00:09:04.399> i'm<00:09:04.560> going<00:09:04.800> to<00:09:05.040> offer<00:09:05.760> quickly<00:09:06.320> several
now i'm going to offer quickly several
now i'm going to offer quickly several
more<00:09:06.959> principles<00:09:07.519> that<00:09:07.600> will<00:09:07.760> be<00:09:07.920> useful<00:09:08.399> in
more principles that will be useful in
more principles that will be useful in
organizing<00:09:09.680> your<00:09:10.000> education<00:09:10.640> a<00:09:10.800> career<00:09:11.279> or<00:09:11.440> if
organizing your education a career or if
organizing your education a career or if
you're<00:09:11.839> teaching
you're teaching
you're teaching
to
to
to
how<00:09:14.720> you<00:09:15.360> might<00:09:16.080> enhance<00:09:16.560> your<00:09:16.720> own<00:09:17.040> teaching
how you might enhance your own teaching
how you might enhance your own teaching
and<00:09:18.080> counseling<00:09:18.959> of<00:09:19.360> young<00:09:19.680> sciences
and counseling of young sciences
and counseling of young sciences
in<00:09:21.040> selecting<00:09:21.600> a<00:09:21.760> subject<00:09:22.240> in<00:09:22.320> which<00:09:22.560> to
in selecting a subject in which to
in selecting a subject in which to
conduct<00:09:23.200> original<00:09:23.760> research<00:09:24.640> or<00:09:24.880> to<00:09:25.040> develop
conduct original research or to develop
conduct original research or to develop
world-class<00:09:26.560> expertise
world-class expertise
world-class expertise
take<00:09:28.160> a<00:09:28.320> part<00:09:28.720> of<00:09:28.800> the<00:09:29.040> chosen<00:09:29.680> discipline
take a part of the chosen discipline
take a part of the chosen discipline
that<00:09:30.959> is<00:09:31.200> sparsely<00:09:32.080> inhabited
that is sparsely inhabited
that is sparsely inhabited
judge<00:09:34.000> opportunity<00:09:34.959> by<00:09:35.200> how<00:09:35.600> few<00:09:36.080> other
judge opportunity by how few other
judge opportunity by how few other
students<00:09:36.880> and<00:09:36.959> researchers<00:09:37.760> are<00:09:38.000> on<00:09:38.320> hand
students and researchers are on hand
students and researchers are on hand
this<00:09:39.680> is<00:09:39.839> not<00:09:40.080> to<00:09:40.240> de-emphasize<00:09:41.120> the
this is not to de-emphasize the
this is not to de-emphasize the
essential<00:09:41.839> requirement<00:09:43.040> of<00:09:43.200> broad<00:09:43.680> training
essential requirement of broad training
essential requirement of broad training
or<00:09:44.320> the<00:09:44.399> value<00:09:44.800> of<00:09:44.959> apprenticing<00:09:45.600> yourself
or the value of apprenticing yourself
or the value of apprenticing yourself
in<00:09:47.440> ongoing<00:09:48.000> research<00:09:48.480> to<00:09:48.720> programs<00:09:49.440> of<00:09:49.600> high
in ongoing research to programs of high
in ongoing research to programs of high
quality<00:09:50.480> it<00:09:50.720> is<00:09:50.959> important<00:09:51.760> also<00:09:52.160> to<00:09:52.399> acquire
quality it is important also to acquire
quality it is important also to acquire
older<00:09:53.600> mentors<00:09:54.560> within<00:09:55.040> these<00:09:55.279> successful
older mentors within these successful
older mentors within these successful
programs<00:09:56.480> and<00:09:56.560> to<00:09:56.720> make<00:09:57.040> friends<00:09:57.440> and
programs and to make friends and
programs and to make friends and
colleagues<00:09:58.480> of<00:09:58.640> your<00:09:58.959> age<00:09:59.519> for<00:09:59.760> mutual
colleagues of your age for mutual
colleagues of your age for mutual
support<00:10:01.360> but<00:10:01.600> through<00:10:01.839> it<00:10:02.079> all<00:10:02.320> look<00:10:02.560> for<00:10:02.720> a
support but through it all look for a
support but through it all look for a
way<00:10:02.959> to<00:10:03.200> break<00:10:03.600> out
way to break out
way to break out
to<00:10:04.720> find<00:10:05.040> the<00:10:05.279> field<00:10:05.760> and<00:10:06.000> subject<00:10:06.560> not<00:10:06.800> yet
to find the field and subject not yet
to find the field and subject not yet
popular<00:10:07.760> we<00:10:07.920> have<00:10:08.079> seen<00:10:08.240> this<00:10:08.480> demonstrated
popular we have seen this demonstrated
popular we have seen this demonstrated
already<00:10:09.920> in<00:10:10.079> the<00:10:10.240> talks<00:10:10.560> preceding<00:10:11.200> mind
already in the talks preceding mind
already in the talks preceding mind
there<00:10:12.800> is<00:10:12.959> the<00:10:13.120> quickest<00:10:13.920> way<00:10:14.640> advances<00:10:15.360> are
there is the quickest way advances are
there is the quickest way advances are
likely<00:10:15.920> to<00:10:16.160> occur<00:10:16.959> as<00:10:17.200> measured<00:10:17.680> in
likely to occur as measured in
likely to occur as measured in
discoveries<00:10:18.560> per<00:10:18.800> investigator<00:10:19.600> per<00:10:19.920> year
discoveries per investigator per year
discoveries per investigator per year
you<00:10:20.880> may<00:10:21.120> have<00:10:21.360> heard<00:10:21.760> the<00:10:21.920> military<00:10:23.040> dictum
you may have heard the military dictum
you may have heard the military dictum
for<00:10:24.079> the<00:10:24.320> gathering<00:10:24.800> of<00:10:24.959> armies
for the gathering of armies
for the gathering of armies
marched<00:10:26.480> to<00:10:26.640> the<00:10:26.800> sound<00:10:27.200> of<00:10:27.360> the<00:10:27.519> guns
marched to the sound of the guns
marched to the sound of the guns
in<00:10:29.040> science<00:10:29.519> the<00:10:29.760> exact<00:10:30.240> opposite<00:10:30.959> is<00:10:31.279> the
in science the exact opposite is the
in science the exact opposite is the
case<00:10:32.079> march<00:10:32.640> away<00:10:33.120> from<00:10:33.360> the<00:10:33.519> sound<00:10:33.920> of<00:10:34.000> the
case march away from the sound of the
case march away from the sound of the
gun
gun
gun
so<00:10:35.200> wilson's<00:10:35.760> principle<00:10:36.480> number<00:10:36.880> three
so wilson's principle number three
so wilson's principle number three
march<00:10:38.959> away<00:10:39.279> from<00:10:39.519> the<00:10:39.680> sound<00:10:40.079> of<00:10:40.160> the<00:10:40.399> guns
march away from the sound of the guns
march away from the sound of the guns
observe<00:10:41.839> from<00:10:42.079> a<00:10:42.240> distance<00:10:42.720> but<00:10:42.959> do<00:10:43.200> not<00:10:43.519> join
observe from a distance but do not join
observe from a distance but do not join
the<00:10:44.320> fray
the fray
the fray
make<00:10:45.600> a<00:10:45.760> fray<00:10:46.240> of<00:10:46.480> your<00:10:46.800> own
make a fray of your own
make a fray of your own
once<00:10:48.320> you<00:10:48.560> have<00:10:48.800> settled
once you have settled
once you have settled
on<00:10:50.160> especially
on especially
on especially
a<00:10:51.680> specialty<00:10:52.480> and<00:10:52.720> the<00:10:52.880> profession<00:10:53.519> you<00:10:53.680> can
a specialty and the profession you can
a specialty and the profession you can
love<00:10:54.480> and<00:10:54.640> you've<00:10:54.959> secured<00:10:55.839> opportunity
love and you've secured opportunity
love and you've secured opportunity
uh<00:10:58.000> your<00:10:58.240> potential<00:10:58.800> to<00:10:58.959> succeed<00:10:59.519> will<00:10:59.760> be
uh your potential to succeed will be
uh your potential to succeed will be
greatly<00:11:00.480> enhanced<00:11:01.040> if<00:11:01.200> you<00:11:01.519> study<00:11:01.920> it<00:11:02.480> enough
greatly enhanced if you study it enough
greatly enhanced if you study it enough
to<00:11:03.040> become<00:11:03.600> an<00:11:03.839> expert
to become an expert
to become an expert
there<00:11:05.279> are<00:11:05.600> thousands<00:11:06.240> of<00:11:06.480> professionally
there are thousands of professionally
there are thousands of professionally
delimited<00:11:08.240> subjects<00:11:08.720> sprinkled<00:11:09.279> through
delimited subjects sprinkled through
delimited subjects sprinkled through
physics<00:11:09.920> and<00:11:10.160> chemistry<00:11:10.640> to<00:11:10.800> biology<00:11:11.440> and
physics and chemistry to biology and
physics and chemistry to biology and
medicine
medicine
medicine
and<00:11:12.880> on<00:11:13.200> then<00:11:13.600> into<00:11:13.839> the<00:11:14.000> social<00:11:14.480> sciences
and on then into the social sciences
and on then into the social sciences
where<00:11:15.519> it<00:11:15.680> is<00:11:15.839> possible<00:11:16.240> in<00:11:16.399> short<00:11:16.800> time
where it is possible in short time
where it is possible in short time
to<00:11:18.079> acquire<00:11:18.640> the<00:11:18.880> status<00:11:19.360> of<00:11:19.519> us<00:11:19.920> and
to acquire the status of us and
to acquire the status of us and
authority
authority
authority
when<00:11:21.600> the<00:11:21.839> subject<00:11:22.320> is<00:11:22.480> still<00:11:22.959> very<00:11:23.440> thinly
when the subject is still very thinly
when the subject is still very thinly
populated<00:11:24.560> you<00:11:24.800> can<00:11:25.120> with<00:11:25.360> diligence<00:11:26.000> and
populated you can with diligence and
populated you can with diligence and
hard<00:11:26.480> work<00:11:26.800> become<00:11:27.680> the<00:11:28.000> world<00:11:28.399> authority<00:11:29.600> the
hard work become the world authority the
hard work become the world authority the
world<00:11:30.240> needs<00:11:30.560> this<00:11:30.880> kind<00:11:31.600> of
world needs this kind of
world needs this kind of
expertise<00:11:33.440> and<00:11:33.600> it<00:11:33.760> rewards<00:11:34.480> the<00:11:34.640> kind<00:11:35.120> of
expertise and it rewards the kind of
expertise and it rewards the kind of
people<00:11:35.760> willing<00:11:36.640> to<00:11:36.880> acquire<00:11:37.440> it
people willing to acquire it
people willing to acquire it
the<00:11:38.800> existing<00:11:39.360> information<00:11:40.240> and<00:11:40.399> what<00:11:40.560> you
the existing information and what you
the existing information and what you
yourself<00:11:41.600> discover<00:11:42.240> may<00:11:42.640> at<00:11:42.880> first<00:11:43.200> seem
yourself discover may at first seem
yourself discover may at first seem
skimpy
skimpy
skimpy
and<00:11:45.040> difficult<00:11:45.680> to<00:11:45.920> connect<00:11:46.640> to<00:11:46.800> other<00:11:47.040> bodies
and difficult to connect to other bodies
and difficult to connect to other bodies
of<00:11:47.680> knowledge<00:11:48.560> well<00:11:49.279> if<00:11:49.440> that's<00:11:49.760> the<00:11:49.920> case
of knowledge well if that's the case
of knowledge well if that's the case
good
good
good
why<00:11:52.560> hard<00:11:53.279> instead<00:11:53.760> of<00:11:53.920> easy<00:11:54.800> the<00:11:55.040> answer
why hard instead of easy the answer
why hard instead of easy the answer
deserves<00:11:55.839> to<00:11:56.000> be<00:11:56.160> stated
deserves to be stated
deserves to be stated
as<00:11:57.600> principle<00:11:58.240> number<00:11:58.720> four
as principle number four
as principle number four
in<00:12:00.160> the<00:12:00.320> attempt<00:12:00.800> to<00:12:01.040> make<00:12:01.279> scientific
in the attempt to make scientific
in the attempt to make scientific
discoveries<00:12:02.720> every<00:12:03.040> problem<00:12:03.440> is<00:12:03.600> an
discoveries every problem is an
discoveries every problem is an
opportunity<00:12:04.560> and<00:12:04.720> the<00:12:04.800> more<00:12:05.120> difficult<00:12:05.600> the
opportunity and the more difficult the
opportunity and the more difficult the
problem<00:12:06.240> the<00:12:06.399> greater<00:12:06.800> will<00:12:06.959> be<00:12:07.120> the
problem the greater will be the
problem the greater will be the
importance<00:12:07.839> of<00:12:08.000> its<00:12:08.160> solution<00:12:09.040> now<00:12:09.200> this
importance of its solution now this
importance of its solution now this
brings<00:12:09.920> me
brings me
brings me
to<00:12:11.040> a<00:12:11.200> basic<00:12:11.680> categorization<00:12:13.040> in<00:12:13.120> the<00:12:13.279> way
to a basic categorization in the way
to a basic categorization in the way
scientific<00:12:14.240> discoveries<00:12:14.880> are<00:12:15.120> made
scientific discoveries are made
scientific discoveries are made
scientists<00:12:17.120> pure<00:12:17.440> mathematicians<00:12:18.320> among
scientists pure mathematicians among
scientists pure mathematicians among
them
them
them
follow<00:12:20.240> one<00:12:20.560> or<00:12:20.720> the<00:12:20.880> other<00:12:21.120> of<00:12:21.279> two<00:12:21.600> pathways
follow one or the other of two pathways
follow one or the other of two pathways
first<00:12:22.720> through<00:12:23.040> early<00:12:23.440> discoveries<00:12:24.720> a
first through early discoveries a
first through early discoveries a
problem<00:12:25.360> is<00:12:25.519> identified<00:12:26.639> and<00:12:26.800> a<00:12:26.959> solution<00:12:27.519> is
problem is identified and a solution is
problem is identified and a solution is
thought
thought
thought
the<00:12:28.800> problem<00:12:29.200> may<00:12:29.440> be<00:12:29.600> relatively<00:12:30.399> small<00:12:30.880> for
the problem may be relatively small for
the problem may be relatively small for
example<00:12:31.760> where<00:12:32.240> exactly<00:12:32.720> in<00:12:32.880> a<00:12:32.959> cruise<00:12:33.360> ship
example where exactly in a cruise ship
example where exactly in a cruise ship
does<00:12:34.160> the<00:12:34.320> norovirus<00:12:35.120> begin<00:12:35.519> to<00:12:35.680> spread
does the norovirus begin to spread
does the norovirus begin to spread
or<00:12:37.360> larger<00:12:37.839> what's<00:12:38.079> the<00:12:38.240> role<00:12:38.480> of<00:12:38.639> dark<00:12:39.040> matter
or larger what's the role of dark matter
or larger what's the role of dark matter
in<00:12:40.720> the<00:12:40.880> expansion<00:12:41.440> of<00:12:41.519> the<00:12:41.680> universe<00:12:42.480> as<00:12:42.720> the
in the expansion of the universe as the
in the expansion of the universe as the
answer<00:12:43.200> is<00:12:43.440> sought
answer is sought
answer is sought
other<00:12:44.720> phenomena<00:12:45.360> are<00:12:45.519> typically<00:12:46.079> discovered
other phenomena are typically discovered
other phenomena are typically discovered
and<00:12:46.800> other<00:12:47.040> questions<00:12:47.519> are<00:12:47.760> asked<00:12:48.240> this<00:12:48.720> first
and other questions are asked this first
and other questions are asked this first
of<00:12:49.200> the<00:12:49.360> two<00:12:49.600> strategies<00:12:50.320> is<00:12:50.480> like<00:12:50.720> a<00:12:50.880> hunter
of the two strategies is like a hunter
of the two strategies is like a hunter
exploring<00:12:52.639> a<00:12:52.800> forest<00:12:53.279> in<00:12:53.519> search<00:12:53.920> of<00:12:54.079> a
exploring a forest in search of a
exploring a forest in search of a
particular<00:12:54.880> quarry<00:12:55.920> who<00:12:56.160> finds<00:12:56.639> other
particular quarry who finds other
particular quarry who finds other
quarries<00:12:57.440> along<00:12:57.760> the<00:12:57.920> way<00:12:58.399> the<00:12:58.720> second
quarries along the way the second
quarries along the way the second
strategy
strategy
strategy
of<00:13:00.560> research<00:13:01.120> is<00:13:01.279> to<00:13:01.519> study<00:13:01.839> a<00:13:01.920> subject
of research is to study a subject
of research is to study a subject
broadly
broadly
broadly
searching<00:13:04.079> for<00:13:04.480> unknown<00:13:05.120> phenomena<00:13:05.760> or
searching for unknown phenomena or
searching for unknown phenomena or
patterns<00:13:06.639> of<00:13:06.800> known<00:13:07.120> phenomena<00:13:08.000> like<00:13:08.160> a
patterns of known phenomena like a
patterns of known phenomena like a
hunter
hunter
hunter
in<00:13:09.440> what<00:13:09.600> we<00:13:09.839> call<00:13:10.079> the<00:13:10.320> naturalist<00:13:11.120> trance
in what we call the naturalist trance
in what we call the naturalist trance
the<00:13:11.760> researcher<00:13:12.480> mind<00:13:12.959> is<00:13:13.200> open<00:13:13.600> to<00:13:14.320> anything
the researcher mind is open to anything
the researcher mind is open to anything
interesting<00:13:15.279> any<00:13:15.519> quarry<00:13:15.920> worth<00:13:16.240> taking<00:13:16.560> the
interesting any quarry worth taking the
interesting any quarry worth taking the
search<00:13:17.120> is<00:13:17.279> not<00:13:17.519> for<00:13:17.680> the<00:13:17.760> solution<00:13:18.320> of<00:13:18.399> the
search is not for the solution of the
search is not for the solution of the
problem
problem
problem
but<00:13:19.920> for<00:13:20.240> problems<00:13:20.720> themselves<00:13:21.360> worth
but for problems themselves worth
but for problems themselves worth
solving<00:13:22.480> the<00:13:22.639> two<00:13:22.959> strategies<00:13:23.600> of<00:13:23.680> research
solving the two strategies of research
solving the two strategies of research
original<00:13:25.279> research<00:13:25.680> can<00:13:25.839> be<00:13:26.000> stated<00:13:26.480> as
original research can be stated as
original research can be stated as
follows
follows
follows
in
in
in
the<00:13:28.720> final
the final
the final
principle<00:13:30.480> i'm<00:13:30.720> going<00:13:30.959> to<00:13:31.200> offer<00:13:31.440> you
principle i'm going to offer you
principle i'm going to offer you
for<00:13:32.639> every<00:13:33.120> problem<00:13:34.160> in<00:13:34.320> a<00:13:34.399> given<00:13:34.720> discipline
for every problem in a given discipline
for every problem in a given discipline
of<00:13:35.360> science<00:13:36.320> there<00:13:36.560> exists<00:13:36.959> a<00:13:37.120> species<00:13:37.839> or
of science there exists a species or
of science there exists a species or
entity<00:13:38.639> or<00:13:38.880> phenomenon<00:13:39.600> ideal<00:13:40.240> for<00:13:40.399> its
entity or phenomenon ideal for its
entity or phenomenon ideal for its
solution
solution
solution
and
and
and
conversely<00:13:44.079> for<00:13:44.399> every<00:13:44.880> species<00:13:45.680> or<00:13:46.079> other
conversely for every species or other
conversely for every species or other
entity<00:13:46.959> or<00:13:47.279> phenomenon<00:13:47.920> there<00:13:48.240> exists
entity or phenomenon there exists
entity or phenomenon there exists
important<00:13:49.440> problems
important problems
important problems
for<00:13:50.880> the<00:13:51.040> solution<00:13:51.519> of<00:13:51.680> which
for the solution of which
for the solution of which
those<00:13:53.519> particular
those particular
those particular
objects<00:13:55.279> of<00:13:55.360> research<00:13:56.000> are<00:13:56.240> ideally<00:13:56.880> suited
objects of research are ideally suited
objects of research are ideally suited
find<00:13:58.240> out<00:13:58.480> what<00:13:58.720> they<00:13:58.959> are
find out what they are
find out what they are
you'll<00:14:00.560> find<00:14:00.959> your<00:14:01.199> own<00:14:01.440> way<00:14:01.680> to<00:14:01.920> discover
you'll find your own way to discover
you'll find your own way to discover
learn<00:14:04.000> to<00:14:04.240> teach<00:14:05.040> the<00:14:05.199> decades<00:14:05.760> ahead<00:14:06.320> we'll
learn to teach the decades ahead we'll
learn to teach the decades ahead we'll
see<00:14:06.720> dramatic<00:14:07.360> advances<00:14:08.160> and<00:14:08.320> disease
see dramatic advances and disease
see dramatic advances and disease
prevention
prevention
prevention
general<00:14:11.040> health<00:14:11.440> the<00:14:11.680> quality<00:14:12.079> of<00:14:12.320> life
general health the quality of life
general health the quality of life
all<00:14:13.600> of<00:14:13.760> humanity<00:14:14.480> depends<00:14:15.040> on<00:14:15.120> the<00:14:15.279> knowledge
all of humanity depends on the knowledge
all of humanity depends on the knowledge
and<00:14:15.920> practice
and practice
and practice
of<00:14:17.279> the<00:14:17.440> medicine<00:14:18.000> and<00:14:18.160> the<00:14:18.320> science<00:14:18.720> behind
of the medicine and the science behind
of the medicine and the science behind
it<00:14:19.279> you<00:14:19.440> will<00:14:19.680> master
it you will master
it you will master
you<00:14:21.040> have<00:14:21.360> chosen<00:14:21.839> a<00:14:22.000> calling<00:14:22.399> that<00:14:22.560> will<00:14:22.800> come
you have chosen a calling that will come
you have chosen a calling that will come
in<00:14:23.279> steps<00:14:23.680> to<00:14:23.839> give<00:14:24.079> you<00:14:24.399> satisfaction<00:14:25.680> at<00:14:25.920> its
in steps to give you satisfaction at its
in steps to give you satisfaction at its
conclusion
conclusion
conclusion
of<00:14:27.680> a<00:14:27.839> life<00:14:28.160> wealth<00:14:28.560> live<00:14:28.880> and<00:14:29.120> i<00:14:29.279> thank<00:14:29.519> you
of a life wealth live and i thank you
of a life wealth live and i thank you
for<00:14:30.000> having<00:14:30.320> me<00:14:30.560> here<00:14:31.120> tonight
thank<00:14:46.560> you
E.O. Wilson, TED, TEDMED, advice, science, STEM, young, scientists, biology
