The real reason for brains - Daniel Wolpert
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
I'm<00:00:16.279> a<00:00:16.680> neuroscientist<00:00:17.680> and<00:00:18.080> in<00:00:18.279> Neuroscience
I'm a neuroscientist and in Neuroscience
I'm a neuroscientist and in Neuroscience
we<00:00:19.359> have<00:00:19.439> to<00:00:19.600> deal<00:00:19.800> with<00:00:20.080> many<00:00:20.760> difficult
we have to deal with many difficult
we have to deal with many difficult
questions<00:00:21.359> about<00:00:21.600> the<00:00:21.720> brain<00:00:22.720> but<00:00:22.920> I<00:00:23.000> want<00:00:23.160> to
questions about the brain but I want to
questions about the brain but I want to
start<00:00:23.560> with<00:00:23.680> an<00:00:23.920> easiest<00:00:24.439> question<00:00:24.720> and<00:00:24.800> the
start with an easiest question and the
start with an easiest question and the
question<00:00:25.199> you<00:00:25.320> really<00:00:25.480> should<00:00:25.640> have<00:00:25.800> all
question you really should have all
question you really should have all
asked<00:00:26.320> yourself<00:00:26.720> at<00:00:26.880> some<00:00:27.080> point<00:00:27.279> in<00:00:27.439> your
asked yourself at some point in your
asked yourself at some point in your
life<00:00:28.199> because<00:00:28.320> it's<00:00:28.439> a<00:00:28.560> fundamental<00:00:29.199> question
life because it's a fundamental question
life because it's a fundamental question
if<00:00:29.560> we<00:00:29.679> want<00:00:29.800> to<00:00:30.320> understand<00:00:30.480> brain<00:00:30.840> function
if we want to understand brain function
if we want to understand brain function
and<00:00:31.840> that<00:00:32.000> is<00:00:32.599> why<00:00:32.840> do<00:00:33.120> we<00:00:33.440> and<00:00:33.719> other<00:00:34.079> animals
and that is why do we and other animals
and that is why do we and other animals
have<00:00:35.360> brains<00:00:36.360> not<00:00:36.559> all<00:00:36.719> species<00:00:37.079> on<00:00:37.160> our
have brains not all species on our
have brains not all species on our
planet<00:00:37.680> have<00:00:37.960> brains<00:00:38.280> so<00:00:38.440> if<00:00:38.480> we<00:00:38.600> want<00:00:38.680> to<00:00:38.760> know
planet have brains so if we want to know
planet have brains so if we want to know
what<00:00:38.960> the<00:00:39.040> brain<00:00:39.320> is<00:00:39.520> for<00:00:40.360> let's<00:00:40.640> think<00:00:40.879> about
what the brain is for let's think about
what the brain is for let's think about
why<00:00:41.440> we<00:00:41.600> evolved<00:00:42.079> one<00:00:42.840> now<00:00:42.960> you<00:00:43.079> may<00:00:43.280> reason
why we evolved one now you may reason
why we evolved one now you may reason
that<00:00:43.760> we<00:00:43.920> have<00:00:44.120> one<00:00:44.320> to<00:00:44.480> perceive<00:00:44.840> the<00:00:45.000> world
that we have one to perceive the world
that we have one to perceive the world
or<00:00:45.760> to<00:00:46.120> think<00:00:46.760> and<00:00:46.879> that's<00:00:47.160> completely<00:00:47.879> wrong
or to think and that's completely wrong
or to think and that's completely wrong
if<00:00:48.840> you<00:00:49.039> think<00:00:49.239> about<00:00:49.520> this<00:00:49.719> question<00:00:49.960> for<00:00:50.160> any
if you think about this question for any
if you think about this question for any
length<00:00:50.640> of<00:00:50.879> time<00:00:51.160> it's<00:00:51.399> blindingly<00:00:52.160> obvious
length of time it's blindingly obvious
length of time it's blindingly obvious
why<00:00:52.600> we<00:00:52.719> have<00:00:52.800> a<00:00:52.920> brain<00:00:53.399> we<00:00:53.520> have<00:00:53.600> a<00:00:53.680> brain<00:00:54.000> for
why we have a brain we have a brain for
why we have a brain we have a brain for
one<00:00:54.520> reason<00:00:54.879> and<00:00:55.199> one<00:00:55.559> reason<00:00:56.000> only<00:00:56.800> and
one reason and one reason only and
one reason and one reason only and
that's<00:00:57.120> to<00:00:57.320> produce<00:00:57.760> adaptable<00:00:58.399> and<00:00:58.640> complex
that's to produce adaptable and complex
that's to produce adaptable and complex
movements<00:00:59.719> there<00:00:59.920> there<00:01:00.000> is<00:01:00.239> no<00:01:00.519> other<00:01:00.719> reason
movements there there is no other reason
movements there there is no other reason
to<00:01:01.079> have<00:01:01.160> a<00:01:01.280> brain<00:01:02.239> think<00:01:02.480> about<00:01:02.719> it<00:01:03.640> movement
to have a brain think about it movement
to have a brain think about it movement
is<00:01:04.400> the<00:01:04.720> only<00:01:05.199> way<00:01:05.439> you<00:01:05.760> have<00:01:06.159> of<00:01:06.360> affecting
is the only way you have of affecting
is the only way you have of affecting
the<00:01:06.840> world<00:01:07.119> around<00:01:07.360> you<00:01:07.640> that's<00:01:07.799> not<00:01:08.080> quite
the world around you that's not quite
the world around you that's not quite
true<00:01:08.520> there's<00:01:08.759> one<00:01:09.000> other<00:01:09.240> way<00:01:09.640> and<00:01:09.759> that's
true there's one other way and that's
true there's one other way and that's
through<00:01:10.159> sweating<00:01:10.840> but<00:01:11.000> apart<00:01:11.320> from<00:01:11.680> that
through sweating but apart from that
through sweating but apart from that
everything<00:01:13.200> else<00:01:13.799> goes<00:01:14.080> through
everything else goes through
everything else goes through
contractions<00:01:14.799> of<00:01:14.960> muscles<00:01:15.280> so<00:01:15.439> think<00:01:15.560> about
contractions of muscles so think about
contractions of muscles so think about
communication<00:01:16.759> speech<00:01:17.400> gestures<00:01:17.960> writing
communication speech gestures writing
communication speech gestures writing
sign<00:01:18.720> language<00:01:19.320> they're<00:01:19.720> all<00:01:20.079> mediated
sign language they're all mediated
sign language they're all mediated
through<00:01:21.439> contractions<00:01:22.079> of<00:01:22.280> your<00:01:22.439> muscles<00:01:23.280> so
through contractions of your muscles so
through contractions of your muscles so
it's<00:01:23.560> really<00:01:23.720> important<00:01:24.040> to<00:01:24.240> remember<00:01:24.960> that
it's really important to remember that
it's really important to remember that
sensory<00:01:25.920> memory<00:01:26.280> and<00:01:26.520> cognitive<00:01:27.000> processes
sensory memory and cognitive processes
sensory memory and cognitive processes
are<00:01:27.680> all<00:01:27.960> important<00:01:28.799> but<00:01:28.960> they're<00:01:29.280> only
are all important but they're only
are all important but they're only
important<00:01:30.280> to<00:01:30.439> either<00:01:30.720> drive<00:01:31.119> or<00:01:31.280> suppress
important to either drive or suppress
important to either drive or suppress
future<00:01:32.000> movements<00:01:32.759> there<00:01:32.880> can<00:01:33.040> be<00:01:33.159> no
future movements there can be no
future movements there can be no
evolutionary<00:01:34.079> advantage<00:01:34.600> to<00:01:34.799> laying<00:01:35.119> down
evolutionary advantage to laying down
evolutionary advantage to laying down
memories<00:01:35.720> of<00:01:35.920> childhood<00:01:36.720> or<00:01:36.920> perceiving<00:01:37.320> the
memories of childhood or perceiving the
memories of childhood or perceiving the
color<00:01:37.680> of<00:01:37.759> a<00:01:37.960> rose<00:01:38.880> if<00:01:39.000> it<00:01:39.159> doesn't<00:01:39.560> affect<00:01:39.840> the
color of a rose if it doesn't affect the
color of a rose if it doesn't affect the
way<00:01:40.079> you're<00:01:40.240> going<00:01:40.360> to<00:01:40.520> move<00:01:40.920> later<00:01:41.200> in<00:01:41.479> life
way you're going to move later in life
way you're going to move later in life
now<00:01:42.479> for<00:01:42.640> those<00:01:42.759> who<00:01:42.880> don't<00:01:43.000> believe<00:01:43.240> this
now for those who don't believe this
now for those who don't believe this
argument<00:01:43.799> we<00:01:43.920> have<00:01:44.119> trees<00:01:44.399> and<00:01:44.640> grass<00:01:44.880> on<00:01:45.000> our
argument we have trees and grass on our
argument we have trees and grass on our
planet<00:01:45.399> without<00:01:45.600> the<00:01:45.719> brain<00:01:46.200> but<00:01:46.320> the
planet without the brain but the
planet without the brain but the
clinching<00:01:46.920> evidence<00:01:47.240> is<00:01:47.439> this<00:01:47.600> animal<00:01:47.920> here
clinching evidence is this animal here
clinching evidence is this animal here
the<00:01:48.280> humble<00:01:48.640> sea<00:01:48.960> squad<00:01:49.759> rudimentary<00:01:50.360> animal
the humble sea squad rudimentary animal
the humble sea squad rudimentary animal
has<00:01:51.079> a<00:01:51.280> nervous<00:01:51.640> system<00:01:52.280> swims<00:01:52.680> around<00:01:52.880> in<00:01:53.000> the
has a nervous system swims around in the
has a nervous system swims around in the
ocean<00:01:53.560> in<00:01:53.680> its<00:01:53.880> juvenile<00:01:54.439> life<00:01:55.119> and<00:01:55.240> on<00:01:55.479> some
ocean in its juvenile life and on some
ocean in its juvenile life and on some
point<00:01:55.960> in<00:01:56.079> its<00:01:56.320> life<00:01:56.479> it<00:01:56.640> implants<00:01:57.119> on<00:01:57.240> a<00:01:57.399> rock
point in its life it implants on a rock
point in its life it implants on a rock
and<00:01:58.320> the<00:01:58.520> first<00:01:58.799> thing<00:01:58.960> it<00:01:59.079> does<00:01:59.280> in
and the first thing it does in
and the first thing it does in
implanting<00:01:59.960> on<00:02:00.119> that<00:02:00.360> rock<00:02:01.000> which<00:02:01.119> it<00:02:01.280> never
implanting on that rock which it never
implanting on that rock which it never
leaves<00:02:02.200> is<00:02:02.320> to<00:02:02.640> digest<00:02:03.079> its<00:02:03.320> own<00:02:03.719> brain<00:02:04.039> and
leaves is to digest its own brain and
leaves is to digest its own brain and
nervous<00:02:04.680> system<00:02:05.000> for
nervous system for
nervous system for
food<00:02:07.079> so<00:02:07.360> once<00:02:07.520> you<00:02:07.880> don't<00:02:08.160> need<00:02:08.399> to<00:02:08.599> move<00:02:09.000> you
food so once you don't need to move you
food so once you don't need to move you
don't<00:02:09.360> need<00:02:09.560> the<00:02:09.720> luxury<00:02:10.200> of<00:02:10.360> that<00:02:10.920> brain<00:02:11.920> and
don't need the luxury of that brain and
don't need the luxury of that brain and
this<00:02:12.120> is<00:02:12.319> often<00:02:12.680> this<00:02:12.840> animal<00:02:13.120> is<00:02:13.280> often<00:02:13.599> taken
this is often this animal is often taken
this is often this animal is often taken
as<00:02:14.400> an<00:02:14.560> analogy<00:02:14.959> to<00:02:15.080> what<00:02:15.160> happens<00:02:15.440> in
as an analogy to what happens in
as an analogy to what happens in
universities<00:02:16.120> when<00:02:16.319> professors<00:02:16.680> get<00:02:16.879> tenure
universities when professors get tenure
universities when professors get tenure
but<00:02:17.680> that's<00:02:18.400> a<00:02:18.560> different
issue<00:02:22.200> so<00:02:22.800> I<00:02:22.920> am<00:02:23.120> a<00:02:23.360> movement<00:02:23.879> chauvinist<00:02:24.800> I
issue so I am a movement chauvinist I
issue so I am a movement chauvinist I
believe<00:02:25.200> movement<00:02:25.519> is<00:02:25.640> the<00:02:25.800> most<00:02:26.000> important
believe movement is the most important
believe movement is the most important
function<00:02:26.680> in<00:02:26.760> the<00:02:26.879> brain<00:02:27.200> there<00:02:27.440> anyone<00:02:27.840> tell
function in the brain there anyone tell
function in the brain there anyone tell
you<00:02:28.160> that<00:02:28.239> it's<00:02:28.400> not<00:02:28.560> true<00:02:29.200> now<00:02:29.519> if<00:02:29.879> movement
you that it's not true now if movement
you that it's not true now if movement
is<00:02:30.239> so<00:02:30.440> important<00:02:30.959> how<00:02:31.160> well<00:02:31.319> are<00:02:31.440> we<00:02:31.640> doing
is so important how well are we doing
is so important how well are we doing
understanding<00:02:32.720> how<00:02:32.879> the<00:02:32.959> brain<00:02:33.200> controls
understanding how the brain controls
understanding how the brain controls
movement<00:02:33.959> and<00:02:34.040> the<00:02:34.120> answer<00:02:34.319> is<00:02:34.400> we're<00:02:34.519> doing
movement and the answer is we're doing
movement and the answer is we're doing
extremely<00:02:35.200> poorly<00:02:35.519> it's<00:02:35.640> a<00:02:35.840> very<00:02:36.080> hard
extremely poorly it's a very hard
extremely poorly it's a very hard
problem<00:02:37.120> but<00:02:37.239> we<00:02:37.360> can<00:02:37.480> look<00:02:37.640> at<00:02:37.840> how<00:02:37.959> well
problem but we can look at how well
problem but we can look at how well
we're<00:02:38.280> doing<00:02:38.560> by<00:02:38.680> thinking<00:02:38.959> about<00:02:39.400> how<00:02:39.560> well
we're doing by thinking about how well
we're doing by thinking about how well
we're<00:02:39.840> doing<00:02:40.040> building<00:02:40.360> machines<00:02:40.840> which<00:02:41.000> can
we're doing building machines which can
we're doing building machines which can
do<00:02:41.280> what<00:02:41.400> humans<00:02:41.720> can<00:02:41.879> do<00:02:42.360> think<00:02:42.560> about<00:02:42.720> the
do what humans can do think about the
do what humans can do think about the
game<00:02:43.000> of<00:02:43.200> chess<00:02:44.200> how<00:02:44.400> well<00:02:44.560> are<00:02:44.599> we<00:02:44.760> doing
game of chess how well are we doing
game of chess how well are we doing
determining<00:02:46.040> what<00:02:46.280> piece<00:02:46.519> to<00:02:46.680> move<00:02:47.040> where<00:02:47.720> if
determining what piece to move where if
determining what piece to move where if
you<00:02:48.000> pet<00:02:48.239> Gary<00:02:48.560> casprov<00:02:49.080> here<00:02:49.239> when<00:02:49.319> he's<00:02:49.480> not
you pet Gary casprov here when he's not
you pet Gary casprov here when he's not
in<00:02:49.840> jail<00:02:50.440> against<00:02:50.800> IBM's<00:02:51.360> deep<00:02:51.599> blue<00:02:52.560> well<00:02:52.760> the
in jail against IBM's deep blue well the
in jail against IBM's deep blue well the
answer<00:02:53.239> is<00:02:53.440> IBM's<00:02:53.959> deep<00:02:54.120> blue<00:02:54.360> will
answer is IBM's deep blue will
answer is IBM's deep blue will
occasionally<00:02:55.040> win<00:02:55.400> and<00:02:55.480> I<00:02:55.560> think<00:02:55.680> if<00:02:55.840> IBM's
occasionally win and I think if IBM's
occasionally win and I think if IBM's
deep<00:02:56.440> blue<00:02:56.599> played<00:02:56.800> probably<00:02:57.120> anyone<00:02:57.440> in<00:02:57.560> this
deep blue played probably anyone in this
deep blue played probably anyone in this
room<00:02:58.000> it<00:02:58.120> would<00:02:58.280> win<00:02:58.519> every<00:02:58.760> time<00:02:59.080> that
room it would win every time that
room it would win every time that
problem<00:02:59.519> is<00:02:59.959> solved<00:03:00.959> what<00:03:01.120> about<00:03:01.400> the<00:03:01.760> problem
problem is solved what about the problem
problem is solved what about the problem
of<00:03:03.360> picking<00:03:03.599> up<00:03:03.760> a<00:03:03.879> chest<00:03:04.200> piece<00:03:04.640> dexterously
of picking up a chest piece dexterously
of picking up a chest piece dexterously
manipulating<00:03:05.760> it<00:03:05.840> and<00:03:05.959> putting<00:03:06.159> it<00:03:06.319> back<00:03:06.480> down
manipulating it and putting it back down
manipulating it and putting it back down
on<00:03:06.720> the<00:03:06.879> board<00:03:07.519> if<00:03:07.720> you<00:03:07.840> put<00:03:08.040> a<00:03:08.159> 5-year-old's
on the board if you put a 5-year-old's
on the board if you put a 5-year-old's
child's<00:03:09.159> dexterity<00:03:09.680> against<00:03:09.920> the<00:03:10.120> best
child's dexterity against the best
child's dexterity against the best
robots<00:03:10.680> of<00:03:10.799> the<00:03:10.959> day<00:03:11.200> the<00:03:11.319> answer<00:03:11.560> is<00:03:11.760> very
robots of the day the answer is very
robots of the day the answer is very
simple<00:03:12.560> the<00:03:12.799> child<00:03:13.120> wins<00:03:13.640> easily<00:03:14.280> there's<00:03:14.519> no
simple the child wins easily there's no
simple the child wins easily there's no
competition<00:03:15.319> at<00:03:15.440> all<00:03:16.440> now<00:03:16.680> why<00:03:16.799> is<00:03:17.000> that<00:03:17.239> top
competition at all now why is that top
competition at all now why is that top
problem<00:03:18.239> so<00:03:18.680> easy<00:03:19.000> and<00:03:19.159> the<00:03:19.319> bottom<00:03:19.720> problem
problem so easy and the bottom problem
problem so easy and the bottom problem
so<00:03:20.319> hard<00:03:20.920> one<00:03:21.159> reason<00:03:21.440> is<00:03:21.560> a<00:03:21.680> very<00:03:21.879> smart<00:03:22.159> fivey
so hard one reason is a very smart fivey
so hard one reason is a very smart fivey
could<00:03:22.920> tell<00:03:23.040> you<00:03:23.159> the<00:03:23.319> algorithm<00:03:23.840> for<00:03:23.959> that
could tell you the algorithm for that
could tell you the algorithm for that
top<00:03:24.400> problem<00:03:24.879> look<00:03:25.000> at<00:03:25.239> all<00:03:25.480> possible<00:03:25.840> moves
top problem look at all possible moves
top problem look at all possible moves
to<00:03:26.280> the<00:03:26.360> end<00:03:26.560> of<00:03:26.680> the<00:03:26.840> game<00:03:27.319> and<00:03:27.480> choose<00:03:27.760> the
to the end of the game and choose the
to the end of the game and choose the
one<00:03:27.959> that<00:03:28.040> makes<00:03:28.200> you<00:03:28.360> win<00:03:28.640> so<00:03:28.760> it's<00:03:28.879> a<00:03:29.080> very
one that makes you win so it's a very
one that makes you win so it's a very
simple<00:03:29.760> algorithm<00:03:30.519> now<00:03:30.760> of<00:03:30.879> course<00:03:31.080> there<00:03:31.239> a
simple algorithm now of course there a
simple algorithm now of course there a
lot<00:03:31.439> of<00:03:31.519> moves<00:03:32.319> but<00:03:32.480> with<00:03:32.680> fast<00:03:33.000> computers<00:03:33.439> and
lot of moves but with fast computers and
lot of moves but with fast computers and
some<00:03:33.680> approximations<00:03:34.239> we<00:03:34.400> come<00:03:34.560> close<00:03:34.840> to<00:03:34.959> the
some approximations we come close to the
some approximations we come close to the
optimal<00:03:35.560> solution<00:03:36.360> when<00:03:36.480> it<00:03:36.599> comes<00:03:36.799> to<00:03:36.920> being
optimal solution when it comes to being
optimal solution when it comes to being
dextrous<00:03:37.799> it's<00:03:37.959> not<00:03:38.080> even<00:03:38.319> clear<00:03:38.519> what<00:03:38.640> the
dextrous it's not even clear what the
dextrous it's not even clear what the
algorithm<00:03:39.280> is<00:03:39.439> you<00:03:39.599> have<00:03:39.720> to<00:03:39.879> solve<00:03:40.200> to<00:03:40.280> be
algorithm is you have to solve to be
algorithm is you have to solve to be
dextrous<00:03:41.159> and<00:03:41.280> we'll<00:03:41.439> see<00:03:41.560> you<00:03:41.680> have<00:03:41.760> to<00:03:41.879> both
dextrous and we'll see you have to both
dextrous and we'll see you have to both
perceive<00:03:42.519> and<00:03:42.799> act<00:03:43.000> on<00:03:43.120> the<00:03:43.239> world<00:03:43.640> which<00:03:43.760> has
perceive and act on the world which has
perceive and act on the world which has
a<00:03:44.040> lot<00:03:44.159> of<00:03:44.400> problems<00:03:45.200> but<00:03:45.319> let<00:03:45.400> me<00:03:45.480> show<00:03:45.680> you
a lot of problems but let me show you
a lot of problems but let me show you
cutting<00:03:46.120> edge<00:03:46.360> robotics<00:03:46.840> now<00:03:47.120> a<00:03:47.239> lot<00:03:47.360> of
cutting edge robotics now a lot of
cutting edge robotics now a lot of
Robotics<00:03:47.920> is<00:03:48.080> very<00:03:48.319> impressive<00:03:48.959> but
Robotics is very impressive but
Robotics is very impressive but
manipulation<00:03:50.040> robotics<00:03:50.519> is<00:03:50.640> really<00:03:50.879> still<00:03:51.120> in
manipulation robotics is really still in
manipulation robotics is really still in
the<00:03:51.319> Dark<00:03:51.519> Ages<00:03:52.159> so<00:03:52.319> this<00:03:52.439> is<00:03:52.519> the<00:03:52.640> end<00:03:52.799> of<00:03:52.879> a
the Dark Ages so this is the end of a
the Dark Ages so this is the end of a
PhD<00:03:53.560> project<00:03:54.040> from<00:03:54.200> one<00:03:54.280> of<00:03:54.400> the<00:03:54.519> best<00:03:54.760> robotic
PhD project from one of the best robotic
PhD project from one of the best robotic
institutes<00:03:56.040> and<00:03:56.120> the<00:03:56.239> student<00:03:56.519> just<00:03:56.680> train
institutes and the student just train
institutes and the student just train
this<00:03:57.159> robot<00:03:57.480> to<00:03:57.720> pour<00:03:58.040> this<00:03:58.239> water<00:03:58.599> into<00:03:58.840> a
this robot to pour this water into a
this robot to pour this water into a
glass<00:03:59.239> it's<00:03:59.360> a<00:03:59.439> hard<00:03:59.840> problem<00:04:00.120> because<00:04:00.239> the
glass it's a hard problem because the
glass it's a hard problem because the
water<00:04:00.519> slushes<00:04:01.000> about<00:04:01.640> but<00:04:01.760> it<00:04:01.879> can<00:04:02.079> do<00:04:02.239> it<00:04:03.239> but
water slushes about but it can do it but
water slushes about but it can do it but
it<00:04:03.519> doesn't<00:04:03.799> do<00:04:03.920> it<00:04:04.159> with<00:04:04.400> anything<00:04:04.720> like<00:04:04.879> the
it doesn't do it with anything like the
it doesn't do it with anything like the
agility<00:04:05.439> of<00:04:05.519> a<00:04:05.680> human<00:04:06.400> now<00:04:06.519> if<00:04:06.599> you<00:04:06.720> want<00:04:06.840> this
agility of a human now if you want this
agility of a human now if you want this
robot<00:04:07.280> to<00:04:07.360> do<00:04:07.439> a<00:04:07.720> different<00:04:08.200> task<00:04:08.920> that's
robot to do a different task that's
robot to do a different task that's
another<00:04:09.480> 3-year<00:04:09.959> PhD<00:04:10.480> program<00:04:11.159> there<00:04:11.280> is<00:04:11.560> no
another 3-year PhD program there is no
another 3-year PhD program there is no
no<00:04:12.840> generalization<00:04:13.680> at<00:04:13.840> all<00:04:14.159> from<00:04:14.439> one<00:04:14.680> task
no generalization at all from one task
no generalization at all from one task
to<00:04:15.079> another<00:04:15.280> in<00:04:15.439> robotics<00:04:16.400> now<00:04:16.519> we<00:04:16.639> can
to another in robotics now we can
to another in robotics now we can
compare<00:04:17.400> this<00:04:17.880> to<00:04:18.160> Cutting<00:04:18.560> Edge<00:04:18.919> Human
compare this to Cutting Edge Human
compare this to Cutting Edge Human
Performance<00:04:20.000> so<00:04:20.120> what<00:04:20.239> I'm<00:04:20.320> going<00:04:20.400> to<00:04:20.479> show<00:04:20.720> is
Performance so what I'm going to show is
Performance so what I'm going to show is
Emily<00:04:21.239> Fox<00:04:21.840> winning<00:04:22.199> the<00:04:22.360> world<00:04:22.720> record<00:04:23.040> for
Emily Fox winning the world record for
Emily Fox winning the world record for
cup<00:04:23.520> stacking<00:04:24.320> now<00:04:24.479> the<00:04:24.639> Americans<00:04:25.080> in<00:04:25.199> the
cup stacking now the Americans in the
cup stacking now the Americans in the
audience<00:04:25.560> when<00:04:25.680> they're<00:04:25.880> all<00:04:26.040> about<00:04:26.280> cup
audience when they're all about cup
audience when they're all about cup
stacking<00:04:26.840> it's<00:04:26.919> a<00:04:27.120> high<00:04:27.320> school<00:04:27.680> sport<00:04:28.320> where
stacking it's a high school sport where
stacking it's a high school sport where
you<00:04:28.560> have<00:04:28.720> 12<00:04:29.080> cups<00:04:29.320> you<00:04:29.400> have<00:04:29.479> to<00:04:29.680> stack<00:04:29.919> and
you have 12 cups you have to stack and
you have 12 cups you have to stack and
unstack<00:04:30.680> against<00:04:31.000> the<00:04:31.120> clock<00:04:31.360> in<00:04:31.440> a
unstack against the clock in a
unstack against the clock in a
prescribed<00:04:32.039> order<00:04:32.919> and<00:04:33.039> this<00:04:33.160> is<00:04:33.360> her<00:04:33.800> getting
prescribed order and this is her getting
prescribed order and this is her getting
the<00:04:34.120> world<00:04:34.360> record<00:04:34.800> in<00:04:35.039> real
time<00:04:53.000> and<00:04:53.080> she's<00:04:53.320> pretty<00:04:53.680> happy<00:04:54.120> we<00:04:54.240> have<00:04:54.520> no
time and she's pretty happy we have no
time and she's pretty happy we have no
idea<00:04:55.479> what<00:04:55.600> is<00:04:55.759> going<00:04:55.919> on<00:04:56.080> inside<00:04:56.400> her<00:04:56.600> brain
idea what is going on inside her brain
idea what is going on inside her brain
when<00:04:57.120> she<00:04:57.320> does<00:04:57.560> that<00:04:57.720> and<00:04:57.840> that's<00:04:57.960> what<00:04:58.080> we'd
when she does that and that's what we'd
when she does that and that's what we'd
like<00:04:58.360> to<00:04:58.520> know<00:04:58.960> so<00:04:59.160> in<00:04:59.320> my<00:04:59.600> group<00:04:59.800> what<00:04:59.880> we<00:04:59.960> try
like to know so in my group what we try
like to know so in my group what we try
to<00:05:00.199> do<00:05:00.280> is<00:05:00.440> reverse<00:05:00.919> engineer<00:05:01.600> how<00:05:01.840> humans
to do is reverse engineer how humans
to do is reverse engineer how humans
control<00:05:02.639> movement<00:05:03.639> and<00:05:03.759> it<00:05:03.919> sounds<00:05:04.280> like<00:05:04.400> an
control movement and it sounds like an
control movement and it sounds like an
easy<00:05:04.880> problem<00:05:05.360> you<00:05:05.479> send<00:05:05.720> a<00:05:05.960> command<00:05:06.520> down<00:05:06.759> it
easy problem you send a command down it
easy problem you send a command down it
causes<00:05:07.240> muscles<00:05:07.639> to<00:05:07.800> contract<00:05:08.280> your<00:05:08.479> arm<00:05:08.759> or
causes muscles to contract your arm or
causes muscles to contract your arm or
body<00:05:09.240> moves<00:05:09.759> and<00:05:09.840> you<00:05:09.960> get<00:05:10.080> sensory<00:05:10.479> feedback
body moves and you get sensory feedback
body moves and you get sensory feedback
from<00:05:11.080> vision<00:05:11.360> from<00:05:11.479> the<00:05:11.600> skin<00:05:11.880> from<00:05:12.039> muscles
from vision from the skin from muscles
from vision from the skin from muscles
and<00:05:12.479> so<00:05:12.639> on<00:05:13.280> the<00:05:13.479> trouble<00:05:13.880> is<00:05:14.120> these<00:05:14.320> signals
and so on the trouble is these signals
and so on the trouble is these signals
are<00:05:14.880> not<00:05:15.080> the<00:05:15.199> beautiful<00:05:15.520> signals<00:05:15.840> you<00:05:15.919> want
are not the beautiful signals you want
are not the beautiful signals you want
them<00:05:16.120> to<00:05:16.240> be<00:05:16.560> so<00:05:16.800> one<00:05:17.000> thing<00:05:17.160> that<00:05:17.280> makes
them to be so one thing that makes
them to be so one thing that makes
controlling<00:05:18.039> movement<00:05:18.560> difficult<00:05:19.039> is<00:05:19.199> for
controlling movement difficult is for
controlling movement difficult is for
example<00:05:19.800> sensory<00:05:20.240> feedback<00:05:20.680> is<00:05:20.880> extremely
example sensory feedback is extremely
example sensory feedback is extremely
noisy<00:05:21.960> Now<00:05:22.160> by<00:05:22.400> noise<00:05:22.919> I<00:05:23.039> do<00:05:23.199> not<00:05:23.360> mean<00:05:23.800> sound
noisy Now by noise I do not mean sound
noisy Now by noise I do not mean sound
we<00:05:24.800> use<00:05:24.960> it<00:05:25.039> in<00:05:25.160> the<00:05:25.280> engineering<00:05:25.680> or
we use it in the engineering or
we use it in the engineering or
Neuroscience<00:05:26.400> sense<00:05:26.720> meaning<00:05:27.000> a<00:05:27.160> random
Neuroscience sense meaning a random
Neuroscience sense meaning a random
noise<00:05:27.840> corrupting<00:05:28.240> a<00:05:28.360> signal<00:05:28.919> so<00:05:29.039> in<00:05:29.120> the<00:05:29.199> old
noise corrupting a signal so in the old
noise corrupting a signal so in the old
days<00:05:29.759> before<00:05:29.960> Digital<00:05:30.280> radio<00:05:30.560> when<00:05:30.680> you<00:05:30.720> were
days before Digital radio when you were
days before Digital radio when you were
tuning<00:05:31.160> in<00:05:31.360> your<00:05:31.520> radio<00:05:31.840> and<00:05:31.880> you<00:05:32.039> heard<00:05:32.880> on
tuning in your radio and you heard on
tuning in your radio and you heard on
the<00:05:33.120> station<00:05:33.400> you<00:05:33.479> wanted<00:05:33.680> to<00:05:33.800> hear<00:05:34.039> that<00:05:34.160> was
the station you wanted to hear that was
the station you wanted to hear that was
the<00:05:34.479> noise<00:05:35.240> but<00:05:35.479> more<00:05:35.680> generally<00:05:36.120> this<00:05:36.319> noise
the noise but more generally this noise
the noise but more generally this noise
is<00:05:37.080> something<00:05:37.319> which<00:05:37.560> corrupts<00:05:38.080> the<00:05:38.199> signal
is something which corrupts the signal
is something which corrupts the signal
so<00:05:38.919> for<00:05:39.080> example<00:05:39.520> if<00:05:39.600> you<00:05:39.720> put<00:05:39.840> your<00:05:39.960> hand
so for example if you put your hand
so for example if you put your hand
under<00:05:40.360> a<00:05:40.560> table<00:05:40.880> and<00:05:40.960> try<00:05:41.120> to<00:05:41.360> localize<00:05:41.840> it
under a table and try to localize it
under a table and try to localize it
with<00:05:42.080> your<00:05:42.240> other<00:05:42.440> hand<00:05:42.680> you<00:05:42.759> can<00:05:42.880> be<00:05:43.199> by
with your other hand you can be by
with your other hand you can be by
several<00:05:43.720> centimeters<00:05:44.240> due<00:05:44.400> to<00:05:44.520> the<00:05:44.600> noise<00:05:45.000> in
several centimeters due to the noise in
several centimeters due to the noise in
sensory<00:05:45.720> feedback<00:05:46.720> similarly<00:05:47.400> when<00:05:47.520> you<00:05:47.639> put
sensory feedback similarly when you put
sensory feedback similarly when you put
motor<00:05:48.360> output<00:05:48.720> or<00:05:48.840> movement<00:05:49.240> output<00:05:49.680> it's
motor output or movement output it's
motor output or movement output it's
extremely<00:05:50.319> noisy<00:05:51.000> forget<00:05:51.280> about<00:05:51.440> trying<00:05:51.600> to
extremely noisy forget about trying to
extremely noisy forget about trying to
hit<00:05:51.800> the<00:05:51.880> bull<00:05:52.160> iron<00:05:52.400> darts<00:05:52.759> just<00:05:52.880> aim<00:05:53.080> for<00:05:53.240> the
hit the bull iron darts just aim for the
hit the bull iron darts just aim for the
same<00:05:53.759> spot<00:05:54.120> over<00:05:54.319> and<00:05:54.479> over<00:05:54.759> again<00:05:55.240> you<00:05:55.400> have<00:05:55.520> a
same spot over and over again you have a
same spot over and over again you have a
huge<00:05:56.039> spread<00:05:56.520> due<00:05:56.720> to<00:05:56.880> movement<00:05:57.280> variability
huge spread due to movement variability
huge spread due to movement variability
and<00:05:58.440> more<00:05:58.600> than<00:05:58.800> that<00:05:59.080> the<00:05:59.199> out<00:05:59.440> outside<00:05:59.840> world
and more than that the out outside world
and more than that the out outside world
or<00:06:00.400> task<00:06:00.759> is<00:06:00.919> both<00:06:01.120> ambiguous<00:06:01.560> and<00:06:01.680> variable
or task is both ambiguous and variable
or task is both ambiguous and variable
the<00:06:02.319> teapot<00:06:02.720> could<00:06:02.840> be<00:06:02.919> full<00:06:03.240> it<00:06:03.319> could<00:06:03.440> be
the teapot could be full it could be
the teapot could be full it could be
empty<00:06:03.919> it<00:06:04.039> changes<00:06:04.440> over<00:06:04.720> time<00:06:05.360> so<00:06:05.520> we<00:06:05.639> work<00:06:05.840> in
empty it changes over time so we work in
empty it changes over time so we work in
a<00:06:06.120> whole<00:06:06.479> sensory<00:06:07.120> movement<00:06:07.800> task<00:06:08.280> soup<00:06:08.680> of
a whole sensory movement task soup of
a whole sensory movement task soup of
noise<00:06:09.599> now<00:06:09.800> this<00:06:09.919> noise<00:06:10.160> is<00:06:10.360> so<00:06:10.720> great<00:06:11.319> that
noise now this noise is so great that
noise now this noise is so great that
society<00:06:12.080> places<00:06:12.400> a<00:06:12.720> huge<00:06:13.120> premium<00:06:13.800> on<00:06:14.039> those
society places a huge premium on those
society places a huge premium on those
of<00:06:14.360> us<00:06:14.479> who<00:06:14.639> can<00:06:14.919> reduce<00:06:15.440> the<00:06:15.599> consequences<00:06:16.080> of
of us who can reduce the consequences of
of us who can reduce the consequences of
noise<00:06:16.880> so<00:06:17.039> if<00:06:17.160> you're<00:06:17.360> lucky<00:06:17.680> enough<00:06:17.880> to<00:06:17.960> be
noise so if you're lucky enough to be
noise so if you're lucky enough to be
able<00:06:18.240> to<00:06:18.360> knock<00:06:18.639> a<00:06:18.800> small<00:06:19.120> white<00:06:19.280> ball<00:06:19.560> into<00:06:19.759> a
able to knock a small white ball into a
able to knock a small white ball into a
hole<00:06:20.240> several<00:06:20.599> hundred<00:06:20.840> yards<00:06:21.120> away<00:06:21.520> using<00:06:21.759> a
hole several hundred yards away using a
hole several hundred yards away using a
long<00:06:22.080> metal<00:06:22.360> stick<00:06:22.960> our<00:06:23.280> society<00:06:23.639> will
long metal stick our society will
long metal stick our society will
willing<00:06:24.120> to<00:06:24.280> reward<00:06:24.560> you<00:06:24.639> with<00:06:24.840> hundreds<00:06:25.160> of
willing to reward you with hundreds of
willing to reward you with hundreds of
millions<00:06:25.599> of
millions of
millions of
dollars<00:06:27.840> now<00:06:28.000> what<00:06:28.080> I<00:06:28.160> want<00:06:28.280> to<00:06:28.440> convince<00:06:28.759> you
dollars now what I want to convince you
dollars now what I want to convince you
is<00:06:29.000> the<00:06:29.120> brave<00:06:29.880> also<00:06:30.240> goes<00:06:30.440> through<00:06:30.639> a<00:06:30.880> lot<00:06:31.039> of
is the brave also goes through a lot of
is the brave also goes through a lot of
effort<00:06:31.759> to<00:06:32.039> reduce<00:06:32.520> the<00:06:32.720> negative
effort to reduce the negative
effort to reduce the negative
consequences<00:06:34.039> of<00:06:34.199> this<00:06:34.360> sort<00:06:34.520> of<00:06:34.639> noise<00:06:34.880> and
consequences of this sort of noise and
consequences of this sort of noise and
variability<00:06:36.039> and<00:06:36.160> to<00:06:36.240> do<00:06:36.360> that<00:06:36.479> I'm<00:06:36.560> going<00:06:36.639> to
variability and to do that I'm going to
variability and to do that I'm going to
tell<00:06:36.800> you<00:06:36.919> about<00:06:37.039> a<00:06:37.160> framework<00:06:38.120> which<00:06:38.240> is<00:06:38.440> very
tell you about a framework which is very
tell you about a framework which is very
popular<00:06:38.960> in<00:06:39.160> statistics<00:06:39.680> and<00:06:39.840> machine
popular in statistics and machine
popular in statistics and machine
learning<00:06:40.440> over<00:06:40.560> the<00:06:40.680> last<00:06:40.800> 50<00:06:41.080> years<00:06:41.280> called
learning over the last 50 years called
learning over the last 50 years called
basan<00:06:41.919> decision<00:06:42.360> Theory<00:06:43.000> and<00:06:43.080> it's<00:06:43.240> more
basan decision Theory and it's more
basan decision Theory and it's more
recently<00:06:43.960> a<00:06:44.199> unifying<00:06:44.840> way<00:06:45.000> to<00:06:45.199> think<00:06:45.639> about
recently a unifying way to think about
recently a unifying way to think about
how<00:06:46.400> the<00:06:46.599> brain<00:06:47.000> deals<00:06:47.319> with<00:06:47.479> uncertainty<00:06:48.440> and
how the brain deals with uncertainty and
how the brain deals with uncertainty and
the<00:06:48.800> fundamental<00:06:49.440> idea<00:06:49.759> is<00:06:49.919> you<00:06:50.039> want<00:06:50.160> to<00:06:50.280> make
the fundamental idea is you want to make
the fundamental idea is you want to make
inferences<00:06:51.080> and<00:06:51.199> then<00:06:51.360> take<00:06:51.639> actions<00:06:52.199> so
inferences and then take actions so
inferences and then take actions so
let's<00:06:52.479> think<00:06:52.639> about<00:06:52.800> the<00:06:53.000> inference<00:06:54.000> you<00:06:54.160> want
let's think about the inference you want
let's think about the inference you want
to<00:06:54.440> generate<00:06:54.919> beliefs<00:06:55.520> about<00:06:55.919> the<00:06:56.080> world<00:06:56.400> so
to generate beliefs about the world so
to generate beliefs about the world so
what<00:06:56.680> are<00:06:56.879> beliefs<00:06:57.319> beliefs<00:06:57.720> could<00:06:57.919> be<00:06:58.560> where
what are beliefs beliefs could be where
what are beliefs beliefs could be where
are<00:06:58.800> my<00:06:58.919> arms<00:06:59.160> and<00:06:59.520> space<00:06:59.879> am<00:07:00.000> I<00:07:00.120> looking<00:07:00.280> at<00:07:00.400> a
are my arms and space am I looking at a
are my arms and space am I looking at a
cat<00:07:00.759> or<00:07:00.879> a<00:07:01.039> fox<00:07:01.960> but<00:07:02.080> we're<00:07:02.199> going<00:07:02.319> to
cat or a fox but we're going to
cat or a fox but we're going to
represent<00:07:03.160> beliefs<00:07:03.759> with<00:07:04.039> probabilities<00:07:05.000> so
represent beliefs with probabilities so
represent beliefs with probabilities so
we're<00:07:05.199> going<00:07:05.280> to<00:07:05.360> represent<00:07:05.680> a<00:07:05.840> belief<00:07:06.360> with<00:07:06.479> a
we're going to represent a belief with a
we're going to represent a belief with a
number<00:07:06.879> between<00:07:07.240> zero<00:07:07.599> and<00:07:07.800> one<00:07:08.240> zero<00:07:08.520> meaning
number between zero and one zero meaning
number between zero and one zero meaning
I<00:07:08.879> do<00:07:09.000> not<00:07:09.160> believe<00:07:09.360> it<00:07:09.520> at<00:07:09.599> all<00:07:10.000> one<00:07:10.199> means<00:07:10.440> I'm
I do not believe it at all one means I'm
I do not believe it at all one means I'm
absolutely<00:07:11.000> certain<00:07:11.479> and<00:07:11.639> numbers<00:07:11.960> in
absolutely certain and numbers in
absolutely certain and numbers in
between<00:07:12.440> give<00:07:12.599> you<00:07:12.720> the<00:07:12.840> gray<00:07:13.160> levels<00:07:13.400> of
between give you the gray levels of
between give you the gray levels of
uncertainty<00:07:14.879> and<00:07:15.000> the<00:07:15.160> key<00:07:15.440> idea<00:07:15.720> to<00:07:15.919> beian
uncertainty and the key idea to beian
uncertainty and the key idea to beian
inference<00:07:16.800> is<00:07:16.960> you<00:07:17.120> have<00:07:17.360> two<00:07:17.759> sources<00:07:18.160> of
inference is you have two sources of
inference is you have two sources of
information<00:07:19.080> from<00:07:19.319> which<00:07:19.479> to<00:07:19.639> make<00:07:19.759> your
information from which to make your
information from which to make your
inference<00:07:20.599> you<00:07:20.759> have<00:07:21.039> data<00:07:21.840> and<00:07:22.120> data<00:07:22.599> in
inference you have data and data in
inference you have data and data in
Neuroscience<00:07:23.520> is<00:07:23.680> sensory<00:07:24.160> input<00:07:24.680> so<00:07:24.840> I<00:07:24.919> have
Neuroscience is sensory input so I have
Neuroscience is sensory input so I have
sensory<00:07:25.440> input<00:07:25.840> which<00:07:25.960> I<00:07:26.039> can<00:07:26.199> take<00:07:26.360> into<00:07:26.560> make
sensory input which I can take into make
sensory input which I can take into make
beliefs<00:07:27.560> but<00:07:27.680> there's<00:07:27.879> another<00:07:28.120> source<00:07:28.360> of
beliefs but there's another source of
beliefs but there's another source of
information<00:07:29.440> and<00:07:29.560> that's<00:07:29.800> effectively<00:07:30.360> prior
information and that's effectively prior
information and that's effectively prior
knowledge<00:07:31.199> you<00:07:31.400> accumulate<00:07:31.840> knowledge
knowledge you accumulate knowledge
knowledge you accumulate knowledge
throughout<00:07:32.520> your<00:07:32.759> life<00:07:33.080> in<00:07:33.319> memories<00:07:34.319> and<00:07:34.440> the
throughout your life in memories and the
throughout your life in memories and the
point<00:07:34.840> about<00:07:35.080> beian<00:07:35.479> decision<00:07:35.919> theory<00:07:36.440> is<00:07:36.560> it
point about beian decision theory is it
point about beian decision theory is it
gives<00:07:36.879> you<00:07:37.000> the<00:07:37.319> mathematics<00:07:38.319> of<00:07:38.479> the<00:07:38.720> optimal
gives you the mathematics of the optimal
gives you the mathematics of the optimal
way<00:07:39.280> to<00:07:39.440> combine<00:07:39.879> your<00:07:40.120> prior<00:07:40.479> knowledge<00:07:41.039> with
way to combine your prior knowledge with
way to combine your prior knowledge with
sensory<00:07:41.680> evidence<00:07:42.000> to<00:07:42.199> generate<00:07:42.680> new<00:07:42.919> beliefs
sensory evidence to generate new beliefs
sensory evidence to generate new beliefs
and<00:07:43.720> I<00:07:43.840> put<00:07:44.000> the<00:07:44.080> formula<00:07:44.440> up<00:07:44.680> there<00:07:45.080> I'm<00:07:45.280> not
and I put the formula up there I'm not
and I put the formula up there I'm not
going<00:07:45.560> to<00:07:45.680> explain<00:07:45.919> to<00:07:46.000> you<00:07:46.080> what<00:07:46.159> that
going to explain to you what that
going to explain to you what that
formula<00:07:46.560> is<00:07:46.639> but<00:07:46.759> it's<00:07:47.000> very<00:07:47.240> beautiful<00:07:47.960> and
formula is but it's very beautiful and
formula is but it's very beautiful and
it<00:07:48.240> has<00:07:48.560> real<00:07:48.919> Beauty<00:07:49.240> and<00:07:49.360> real<00:07:49.560> explanatory
it has real Beauty and real explanatory
it has real Beauty and real explanatory
power<00:07:50.639> and<00:07:50.800> what<00:07:50.879> it<00:07:51.080> really<00:07:51.319> says<00:07:51.520> is<00:07:51.639> what
power and what it really says is what
power and what it really says is what
you<00:07:51.800> want<00:07:51.919> to<00:07:52.039> estimate<00:07:52.639> is<00:07:52.879> the<00:07:53.080> probability
you want to estimate is the probability
you want to estimate is the probability
of<00:07:53.840> different<00:07:54.199> beliefs<00:07:55.000> given<00:07:55.280> your<00:07:55.479> sensory
of different beliefs given your sensory
of different beliefs given your sensory
input<00:07:56.479> so<00:07:56.639> let<00:07:56.720> me<00:07:56.879> give<00:07:56.960> you<00:07:57.039> an<00:07:57.199> intuitive
input so let me give you an intuitive
input so let me give you an intuitive
example<00:07:58.800> imagine<00:07:59.080> your<00:07:59.400> playing<00:07:59.680> tennis
example imagine your playing tennis
example imagine your playing tennis
learning<00:08:00.520> to<00:08:00.680> play<00:08:00.879> tennis<00:08:01.840> and<00:08:01.919> you<00:08:02.039> want<00:08:02.159> to
learning to play tennis and you want to
learning to play tennis and you want to
decide<00:08:02.680> where<00:08:02.840> the<00:08:02.960> ball<00:08:03.159> is<00:08:03.280> going<00:08:03.400> to<00:08:03.560> bounce
decide where the ball is going to bounce
decide where the ball is going to bounce
as<00:08:03.919> it<00:08:04.039> comes<00:08:04.280> over<00:08:04.440> the<00:08:04.560> net<00:08:04.800> towards<00:08:05.120> you
as it comes over the net towards you
as it comes over the net towards you
there<00:08:05.879> are<00:08:06.120> two<00:08:06.400> sources<00:08:06.800> of<00:08:06.960> information<00:08:07.639> Bay
there are two sources of information Bay
there are two sources of information Bay
rule<00:08:08.440> tells<00:08:08.680> you<00:08:09.159> there's<00:08:09.400> sensory<00:08:09.879> evidence
rule tells you there's sensory evidence
rule tells you there's sensory evidence
you<00:08:10.560> can<00:08:10.720> use<00:08:10.960> visual<00:08:11.319> information<00:08:11.879> auditory
you can use visual information auditory
you can use visual information auditory
information<00:08:13.199> and<00:08:13.360> that<00:08:13.479> might<00:08:13.680> tell<00:08:13.800> you<00:08:13.919> it's
information and that might tell you it's
information and that might tell you it's
going<00:08:14.159> to<00:08:14.240> land<00:08:14.520> that<00:08:14.919> red<00:08:15.280> spot<00:08:16.240> but<00:08:16.440> you<00:08:16.639> know
going to land that red spot but you know
going to land that red spot but you know
that<00:08:17.080> your<00:08:17.199> senses<00:08:17.599> are<00:08:17.720> not<00:08:17.960> perfect<00:08:18.680> and
that your senses are not perfect and
that your senses are not perfect and
therefore<00:08:19.080> there's<00:08:19.240> some<00:08:19.520> variability<00:08:20.199> in
therefore there's some variability in
therefore there's some variability in
where<00:08:20.400> it's<00:08:20.520> going<00:08:20.639> to<00:08:20.759> land<00:08:21.039> shown<00:08:21.360> by<00:08:21.520> that
where it's going to land shown by that
where it's going to land shown by that
cloud<00:08:22.039> of<00:08:22.240> red<00:08:22.759> representing<00:08:23.319> numbers
cloud of red representing numbers
cloud of red representing numbers
between<00:08:24.360> 0.5<00:08:24.879> and<00:08:25.000> maybe<00:08:25.639> 0.1<00:08:26.639> that
between 0.5 and maybe 0.1 that
between 0.5 and maybe 0.1 that
information<00:08:27.240> is<00:08:27.440> available<00:08:27.800> on<00:08:27.919> the<00:08:28.039> current
information is available on the current
information is available on the current
shot<00:08:29.039> but<00:08:29.280> there's<00:08:29.479> another<00:08:29.840> source<00:08:30.120> of
shot but there's another source of
shot but there's another source of
information<00:08:30.800> not<00:08:31.000> available<00:08:31.319> on<00:08:31.479> the<00:08:31.560> current
information not available on the current
information not available on the current
shot<00:08:32.479> but<00:08:32.760> only<00:08:33.120> available<00:08:33.560> by<00:08:33.760> repeatedly
shot but only available by repeatedly
shot but only available by repeatedly
experiencing<00:08:34.800> the<00:08:34.919> game<00:08:35.080> of<00:08:35.240> tennis<00:08:36.039> and
experiencing the game of tennis and
experiencing the game of tennis and
that's<00:08:36.360> that<00:08:36.519> the<00:08:36.599> ball<00:08:36.800> doesn't<00:08:37.000> bounce<00:08:37.360> with
that's that the ball doesn't bounce with
that's that the ball doesn't bounce with
equal<00:08:37.959> probability<00:08:38.440> over<00:08:38.640> the<00:08:38.760> court<00:08:39.039> during
equal probability over the court during
equal probability over the court during
a<00:08:39.399> match<00:08:40.279> if<00:08:40.399> you're<00:08:40.560> playing<00:08:40.800> against<00:08:40.959> a<00:08:41.080> very
a match if you're playing against a very
a match if you're playing against a very
good<00:08:41.440> opponent<00:08:42.240> they<00:08:42.360> may<00:08:42.560> distribute<00:08:42.959> it
good opponent they may distribute it
good opponent they may distribute it
that<00:08:43.279> green<00:08:43.640> area<00:08:44.279> which<00:08:44.399> is<00:08:44.560> the<00:08:44.720> prior
that green area which is the prior
that green area which is the prior
distribution<00:08:45.640> making<00:08:45.880> it<00:08:46.000> hard<00:08:46.160> for<00:08:46.279> you<00:08:46.399> to
distribution making it hard for you to
distribution making it hard for you to
return<00:08:47.440> now<00:08:47.720> both<00:08:48.040> these<00:08:48.200> sources<00:08:48.560> of
return now both these sources of
return now both these sources of
information<00:08:49.399> carry<00:08:49.760> important<00:08:50.200> information
information carry important information
information carry important information
and<00:08:51.000> what<00:08:51.120> beasal<00:08:51.560> says<00:08:51.760> is<00:08:51.839> I<00:08:51.920> should
and what beasal says is I should
and what beasal says is I should
multiply<00:08:52.440> the<00:08:52.519> numbers<00:08:52.800> in<00:08:52.920> the<00:08:53.120> red<00:08:53.760> by<00:08:53.920> the
multiply the numbers in the red by the
multiply the numbers in the red by the
numbers<00:08:54.320> in<00:08:54.480> the<00:08:54.680> green<00:08:55.279> to<00:08:55.440> get<00:08:55.600> the<00:08:55.720> numbers
numbers in the green to get the numbers
numbers in the green to get the numbers
in<00:08:56.160> the<00:08:56.320> yellow<00:08:56.640> which<00:08:56.760> have<00:08:56.920> the<00:08:57.000> ellipses
in the yellow which have the ellipses
in the yellow which have the ellipses
and<00:08:58.079> that's<00:08:58.600> my<00:08:58.839> belief
and that's my belief
and that's my belief
so<00:09:00.079> it's<00:09:00.240> the<00:09:00.440> optimal<00:09:00.880> way<00:09:01.040> of<00:09:01.200> combining
so it's the optimal way of combining
so it's the optimal way of combining
information<00:09:02.519> now<00:09:02.640> I<00:09:02.720> wouldn't<00:09:02.920> tell<00:09:03.079> you<00:09:03.200> all
information now I wouldn't tell you all
information now I wouldn't tell you all
this<00:09:03.680> if<00:09:03.760> it<00:09:03.880> wasn't<00:09:04.160> that<00:09:04.279> a<00:09:04.360> few<00:09:04.600> years<00:09:04.800> ago
this if it wasn't that a few years ago
this if it wasn't that a few years ago
we<00:09:05.160> show<00:09:05.480> this<00:09:05.600> is<00:09:05.800> exactly<00:09:06.279> what<00:09:06.480> people<00:09:06.760> do
we show this is exactly what people do
we show this is exactly what people do
when<00:09:07.200> they<00:09:07.360> learn<00:09:07.920> new<00:09:08.160> movement<00:09:08.560> skills<00:09:09.399> and
when they learn new movement skills and
when they learn new movement skills and
what<00:09:09.600> it<00:09:09.720> means<00:09:09.920> is<00:09:10.079> we<00:09:10.320> really<00:09:10.560> are<00:09:10.800> basian
what it means is we really are basian
what it means is we really are basian
inference<00:09:11.800> machines<00:09:12.399> as<00:09:12.519> we<00:09:12.680> go<00:09:12.920> around<00:09:13.839> we
inference machines as we go around we
inference machines as we go around we
learn<00:09:14.360> about<00:09:14.680> statistics<00:09:15.240> of<00:09:15.399> the<00:09:15.519> world<00:09:15.800> and
learn about statistics of the world and
learn about statistics of the world and
lay<00:09:16.200> that<00:09:16.440> down<00:09:17.000> but<00:09:17.120> we<00:09:17.399> also<00:09:17.680> learn<00:09:18.120> about
lay that down but we also learn about
lay that down but we also learn about
how<00:09:18.640> noisy<00:09:19.120> our<00:09:19.279> own<00:09:19.560> sensory<00:09:20.079> apparatus<00:09:20.560> is
how noisy our own sensory apparatus is
how noisy our own sensory apparatus is
and<00:09:21.160> then<00:09:21.360> combine<00:09:21.880> those<00:09:22.040> in<00:09:22.200> a<00:09:22.560> real<00:09:22.839> basian
and then combine those in a real basian
and then combine those in a real basian
way<00:09:24.760> now<00:09:24.880> a<00:09:25.120> key<00:09:25.399> part<00:09:25.880> to<00:09:26.000> the<00:09:26.160> beian<00:09:26.519> is<00:09:26.680> this
way now a key part to the beian is this
way now a key part to the beian is this
part<00:09:26.920> of<00:09:27.040> the<00:09:27.120> formula<00:09:27.880> and<00:09:28.040> what<00:09:28.279> this<00:09:28.480> part
part of the formula and what this part
part of the formula and what this part
really<00:09:28.880> says<00:09:29.240> says<00:09:29.640> is<00:09:29.839> I<00:09:29.920> have<00:09:30.040> to<00:09:30.320> predict
really says says is I have to predict
really says says is I have to predict
the<00:09:31.320> probability<00:09:31.839> of<00:09:32.160> different<00:09:32.519> sensory
the probability of different sensory
the probability of different sensory
feedbacks<00:09:33.959> given<00:09:34.320> my<00:09:34.519> beliefs<00:09:35.519> so<00:09:35.680> that
feedbacks given my beliefs so that
feedbacks given my beliefs so that
really<00:09:35.920> means<00:09:36.120> I<00:09:36.200> have<00:09:36.279> to<00:09:36.399> make<00:09:36.640> predictions
really means I have to make predictions
really means I have to make predictions
of<00:09:37.440> the<00:09:37.600> future<00:09:38.600> and<00:09:38.680> I<00:09:38.760> want<00:09:38.880> to<00:09:39.079> convince<00:09:39.440> you
of the future and I want to convince you
of the future and I want to convince you
that<00:09:39.720> the<00:09:39.839> brain<00:09:40.279> does<00:09:40.560> make<00:09:40.800> predictions<00:09:41.240> of
that the brain does make predictions of
that the brain does make predictions of
the<00:09:41.480> sensory<00:09:41.800> feedback<00:09:42.120> is<00:09:42.240> going<00:09:42.320> to<00:09:42.440> get<00:09:42.880> and
the sensory feedback is going to get and
the sensory feedback is going to get and
moreover<00:09:43.399> it<00:09:43.600> profoundly<00:09:44.320> changes<00:09:44.800> your
moreover it profoundly changes your
moreover it profoundly changes your
perceptions<00:09:45.680> by<00:09:45.880> what<00:09:46.000> you<00:09:46.160> do<00:09:47.079> and<00:09:47.200> to<00:09:47.320> do
perceptions by what you do and to do
perceptions by what you do and to do
that<00:09:47.640> I'll<00:09:47.800> tell<00:09:47.959> you<00:09:48.200> about<00:09:49.000> how<00:09:49.240> the<00:09:49.440> brain
that I'll tell you about how the brain
that I'll tell you about how the brain
deals<00:09:50.600> with<00:09:50.760> sensory<00:09:51.120> input<00:09:51.480> so<00:09:51.600> you<00:09:51.720> send<00:09:51.959> a
deals with sensory input so you send a
deals with sensory input so you send a
command<00:09:52.600> out<00:09:53.440> you<00:09:53.600> get<00:09:53.839> sensory<00:09:54.279> feedback
command out you get sensory feedback
command out you get sensory feedback
back<00:09:55.600> and<00:09:55.760> that<00:09:55.959> transformation<00:09:56.839> is<00:09:57.079> governed
back and that transformation is governed
back and that transformation is governed
by<00:09:57.680> the<00:09:57.920> physics<00:09:58.360> of<00:09:58.480> your<00:09:58.720> body<00:09:58.959> and<00:09:59.079> in<00:09:59.200> your
by the physics of your body and in your
by the physics of your body and in your
sensory<00:09:59.839> apparatus<00:10:00.839> but<00:10:00.959> you<00:10:01.040> can<00:10:01.200> imagine
sensory apparatus but you can imagine
sensory apparatus but you can imagine
looking<00:10:01.800> inside<00:10:02.079> the<00:10:02.160> brain<00:10:02.399> and<00:10:02.519> here's
looking inside the brain and here's
looking inside the brain and here's
inside<00:10:03.160> the<00:10:03.320> brain<00:10:04.120> you<00:10:04.279> might<00:10:04.480> have<00:10:04.600> a<00:10:04.720> little
inside the brain you might have a little
inside the brain you might have a little
predictor<00:10:05.519> a<00:10:05.720> neural<00:10:06.399> simulator<00:10:07.200> of<00:10:07.360> the
predictor a neural simulator of the
predictor a neural simulator of the
physics<00:10:07.760> of<00:10:07.920> your<00:10:08.040> body<00:10:08.240> and<00:10:08.320> your<00:10:08.440> senses<00:10:09.200> so
physics of your body and your senses so
physics of your body and your senses so
as<00:10:09.480> you<00:10:09.560> send<00:10:09.760> the<00:10:10.079> movement<00:10:10.519> command<00:10:11.000> down
as you send the movement command down
as you send the movement command down
you<00:10:11.640> tap<00:10:11.880> a<00:10:12.079> copy<00:10:12.360> of<00:10:12.480> that<00:10:12.640> off<00:10:13.120> and<00:10:13.279> run<00:10:13.480> it
you tap a copy of that off and run it
you tap a copy of that off and run it
into<00:10:13.839> your<00:10:14.000> neural<00:10:14.360> simulator<00:10:15.079> to<00:10:15.480> anticipate
into your neural simulator to anticipate
into your neural simulator to anticipate
the<00:10:16.640> sensory<00:10:17.200> consequenc<00:10:17.720> of<00:10:17.839> reaction<00:10:18.399> so<00:10:18.600> as
the sensory consequenc of reaction so as
the sensory consequenc of reaction so as
I<00:10:18.839> shake<00:10:19.160> this<00:10:19.360> ketchup<00:10:19.800> bottle<00:10:20.399> I<00:10:20.519> get<00:10:20.640> some
I shake this ketchup bottle I get some
I shake this ketchup bottle I get some
true<00:10:21.079> sensory<00:10:21.440> feedback<00:10:21.720> as<00:10:21.800> a<00:10:21.880> function<00:10:22.120> of
true sensory feedback as a function of
true sensory feedback as a function of
time<00:10:22.440> on<00:10:22.560> the<00:10:22.680> bottom<00:10:22.920> row<00:10:23.480> and<00:10:23.560> if<00:10:23.680> I've<00:10:23.839> got<00:10:23.920> a
time on the bottom row and if I've got a
time on the bottom row and if I've got a
good<00:10:24.240> predictor<00:10:24.920> it<00:10:25.120> predicts<00:10:25.560> the<00:10:25.720> same
good predictor it predicts the same
good predictor it predicts the same
thing<00:10:26.920> well<00:10:27.160> why<00:10:27.279> would<00:10:27.399> I<00:10:27.600> bother<00:10:27.880> doing<00:10:28.120> that
thing well why would I bother doing that
thing well why would I bother doing that
I'm<00:10:28.399> going<00:10:28.519> to<00:10:28.600> get<00:10:28.720> the<00:10:29.279> feedback<00:10:29.680> anyway
I'm going to get the feedback anyway
I'm going to get the feedback anyway
well<00:10:30.880> there's<00:10:31.079> good<00:10:31.279> reasons<00:10:32.120> imagine<00:10:32.640> as<00:10:32.760> I
well there's good reasons imagine as I
well there's good reasons imagine as I
shake<00:10:33.160> the<00:10:33.279> ketchup<00:10:33.600> bottle<00:10:33.880> someone<00:10:34.240> very
shake the ketchup bottle someone very
shake the ketchup bottle someone very
kindly<00:10:34.839> comes<00:10:35.040> up<00:10:35.200> to<00:10:35.440> me<00:10:35.720> and<00:10:35.959> Taps<00:10:36.200> it<00:10:36.320> on<00:10:36.399> the
kindly comes up to me and Taps it on the
kindly comes up to me and Taps it on the
back<00:10:36.720> for<00:10:36.839> me<00:10:37.600> okay<00:10:38.240> now<00:10:38.399> I<00:10:38.519> get<00:10:38.639> an<00:10:38.920> extra
back for me okay now I get an extra
back for me okay now I get an extra
source<00:10:39.480> of<00:10:39.600> sensory<00:10:40.000> information<00:10:40.360> due<00:10:40.519> to<00:10:40.639> the
source of sensory information due to the
source of sensory information due to the
external<00:10:41.240> act<00:10:41.959> so<00:10:42.160> I<00:10:42.279> get<00:10:42.480> two<00:10:42.720> sources<00:10:43.399> I<00:10:43.560> get
external act so I get two sources I get
external act so I get two sources I get
you<00:10:44.399> tapping<00:10:44.720> on<00:10:44.880> it<00:10:45.399> and<00:10:45.519> I<00:10:45.639> get<00:10:45.839> me<00:10:46.160> shaking
you tapping on it and I get me shaking
you tapping on it and I get me shaking
it<00:10:47.079> but<00:10:47.240> from<00:10:47.360> my<00:10:47.600> sensus<00:10:48.079> point<00:10:48.240> of<00:10:48.320> view<00:10:48.440> that
it but from my sensus point of view that
it but from my sensus point of view that
just<00:10:48.760> combined<00:10:49.399> together<00:10:49.720> into<00:10:50.040> one<00:10:50.399> source
just combined together into one source
just combined together into one source
of<00:10:50.920> information<00:10:51.880> now<00:10:52.000> there<00:10:52.079> are<00:10:52.160> good<00:10:52.279> reason
of information now there are good reason
of information now there are good reason
to<00:10:52.639> believe<00:10:52.839> that<00:10:52.959> you<00:10:53.079> would<00:10:53.240> want<00:10:53.360> to<00:10:53.760> be
to believe that you would want to be
to believe that you would want to be
able<00:10:54.079> to<00:10:54.279> distinguish<00:10:54.880> external<00:10:55.279> events<00:10:55.800> from
able to distinguish external events from
able to distinguish external events from
internal<00:10:56.399> events<00:10:57.079> because<00:10:57.480> external<00:10:57.920> events
internal events because external events
internal events because external events
are<00:10:58.320> actually<00:10:58.560> much<00:10:58.720> more<00:10:59.040> Behavior<00:10:59.440> relevant
are actually much more Behavior relevant
are actually much more Behavior relevant
than<00:11:00.000> feeling<00:11:00.519> everything<00:11:00.760> that's<00:11:00.959> going<00:11:01.079> on
than feeling everything that's going on
than feeling everything that's going on
inside<00:11:01.560> my<00:11:01.720> body<00:11:02.519> so<00:11:02.720> one<00:11:02.880> way<00:11:03.000> to<00:11:03.160> reconstruct
inside my body so one way to reconstruct
inside my body so one way to reconstruct
that<00:11:04.480> is<00:11:04.639> to<00:11:04.880> compare<00:11:05.320> the<00:11:05.560> prediction<00:11:06.320> which
that is to compare the prediction which
that is to compare the prediction which
is<00:11:06.680> only<00:11:07.120> based<00:11:07.480> on<00:11:07.680> your<00:11:08.000> movement<00:11:08.440> commands
is only based on your movement commands
is only based on your movement commands
with<00:11:09.440> the<00:11:09.680> reality<00:11:10.560> and<00:11:10.800> any<00:11:11.160> discrepancy
with the reality and any discrepancy
with the reality and any discrepancy
should<00:11:12.440> hopefully<00:11:12.800> be<00:11:13.000> external<00:11:13.639> so<00:11:13.839> as<00:11:13.959> I<00:11:14.120> go
should hopefully be external so as I go
should hopefully be external so as I go
around<00:11:14.639> the<00:11:14.760> world<00:11:15.360> I'm<00:11:15.560> making<00:11:15.959> predictions
around the world I'm making predictions
around the world I'm making predictions
of<00:11:16.560> what<00:11:16.639> I<00:11:16.720> should<00:11:16.959> get<00:11:17.320> subtracting<00:11:17.839> them
of what I should get subtracting them
of what I should get subtracting them
off<00:11:18.480> everything<00:11:18.839> left<00:11:19.040> over<00:11:19.240> is<00:11:19.440> external<00:11:19.880> to
off everything left over is external to
off everything left over is external to
me<00:11:20.680> what<00:11:20.880> evidence<00:11:21.240> is<00:11:21.399> there<00:11:21.560> for<00:11:21.760> this<00:11:22.160> well
me what evidence is there for this well
me what evidence is there for this well
there's<00:11:22.519> one<00:11:22.880> very<00:11:23.200> clear<00:11:23.519> example<00:11:24.480> where<00:11:24.639> a
there's one very clear example where a
there's one very clear example where a
sensation<00:11:25.279> generated<00:11:25.680> by<00:11:25.880> myself<00:11:26.279> feels<00:11:26.720> very
sensation generated by myself feels very
sensation generated by myself feels very
different<00:11:27.600> than<00:11:27.839> I<00:11:27.959> generated<00:11:28.279> by<00:11:28.399> another
different than I generated by another
different than I generated by another
person<00:11:29.240> and<00:11:29.320> so<00:11:29.440> we<00:11:29.519> decided<00:11:29.839> the<00:11:29.920> most
person and so we decided the most
person and so we decided the most
obvious<00:11:30.519> place<00:11:30.680> to<00:11:30.880> start<00:11:31.279> was<00:11:31.399> with<00:11:31.560> tickling
obvious place to start was with tickling
obvious place to start was with tickling
it's<00:11:32.760> been<00:11:32.920> known<00:11:33.120> for<00:11:33.240> a<00:11:33.440> long<00:11:33.760> time<00:11:34.000> you
it's been known for a long time you
it's been known for a long time you
can't<00:11:34.360> tickle<00:11:34.680> yourself<00:11:35.000> as<00:11:35.079> well<00:11:35.200> as<00:11:35.399> other
can't tickle yourself as well as other
can't tickle yourself as well as other
people<00:11:35.880> can<00:11:36.560> but<00:11:36.680> it<00:11:36.800> hasn't<00:11:37.120> really<00:11:37.279> been
people can but it hasn't really been
people can but it hasn't really been
shown<00:11:38.160> it's<00:11:38.360> because<00:11:38.560> you<00:11:38.680> have<00:11:38.760> a<00:11:38.880> neural
shown it's because you have a neural
shown it's because you have a neural
simulator<00:11:40.279> simulating<00:11:40.839> your<00:11:40.959> own<00:11:41.200> body<00:11:41.560> and
simulator simulating your own body and
simulator simulating your own body and
subtracting<00:11:42.360> off<00:11:42.600> that<00:11:42.760> sense<00:11:43.519> so<00:11:43.760> we<00:11:43.880> can
subtracting off that sense so we can
subtracting off that sense so we can
bring<00:11:44.720> the<00:11:45.000> experiments<00:11:45.399> in<00:11:45.560> the<00:11:45.720> 21st
bring the experiments in the 21st
bring the experiments in the 21st
century<00:11:46.760> by<00:11:46.880> applying<00:11:47.279> robotic<00:11:47.720> technology
century by applying robotic technology
century by applying robotic technology
to<00:11:48.320> this<00:11:48.519> problem<00:11:49.200> and<00:11:49.360> effectively<00:11:49.720> what<00:11:49.800> we
to this problem and effectively what we
to this problem and effectively what we
have<00:11:50.000> is<00:11:50.120> some<00:11:50.399> hold<00:11:50.560> a<00:11:50.639> stick<00:11:50.839> in<00:11:51.000> one<00:11:51.200> hand
have is some hold a stick in one hand
have is some hold a stick in one hand
attached<00:11:51.880> to<00:11:52.000> a<00:11:52.160> robot<00:11:52.600> and<00:11:52.680> they're<00:11:52.800> going<00:11:52.880> to
attached to a robot and they're going to
attached to a robot and they're going to
move<00:11:53.279> that<00:11:53.440> back<00:11:53.560> and<00:11:53.680> forward<00:11:54.600> and<00:11:54.680> then
move that back and forward and then
move that back and forward and then
we're<00:11:54.880> going<00:11:54.959> to<00:11:55.120> track<00:11:55.399> that<00:11:55.560> with<00:11:55.639> a
we're going to track that with a
we're going to track that with a
computer<00:11:56.480> and<00:11:56.600> use<00:11:56.720> it<00:11:56.839> to<00:11:56.959> control<00:11:57.360> another
computer and use it to control another
computer and use it to control another
robot<00:11:58.120> which<00:11:58.240> is<00:11:58.360> going<00:11:58.440> to<00:11:58.519> tickle<00:11:58.800> their
robot which is going to tickle their
robot which is going to tickle their
Palm<00:11:59.360> with<00:11:59.519> another<00:11:59.760> stick<00:12:00.600> and<00:12:00.680> then<00:12:00.800> we're
Palm with another stick and then we're
Palm with another stick and then we're
going<00:12:00.959> to<00:12:01.040> ask<00:12:01.160> them<00:12:01.279> to<00:12:01.399> rate<00:12:01.800> a<00:12:01.959> bunch<00:12:02.200> of
going to ask them to rate a bunch of
going to ask them to rate a bunch of
things<00:12:02.839> including<00:12:03.360> tickness<00:12:04.240> and<00:12:04.360> I'll<00:12:04.440> show
things including tickness and I'll show
things including tickness and I'll show
you<00:12:04.720> just<00:12:04.880> one<00:12:05.120> part<00:12:05.240> of<00:12:05.360> our<00:12:05.560> study<00:12:06.240> and<00:12:06.360> here
you just one part of our study and here
you just one part of our study and here
I've<00:12:06.600> taken<00:12:06.920> away<00:12:07.079> the<00:12:07.200> robots<00:12:07.959> but<00:12:08.160> basically
I've taken away the robots but basically
I've taken away the robots but basically
people<00:12:08.880> move<00:12:09.160> with<00:12:09.279> their<00:12:09.480> right<00:12:09.639> arm<00:12:09.920> sinus
people move with their right arm sinus
people move with their right arm sinus
soly<00:12:10.720> back<00:12:10.800> and<00:12:10.920> forward<00:12:11.560> and<00:12:11.680> we<00:12:11.800> replace
soly back and forward and we replace
soly back and forward and we replace
that<00:12:12.279> to<00:12:12.440> the<00:12:12.600> other<00:12:12.880> hand<00:12:13.440> with<00:12:13.560> a<00:12:13.800> time<00:12:14.040> delay
that to the other hand with a time delay
that to the other hand with a time delay
either<00:12:15.079> no<00:12:15.360> time<00:12:15.560> delay<00:12:15.880> in<00:12:15.959> which<00:12:16.120> case<00:12:16.279> it's
either no time delay in which case it's
either no time delay in which case it's
like<00:12:16.760> you're<00:12:17.000> just<00:12:17.160> tickling<00:12:17.560> your<00:12:17.720> palm<00:12:18.720> or
like you're just tickling your palm or
like you're just tickling your palm or
with<00:12:19.160> a<00:12:19.279> time<00:12:19.480> delay<00:12:19.720> of<00:12:19.800> a<00:12:19.959> tenth<00:12:20.480> 2/10<00:12:21.120> or
with a time delay of a tenth 2/10 or
with a time delay of a tenth 2/10 or
3/10<00:12:21.959> of<00:12:22.040> a<00:12:22.199> second<00:12:23.199> so<00:12:23.399> the<00:12:23.519> important<00:12:23.880> Point
3/10 of a second so the important Point
3/10 of a second so the important Point
here<00:12:24.800> is<00:12:25.079> the<00:12:25.320> right<00:12:25.560> hand<00:12:25.920> always<00:12:26.199> does<00:12:26.440> the
here is the right hand always does the
here is the right hand always does the
same<00:12:26.839> thing<00:12:27.079> sinusoidal<00:12:27.720> movement<00:12:28.240> the<00:12:28.360> left
same thing sinusoidal movement the left
same thing sinusoidal movement the left
hand<00:12:28.920> is<00:12:29.040> it<00:12:29.160> same<00:12:29.360> in<00:12:29.519> put<00:12:29.639> sign<00:12:30.279> tickle<00:12:30.760> all
hand is it same in put sign tickle all
hand is it same in put sign tickle all
we're<00:12:31.120> playing<00:12:31.360> with<00:12:31.560> is<00:12:31.680> a<00:12:31.760> temporal
we're playing with is a temporal
we're playing with is a temporal
causality<00:12:32.959> and<00:12:33.040> as<00:12:33.199> we<00:12:33.360> go<00:12:33.560> from<00:12:33.800> not<00:12:34.519> to<00:12:34.880> .1
causality and as we go from not to .1
causality and as we go from not to .1
second<00:12:35.959> it<00:12:36.079> becomes<00:12:36.360> more<00:12:36.600> ticklish<00:12:37.360> as<00:12:37.480> you
second it becomes more ticklish as you
second it becomes more ticklish as you
go<00:12:37.720> from<00:12:37.880> 0.1<00:12:38.360> to<00:12:38.760> 2<00:12:39.000> it<00:12:39.120> becomes<00:12:39.360> more
go from 0.1 to 2 it becomes more
go from 0.1 to 2 it becomes more
ticklish<00:12:39.959> again<00:12:40.440> and<00:12:40.600> by<00:12:41.279> 2<00:12:41.560> of<00:12:41.680> a<00:12:41.880> second<00:12:42.600> it's
ticklish again and by 2 of a second it's
ticklish again and by 2 of a second it's
equivalently<00:12:43.639> ticklish<00:12:44.199> to<00:12:44.360> if<00:12:44.440> the<00:12:44.560> robot
equivalently ticklish to if the robot
equivalently ticklish to if the robot
just<00:12:44.959> tickles<00:12:45.279> you<00:12:45.440> without<00:12:45.600> you<00:12:45.760> doing
just tickles you without you doing
just tickles you without you doing
anything<00:12:46.800> so<00:12:47.040> whatever<00:12:47.360> is<00:12:47.519> responsible<00:12:47.920> for
anything so whatever is responsible for
anything so whatever is responsible for
this<00:12:48.240> cancellation<00:12:48.800> is<00:12:49.040> extremely<00:12:49.639> tightly
this cancellation is extremely tightly
this cancellation is extremely tightly
coupled<00:12:50.320> to<00:12:50.440> temporal<00:12:50.760> causality<00:12:51.399> and<00:12:51.519> based
coupled to temporal causality and based
coupled to temporal causality and based
on<00:12:51.800> this<00:12:52.000> other<00:12:52.120> studies<00:12:52.399> we<00:12:52.560> really
on this other studies we really
on this other studies we really
convinced<00:12:53.399> ourselves<00:12:53.800> in<00:12:53.920> the<00:12:54.040> field<00:12:54.600> that
convinced ourselves in the field that
convinced ourselves in the field that
the<00:12:54.839> brain<00:12:55.079> is<00:12:55.240> making<00:12:55.639> precise<00:12:56.160> predictions
the brain is making precise predictions
the brain is making precise predictions
and<00:12:57.199> subtracting<00:12:57.800> them<00:12:57.959> off<00:12:58.320> from<00:12:58.480> the<00:12:58.880> stions
and subtracting them off from the stions
and subtracting them off from the stions
now<00:13:00.040> I<00:13:00.160> have<00:13:00.240> to<00:13:00.360> admit<00:13:00.600> these<00:13:00.680> are<00:13:00.839> the<00:13:01.000> worst
now I have to admit these are the worst
now I have to admit these are the worst
studies<00:13:01.639> my<00:13:01.800> lab<00:13:02.040> has<00:13:02.240> ever<00:13:02.480> run<00:13:03.240> because<00:13:03.720> the
studies my lab has ever run because the
studies my lab has ever run because the
tickle<00:13:04.160> sensation<00:13:04.440> of<00:13:04.519> the<00:13:04.680> Palm<00:13:04.959> comes<00:13:05.160> and
tickle sensation of the Palm comes and
tickle sensation of the Palm comes and
goes<00:13:05.560> you<00:13:05.680> need<00:13:05.880> large<00:13:06.120> numbers<00:13:06.360> of<00:13:06.480> subjects
goes you need large numbers of subjects
goes you need large numbers of subjects
at<00:13:06.920> these<00:13:07.079> Stars<00:13:07.480> making<00:13:07.680> them<00:13:07.880> significant
at these Stars making them significant
at these Stars making them significant
so<00:13:08.680> we<00:13:08.800> were<00:13:08.920> looking<00:13:09.079> for<00:13:09.160> a<00:13:09.279> much<00:13:09.399> more
so we were looking for a much more
so we were looking for a much more
objective<00:13:10.240> way<00:13:10.839> to<00:13:11.120> assess<00:13:11.560> this<00:13:11.800> phenomena
objective way to assess this phenomena
objective way to assess this phenomena
and<00:13:12.519> in<00:13:12.680> the<00:13:12.800> intervening<00:13:13.320> years<00:13:13.560> I<00:13:13.680> had<00:13:13.839> two
and in the intervening years I had two
and in the intervening years I had two
daughters<00:13:14.880> and<00:13:15.000> one<00:13:15.199> thing<00:13:15.320> you<00:13:15.680> about
daughters and one thing you about
daughters and one thing you about
children<00:13:16.199> on<00:13:16.399> back<00:13:16.600> seats<00:13:16.839> of<00:13:17.040> cars<00:13:17.639> on<00:13:17.800> Long
children on back seats of cars on Long
children on back seats of cars on Long
Journeys<00:13:18.680> they<00:13:18.880> get<00:13:19.040> into<00:13:19.320> fights<00:13:20.040> which
Journeys they get into fights which
Journeys they get into fights which
starts<00:13:20.560> with<00:13:20.720> one<00:13:20.839> of<00:13:20.920> them<00:13:21.040> doing<00:13:21.320> something
starts with one of them doing something
starts with one of them doing something
to<00:13:21.639> the<00:13:21.760> other<00:13:22.000> the<00:13:22.079> other<00:13:22.199> one<00:13:22.360> retal<00:13:22.800> and<00:13:22.920> it
to the other the other one retal and it
to the other the other one retal and it
quickly<00:13:23.360> escalates<00:13:24.240> and<00:13:24.399> children<00:13:24.680> tend<00:13:24.880> to
quickly escalates and children tend to
quickly escalates and children tend to
get<00:13:25.079> into<00:13:25.240> fights<00:13:25.560> which<00:13:25.839> escalate<00:13:26.279> in<00:13:26.399> terms
get into fights which escalate in terms
get into fights which escalate in terms
of<00:13:26.760> force<00:13:27.720> now<00:13:27.880> when<00:13:28.000> I<00:13:28.120> scream<00:13:28.399> at<00:13:28.480> my
of force now when I scream at my
of force now when I scream at my
children<00:13:28.920> to<00:13:29.199> stop<00:13:30.199> sometimes<00:13:30.440> they<00:13:30.600> would
children to stop sometimes they would
children to stop sometimes they would
both<00:13:31.120> say<00:13:31.279> to<00:13:31.480> me<00:13:32.079> the<00:13:32.240> other<00:13:32.519> person<00:13:32.880> hit<00:13:33.079> them
both say to me the other person hit them
both say to me the other person hit them
harder<00:13:34.480> now<00:13:34.680> I<00:13:34.800> happen<00:13:35.040> to<00:13:35.160> know<00:13:35.360> my<00:13:35.480> children
harder now I happen to know my children
harder now I happen to know my children
don't<00:13:36.160> lie<00:13:36.920> so<00:13:37.079> I<00:13:37.199> felt<00:13:37.440> as<00:13:37.560> a<00:13:37.680> neuroscientist
don't lie so I felt as a neuroscientist
don't lie so I felt as a neuroscientist
it<00:13:38.360> was<00:13:38.519> important<00:13:38.800> how<00:13:38.959> could<00:13:39.120> I<00:13:39.320> explain<00:13:40.120> how
it was important how could I explain how
it was important how could I explain how
they<00:13:40.399> were<00:13:40.560> telling<00:13:40.959> inconsistent<00:13:41.880> truth<00:13:42.880> and
they were telling inconsistent truth and
they were telling inconsistent truth and
we<00:13:43.160> hypothesized<00:13:43.720> based<00:13:43.920> in<00:13:44.000> the<00:13:44.120> tickling
we hypothesized based in the tickling
we hypothesized based in the tickling
study<00:13:45.279> that<00:13:45.440> when<00:13:45.639> one<00:13:45.839> child<00:13:46.240> hits<00:13:46.639> another
study that when one child hits another
study that when one child hits another
they<00:13:47.399> generate<00:13:47.720> the<00:13:47.839> movement<00:13:48.199> command<00:13:48.680> they
they generate the movement command they
they generate the movement command they
predict<00:13:49.120> the<00:13:49.240> sensory<00:13:49.639> consequences<00:13:50.320> and
predict the sensory consequences and
predict the sensory consequences and
subtract<00:13:50.839> it<00:13:50.959> off<00:13:51.600> so<00:13:51.800> they<00:13:51.920> actually<00:13:52.160> think
subtract it off so they actually think
subtract it off so they actually think
they've<00:13:52.519> hit<00:13:52.680> the<00:13:52.800> person<00:13:53.120> less<00:13:53.320> hard<00:13:53.560> than
they've hit the person less hard than
they've hit the person less hard than
they<00:13:53.839> have<00:13:54.120> rather<00:13:54.320> like<00:13:54.440> the<00:13:54.519> tickling
they have rather like the tickling
they have rather like the tickling
whereas<00:13:55.759> the<00:13:56.000> passive<00:13:56.440> recipient<00:13:57.279> doesn't
whereas the passive recipient doesn't
whereas the passive recipient doesn't
make<00:13:57.720> the<00:13:57.880> prediction<00:13:58.360> feels<00:13:58.839> will<00:13:58.880> a<00:13:58.959> full
make the prediction feels will a full
make the prediction feels will a full
blow<00:13:59.680> so<00:13:59.800> if<00:13:59.920> they<00:14:00.079> retaliate<00:14:00.519> with<00:14:00.639> the<00:14:00.759> same
blow so if they retaliate with the same
blow so if they retaliate with the same
Force<00:14:01.720> the<00:14:01.920> first<00:14:02.199> person<00:14:02.440> will<00:14:02.560> think<00:14:02.680> it's
Force the first person will think it's
Force the first person will think it's
been<00:14:03.120> escalated<00:14:04.120> so<00:14:04.279> we<00:14:04.399> decided<00:14:04.720> to<00:14:04.920> test
been escalated so we decided to test
been escalated so we decided to test
this<00:14:05.320> in<00:14:05.440> the<00:14:05.600> lab<00:14:06.839> now<00:14:07.839> we<00:14:08.600> we<00:14:08.759> don't<00:14:09.000> work
this in the lab now we we don't work
this in the lab now we we don't work
with<00:14:09.360> children<00:14:09.839> we<00:14:09.959> don't<00:14:10.199> work<00:14:10.399> with<00:14:10.519> hiton
with children we don't work with hiton
with children we don't work with hiton
but<00:14:11.000> the<00:14:11.160> concept<00:14:11.519> is<00:14:11.720> identical<00:14:12.480> we<00:14:12.600> bring<00:14:12.759> in
but the concept is identical we bring in
but the concept is identical we bring in
two<00:14:13.279> adults<00:14:13.639> and<00:14:13.720> we<00:14:13.839> tell<00:14:13.959> them<00:14:14.079> they're
two adults and we tell them they're
two adults and we tell them they're
going<00:14:14.279> to<00:14:14.360> play<00:14:14.519> a<00:14:14.800> game<00:14:15.600> and<00:14:15.680> so<00:14:15.839> here's
going to play a game and so here's
going to play a game and so here's
player<00:14:16.320> one<00:14:16.440> and<00:14:16.560> player<00:14:16.800> two<00:14:16.920> sitting
player one and player two sitting
player one and player two sitting
opposite<00:14:17.600> each<00:14:17.720> other<00:14:18.199> and<00:14:18.279> the<00:14:18.399> game<00:14:18.560> is<00:14:18.720> very
opposite each other and the game is very
opposite each other and the game is very
simple<00:14:19.639> we<00:14:19.800> start<00:14:20.040> off<00:14:20.199> with<00:14:20.320> a<00:14:20.480> motor<00:14:21.279> with<00:14:21.399> a
simple we start off with a motor with a
simple we start off with a motor with a
little<00:14:21.680> lever<00:14:22.120> with<00:14:22.240> little<00:14:22.360> Force
little lever with little Force
little lever with little Force
transducer<00:14:23.519> and<00:14:23.639> we<00:14:23.759> use<00:14:23.920> this<00:14:24.079> motor<00:14:24.399> to
transducer and we use this motor to
transducer and we use this motor to
apply<00:14:24.800> a<00:14:24.920> force<00:14:25.320> down<00:14:25.480> to<00:14:25.600> the<00:14:25.720> player<00:14:26.000> one's
apply a force down to the player one's
apply a force down to the player one's
fingers<00:14:26.600> for<00:14:26.759> 3<00:14:27.040> seconds<00:14:27.440> and<00:14:27.519> then<00:14:27.639> it<00:14:27.839> stops
fingers for 3 seconds and then it stops
fingers for 3 seconds and then it stops
and<00:14:28.920> that's<00:14:29.240> player<00:14:29.519> has<00:14:29.600> been<00:14:29.759> told<00:14:30.079> remember
and that's player has been told remember
and that's player has been told remember
the<00:14:30.680> experience<00:14:31.000> of<00:14:31.160> that<00:14:31.320> force<00:14:32.120> and<00:14:32.279> use
the experience of that force and use
the experience of that force and use
your<00:14:32.680> other<00:14:32.959> finger<00:14:33.720> to<00:14:33.959> apply<00:14:34.279> the<00:14:34.480> same
your other finger to apply the same
your other finger to apply the same
Force<00:14:35.440> down<00:14:35.680> to<00:14:35.880> the<00:14:36.000> other<00:14:36.199> subject's<00:14:36.519> finger
Force down to the other subject's finger
Force down to the other subject's finger
through<00:14:36.920> a<00:14:37.000> force<00:14:37.240> transducer<00:14:37.959> and<00:14:38.079> they<00:14:38.199> do
through a force transducer and they do
through a force transducer and they do
that<00:14:38.880> and<00:14:39.040> player<00:14:39.279> two's<00:14:39.560> been<00:14:39.720> told<00:14:40.040> remember
that and player two's been told remember
that and player two's been told remember
the<00:14:40.519> experience<00:14:40.839> of<00:14:40.959> that<00:14:41.079> Force<00:14:41.639> use<00:14:41.880> your
the experience of that Force use your
the experience of that Force use your
other<00:14:42.360> hand<00:14:42.800> to<00:14:42.959> apply<00:14:43.240> the<00:14:43.320> force<00:14:43.720> back<00:14:43.959> down
other hand to apply the force back down
other hand to apply the force back down
and<00:14:44.800> so<00:14:44.959> they<00:14:45.120> take<00:14:45.320> it<00:14:45.480> and<00:14:45.680> turns<00:14:46.279> to<00:14:46.440> apply
and so they take it and turns to apply
and so they take it and turns to apply
the<00:14:46.839> force<00:14:47.160> they've<00:14:47.360> just<00:14:47.519> experienced<00:14:48.160> back
the force they've just experienced back
the force they've just experienced back
and<00:14:48.440> forward<00:14:49.240> but<00:14:49.480> critically<00:14:50.160> they're
and forward but critically they're
and forward but critically they're
briefed<00:14:51.079> about<00:14:51.360> the<00:14:51.519> rules<00:14:51.839> of<00:14:51.959> the<00:14:52.120> game<00:14:52.320> and
briefed about the rules of the game and
briefed about the rules of the game and
separate<00:14:52.959> rooms<00:14:53.440> so<00:14:53.639> they<00:14:53.880> don't<00:14:54.160> know<00:14:54.360> the
separate rooms so they don't know the
separate rooms so they don't know the
rule<00:14:54.759> the<00:14:54.839> other<00:14:55.000> person<00:14:55.199> is<00:14:55.320> playing<00:14:55.680> by<00:14:56.279> and
rule the other person is playing by and
rule the other person is playing by and
what<00:14:56.680> we<00:14:57.199> measure<00:14:57.639> is<00:14:57.800> the<00:14:57.959> force<00:14:58.320> as<00:14:58.399> a<00:14:58.480> fun
what we measure is the force as a fun
what we measure is the force as a fun
function<00:14:58.920> of<00:14:59.079> turns<00:14:59.800> and<00:15:00.199> if<00:15:00.320> we<00:15:00.440> look<00:15:00.560> at<00:15:00.720> what
function of turns and if we look at what
function of turns and if we look at what
we<00:15:00.959> start<00:15:01.199> with<00:15:01.320> a<00:15:01.399> quarter<00:15:01.639> of<00:15:01.720> a<00:15:01.800> Newton
we start with a quarter of a Newton
we start with a quarter of a Newton
there<00:15:02.639> a<00:15:02.800> number<00:15:03.000> of<00:15:03.120> turns<00:15:03.839> perfect<00:15:04.160> would<00:15:04.279> be
there a number of turns perfect would be
there a number of turns perfect would be
that<00:15:04.560> red<00:15:04.800> line<00:15:05.240> and<00:15:05.360> what<00:15:05.440> we<00:15:05.560> see<00:15:05.720> in<00:15:05.920> all
that red line and what we see in all
that red line and what we see in all
pairs<00:15:06.399> of<00:15:06.639> subjects<00:15:07.279> is<00:15:07.759> this<00:15:08.759> a<00:15:09.000> 70%
pairs of subjects is this a 70%
pairs of subjects is this a 70%
escalation<00:15:10.399> in<00:15:10.600> force<00:15:11.079> on<00:15:11.279> each<00:15:11.560> go<00:15:12.519> so<00:15:12.720> it
escalation in force on each go so it
escalation in force on each go so it
really<00:15:13.199> suggests<00:15:13.639> when<00:15:13.720> you're<00:15:13.920> doing<00:15:14.199> this
really suggests when you're doing this
really suggests when you're doing this
based<00:15:14.560> on<00:15:14.680> the<00:15:14.800> study<00:15:15.000> and<00:15:15.120> others<00:15:15.360> we've<00:15:15.560> done
based on the study and others we've done
based on the study and others we've done
that<00:15:16.040> the<00:15:16.160> brain<00:15:16.399> is<00:15:16.839> canceling<00:15:17.440> the<00:15:17.600> sensory
that the brain is canceling the sensory
that the brain is canceling the sensory
consequences<00:15:18.600> and<00:15:18.800> underestimating<00:15:19.720> the
consequences and underestimating the
consequences and underestimating the
force<00:15:20.240> it's<00:15:20.480> producing<00:15:21.320> so<00:15:21.440> it<00:15:21.560> really<00:15:21.680> shows
force it's producing so it really shows
force it's producing so it really shows
that<00:15:22.040> the<00:15:22.120> brain<00:15:22.360> makes<00:15:22.759> predictions<00:15:23.360> and
that the brain makes predictions and
that the brain makes predictions and
fundamentally<00:15:24.160> changes<00:15:24.600> the<00:15:25.120> percepts<00:15:26.120> so
fundamentally changes the percepts so
fundamentally changes the percepts so
we've<00:15:27.040> made<00:15:27.320> inferences<00:15:27.800> we've<00:15:27.959> done
we've made inferences we've done
we've made inferences we've done
predictions<00:15:28.959> now<00:15:29.160> we<00:15:29.279> have<00:15:29.399> to<00:15:29.519> generate
predictions now we have to generate
predictions now we have to generate
actions<00:15:30.959> and<00:15:31.079> what<00:15:31.240> basal<00:15:31.680> says<00:15:31.880> is<00:15:32.040> given<00:15:32.240> my
actions and what basal says is given my
actions and what basal says is given my
beliefs<00:15:32.839> the<00:15:33.000> action<00:15:33.319> should<00:15:33.560> in<00:15:33.720> some<00:15:33.959> sense
beliefs the action should in some sense
beliefs the action should in some sense
be<00:15:34.480> optimal<00:15:35.240> but<00:15:35.360> we've<00:15:35.519> got<00:15:35.600> a<00:15:35.880> problem<00:15:36.880> tasks
be optimal but we've got a problem tasks
be optimal but we've got a problem tasks
are<00:15:37.519> symbolic<00:15:38.079> I<00:15:38.160> want<00:15:38.279> to<00:15:38.440> drink<00:15:38.800> I<00:15:38.880> want<00:15:39.000> to
are symbolic I want to drink I want to
are symbolic I want to drink I want to
dance<00:15:39.959> but<00:15:40.120> the<00:15:40.319> movement<00:15:40.720> system<00:15:41.000> has<00:15:41.120> to
dance but the movement system has to
dance but the movement system has to
contract<00:15:41.639> 600<00:15:42.199> muscles<00:15:42.560> in<00:15:42.639> a<00:15:42.759> particular
contract 600 muscles in a particular
contract 600 muscles in a particular
sequence<00:15:43.399> and<00:15:43.519> there's<00:15:43.639> a<00:15:43.839> big<00:15:44.120> gap<00:15:44.560> between
sequence and there's a big gap between
sequence and there's a big gap between
the<00:15:45.120> task<00:15:45.920> and<00:15:46.319> the<00:15:46.480> movement<00:15:47.000> system<00:15:47.639> so<00:15:48.000> it
the task and the movement system so it
the task and the movement system so it
can<00:15:48.199> be<00:15:48.360> breached<00:15:48.800> in<00:15:49.079> infinitely<00:15:49.519> many
can be breached in infinitely many
can be breached in infinitely many
different<00:15:49.959> ways<00:15:50.199> so<00:15:50.360> think<00:15:50.519> about<00:15:50.680> just<00:15:50.800> a
different ways so think about just a
different ways so think about just a
point-to-point<00:15:51.360> movement<00:15:52.079> I<00:15:52.160> could<00:15:52.319> choose
point-to-point movement I could choose
point-to-point movement I could choose
these<00:15:53.120> two<00:15:53.440> paths<00:15:54.040> out<00:15:54.199> of<00:15:54.519> infinite<00:15:54.880> number
these two paths out of infinite number
these two paths out of infinite number
of<00:15:55.279> paths<00:15:56.000> having<00:15:56.199> chosen<00:15:56.480> a<00:15:56.680> particular<00:15:57.120> path
of paths having chosen a particular path
of paths having chosen a particular path
I<00:15:57.720> can<00:15:57.880> hold<00:15:58.079> my<00:15:58.199> hand<00:15:58.360> on<00:15:58.720> that<00:15:58.839> path<00:15:59.079> there's
I can hold my hand on that path there's
I can hold my hand on that path there's
infinitely<00:15:59.800> many<00:15:59.959> different<00:16:00.120> joint
infinitely many different joint
infinitely many different joint
configurations<00:16:01.440> and<00:16:01.600> I<00:16:01.680> can<00:16:01.800> hold<00:16:02.000> my<00:16:02.120> arm<00:16:02.319> in
configurations and I can hold my arm in
configurations and I can hold my arm in
a<00:16:02.480> particular<00:16:02.720> joint<00:16:02.920> configuration<00:16:03.399> either
a particular joint configuration either
a particular joint configuration either
very<00:16:03.920> stiff<00:16:04.399> or<00:16:04.560> very<00:16:04.800> relaxed<00:16:05.759> so<00:16:05.959> I<00:16:06.040> have<00:16:06.160> a
very stiff or very relaxed so I have a
very stiff or very relaxed so I have a
huge<00:16:06.880> amount<00:16:07.199> of<00:16:07.440> choice<00:16:07.759> to<00:16:07.959> make<00:16:08.480> now<00:16:08.639> it
huge amount of choice to make now it
huge amount of choice to make now it
turns<00:16:09.079> out<00:16:09.360> we<00:16:09.480> are<00:16:09.800> extremely<00:16:10.519> stereotypical
turns out we are extremely stereotypical
turns out we are extremely stereotypical
we<00:16:11.759> all<00:16:12.120> move<00:16:12.639> the<00:16:12.839> same<00:16:13.240> way<00:16:13.519> pretty<00:16:13.759> much<00:16:14.720> and
we all move the same way pretty much and
we all move the same way pretty much and
so<00:16:15.279> it<00:16:15.440> turns<00:16:15.720> out<00:16:15.920> we're<00:16:16.079> so<00:16:16.319> stereotypical
so it turns out we're so stereotypical
so it turns out we're so stereotypical
our<00:16:17.079> brains<00:16:17.319> have<00:16:17.480> got<00:16:17.759> dedicated<00:16:18.240> neural
our brains have got dedicated neural
our brains have got dedicated neural
circuitry<00:16:19.360> to<00:16:19.639> decode<00:16:20.160> the<00:16:20.279> stereotypic<00:16:21.160> so
circuitry to decode the stereotypic so
circuitry to decode the stereotypic so
if<00:16:21.480> I<00:16:21.680> take<00:16:22.000> some<00:16:22.279> dots<00:16:23.160> and<00:16:23.319> set<00:16:23.600> them<00:16:23.759> in
if I take some dots and set them in
if I take some dots and set them in
motion<00:16:24.199> with<00:16:24.480> biological<00:16:25.279> motion<00:16:25.759> your
motion with biological motion your
motion with biological motion your
brains<00:16:26.319> have<00:16:26.480> circuited<00:16:26.920> you<00:16:27.040> and<00:16:27.480> understand
brains have circuited you and understand
brains have circuited you and understand
instantly<00:16:28.279> what's<00:16:28.639> going<00:16:28.800> on<00:16:29.279> now<00:16:29.440> this<00:16:29.519> is<00:16:29.639> a
instantly what's going on now this is a
instantly what's going on now this is a
bunch<00:16:30.399> of<00:16:30.600> dotts<00:16:30.839> moving<00:16:31.240> you<00:16:31.360> will<00:16:31.600> know<00:16:32.360> what
bunch of dotts moving you will know what
bunch of dotts moving you will know what
this<00:16:32.680> person<00:16:32.920> is<00:16:33.079> doing<00:16:33.399> with<00:16:33.600> the<00:16:33.839> happy<00:16:34.160> sad
this person is doing with the happy sad
this person is doing with the happy sad
old<00:16:34.959> young<00:16:35.399> a<00:16:35.600> huge<00:16:35.880> amount<00:16:36.079> of<00:16:36.199> information
old young a huge amount of information
old young a huge amount of information
if<00:16:37.000> these<00:16:37.199> dots<00:16:37.480> were<00:16:37.680> cars<00:16:37.959> going<00:16:38.120> around<00:16:38.279> a
if these dots were cars going around a
if these dots were cars going around a
racing<00:16:38.639> circuit<00:16:38.959> you<00:16:39.040> would<00:16:39.160> have<00:16:39.319> absolutely
racing circuit you would have absolutely
racing circuit you would have absolutely
no<00:16:40.079> idea<00:16:40.399> what's<00:16:40.639> going<00:16:40.800> on<00:16:41.480> so<00:16:41.920> why<00:16:42.160> is<00:16:42.279> it<00:16:42.800> we
no idea what's going on so why is it we
no idea what's going on so why is it we
move<00:16:43.399> the<00:16:43.639> particular<00:16:44.199> ways<00:16:44.519> we<00:16:44.680> do<00:16:45.399> well
move the particular ways we do well
move the particular ways we do well
let's<00:16:45.800> think<00:16:46.040> about<00:16:46.959> what<00:16:47.319> really<00:16:47.600> happens
let's think about what really happens
let's think about what really happens
maybe<00:16:48.560> we<00:16:48.680> don't<00:16:49.079> all<00:16:49.600> quite<00:16:49.880> move<00:16:50.199> the<00:16:50.319> same
maybe we don't all quite move the same
maybe we don't all quite move the same
way<00:16:50.639> maybe<00:16:50.880> there's<00:16:51.120> variation<00:16:51.560> in<00:16:51.680> the
way maybe there's variation in the
way maybe there's variation in the
population<00:16:52.600> and<00:16:52.720> maybe<00:16:53.000> those<00:16:53.160> who<00:16:53.319> move
population and maybe those who move
population and maybe those who move
better<00:16:53.759> than<00:16:53.920> others<00:16:54.279> have<00:16:54.440> got<00:16:54.600> more<00:16:54.800> chance
better than others have got more chance
better than others have got more chance
getting<00:16:55.360> your<00:16:55.519> children<00:16:55.880> into<00:16:56.040> the<00:16:56.160> Next
getting your children into the Next
getting your children into the Next
Generation<00:16:56.880> so<00:16:57.279> evolutionary<00:16:57.800> scales<00:16:58.199> move
Generation so evolutionary scales move
Generation so evolutionary scales move
movements<00:16:58.800> get<00:16:58.959> better<00:16:59.360> and<00:16:59.480> perhaps<00:16:59.759> through
movements get better and perhaps through
movements get better and perhaps through
life<00:17:00.399> movements<00:17:00.839> get<00:17:01.000> better<00:17:01.240> through
life movements get better through
life movements get better through
learning<00:17:02.639> so<00:17:03.120> what<00:17:03.279> is<00:17:03.399> it<00:17:03.519> about<00:17:03.680> a<00:17:03.800> movement
learning so what is it about a movement
learning so what is it about a movement
which<00:17:04.160> is<00:17:04.319> good<00:17:04.439> or<00:17:04.640> bad<00:17:05.000> imagine<00:17:05.360> I<00:17:05.439> want<00:17:05.559> to
which is good or bad imagine I want to
which is good or bad imagine I want to
intercept<00:17:06.079> this<00:17:06.240> ball<00:17:06.959> here<00:17:07.079> are<00:17:07.319> two
intercept this ball here are two
intercept this ball here are two
possible<00:17:08.120> paths<00:17:08.439> to<00:17:08.600> that<00:17:08.880> ball<00:17:09.880> well<00:17:10.199> if<00:17:10.319> I
possible paths to that ball well if I
possible paths to that ball well if I
choose<00:17:10.799> the<00:17:11.000> left<00:17:11.280> hand<00:17:11.559> path<00:17:12.000> I<00:17:12.079> can<00:17:12.280> work<00:17:12.520> out
choose the left hand path I can work out
choose the left hand path I can work out
the<00:17:12.880> forces<00:17:13.280> required<00:17:13.600> in<00:17:13.679> one<00:17:13.799> of<00:17:13.880> my<00:17:14.000> muscles
the forces required in one of my muscles
the forces required in one of my muscles
or<00:17:14.439> the<00:17:14.559> function<00:17:14.799> of<00:17:15.000> time<00:17:15.640> but<00:17:15.839> there's
or the function of time but there's
or the function of time but there's
noise<00:17:16.679> added<00:17:16.919> to<00:17:17.120> this<00:17:17.480> so<00:17:17.679> what<00:17:17.799> I<00:17:18.079> actually
noise added to this so what I actually
noise added to this so what I actually
get<00:17:18.799> based<00:17:19.000> on<00:17:19.079> this<00:17:19.240> lovely<00:17:19.600> smooth<00:17:20.000> desired
get based on this lovely smooth desired
get based on this lovely smooth desired
force<00:17:21.079> is<00:17:21.240> a<00:17:21.520> very<00:17:21.880> noisy<00:17:22.360> version<00:17:23.039> so<00:17:23.160> if<00:17:23.240> I
force is a very noisy version so if I
force is a very noisy version so if I
play<00:17:23.559> the<00:17:23.760> same<00:17:24.079> command<00:17:24.480> through<00:17:24.799> many<00:17:25.120> times
play the same command through many times
play the same command through many times
I<00:17:25.799> will<00:17:25.959> get<00:17:26.079> a<00:17:26.199> different<00:17:26.480> noisy<00:17:26.880> version
I will get a different noisy version
I will get a different noisy version
each<00:17:27.319> time<00:17:27.559> because<00:17:27.720> noise<00:17:27.919> changes<00:17:28.480> each
each time because noise changes each
each time because noise changes each
time<00:17:29.160> so<00:17:29.320> what<00:17:29.400> I<00:17:29.480> can<00:17:29.559> show<00:17:29.799> you<00:17:29.960> here<00:17:30.080> is<00:17:30.200> how
time so what I can show you here is how
time so what I can show you here is how
the<00:17:30.520> variability<00:17:31.200> of<00:17:31.320> the<00:17:31.440> movement<00:17:31.760> will
the variability of the movement will
the variability of the movement will
evolve<00:17:32.480> if<00:17:32.559> I<00:17:32.720> choose<00:17:33.120> that<00:17:33.320> way<00:17:34.320> if<00:17:34.520> I<00:17:34.679> choose
evolve if I choose that way if I choose
evolve if I choose that way if I choose
a<00:17:35.240> different<00:17:35.640> way<00:17:36.080> of<00:17:36.200> moving<00:17:36.799> on<00:17:36.919> the<00:17:37.039> right
a different way of moving on the right
a different way of moving on the right
for<00:17:37.440> example<00:17:38.120> then<00:17:38.240> I'll<00:17:38.440> have<00:17:38.520> a<00:17:38.720> different
for example then I'll have a different
for example then I'll have a different
command<00:17:39.600> different<00:17:39.919> noise<00:17:40.240> playing<00:17:40.440> through
command different noise playing through
command different noise playing through
a<00:17:40.679> nonlinear<00:17:41.200> system<00:17:41.559> very<00:17:41.760> complicated<00:17:42.400> all
a nonlinear system very complicated all
a nonlinear system very complicated all
we<00:17:42.640> can<00:17:42.760> be<00:17:42.919> sure<00:17:43.120> as<00:17:43.679> is<00:17:43.880> the<00:17:44.160> variability
we can be sure as is the variability
we can be sure as is the variability
will<00:17:45.120> be<00:17:45.280> different<00:17:45.720> if<00:17:45.840> I<00:17:45.919> move<00:17:46.120> in<00:17:46.240> this
will be different if I move in this
will be different if I move in this
particular<00:17:47.200> way<00:17:48.200> I<00:17:48.320> end<00:17:48.480> up<00:17:48.640> with<00:17:48.720> a<00:17:48.919> smaller
particular way I end up with a smaller
particular way I end up with a smaller
variability<00:17:50.280> across<00:17:50.559> many<00:17:50.799> movements<00:17:51.360> so<00:17:51.480> if
variability across many movements so if
variability across many movements so if
I<00:17:51.640> had<00:17:51.720> to<00:17:51.799> choose<00:17:51.960> between<00:17:52.200> those<00:17:52.440> two<00:17:52.679> I
I had to choose between those two I
I had to choose between those two I
would<00:17:52.919> choose<00:17:53.200> the<00:17:53.400> right<00:17:53.600> one<00:17:53.840> because<00:17:53.960> it's
would choose the right one because it's
would choose the right one because it's
less<00:17:54.640> variable<00:17:55.400> and<00:17:55.520> the<00:17:55.679> fundamental<00:17:56.240> idea
less variable and the fundamental idea
less variable and the fundamental idea
is<00:17:57.159> you<00:17:57.280> want<00:17:57.400> to<00:17:57.679> plan<00:17:58.000> your<00:17:58.159> move<00:17:58.360> movement
is you want to plan your move movement
is you want to plan your move movement
so<00:17:58.840> as<00:17:58.960> to<00:17:59.240> minimize<00:17:59.799> the<00:18:00.080> negative
so as to minimize the negative
so as to minimize the negative
consequence<00:18:01.080> of<00:18:01.159> the<00:18:01.280> noise<00:18:01.840> and<00:18:01.960> one
consequence of the noise and one
consequence of the noise and one
intuition<00:18:02.520> to<00:18:02.720> get<00:18:02.960> is<00:18:03.080> that<00:18:03.320> actually<00:18:03.520> the
intuition to get is that actually the
intuition to get is that actually the
amount<00:18:03.799> of<00:18:03.919> noise<00:18:04.120> or<00:18:04.240> variability<00:18:04.760> I<00:18:04.880> show
amount of noise or variability I show
amount of noise or variability I show
here<00:18:05.559> gets<00:18:05.919> bigger<00:18:06.480> as<00:18:06.600> the<00:18:06.720> force<00:18:07.080> gets
here gets bigger as the force gets
here gets bigger as the force gets
bigger<00:18:07.520> so<00:18:07.679> you<00:18:07.760> want<00:18:07.880> to<00:18:08.159> avoid<00:18:08.640> big<00:18:08.840> forces
bigger so you want to avoid big forces
bigger so you want to avoid big forces
as<00:18:09.600> one<00:18:09.960> principle<00:18:10.919> so<00:18:11.080> we've<00:18:11.200> shown<00:18:11.480> that
as one principle so we've shown that
as one principle so we've shown that
using<00:18:12.080> this<00:18:12.440> we<00:18:12.559> can<00:18:12.720> explain<00:18:13.039> a<00:18:13.240> huge<00:18:13.520> amount
using this we can explain a huge amount
using this we can explain a huge amount
of<00:18:13.960> data<00:18:14.559> that<00:18:14.840> exactly<00:18:15.360> people<00:18:15.799> are<00:18:16.039> going
of data that exactly people are going
of data that exactly people are going
about<00:18:16.600> their<00:18:16.799> lives<00:18:17.320> planning<00:18:17.760> movements<00:18:18.240> so
about their lives planning movements so
about their lives planning movements so
as<00:18:18.520> to<00:18:18.640> minimize<00:18:19.080> negative<00:18:19.440> consequences<00:18:19.919> of
as to minimize negative consequences of
as to minimize negative consequences of
noise<00:18:21.080> so<00:18:21.480> I<00:18:21.600> hope<00:18:21.760> I've<00:18:21.960> given<00:18:22.280> you<00:18:22.559> brain<00:18:22.799> is
noise so I hope I've given you brain is
noise so I hope I've given you brain is
there<00:18:23.440> and<00:18:23.679> evolved<00:18:24.280> to<00:18:24.520> control<00:18:24.880> movement
there and evolved to control movement
there and evolved to control movement
and<00:18:25.480> it's<00:18:25.600> an<00:18:25.760> intellectual<00:18:26.280> challenge<00:18:26.640> to
and it's an intellectual challenge to
and it's an intellectual challenge to
understand<00:18:27.440> how<00:18:27.600> we<00:18:27.760> do<00:18:27.960> that<00:18:28.440> but<00:18:28.600> it<00:18:28.760> also<00:18:29.000> is
understand how we do that but it also is
understand how we do that but it also is
relevant<00:18:29.760> for<00:18:30.080> disease<00:18:30.640> and<00:18:30.799> Rehabilitation
relevant for disease and Rehabilitation
relevant for disease and Rehabilitation
there<00:18:31.679> are<00:18:31.880> many<00:18:32.200> diseases<00:18:32.880> which<00:18:33.120> affect
there are many diseases which affect
there are many diseases which affect
movement<00:18:34.480> and<00:18:34.640> hopefully<00:18:34.960> if<00:18:35.080> we<00:18:35.440> understand
movement and hopefully if we understand
movement and hopefully if we understand
how<00:18:35.720> we<00:18:35.880> control<00:18:36.159> movement<00:18:36.480> we<00:18:36.559> can<00:18:36.720> apply
how we control movement we can apply
how we control movement we can apply
that<00:18:37.159> to<00:18:37.320> robotic<00:18:37.720> technology<00:18:38.720> and<00:18:38.880> finally<00:18:39.120> I
that to robotic technology and finally I
that to robotic technology and finally I
want<00:18:39.320> to<00:18:39.440> remind<00:18:39.720> you<00:18:39.880> when<00:18:40.000> you<00:18:40.080> see<00:18:40.400> animals
want to remind you when you see animals
want to remind you when you see animals
do<00:18:40.960> what<00:18:41.400> look<00:18:41.600> like<00:18:41.919> very<00:18:42.200> simple<00:18:42.600> tasks<00:18:43.120> the
do what look like very simple tasks the
do what look like very simple tasks the
actual<00:18:43.640> complexity<00:18:44.360> of<00:18:44.440> what's<00:18:44.600> going<00:18:44.760> on
actual complexity of what's going on
actual complexity of what's going on
inside<00:18:45.120> their<00:18:45.280> brain<00:18:45.520> is<00:18:45.840> really<00:18:46.600> quite
inside their brain is really quite
inside their brain is really quite
dramatic<00:18:47.559> thank<00:18:47.720> you<00:18:47.919> very
much<00:18:56.360> quick<00:18:56.679> um<00:18:57.000> quick<00:18:57.240> question<00:18:57.480> for<00:18:57.640> you
much quick um quick question for you
much quick um quick question for you
there<00:18:58.360> so<00:18:58.559> so<00:18:58.880> you're<00:18:59.120> you're<00:18:59.400> um<00:18:59.679> a<00:18:59.840> movement
there so so you're you're um a movement
there so so you're you're um a movement
CH<00:19:01.240> Chen<00:19:02.240> um<00:19:02.760> does<00:19:02.919> that<00:19:03.039> mean<00:19:03.240> that<00:19:03.320> you<00:19:03.480> think
CH Chen um does that mean that you think
CH Chen um does that mean that you think
that<00:19:04.120> the<00:19:04.280> other<00:19:04.640> things<00:19:04.919> that<00:19:05.039> we<00:19:05.159> think<00:19:05.320> our
that the other things that we think our
that the other things that we think our
brains<00:19:05.720> are<00:19:05.880> about<00:19:06.080> the<00:19:06.200> kind<00:19:06.320> of<00:19:06.400> the
brains are about the kind of the
brains are about the kind of the
dreaming<00:19:06.840> the<00:19:06.919> yearning<00:19:07.320> the<00:19:07.400> falling<00:19:07.679> in
dreaming the yearning the falling in
dreaming the yearning the falling in
love<00:19:07.960> and<00:19:08.159> all<00:19:08.360> these<00:19:08.559> things<00:19:08.840> are<00:19:09.000> a<00:19:09.200> kind<00:19:09.320> of
love and all these things are a kind of
love and all these things are a kind of
um<00:19:10.679> a<00:19:10.799> sideshow<00:19:11.320> an<00:19:11.520> accident<00:19:12.039> they're<00:19:12.200> not
um a sideshow an accident they're not
um a sideshow an accident they're not
accident<00:19:12.640> I<00:19:12.720> think<00:19:12.840> they're<00:19:13.000> all<00:19:13.200> important
accident I think they're all important
accident I think they're all important
to<00:19:13.679> drive<00:19:14.039> the<00:19:14.240> right<00:19:14.440> movement<00:19:14.760> Behavior<00:19:15.120> to
to drive the right movement Behavior to
to drive the right movement Behavior to
get<00:19:15.360> reproduction<00:19:15.840> in<00:19:15.960> the<00:19:16.039> end<00:19:16.559> so<00:19:16.760> I<00:19:16.840> think<00:19:17.120> I
get reproduction in the end so I think I
get reproduction in the end so I think I
think<00:19:17.320> people<00:19:17.520> who<00:19:17.640> study<00:19:18.039> sensation<00:19:18.679> or
think people who study sensation or
think people who study sensation or
memory<00:19:19.320> without<00:19:19.600> realizing<00:19:20.240> why<00:19:20.400> you're
memory without realizing why you're
memory without realizing why you're
laying<00:19:20.799> down<00:19:20.919> memories<00:19:21.200> of<00:19:21.360> childhood<00:19:22.080> the
laying down memories of childhood the
laying down memories of childhood the
fact<00:19:22.400> if<00:19:22.480> you<00:19:22.640> get<00:19:22.799> most<00:19:23.000> of<00:19:23.120> our<00:19:23.240> childhood
fact if you get most of our childhood
fact if you get most of our childhood
for<00:19:23.919> example<00:19:24.520> it's<00:19:24.720> probably<00:19:25.039> fine<00:19:25.320> because
for example it's probably fine because
for example it's probably fine because
it<00:19:25.520> doesn't<00:19:25.720> affect<00:19:25.919> our<00:19:26.000> movements<00:19:26.360> later<00:19:26.559> in
it doesn't affect our movements later in
it doesn't affect our movements later in
life<00:19:27.320> you<00:19:27.480> only<00:19:27.720> to<00:19:27.840> store<00:19:28.360> things<00:19:28.520> which<00:19:28.640> are
life you only to store things which are
life you only to store things which are
really<00:19:29.159> going<00:19:29.240> to<00:19:29.480> affect<00:19:30.039> movement<00:19:30.919> so<00:19:31.080> you
really going to affect movement so you
really going to affect movement so you
think<00:19:31.360> that<00:19:31.520> people<00:19:31.760> thinking<00:19:32.080> about<00:19:32.280> the
think that people thinking about the
think that people thinking about the
brain<00:19:32.880> and<00:19:33.039> Consciousness<00:19:33.480> generally<00:19:33.919> could
brain and Consciousness generally could
brain and Consciousness generally could
get<00:19:34.240> real<00:19:34.600> insight<00:19:35.120> by<00:19:35.240> saying<00:19:36.000> where<00:19:36.159> does
get real insight by saying where does
get real insight by saying where does
movement<00:19:36.720> play<00:19:36.919> in<00:19:37.120> this<00:19:37.400> game<00:19:37.760> so<00:19:37.960> people
movement play in this game so people
movement play in this game so people
have<00:19:38.360> found<00:19:38.559> out<00:19:38.760> for<00:19:38.919> example<00:19:39.360> that<00:19:39.640> the
have found out for example that the
have found out for example that the
studying<00:19:40.120> vision<00:19:40.360> and<00:19:40.520> the<00:19:40.600> absence<00:19:40.840> of
studying vision and the absence of
studying vision and the absence of
realizing<00:19:41.360> why<00:19:41.480> you<00:19:41.640> have<00:19:41.880> vision<00:19:42.760> is<00:19:42.840> a
realizing why you have vision is a
realizing why you have vision is a
mistake<00:19:43.480> you<00:19:43.679> have<00:19:43.799> to<00:19:43.960> study<00:19:44.400> Vision<00:19:44.799> with
mistake you have to study Vision with
mistake you have to study Vision with
the<00:19:45.039> realization<00:19:45.440> of<00:19:45.600> how<00:19:45.760> the<00:19:45.880> movement
the realization of how the movement
the realization of how the movement
system<00:19:46.400> is<00:19:46.480> going<00:19:46.600> to<00:19:46.679> use<00:19:46.960> vision<00:19:47.440> and<00:19:47.520> it
system is going to use vision and it
system is going to use vision and it
uses<00:19:47.840> it<00:19:48.080> very<00:19:48.280> differently<00:19:48.679> once<00:19:48.799> you<00:19:48.919> think
uses it very differently once you think
uses it very differently once you think
of<00:19:49.120> it<00:19:49.240> that<00:19:49.400> way<00:19:49.880> well<00:19:50.039> that<00:19:50.159> was<00:19:50.440> quite
of it that way well that was quite
of it that way well that was quite
fascinating<00:19:51.120> thank<00:19:51.240> you<00:19:51.320> very<00:19:51.559> much
fascinating thank you very much
fascinating thank you very much
[Applause]
indeed
Daniel Wolpert, neuroscience, brain, brain, evolution, mind, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
