String theory - Brian Greene
in<00:00:16.770> the<00:00:16.950> year<00:00:17.090> 1919<00:00:18.090> a<00:00:19.369> virtually<00:00:20.369> unknown
in the year 1919 a virtually unknown
in the year 1919 a virtually unknown
German<00:00:22.470> mathematician<00:00:22.710> named<00:00:23.700> Theodor
German mathematician named Theodor
German mathematician named Theodor
Kaluza<00:00:25.849> suggested<00:00:26.849> a<00:00:27.150> very<00:00:27.840> bold<00:00:28.200> and<00:00:28.680> in<00:00:29.220> some
Kaluza suggested a very bold and in some
Kaluza suggested a very bold and in some
ways<00:00:29.939> very<00:00:30.029> bizarre<00:00:30.599> idea<00:00:31.230> he<00:00:31.560> proposed<00:00:32.070> that
ways very bizarre idea he proposed that
ways very bizarre idea he proposed that
our<00:00:32.790> universe<00:00:33.510> might<00:00:34.290> actually<00:00:34.530> have<00:00:34.980> more
our universe might actually have more
our universe might actually have more
than<00:00:36.060> the<00:00:36.270> three<00:00:36.570> dimensions<00:00:37.200> that<00:00:38.040> we<00:00:38.190> are
than the three dimensions that we are
than the three dimensions that we are
all<00:00:38.579> aware<00:00:38.910> of<00:00:39.270> that<00:00:39.360> is<00:00:39.510> in<00:00:39.630> addition<00:00:39.750> to
all aware of that is in addition to
all aware of that is in addition to
left-right<00:00:41.460> back-forth<00:00:41.489> and<00:00:42.450> up-down<00:00:42.890> gluts
left-right back-forth and up-down gluts
left-right back-forth and up-down gluts
to<00:00:44.070> propose<00:00:44.550> that<00:00:44.579> there<00:00:44.969> might<00:00:45.120> be
to propose that there might be
to propose that there might be
additional<00:00:46.070> dimensions<00:00:47.070> of<00:00:47.190> space<00:00:47.460> that<00:00:47.820> for
additional dimensions of space that for
additional dimensions of space that for
some<00:00:48.300> reason<00:00:48.329> we<00:00:49.250> don't<00:00:50.250> yet<00:00:50.579> see<00:00:50.940> now<00:00:51.690> when
some reason we don't yet see now when
some reason we don't yet see now when
someone<00:00:52.739> makes<00:00:52.920> a<00:00:53.190> bold<00:00:53.519> and<00:00:53.879> bizarre<00:00:54.359> idea
someone makes a bold and bizarre idea
someone makes a bold and bizarre idea
sometimes<00:00:54.960> that<00:00:55.320> all<00:00:55.559> it<00:00:55.710> is<00:00:55.859> both<00:00:56.280> bizarre
sometimes that all it is both bizarre
sometimes that all it is both bizarre
but<00:00:56.820> has<00:00:56.940> nothing<00:00:57.300> to<00:00:57.329> do<00:00:57.600> with<00:00:57.870> the<00:00:58.469> world
but has nothing to do with the world
but has nothing to do with the world
around<00:00:59.129> us<00:00:59.670> this<00:01:00.390> particular<00:01:00.899> idea<00:01:01.350> however
around us this particular idea however
around us this particular idea however
although<00:01:02.339> we<00:01:02.850> don't<00:01:03.059> yet<00:01:03.179> know<00:01:03.239> whether<00:01:03.570> it's
although we don't yet know whether it's
although we don't yet know whether it's
right<00:01:03.899> or<00:01:03.960> wrong<00:01:04.260> and<00:01:04.650> at<00:01:05.129> the<00:01:05.309> end<00:01:05.430> I'll
right or wrong and at the end I'll
right or wrong and at the end I'll
discuss<00:01:05.910> experiments<00:01:06.660> which<00:01:06.840> in<00:01:07.080> the<00:01:07.140> next
discuss experiments which in the next
discuss experiments which in the next
few<00:01:07.500> years<00:01:07.530> may<00:01:07.800> tell<00:01:08.100> us<00:01:08.130> whether<00:01:08.460> it's<00:01:08.640> right
few years may tell us whether it's right
few years may tell us whether it's right
or<00:01:08.790> wrong<00:01:08.940> this<00:01:09.720> idea<00:01:10.230> has<00:01:10.409> had<00:01:10.680> a<00:01:10.710> major
or wrong this idea has had a major
or wrong this idea has had a major
impact<00:01:11.640> on<00:01:11.940> physics<00:01:12.510> in<00:01:12.870> the<00:01:12.960> last<00:01:13.170> century
impact on physics in the last century
impact on physics in the last century
and<00:01:13.890> continues<00:01:14.730> to<00:01:14.850> inform<00:01:15.090> a<00:01:15.240> lot<00:01:15.390> of
and continues to inform a lot of
and continues to inform a lot of
cutting-edge<00:01:15.870> research<00:01:16.230> so<00:01:16.410> I'd<00:01:16.530> like<00:01:16.680> to
cutting-edge research so I'd like to
cutting-edge research so I'd like to
tell<00:01:17.160> you<00:01:17.190> something<00:01:17.670> about<00:01:17.790> the<00:01:18.510> story<00:01:18.810> of
tell you something about the story of
tell you something about the story of
these<00:01:19.140> extra<00:01:19.980> dimensions<00:01:20.910> so<00:01:21.780> where<00:01:21.900> do<00:01:21.990> we<00:01:22.020> go
these extra dimensions so where do we go
these extra dimensions so where do we go
to<00:01:22.470> begin<00:01:22.740> need<00:01:23.010> a<00:01:23.040> bit<00:01:23.250> of<00:01:23.280> backstory<00:01:23.850> go<00:01:24.750> to
to begin need a bit of backstory go to
to begin need a bit of backstory go to
1907<00:01:25.920> this<00:01:26.580> is<00:01:26.730> a<00:01:26.760> year<00:01:27.240> when<00:01:27.270> Einstein<00:01:28.230> is
1907 this is a year when Einstein is
1907 this is a year when Einstein is
masking<00:01:29.430> the<00:01:29.550> glow<00:01:29.790> of<00:01:29.820> having<00:01:30.480> discovered
masking the glow of having discovered
masking the glow of having discovered
the<00:01:30.930> special<00:01:31.380> theory<00:01:31.560> of<00:01:31.680> relativity<00:01:31.770> and
the special theory of relativity and
the special theory of relativity and
decides<00:01:33.210> to<00:01:33.390> take<00:01:33.480> on<00:01:33.900> a<00:01:34.230> new<00:01:34.770> project<00:01:35.100> to<00:01:36.060> try
decides to take on a new project to try
decides to take on a new project to try
to<00:01:36.650> understand<00:01:37.650> fully<00:01:38.010> the<00:01:38.400> grand<00:01:39.360> pervasive
to understand fully the grand pervasive
to understand fully the grand pervasive
force<00:01:40.860> of<00:01:41.160> gravity<00:01:42.060> and<00:01:42.270> in<00:01:43.260> that<00:01:43.590> moment
force of gravity and in that moment
force of gravity and in that moment
there<00:01:44.700> were<00:01:44.790> many<00:01:45.000> people<00:01:45.330> around<00:01:45.660> who
there were many people around who
there were many people around who
thought<00:01:46.440> that<00:01:46.470> that<00:01:47.150> project<00:01:48.150> had<00:01:48.300> already
thought that that project had already
thought that that project had already
been<00:01:49.140> resolved<00:01:49.770> Newton<00:01:50.100> had<00:01:50.250> given<00:01:50.550> the<00:01:50.640> world
been resolved Newton had given the world
been resolved Newton had given the world
the<00:01:51.390> theory<00:01:51.870> of<00:01:51.900> gravity<00:01:52.440> late<00:01:52.650> 1600s<00:01:53.220> that
the theory of gravity late 1600s that
the theory of gravity late 1600s that
works<00:01:53.790> well<00:01:54.060> describes<00:01:55.020> the<00:01:55.380> motion<00:01:55.590> of
works well describes the motion of
works well describes the motion of
planets<00:01:56.040> the<00:01:56.670> motion<00:01:57.120> of<00:01:57.210> the<00:01:57.300> moon<00:01:57.540> and<00:01:57.930> so
planets the motion of the moon and so
planets the motion of the moon and so
forth<00:01:58.530> the<00:01:59.460> motion<00:01:59.850> of<00:02:00.000> apocryphal<00:02:00.960> apples
forth the motion of apocryphal apples
forth the motion of apocryphal apples
falling<00:02:01.980> from<00:02:02.100> trees<00:02:02.310> hitting<00:02:02.790> people<00:02:03.060> in<00:02:03.090> the
falling from trees hitting people in the
falling from trees hitting people in the
head<00:02:03.240> all<00:02:03.570> of<00:02:03.750> that<00:02:03.930> could<00:02:04.380> be<00:02:04.410> described
head all of that could be described
head all of that could be described
using<00:02:05.100> Newton's<00:02:05.550> work<00:02:05.760> but<00:02:06.510> Einstein
using Newton's work but Einstein
using Newton's work but Einstein
realized<00:02:07.800> that<00:02:08.039> Newton<00:02:08.340> had<00:02:08.429> left<00:02:08.640> something
realized that Newton had left something
realized that Newton had left something
out<00:02:09.179> of<00:02:09.420> the<00:02:09.690> story<00:02:09.989> because<00:02:10.440> even<00:02:10.709> Newton<00:02:11.129> had
out of the story because even Newton had
out of the story because even Newton had
written<00:02:12.120> that<00:02:12.900> although<00:02:13.080> he<00:02:13.440> understood<00:02:14.160> how
written that although he understood how
written that although he understood how
to<00:02:15.349> calculate<00:02:16.349> the<00:02:16.500> effect<00:02:16.769> of<00:02:16.920> gravity<00:02:17.340> he
to calculate the effect of gravity he
to calculate the effect of gravity he
had<00:02:17.610> been<00:02:17.730> unable<00:02:17.940> to<00:02:18.150> figure<00:02:18.780> out<00:02:18.990> how<00:02:19.380> it
had been unable to figure out how it
had been unable to figure out how it
really<00:02:19.770> works<00:02:20.070> how<00:02:20.820> is<00:02:21.030> it<00:02:21.180> that<00:02:21.210> the<00:02:21.570> Sun<00:02:21.840> 93
really works how is it that the Sun 93
really works how is it that the Sun 93
million<00:02:22.830> miles<00:02:23.130> away<00:02:23.310> somehow<00:02:23.760> defect
million miles away somehow defect
million miles away somehow defect
the<00:02:24.930> motion<00:02:25.470> of<00:02:25.620> the<00:02:26.190> earth<00:02:26.220> how<00:02:26.670> does<00:02:26.849> the<00:02:27.000> Sun
the motion of the earth how does the Sun
the motion of the earth how does the Sun
reach<00:02:27.569> out<00:02:27.810> across<00:02:27.989> empty<00:02:28.620> inert<00:02:29.400> space<00:02:29.790> and
reach out across empty inert space and
reach out across empty inert space and
exert<00:02:30.690> influence<00:02:30.959> and<00:02:31.890> that<00:02:32.250> as<00:02:32.400> a<00:02:32.430> task<00:02:32.790> to<00:02:33.239> a
exert influence and that as a task to a
exert influence and that as a task to a
Jain<00:02:33.599> Stein<00:02:33.870> set<00:02:34.140> himself<00:02:34.290> to<00:02:34.590> figure<00:02:35.160> out<00:02:35.340> how
Jain Stein set himself to figure out how
Jain Stein set himself to figure out how
gravity<00:02:36.209> works<00:02:36.480> and<00:02:37.019> let<00:02:37.170> me<00:02:37.290> show<00:02:37.530> you<00:02:37.590> what
gravity works and let me show you what
gravity works and let me show you what
it<00:02:38.370> is<00:02:38.400> that<00:02:38.819> he<00:02:38.970> found<00:02:39.269> so<00:02:40.019> Einstein<00:02:40.200> found
it is that he found so Einstein found
it is that he found so Einstein found
that<00:02:41.370> the<00:02:41.550> medium<00:02:42.000> that<00:02:42.360> transmits<00:02:43.019> gravity
that the medium that transmits gravity
that the medium that transmits gravity
is<00:02:44.040> space<00:02:44.700> itself<00:02:45.209> the<00:02:45.480> idea<00:02:45.780> goes<00:02:46.080> like<00:02:46.290> this
is space itself the idea goes like this
is space itself the idea goes like this
imagine<00:02:47.489> space<00:02:47.819> is<00:02:48.030> a<00:02:48.060> substrate<00:02:48.599> of<00:02:48.660> all
imagine space is a substrate of all
imagine space is a substrate of all
there<00:02:49.170> is<00:02:49.290> Einstein<00:02:49.769> said<00:02:50.010> space<00:02:50.310> is<00:02:50.459> nice<00:02:50.670> and
there is Einstein said space is nice and
there is Einstein said space is nice and
flat<00:02:51.150> if<00:02:51.480> there's<00:02:51.900> no<00:02:52.049> matter<00:02:52.410> present<00:02:53.099> but<00:02:53.640> if
flat if there's no matter present but if
flat if there's no matter present but if
there<00:02:53.970> is<00:02:54.180> matter<00:02:54.750> in<00:02:55.019> the<00:02:55.170> environment<00:02:55.799> such
there is matter in the environment such
there is matter in the environment such
as<00:02:56.099> the<00:02:56.640> Sun<00:02:56.910> it<00:02:57.060> causes<00:02:57.540> the<00:02:57.660> fabric<00:02:58.170> of<00:02:58.319> space
as the Sun it causes the fabric of space
as the Sun it causes the fabric of space
to<00:02:58.920> warp<00:02:59.190> to<00:02:59.849> curve<00:03:00.180> and<00:03:00.450> that<00:03:00.900> communicates
to warp to curve and that communicates
to warp to curve and that communicates
the<00:03:02.220> force<00:03:02.519> of<00:03:02.730> gravity<00:03:03.239> even<00:03:03.599> the<00:03:04.049> earth
the force of gravity even the earth
the force of gravity even the earth
warps<00:03:05.250> space<00:03:05.640> around<00:03:06.030> it<00:03:06.239> now<00:03:06.390> look<00:03:06.599> at<00:03:06.690> the
warps space around it now look at the
warps space around it now look at the
moon<00:03:07.049> the<00:03:07.680> moon<00:03:07.709> is<00:03:07.980> kept<00:03:08.430> in<00:03:08.579> orbit<00:03:08.819> according
moon the moon is kept in orbit according
moon the moon is kept in orbit according
to<00:03:09.630> these<00:03:09.720> ideas<00:03:10.140> because<00:03:10.410> it<00:03:10.500> rolls<00:03:10.799> along<00:03:11.099> a
to these ideas because it rolls along a
to these ideas because it rolls along a
valley<00:03:11.610> in<00:03:11.940> the<00:03:12.000> curved<00:03:12.630> environment<00:03:13.380> that
valley in the curved environment that
valley in the curved environment that
the<00:03:14.400> Sun<00:03:15.329> and<00:03:15.630> the<00:03:15.900> moon<00:03:16.110> and<00:03:16.410> the<00:03:16.470> earth<00:03:16.560> can
the Sun and the moon and the earth can
the Sun and the moon and the earth can
all<00:03:17.160> create<00:03:17.430> by<00:03:17.760> virtue<00:03:18.090> of<00:03:18.239> their<00:03:18.540> presence
all create by virtue of their presence
all create by virtue of their presence
we<00:03:19.380> go<00:03:19.530> to<00:03:19.590> a<00:03:19.769> full<00:03:20.310> frame<00:03:20.730> view<00:03:21.120> of<00:03:21.299> this<00:03:21.480> the
we go to a full frame view of this the
we go to a full frame view of this the
earth<00:03:22.470> itself<00:03:22.920> is<00:03:23.190> kept<00:03:23.519> in<00:03:23.670> orbit<00:03:23.849> because<00:03:24.000> it
earth itself is kept in orbit because it
earth itself is kept in orbit because it
rolls<00:03:24.540> along<00:03:24.720> a<00:03:24.900> valley<00:03:25.260> in<00:03:25.590> the<00:03:26.099> environment
rolls along a valley in the environment
rolls along a valley in the environment
that's<00:03:26.880> curved<00:03:27.420> because<00:03:28.110> of<00:03:28.260> the<00:03:28.380> sun's
that's curved because of the sun's
that's curved because of the sun's
presence<00:03:29.280> that<00:03:29.819> is<00:03:30.090> this<00:03:30.299> new<00:03:30.569> idea<00:03:31.200> about<00:03:31.859> how
presence that is this new idea about how
presence that is this new idea about how
gravity<00:03:33.209> actually<00:03:33.450> works<00:03:34.260> now<00:03:36.170> this<00:03:37.170> idea<00:03:37.620> was
gravity actually works now this idea was
gravity actually works now this idea was
tested<00:03:38.190> in<00:03:38.280> 1919<00:03:39.150> through<00:03:39.480> astronomical
tested in 1919 through astronomical
tested in 1919 through astronomical
observations<00:03:40.980> it<00:03:41.100> really<00:03:41.370> works<00:03:41.670> it
observations it really works it
observations it really works it
describes<00:03:42.299> the<00:03:42.480> data<00:03:42.660> and<00:03:43.019> this<00:03:43.440> gained
describes the data and this gained
describes the data and this gained
Einstein<00:03:44.819> prominence<00:03:45.450> around<00:03:46.260> the<00:03:46.560> world<00:03:46.769> and
Einstein prominence around the world and
Einstein prominence around the world and
that<00:03:47.700> is<00:03:47.940> what<00:03:48.180> got<00:03:48.950> Colusa<00:03:49.950> thinking<00:03:50.519> he<00:03:50.970> like
that is what got Colusa thinking he like
that is what got Colusa thinking he like
Einstein<00:03:52.380> was<00:03:52.769> in<00:03:52.920> search<00:03:53.130> of<00:03:53.250> what<00:03:53.639> we<00:03:53.760> call<00:03:53.970> a
Einstein was in search of what we call a
Einstein was in search of what we call a
unified<00:03:54.750> theory<00:03:55.109> that's<00:03:55.769> one<00:03:56.459> theory<00:03:56.940> that
unified theory that's one theory that
unified theory that's one theory that
might<00:03:57.510> be<00:03:57.660> able<00:03:57.750> to<00:03:57.900> describe<00:03:58.260> all<00:03:58.470> of
might be able to describe all of
might be able to describe all of
nature's<00:03:59.430> forces<00:03:59.639> from<00:04:00.180> one<00:04:00.810> set<00:04:01.019> of<00:04:01.139> ideas
nature's forces from one set of ideas
nature's forces from one set of ideas
one<00:04:02.100> set<00:04:02.340> of<00:04:02.459> principles<00:04:02.790> one<00:04:03.209> master
one set of principles one master
one set of principles one master
equation<00:04:04.170> if<00:04:04.889> you<00:04:05.040> will<00:04:05.250> so<00:04:05.910> Coolidge's<00:04:06.359> said
equation if you will so Coolidge's said
equation if you will so Coolidge's said
to<00:04:06.690> himself
to himself
to himself
Einstein<00:04:08.010> has<00:04:08.220> been<00:04:08.370> able<00:04:08.549> to<00:04:08.730> describe
Einstein has been able to describe
Einstein has been able to describe
gravity<00:04:09.389> in<00:04:09.930> terms<00:04:10.349> of<00:04:10.530> warps<00:04:10.889> and<00:04:11.099> curves<00:04:11.190> in
gravity in terms of warps and curves in
gravity in terms of warps and curves in
space<00:04:11.760> in<00:04:12.329> fact<00:04:12.569> space<00:04:12.870> and<00:04:13.139> time<00:04:13.349> to<00:04:13.380> be<00:04:13.620> more
space in fact space and time to be more
space in fact space and time to be more
precise<00:04:14.220> maybe<00:04:14.970> I<00:04:15.090> can<00:04:15.599> play<00:04:16.169> the<00:04:17.010> same<00:04:17.310> game
precise maybe I can play the same game
precise maybe I can play the same game
with<00:04:18.329> the<00:04:18.479> other<00:04:18.660> known<00:04:19.109> force<00:04:19.590> which<00:04:19.979> was<00:04:20.340> at
with the other known force which was at
with the other known force which was at
that<00:04:20.609> time<00:04:21.139> known<00:04:22.139> as<00:04:22.169> the<00:04:22.530> electromagnetic
that time known as the electromagnetic
that time known as the electromagnetic
force<00:04:23.639> we<00:04:23.760> know<00:04:23.880> of<00:04:23.970> others<00:04:24.270> today<00:04:24.450> but<00:04:24.720> at
force we know of others today but at
force we know of others today but at
that<00:04:24.870> time<00:04:24.930> that<00:04:25.349> was<00:04:25.440> the<00:04:25.470> only<00:04:25.560> other<00:04:25.740> one
that time that was the only other one
that time that was the only other one
people<00:04:26.250> were<00:04:26.400> thinking<00:04:26.580> about<00:04:26.849> you<00:04:27.360> know<00:04:27.450> the
people were thinking about you know the
people were thinking about you know the
force<00:04:27.810> responsible<00:04:28.229> for<00:04:28.380> electricity<00:04:29.130> and
force responsible for electricity and
force responsible for electricity and
magnetic<00:04:29.669> attraction<00:04:30.030> and<00:04:30.479> so<00:04:30.630> forth<00:04:30.900> so
magnetic attraction and so forth so
magnetic attraction and so forth so
Colusa<00:04:31.830> says<00:04:32.010> maybe<00:04:32.280> I<00:04:32.400> can<00:04:32.669> play<00:04:32.789> the<00:04:32.940> same
Colusa says maybe I can play the same
Colusa says maybe I can play the same
game<00:04:33.180> and<00:04:33.599> describe<00:04:34.220> electromagnetic<00:04:35.220> force
game and describe electromagnetic force
game and describe electromagnetic force
in<00:04:35.880> terms<00:04:36.360> of<00:04:36.510> warps<00:04:36.810> and<00:04:36.930> curves
in terms of warps and curves
in terms of warps and curves
that<00:04:38.340> raised<00:04:38.580> a<00:04:38.729> question<00:04:38.970> warps<00:04:39.960> and<00:04:40.050> curves
that raised a question warps and curves
that raised a question warps and curves
in<00:04:40.500> what<00:04:41.389> Einstein<00:04:42.389> had<00:04:42.960> already<00:04:43.110> used<00:04:43.530> up
in what Einstein had already used up
in what Einstein had already used up
space<00:04:44.460> and<00:04:44.789> time<00:04:45.650> warps<00:04:46.650> and<00:04:46.770> curves<00:04:46.860> to
space and time warps and curves to
space and time warps and curves to
describe<00:04:47.879> gravity<00:04:48.090> didn't<00:04:48.810> seem<00:04:48.930> to<00:04:49.050> be
describe gravity didn't seem to be
describe gravity didn't seem to be
anything<00:04:49.349> else<00:04:49.560> to<00:04:49.830> warp<00:04:50.039> a<00:04:50.190> curve<00:04:50.960> so<00:04:51.960> Colusa
anything else to warp a curve so Colusa
anything else to warp a curve so Colusa
said<00:04:52.620> well<00:04:53.120> maybe<00:04:54.120> there<00:04:54.509> are<00:04:54.629> more
said well maybe there are more
said well maybe there are more
dimensions<00:04:55.259> of<00:04:55.620> space
dimensions of space
dimensions of space
he<00:04:56.280> said<00:04:56.520> if<00:04:56.729> I<00:04:56.970> want<00:04:57.180> to<00:04:57.240> describe<00:04:57.509> one<00:04:57.870> more
he said if I want to describe one more
he said if I want to describe one more
force<00:04:58.500> maybe<00:04:58.889> I<00:04:58.979> need<00:04:59.190> one<00:04:59.490> more<00:04:59.789> dimension<00:05:00.270> so
force maybe I need one more dimension so
force maybe I need one more dimension so
he<00:05:00.930> imagined<00:05:01.409> that<00:05:01.440> the<00:05:01.590> world<00:05:01.770> had<00:05:01.889> four
he imagined that the world had four
he imagined that the world had four
dimensions<00:05:02.699> of<00:05:02.819> space<00:05:03.030> not<00:05:03.389> three<00:05:03.810> and
dimensions of space not three and
dimensions of space not three and
imagine<00:05:05.340> that<00:05:05.460> electromagnetism<00:05:06.419> was<00:05:06.629> warps
imagine that electromagnetism was warps
imagine that electromagnetism was warps
and<00:05:07.050> curves<00:05:07.139> in<00:05:07.500> that<00:05:07.740> fourth<00:05:08.099> dimension<00:05:08.849> now
and curves in that fourth dimension now
and curves in that fourth dimension now
here's<00:05:09.659> the<00:05:09.780> thing<00:05:09.960> when<00:05:10.139> he<00:05:10.229> wrote<00:05:10.440> down<00:05:10.620> the
here's the thing when he wrote down the
here's the thing when he wrote down the
equations<00:05:11.370> describing<00:05:11.789> warps<00:05:12.270> and<00:05:12.419> curves<00:05:12.509> in
equations describing warps and curves in
equations describing warps and curves in
the<00:05:12.900> universe<00:05:13.199> with<00:05:13.319> four<00:05:13.710> space<00:05:14.130> dimensions
the universe with four space dimensions
the universe with four space dimensions
not<00:05:14.819> three<00:05:15.210> he<00:05:15.750> found<00:05:16.020> the<00:05:16.139> old<00:05:16.220> equations
not three he found the old equations
not three he found the old equations
that<00:05:17.370> einstein<00:05:17.819> had<00:05:18.030> already<00:05:18.210> derived<00:05:18.659> in
that einstein had already derived in
that einstein had already derived in
three<00:05:19.289> dimensions<00:05:19.800> those<00:05:20.099> were<00:05:20.250> for<00:05:20.400> gravity
three dimensions those were for gravity
three dimensions those were for gravity
but<00:05:21.300> he<00:05:21.419> found<00:05:21.720> one<00:05:22.199> more<00:05:22.470> equation<00:05:22.770> because
but he found one more equation because
but he found one more equation because
of<00:05:23.460> the<00:05:23.699> one<00:05:23.880> more<00:05:24.120> dimension<00:05:24.300> and<00:05:24.840> when<00:05:25.409> he
of the one more dimension and when he
of the one more dimension and when he
looked<00:05:25.680> at<00:05:25.830> that<00:05:25.860> equation<00:05:26.370> it<00:05:26.699> was<00:05:26.819> none
looked at that equation it was none
looked at that equation it was none
other<00:05:27.180> than<00:05:27.539> the<00:05:27.720> equation<00:05:28.229> that<00:05:28.319> scientists
other than the equation that scientists
other than the equation that scientists
had<00:05:28.979> long<00:05:29.009> known<00:05:29.550> to<00:05:29.880> describe<00:05:30.300> the
had long known to describe the
had long known to describe the
electromagnetic<00:05:31.469> force<00:05:32.030> amazing<00:05:33.030> it<00:05:33.240> just
electromagnetic force amazing it just
electromagnetic force amazing it just
popped<00:05:33.750> out<00:05:33.960> he<00:05:34.650> was<00:05:34.800> so<00:05:34.979> excited<00:05:35.130> by<00:05:35.879> this
popped out he was so excited by this
popped out he was so excited by this
realization<00:05:37.139> that<00:05:37.740> he<00:05:37.949> ran<00:05:38.219> around<00:05:38.400> his<00:05:38.729> house
realization that he ran around his house
realization that he ran around his house
screaming<00:05:39.330> victory<00:05:39.840> that<00:05:39.990> he<00:05:40.110> had<00:05:40.229> found<00:05:40.500> the
screaming victory that he had found the
screaming victory that he had found the
unified<00:05:41.729> theory<00:05:42.860> now<00:05:43.860> clearly<00:05:44.630> Colusa<00:05:45.630> was<00:05:45.750> a
unified theory now clearly Colusa was a
unified theory now clearly Colusa was a
man<00:05:46.080> who<00:05:46.409> took<00:05:47.180> theory<00:05:48.180> very<00:05:48.630> seriously<00:05:49.409> he<00:05:50.190> in
man who took theory very seriously he in
man who took theory very seriously he in
fact<00:05:50.550> there's<00:05:51.270> a<00:05:51.360> story<00:05:51.690> that<00:05:52.080> when<00:05:52.229> he<00:05:52.409> wanted
fact there's a story that when he wanted
fact there's a story that when he wanted
to<00:05:52.800> learn<00:05:52.949> how<00:05:53.130> to<00:05:53.159> swim<00:05:53.690> he<00:05:54.690> read<00:05:54.900> a<00:05:54.930> book<00:05:55.259> a
to learn how to swim he read a book a
to learn how to swim he read a book a
treatise<00:05:55.830> on<00:05:56.069> swimming<00:05:57.620> then<00:05:58.620> toven<00:05:59.069> to<00:05:59.159> the
treatise on swimming then toven to the
treatise on swimming then toven to the
ocean<00:05:59.610> this<00:06:00.599> is<00:06:00.779> a<00:06:00.810> man<00:06:01.020> who<00:06:01.139> would<00:06:01.229> risk<00:06:01.500> his
ocean this is a man who would risk his
ocean this is a man who would risk his
life<00:06:02.130> on<00:06:02.430> theory<00:06:03.060> now<00:06:04.050> but<00:06:04.259> for<00:06:04.440> those<00:06:04.529> of<00:06:04.590> us
life on theory now but for those of us
life on theory now but for those of us
who<00:06:05.039> are<00:06:05.130> a<00:06:05.159> little<00:06:05.310> bit<00:06:05.490> more<00:06:05.520> practically
who are a little bit more practically
who are a little bit more practically
minded<00:06:06.539> to<00:06:07.349> questions<00:06:07.919> immediately<00:06:08.250> arise
minded to questions immediately arise
minded to questions immediately arise
from<00:06:09.150> his<00:06:09.569> observation<00:06:10.169> number<00:06:10.349> one<00:06:10.529> if<00:06:10.800> there
from his observation number one if there
from his observation number one if there
are<00:06:11.789> more<00:06:12.300> dimensions<00:06:12.599> of<00:06:12.930> space<00:06:13.110> where<00:06:13.319> are
are more dimensions of space where are
are more dimensions of space where are
they<00:06:13.620> we<00:06:14.610> don't<00:06:14.699> seem<00:06:14.909> to<00:06:14.940> see<00:06:15.180> them<00:06:15.360> and
they we don't seem to see them and
they we don't seem to see them and
number<00:06:16.349> two<00:06:16.590> does<00:06:17.400> this<00:06:17.669> theory<00:06:18.120> really<00:06:18.360> work
number two does this theory really work
number two does this theory really work
in<00:06:18.870> detail<00:06:19.469> when<00:06:19.830> you<00:06:19.919> try<00:06:20.130> to<00:06:20.190> apply<00:06:20.580> it<00:06:20.729> to
in detail when you try to apply it to
in detail when you try to apply it to
the<00:06:21.270> world<00:06:21.449> around<00:06:22.349> us<00:06:22.620> now<00:06:23.400> the<00:06:23.849> first
the world around us now the first
the world around us now the first
question<00:06:24.539> was<00:06:25.500> answered<00:06:25.740> in<00:06:26.150> 1926<00:06:27.150> by<00:06:27.810> a
question was answered in 1926 by a
question was answered in 1926 by a
fellow<00:06:28.139> named<00:06:28.349> Oskar<00:06:28.680> Klein
fellow named Oskar Klein
fellow named Oskar Klein
he<00:06:29.610> suggested<00:06:30.300> that<00:06:30.509> dimensions<00:06:31.380> might<00:06:31.590> come
he suggested that dimensions might come
he suggested that dimensions might come
in<00:06:32.039> two<00:06:32.250> varieties<00:06:32.509> there<00:06:33.509> might<00:06:33.719> be<00:06:33.750> big<00:06:34.680> easy
in two varieties there might be big easy
in two varieties there might be big easy
to<00:06:35.279> see<00:06:35.430> dimensions<00:06:36.029> but<00:06:36.330> there<00:06:36.479> might<00:06:36.569> also
to see dimensions but there might also
to see dimensions but there might also
be<00:06:36.930> tiny<00:06:37.380> curled<00:06:37.889> up<00:06:38.069> dimensions<00:06:38.219> curled<00:06:38.759> up
be tiny curled up dimensions curled up
be tiny curled up dimensions curled up
so<00:06:39.210> small<00:06:39.719> even<00:06:40.050> though<00:06:40.440> they're<00:06:40.620> all<00:06:40.740> around
so small even though they're all around
so small even though they're all around
us<00:06:41.250> that<00:06:41.969> we<00:06:42.029> don't<00:06:42.419> see<00:06:42.900> them<00:06:43.110> let<00:06:43.349> me<00:06:43.380> show
us that we don't see them let me show
us that we don't see them let me show
you<00:06:43.680> that<00:06:43.979> one<00:06:44.250> visually<00:06:45.560> so<00:06:46.560> imagine<00:06:47.250> you're
you that one visually so imagine you're
you that one visually so imagine you're
looking<00:06:47.460> at<00:06:47.699> something<00:06:47.940> like<00:06:48.120> a<00:06:48.360> cable
looking at something like a cable
looking at something like a cable
supporting<00:06:49.649> a<00:06:49.740> traffic<00:06:50.190> lights<00:06:50.460> in<00:06:50.849> Manhattan
supporting a traffic lights in Manhattan
supporting a traffic lights in Manhattan
in<00:06:51.389> Central<00:06:51.750> Park<00:06:51.990> that's<00:06:52.169> it's<00:06:52.379> kind<00:06:52.560> of
in Central Park that's it's kind of
in Central Park that's it's kind of
irrelevant<00:06:53.099> but<00:06:53.430> the<00:06:53.669> cable<00:06:54.419> looks
irrelevant but the cable looks
irrelevant but the cable looks
one-dimensional<00:06:55.440> from<00:06:55.919> a<00:06:56.009> distant<00:06:56.400> viewpoint
one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint
one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint
but<00:06:57.509> you<00:06:57.599> and<00:06:57.750> I<00:06:57.810> all<00:06:57.990> know<00:06:58.139> that<00:06:58.289> it<00:06:58.409> does<00:06:58.560> have
but you and I all know that it does have
but you and I all know that it does have
some<00:06:58.949> thickness<00:06:59.310> it's<00:06:59.460> very<00:06:59.759> hard<00:07:00.030> to<00:07:00.060> see<00:07:00.360> it
some thickness it's very hard to see it
some thickness it's very hard to see it
though<00:07:00.690> from<00:07:00.900> far<00:07:01.139> away<00:07:01.289> but<00:07:01.979> if<00:07:02.039> we<00:07:02.129> zoom<00:07:02.159> in
though from far away but if we zoom in
though from far away but if we zoom in
and<00:07:03.000> take<00:07:03.389> their<00:07:03.569> perspective<00:07:04.080> to<00:07:04.169> say<00:07:04.349> a
and take their perspective to say a
and take their perspective to say a
little<00:07:04.650> ant<00:07:05.069> walking<00:07:05.340> around<00:07:05.849> little<00:07:06.539> ants
little ant walking around little ants
little ant walking around little ants
are<00:07:06.930> so<00:07:07.080> small<00:07:07.379> that<00:07:07.590> they<00:07:07.770> can<00:07:07.919> access<00:07:08.159> all
are so small that they can access all
are so small that they can access all
the<00:07:08.610> dimensions<00:07:09.419> the<00:07:09.780> long<00:07:10.020> dimension<00:07:10.229> but
the dimensions the long dimension but
the dimensions the long dimension but
also<00:07:10.770> this<00:07:10.919> clockwise<00:07:11.419> counterclockwise
also this clockwise counterclockwise
also this clockwise counterclockwise
direction<00:07:13.110> and<00:07:13.620> I<00:07:13.919> hope<00:07:14.490> you<00:07:14.639> appreciate<00:07:14.729> this
direction and I hope you appreciate this
direction and I hope you appreciate this
it<00:07:15.330> took<00:07:15.449> so<00:07:15.780> long<00:07:15.810> to<00:07:16.229> get<00:07:16.319> these<00:07:16.500> ants<00:07:16.830> to<00:07:17.159> do
it took so long to get these ants to do
it took so long to get these ants to do
this<00:07:17.810> but<00:07:18.810> this<00:07:18.960> illustrates<00:07:19.169> the<00:07:19.710> fact<00:07:19.889> that
this but this illustrates the fact that
this but this illustrates the fact that
dimensions<00:07:20.610> can<00:07:20.879> be<00:07:20.909> of<00:07:21.180> two<00:07:21.360> sorts<00:07:21.780> big<00:07:22.199> and
dimensions can be of two sorts big and
dimensions can be of two sorts big and
small<00:07:22.860> and<00:07:23.220> the<00:07:23.430> idea<00:07:23.699> is<00:07:23.759> that<00:07:23.879> maybe<00:07:23.940> the<00:07:24.330> big
small and the idea is that maybe the big
small and the idea is that maybe the big
dimensions<00:07:25.020> around<00:07:25.530> us<00:07:25.770> are<00:07:25.979> the<00:07:26.069> ones<00:07:26.280> that
dimensions around us are the ones that
dimensions around us are the ones that
we<00:07:26.639> can<00:07:26.879> easily<00:07:27.150> see<00:07:27.690> but<00:07:28.409> there<00:07:28.530> might<00:07:28.680> be
we can easily see but there might be
we can easily see but there might be
additional<00:07:29.090> dimensions<00:07:30.090> curled<00:07:30.449> up<00:07:30.719> sort<00:07:31.080> of
additional dimensions curled up sort of
additional dimensions curled up sort of
like<00:07:31.199> the<00:07:31.440> circular<00:07:31.919> part<00:07:32.129> of<00:07:32.310> that<00:07:32.430> cable<00:07:32.729> so
like the circular part of that cable so
like the circular part of that cable so
small<00:07:33.840> that<00:07:34.740> they<00:07:35.009> have<00:07:35.280> so<00:07:35.550> far<00:07:35.789> remained
small that they have so far remained
small that they have so far remained
invisible<00:07:36.840> let<00:07:37.409> me<00:07:37.530> show<00:07:37.710> you<00:07:37.770> what<00:07:37.949> that
invisible let me show you what that
invisible let me show you what that
would<00:07:38.310> look<00:07:38.340> like<00:07:38.520> so<00:07:39.330> if<00:07:39.539> we<00:07:39.690> take<00:07:39.960> a<00:07:40.020> look<00:07:40.289> say
would look like so if we take a look say
would look like so if we take a look say
at<00:07:40.650> space<00:07:41.610> itself<00:07:42.090> I<00:07:42.740> can<00:07:43.740> only<00:07:43.979> show<00:07:44.250> of
at space itself I can only show of
at space itself I can only show of
course<00:07:44.580> two<00:07:44.789> dimensions<00:07:45.270> on<00:07:45.419> a<00:07:45.449> screen<00:07:45.870> some
course two dimensions on a screen some
course two dimensions on a screen some
of<00:07:46.319> you<00:07:46.379> guys<00:07:46.469> will<00:07:46.650> fix<00:07:46.889> that<00:07:47.069> one<00:07:47.219> day<00:07:47.400> but
of you guys will fix that one day but
of you guys will fix that one day but
anything<00:07:48.150> that's<00:07:48.270> not<00:07:48.569> flat<00:07:48.900> in<00:07:49.020> the<00:07:49.080> screen
anything that's not flat in the screen
anything that's not flat in the screen
is<00:07:49.440> a<00:07:49.469> new<00:07:49.650> dimension<00:07:50.069> goes<00:07:50.190> smaller<00:07:50.610> smaller
is a new dimension goes smaller smaller
is a new dimension goes smaller smaller
smaller<00:07:51.810> and<00:07:52.590> way<00:07:53.039> down<00:07:53.340> in<00:07:53.490> the<00:07:53.580> microscopic
smaller and way down in the microscopic
smaller and way down in the microscopic
depths<00:07:54.810> of<00:07:54.900> space<00:07:55.050> itself<00:07:55.590> this<00:07:56.250> is<00:07:56.310> the<00:07:56.490> idea
depths of space itself this is the idea
depths of space itself this is the idea
you<00:07:57.389> could<00:07:57.539> have<00:07:57.659> additional<00:07:58.229> curled<00:07:58.650> up
you could have additional curled up
you could have additional curled up
dimensions<00:07:58.979> here<00:07:59.580> is<00:07:59.669> a<00:07:59.699> little<00:07:59.940> shape<00:08:00.210> of<00:08:00.360> a
dimensions here is a little shape of a
dimensions here is a little shape of a
circle<00:08:00.630> so<00:08:00.840> small<00:08:01.259> that<00:08:01.349> we<00:08:01.469> don't<00:08:01.650> see<00:08:01.830> them
circle so small that we don't see them
circle so small that we don't see them
but<00:08:02.580> if<00:08:02.699> you<00:08:02.729> were<00:08:03.060> a<00:08:03.330> little
but if you were a little
but if you were a little
ultra-microscopic<00:08:04.500> ant<00:08:05.159> walking<00:08:05.370> around<00:08:05.729> you
ultra-microscopic ant walking around you
ultra-microscopic ant walking around you
can<00:08:05.969> walk<00:08:06.150> in<00:08:06.270> the<00:08:06.360> big<00:08:06.569> dimensions<00:08:07.110> that<00:08:07.199> we
can walk in the big dimensions that we
can walk in the big dimensions that we
all<00:08:07.469> know<00:08:07.650> about<00:08:07.919> that's<00:08:08.099> like<00:08:08.370> the<00:08:08.520> grid<00:08:08.819> part
all know about that's like the grid part
all know about that's like the grid part
but<00:08:09.659> you<00:08:09.750> could<00:08:09.900> also<00:08:10.139> access<00:08:10.740> the<00:08:10.889> tiny
but you could also access the tiny
but you could also access the tiny
curled<00:08:11.729> up<00:08:11.909> dimension<00:08:12.479> that's<00:08:13.050> so<00:08:13.289> small<00:08:13.620> that
curled up dimension that's so small that
curled up dimension that's so small that
we<00:08:14.069> can't<00:08:14.340> see<00:08:14.490> with<00:08:14.580> the<00:08:14.669> naked<00:08:14.699> eye<00:08:15.090> or<00:08:15.360> even
we can't see with the naked eye or even
we can't see with the naked eye or even
with<00:08:15.810> any<00:08:16.050> of<00:08:16.229> our<00:08:16.289> most<00:08:16.529> refined<00:08:16.919> equipment
with any of our most refined equipment
with any of our most refined equipment
but<00:08:18.000> deeply<00:08:18.419> tucked<00:08:18.810> into<00:08:19.139> the<00:08:19.560> fabric<00:08:20.039> of
but deeply tucked into the fabric of
but deeply tucked into the fabric of
space<00:08:20.580> itself<00:08:20.969> the<00:08:21.509> idea<00:08:21.539> is<00:08:21.930> there<00:08:22.080> could<00:08:22.379> be
space itself the idea is there could be
space itself the idea is there could be
more<00:08:23.219> dimensions<00:08:23.849> as<00:08:24.029> we<00:08:24.360> see<00:08:24.539> there<00:08:24.870> now
more dimensions as we see there now
more dimensions as we see there now
that's<00:08:27.990> an<00:08:28.379> explanation<00:08:29.279> about<00:08:29.819> how<00:08:30.300> the
that's an explanation about how the
that's an explanation about how the
universe<00:08:31.229> could<00:08:31.500> have<00:08:31.680> more<00:08:31.860> dimensions<00:08:32.159> than
universe could have more dimensions than
universe could have more dimensions than
the<00:08:32.669> ones<00:08:32.880> that<00:08:33.089> we<00:08:33.209> see<00:08:33.419> but<00:08:33.659> what<00:08:33.810> about<00:08:33.990> the
the ones that we see but what about the
the ones that we see but what about the
second<00:08:34.529> question<00:08:34.680> that<00:08:34.919> I<00:08:35.070> asked<00:08:35.459> does<00:08:36.209> the
second question that I asked does the
second question that I asked does the
theory<00:08:36.659> actually<00:08:36.810> work<00:08:37.380> when<00:08:37.709> you<00:08:37.800> try<00:08:37.829> to
theory actually work when you try to
theory actually work when you try to
apply<00:08:38.370> it<00:08:38.490> to<00:08:38.640> the<00:08:38.880> real<00:08:39.120> world<00:08:39.839> well<00:08:40.649> it<00:08:40.740> turns
apply it to the real world well it turns
apply it to the real world well it turns
out<00:08:41.190> that<00:08:41.339> Einstein<00:08:41.880> includes<00:08:42.510> and<00:08:42.750> many
out that Einstein includes and many
out that Einstein includes and many
others<00:08:43.320> worked<00:08:44.190> on<00:08:44.459> trying<00:08:45.029> to<00:08:45.360> refine<00:08:45.930> this
others worked on trying to refine this
others worked on trying to refine this
framework<00:08:47.670> and<00:08:47.910> apply<00:08:48.209> it<00:08:48.269> to<00:08:48.690> the<00:08:49.380> physics<00:08:49.860> of
framework and apply it to the physics of
framework and apply it to the physics of
the<00:08:50.100> universe<00:08:50.430> as<00:08:50.670> was<00:08:50.970> understood<00:08:51.540> at<00:08:51.690> the
the universe as was understood at the
the universe as was understood at the
time<00:08:51.810> and<00:08:52.459> in<00:08:53.459> detail<00:08:53.850> it<00:08:53.970> didn't<00:08:54.240> work<00:08:54.420> in
time and in detail it didn't work in
time and in detail it didn't work in
detail<00:08:55.440> for<00:08:55.589> instance<00:08:55.890> they<00:08:55.980> couldn't<00:08:56.310> get
detail for instance they couldn't get
detail for instance they couldn't get
the<00:08:56.699> mass<00:08:57.269> of<00:08:57.510> the<00:08:57.600> electron<00:08:57.660> to<00:08:58.350> work<00:08:58.500> out
the mass of the electron to work out
the mass of the electron to work out
correctly<00:08:59.190> in<00:08:59.399> this<00:08:59.640> theory<00:09:00.060> so<00:09:00.570> many<00:09:00.779> people
correctly in this theory so many people
correctly in this theory so many people
worked<00:09:01.320> on<00:09:01.500> it<00:09:01.709> but<00:09:01.860> by<00:09:02.040> the<00:09:02.329> 40s<00:09:03.329> certainly<00:09:03.810> by
worked on it but by the 40s certainly by
worked on it but by the 40s certainly by
the<00:09:03.990> 50s
the 50s
the 50s
this<00:09:05.070> strange<00:09:05.880> but<00:09:06.600> very<00:09:06.709> compelling<00:09:07.709> idea<00:09:08.130> of
this strange but very compelling idea of
this strange but very compelling idea of
how<00:09:09.120> to<00:09:09.180> unify<00:09:09.660> the<00:09:09.720> laws<00:09:10.050> of<00:09:10.230> physics<00:09:10.380> had
how to unify the laws of physics had
how to unify the laws of physics had
gone<00:09:11.370> away<00:09:12.470> until<00:09:13.470> something<00:09:13.980> wonderful
gone away until something wonderful
gone away until something wonderful
happened<00:09:14.910> in<00:09:15.060> our<00:09:15.300> age<00:09:15.630> in<00:09:15.959> our<00:09:16.529> era<00:09:16.920> a<00:09:17.190> new
happened in our age in our era a new
happened in our age in our era a new
approach<00:09:18.089> to<00:09:18.360> unify<00:09:18.779> the<00:09:18.839> laws<00:09:19.140> of<00:09:19.350> physics<00:09:19.470> is
approach to unify the laws of physics is
approach to unify the laws of physics is
being<00:09:20.130> pursued<00:09:20.519> by<00:09:20.580> physicists<00:09:21.480> such<00:09:21.630> as
being pursued by physicists such as
being pursued by physicists such as
myself<00:09:22.170> many<00:09:22.380> others<00:09:22.620> around<00:09:22.740> the<00:09:23.010> world<00:09:23.220> it's
myself many others around the world it's
myself many others around the world it's
called<00:09:24.060> super<00:09:24.839> string<00:09:25.079> theory<00:09:25.350> as<00:09:25.620> you<00:09:26.010> were
called super string theory as you were
called super string theory as you were
indicating<00:09:26.519> and<00:09:27.089> the<00:09:27.990> wonderful<00:09:28.769> thing<00:09:29.040> is
indicating and the wonderful thing is
indicating and the wonderful thing is
that<00:09:29.250> super<00:09:29.850> string<00:09:30.089> theory<00:09:30.390> has<00:09:30.839> nothing<00:09:31.380> to
that super string theory has nothing to
that super string theory has nothing to
do<00:09:31.680> at<00:09:31.890> first<00:09:31.920> sight<00:09:32.519> with<00:09:33.149> this<00:09:33.329> idea<00:09:33.779> of
do at first sight with this idea of
do at first sight with this idea of
extra<00:09:34.410> dimensions<00:09:34.980> but<00:09:35.850> when<00:09:36.000> we<00:09:36.089> study<00:09:36.360> super
extra dimensions but when we study super
extra dimensions but when we study super
string<00:09:36.930> theory<00:09:37.110> we<00:09:37.230> find<00:09:37.500> that<00:09:37.620> it<00:09:37.740> resurrects
string theory we find that it resurrects
string theory we find that it resurrects
the<00:09:38.640> idea<00:09:39.269> in<00:09:39.390> a<00:09:39.480> sparkling<00:09:40.260> new<00:09:40.709> form<00:09:41.070> so<00:09:41.519> let
the idea in a sparkling new form so let
the idea in a sparkling new form so let
me<00:09:41.700> just<00:09:41.880> tell<00:09:42.089> you<00:09:42.180> how<00:09:42.329> that<00:09:42.510> goes<00:09:42.540> super
me just tell you how that goes super
me just tell you how that goes super
string<00:09:43.380> theory<00:09:43.620> what<00:09:43.860> is<00:09:43.980> it
string theory what is it
string theory what is it
well<00:09:44.730> it's<00:09:44.850> a<00:09:44.880> theory<00:09:45.149> that<00:09:45.209> tries<00:09:45.540> to<00:09:45.570> answer
well it's a theory that tries to answer
well it's a theory that tries to answer
the<00:09:46.200> question<00:09:46.620> what<00:09:47.130> are<00:09:47.160> the<00:09:47.399> basic
the question what are the basic
the question what are the basic
fundamental<00:09:48.950> indivisible<00:09:49.970> uncuttable
fundamental indivisible uncuttable
fundamental indivisible uncuttable
constituents<00:09:51.990> making<00:09:52.950> up<00:09:53.070> everything<00:09:54.060> in<00:09:54.180> the
constituents making up everything in the
constituents making up everything in the
world<00:09:54.420> around<00:09:55.140> us<00:09:55.410> the<00:09:55.680> idea<00:09:56.610> is<00:09:56.880> like<00:09:57.149> this<00:09:57.209> so
world around us the idea is like this so
world around us the idea is like this so
imagine<00:09:58.560> we<00:09:59.279> look<00:09:59.490> at<00:09:59.670> a<00:09:59.700> familiar<00:10:00.209> object
imagine we look at a familiar object
imagine we look at a familiar object
just<00:10:01.350> a<00:10:01.470> candle<00:10:02.040> and<00:10:02.100> a<00:10:02.190> holder<00:10:02.579> and<00:10:02.790> imagine
just a candle and a holder and imagine
just a candle and a holder and imagine
that<00:10:03.540> we<00:10:03.690> want<00:10:03.870> to<00:10:04.079> figure<00:10:04.529> out<00:10:04.709> what<00:10:04.980> it<00:10:05.160> is
that we want to figure out what it is
that we want to figure out what it is
made<00:10:05.550> of<00:10:05.760> so<00:10:05.970> we<00:10:06.089> go<00:10:06.209> on<00:10:06.329> a<00:10:06.360> journey<00:10:06.480> deep
made of so we go on a journey deep
made of so we go on a journey deep
inside<00:10:07.829> the<00:10:08.070> object<00:10:08.490> and<00:10:08.610> examine<00:10:09.149> the
inside the object and examine the
inside the object and examine the
constituents<00:10:10.589> so<00:10:10.980> deep<00:10:11.160> inside<00:10:11.550> we<00:10:11.700> all<00:10:11.850> know
constituents so deep inside we all know
constituents so deep inside we all know
you<00:10:12.149> go<00:10:12.360> sufficiently<00:10:12.570> far<00:10:12.870> down<00:10:13.290> you<00:10:13.470> have
you go sufficiently far down you have
you go sufficiently far down you have
atoms<00:10:14.040> we<00:10:14.520> also<00:10:14.730> all<00:10:15.000> know<00:10:15.029> that<00:10:15.360> atoms<00:10:15.660> are
atoms we also all know that atoms are
atoms we also all know that atoms are
not<00:10:15.870> the<00:10:16.020> end<00:10:16.170> of<00:10:16.290> the<00:10:16.380> story
not the end of the story
not the end of the story
they<00:10:17.220> have<00:10:17.370> little<00:10:17.579> electrons<00:10:18.570> that<00:10:18.810> swarm
they have little electrons that swarm
they have little electrons that swarm
around<00:10:19.589> a<00:10:19.709> central<00:10:20.070> nucleus<00:10:20.310> with<00:10:20.820> neutrons
around a central nucleus with neutrons
around a central nucleus with neutrons
and<00:10:21.420> protons<00:10:21.680> even<00:10:22.680> the<00:10:22.740> neutrons<00:10:23.130> and
and protons even the neutrons and
and protons even the neutrons and
protons<00:10:23.339> have<00:10:23.850> smaller<00:10:24.209> particles<00:10:24.779> inside<00:10:25.110> of
protons have smaller particles inside of
protons have smaller particles inside of
them<00:10:25.440> known<00:10:26.070> as<00:10:26.310> quarks<00:10:26.910> that<00:10:27.209> is<00:10:27.750> where
them known as quarks that is where
them known as quarks that is where
conventional<00:10:28.500> ideas<00:10:28.920> stop<00:10:29.690> here<00:10:30.690> is<00:10:30.779> the<00:10:30.899> new
conventional ideas stop here is the new
conventional ideas stop here is the new
idea<00:10:31.410> of<00:10:31.470> string<00:10:31.770> theory<00:10:31.980> deep<00:10:32.760> inside<00:10:33.209> any<00:10:33.570> of
idea of string theory deep inside any of
idea of string theory deep inside any of
these<00:10:33.990> particles<00:10:34.529> there<00:10:35.010> is<00:10:35.220> something<00:10:36.120> else
these particles there is something else
these particles there is something else
there's<00:10:36.959> something<00:10:37.290> else<00:10:37.440> is<00:10:37.589> this<00:10:37.709> dancing
there's something else is this dancing
there's something else is this dancing
filament<00:10:38.970> of<00:10:39.120> energy<00:10:39.480> it<00:10:39.630> looks<00:10:39.870> like<00:10:40.110> a
filament of energy it looks like a
filament of energy it looks like a
vibrating<00:10:40.829> string<00:10:40.950> that's<00:10:41.850> where<00:10:42.180> the<00:10:42.300> idea
vibrating string that's where the idea
vibrating string that's where the idea
of<00:10:42.660> string<00:10:42.990> theory<00:10:43.260> comes<00:10:43.589> from<00:10:43.890> and<00:10:44.100> just
of string theory comes from and just
of string theory comes from and just
like<00:10:44.790> the<00:10:45.089> vibrating<00:10:45.540> strings<00:10:45.839> that<00:10:45.959> you<00:10:46.079> just
like the vibrating strings that you just
like the vibrating strings that you just
saw<00:10:46.470> on<00:10:46.560> a<00:10:46.649> cello<00:10:46.920> can<00:10:47.160> vibrate<00:10:47.640> in<00:10:47.730> different
saw on a cello can vibrate in different
saw on a cello can vibrate in different
patterns<00:10:48.449> these<00:10:49.050> can<00:10:49.260> also<00:10:49.440> vibrate<00:10:50.010> in
patterns these can also vibrate in
patterns these can also vibrate in
different<00:10:50.130> patterns<00:10:50.550> they<00:10:51.120> don't<00:10:51.390> produce
different patterns they don't produce
different patterns they don't produce
different<00:10:52.230> musical<00:10:52.529> notes<00:10:52.589> rather<00:10:53.070> they
different musical notes rather they
different musical notes rather they
produce<00:10:53.610> the<00:10:54.240> different<00:10:54.630> particles<00:10:54.959> making
produce the different particles making
produce the different particles making
up<00:10:55.589> the<00:10:55.770> world<00:10:55.949> around<00:10:56.250> us<00:10:56.520> so<00:10:57.000> these<00:10:57.180> ideas
up the world around us so these ideas
up the world around us so these ideas
are<00:10:57.750> correct<00:10:57.870> this<00:10:58.350> is<00:10:58.529> what<00:10:58.740> the
are correct this is what the
are correct this is what the
ultra-microscopic<00:10:59.640> landscape<00:11:00.540> of<00:11:00.720> the
ultra-microscopic landscape of the
ultra-microscopic landscape of the
universe<00:11:02.130> looks<00:11:02.430> like<00:11:02.670> it's<00:11:02.940> built<00:11:03.420> up<00:11:03.630> of<00:11:03.870> a
universe looks like it's built up of a
universe looks like it's built up of a
huge<00:11:04.410> number<00:11:04.470> of<00:11:04.949> these<00:11:05.370> little<00:11:05.820> tiny
huge number of these little tiny
huge number of these little tiny
filaments<00:11:06.990> of<00:11:07.589> vibrating<00:11:08.250> energy<00:11:08.730> vibrating
filaments of vibrating energy vibrating
filaments of vibrating energy vibrating
in<00:11:09.839> different<00:11:10.230> frequencies<00:11:10.410> the<00:11:11.279> different
in different frequencies the different
in different frequencies the different
frequencies<00:11:12.180> produce<00:11:12.660> the<00:11:12.870> different
frequencies produce the different
frequencies produce the different
particles<00:11:13.709> the<00:11:14.339> different<00:11:14.610> particles<00:11:15.120> are
particles the different particles are
particles the different particles are
responsible<00:11:16.829> for<00:11:17.520> all<00:11:17.730> the<00:11:18.029> richness
responsible for all the richness
responsible for all the richness
in<00:11:18.720> the<00:11:18.930> world<00:11:19.140> around<00:11:19.560> us<00:11:19.800> and<00:11:20.010> there<00:11:20.280> you<00:11:20.460> see
in the world around us and there you see
in the world around us and there you see
unification<00:11:21.540> because<00:11:22.170> matter<00:11:22.530> particles
unification because matter particles
unification because matter particles
electrons<00:11:23.850> and<00:11:24.060> quarks<00:11:24.560> radiation<00:11:25.560> particles
electrons and quarks radiation particles
electrons and quarks radiation particles
photons
photons
photons
gravitons<00:11:27.900> are<00:11:27.990> all<00:11:28.530> built<00:11:28.890> up<00:11:29.130> from<00:11:29.700> one
gravitons are all built up from one
gravitons are all built up from one
entity<00:11:30.330> so<00:11:31.260> matter<00:11:31.560> and<00:11:31.860> the<00:11:31.920> forces<00:11:32.370> of
entity so matter and the forces of
entity so matter and the forces of
nature<00:11:32.520> all<00:11:32.970> are<00:11:33.830> put<00:11:34.830> together<00:11:35.040> under<00:11:35.640> the
nature all are put together under the
nature all are put together under the
rubric<00:11:35.970> of<00:11:36.300> vibrating<00:11:36.900> strings<00:11:37.230> and<00:11:37.530> that's
rubric of vibrating strings and that's
rubric of vibrating strings and that's
what<00:11:38.250> we<00:11:38.370> mean<00:11:38.580> by<00:11:38.820> a<00:11:39.330> unified<00:11:39.930> theory<00:11:40.350> and
what we mean by a unified theory and
what we mean by a unified theory and
here<00:11:41.610> is<00:11:41.730> the<00:11:42.090> catch<00:11:43.010> when<00:11:44.010> you<00:11:44.160> study<00:11:44.460> the
here is the catch when you study the
here is the catch when you study the
mathematics<00:11:45.360> of<00:11:45.480> string<00:11:45.540> there<00:11:45.990> you<00:11:46.140> find
mathematics of string there you find
mathematics of string there you find
that<00:11:46.560> it<00:11:46.680> doesn't<00:11:46.950> work<00:11:47.310> in<00:11:47.700> a<00:11:47.790> universe<00:11:48.180> that
that it doesn't work in a universe that
that it doesn't work in a universe that
just<00:11:48.630> has<00:11:48.780> three<00:11:49.110> dimensions<00:11:49.590> of<00:11:49.710> space
just has three dimensions of space
just has three dimensions of space
it<00:11:50.850> doesn't<00:11:51.210> work<00:11:51.360> in<00:11:51.660> a<00:11:51.810> universe<00:11:52.200> with<00:11:52.380> four
it doesn't work in a universe with four
it doesn't work in a universe with four
dimensions<00:11:53.310> of<00:11:53.430> space<00:11:53.610> nor<00:11:53.850> 5<00:11:54.060> nor<00:11:54.270> 6
dimensions of space nor 5 nor 6
dimensions of space nor 5 nor 6
finally<00:11:55.980> you<00:11:56.430> can<00:11:56.580> study<00:11:57.120> the<00:11:57.300> equations<00:11:57.750> and
finally you can study the equations and
finally you can study the equations and
show<00:11:58.050> that<00:11:58.200> it<00:11:58.350> works<00:11:58.500> only<00:11:58.740> in<00:11:59.160> a<00:11:59.220> universe
show that it works only in a universe
show that it works only in a universe
that<00:11:59.880> has<00:12:00.420> ten<00:12:00.870> dimensions<00:12:01.380> of<00:12:01.740> space<00:12:02.010> and<00:12:02.250> one
that has ten dimensions of space and one
that has ten dimensions of space and one
dimension<00:12:04.260> of<00:12:04.350> time<00:12:05.270> leads<00:12:06.270> us<00:12:06.420> right<00:12:06.510> back<00:12:07.020> to
dimension of time leads us right back to
dimension of time leads us right back to
this<00:12:07.800> idea<00:12:08.190> of<00:12:08.280> Kaluza<00:12:08.970> and<00:12:09.000> Klein<00:12:09.120> that<00:12:09.960> our
this idea of Kaluza and Klein that our
this idea of Kaluza and Klein that our
world<00:12:10.410> when<00:12:11.010> appropriately<00:12:11.760> described<00:12:12.210> has
world when appropriately described has
world when appropriately described has
more<00:12:13.170> dimensions<00:12:13.740> than<00:12:14.340> the<00:12:14.910> ones<00:12:15.180> that<00:12:15.540> we
more dimensions than the ones that we
more dimensions than the ones that we
see<00:12:15.960> now<00:12:16.950> you<00:12:17.040> might<00:12:17.340> think<00:12:17.760> about<00:12:17.850> that<00:12:18.030> and
see now you might think about that and
see now you might think about that and
say<00:12:18.510> well<00:12:18.750> ok<00:12:19.320> you<00:12:19.380> know<00:12:19.680> if<00:12:19.770> you<00:12:19.860> have<00:12:19.980> extra
say well ok you know if you have extra
say well ok you know if you have extra
dimensions<00:12:20.940> and<00:12:21.090> they're<00:12:21.180> really<00:12:21.330> tightly
dimensions and they're really tightly
dimensions and they're really tightly
curled<00:12:22.080> up<00:12:22.350> yeah<00:12:22.920> perhaps<00:12:23.190> perhaps<00:12:23.970> we<00:12:24.210> won't
curled up yeah perhaps perhaps we won't
curled up yeah perhaps perhaps we won't
see<00:12:24.720> them<00:12:24.960> if<00:12:25.170> they're<00:12:25.320> small<00:12:25.560> enough<00:12:25.590> but<00:12:26.070> you
see them if they're small enough but you
see them if they're small enough but you
know<00:12:26.670> if<00:12:26.790> there's<00:12:26.940> a<00:12:27.000> little<00:12:27.240> tiny
know if there's a little tiny
know if there's a little tiny
civilization<00:12:28.200> of<00:12:28.290> green<00:12:28.440> people<00:12:28.650> walking
civilization of green people walking
civilization of green people walking
around<00:12:29.280> down<00:12:29.460> there<00:12:29.610> you<00:12:29.700> make<00:12:29.850> them<00:12:30.030> small
around down there you make them small
around down there you make them small
enough<00:12:30.510> and<00:12:30.660> we<00:12:30.750> won't<00:12:30.930> see<00:12:31.080> them<00:12:31.260> either<00:12:32.060> that
enough and we won't see them either that
enough and we won't see them either that
is<00:12:33.240> true<00:12:33.540> one<00:12:34.170> of<00:12:34.260> the<00:12:34.350> other<00:12:34.650> predictions<00:12:35.430> of
is true one of the other predictions of
is true one of the other predictions of
string<00:12:36.210> theory<00:12:36.770> no<00:12:37.770> that's<00:12:38.070> not<00:12:38.250> one<00:12:38.460> of<00:12:38.550> the
string theory no that's not one of the
string theory no that's not one of the
other<00:12:38.760> predictions<00:12:39.300> of<00:12:39.390> string<00:12:39.660> theory<00:12:40.400> but
other predictions of string theory but
other predictions of string theory but
it<00:12:41.760> raises<00:12:42.030> the<00:12:42.270> question<00:12:42.300> are<00:12:42.840> we<00:12:42.930> just
it raises the question are we just
it raises the question are we just
trying<00:12:43.200> to<00:12:43.350> hide<00:12:43.560> away<00:12:43.740> these<00:12:44.070> extra
trying to hide away these extra
trying to hide away these extra
dimensions<00:12:44.520> or<00:12:45.410> do<00:12:46.410> they<00:12:46.530> tell<00:12:46.770> us<00:12:46.920> something
dimensions or do they tell us something
dimensions or do they tell us something
about<00:12:47.280> the<00:12:47.580> world<00:12:47.790> and<00:12:48.060> the<00:12:48.660> remaining<00:12:48.960> time
about the world and the remaining time
about the world and the remaining time
I'd<00:12:49.440> like<00:12:49.590> to<00:12:49.710> tell<00:12:49.890> you<00:12:49.920> two<00:12:50.280> features<00:12:50.670> of
I'd like to tell you two features of
I'd like to tell you two features of
them<00:12:51.410> first<00:12:52.410> is<00:12:52.680> many<00:12:53.430> of<00:12:53.520> us<00:12:53.700> believe<00:12:54.090> that
them first is many of us believe that
them first is many of us believe that
these<00:12:55.020> extra<00:12:55.380> dimensions<00:12:55.860> hold<00:12:56.190> the<00:12:56.400> answer
these extra dimensions hold the answer
these extra dimensions hold the answer
to<00:12:57.290> what<00:12:58.290> perhaps<00:12:58.500> is<00:12:58.950> the<00:12:59.520> deepest<00:13:00.030> question
to what perhaps is the deepest question
to what perhaps is the deepest question
in<00:13:00.950> theoretical<00:13:01.950> physics<00:13:02.280> theoretical
in theoretical physics theoretical
in theoretical physics theoretical
science<00:13:03.570> and<00:13:03.720> that<00:13:03.780> question<00:13:03.990> is<00:13:04.200> this<00:13:04.380> when
science and that question is this when
science and that question is this when
we<00:13:05.430> look<00:13:05.670> around<00:13:05.820> the<00:13:06.090> world<00:13:06.180> as<00:13:06.800> scientists
we look around the world as scientists
we look around the world as scientists
have<00:13:07.860> done<00:13:08.070> for<00:13:08.280> the<00:13:08.340> last<00:13:08.490> hundred<00:13:08.670> years
have done for the last hundred years
have done for the last hundred years
there<00:13:09.210> appear<00:13:09.540> to<00:13:09.630> be<00:13:09.750> about<00:13:09.870> 20<00:13:10.560> numbers<00:13:10.950> that
there appear to be about 20 numbers that
there appear to be about 20 numbers that
really<00:13:11.730> describe<00:13:12.690> our<00:13:12.960> universe<00:13:13.500> these<00:13:13.680> are
really describe our universe these are
really describe our universe these are
numbers<00:13:14.130> like<00:13:14.160> the<00:13:14.460> mass<00:13:14.760> of<00:13:14.970> the<00:13:15.060> particles
numbers like the mass of the particles
numbers like the mass of the particles
like<00:13:15.690> electrons<00:13:15.750> and<00:13:16.380> quarks<00:13:16.650> the<00:13:17.250> strength
like electrons and quarks the strength
like electrons and quarks the strength
of<00:13:17.970> gravity<00:13:18.510> the<00:13:18.630> strength<00:13:19.050> of<00:13:19.320> the
of gravity the strength of the
of gravity the strength of the
electromagnetic<00:13:19.800> force<00:13:20.400> a<00:13:20.490> list<00:13:20.670> of<00:13:20.790> about<00:13:20.910> 20
electromagnetic force a list of about 20
electromagnetic force a list of about 20
numbers<00:13:21.750> that<00:13:22.260> have<00:13:22.470> been<00:13:22.500> measured<00:13:23.130> with
numbers that have been measured with
numbers that have been measured with
incredible<00:13:24.390> precision<00:13:24.600> but<00:13:25.440> nobody<00:13:25.890> has<00:13:26.070> an
incredible precision but nobody has an
incredible precision but nobody has an
explanation<00:13:26.610> for<00:13:26.970> why<00:13:27.240> the<00:13:27.300> numbers<00:13:27.720> have<00:13:27.900> the
explanation for why the numbers have the
explanation for why the numbers have the
particular<00:13:28.580> values<00:13:29.580> that<00:13:30.180> they<00:13:30.420> do<00:13:30.830> now
particular values that they do now
particular values that they do now
the<00:13:33.899> string<00:13:34.170> theory<00:13:34.380> often<00:13:34.649> answer<00:13:34.890> not<00:13:35.070> yet
the string theory often answer not yet
the string theory often answer not yet
but<00:13:35.580> we<00:13:35.670> believe<00:13:36.029> the<00:13:36.209> answer<00:13:36.600> for<00:13:36.750> why<00:13:36.990> those
but we believe the answer for why those
but we believe the answer for why those
numbers<00:13:37.380> have<00:13:37.709> devised<00:13:37.980> they<00:13:38.250> do<00:13:38.310> may<00:13:38.730> rely<00:13:39.149> on
numbers have devised they do may rely on
numbers have devised they do may rely on
the<00:13:39.990> form<00:13:40.350> of<00:13:40.500> the<00:13:40.560> extra<00:13:40.920> dimensions<00:13:40.950> and<00:13:41.580> the
the form of the extra dimensions and the
the form of the extra dimensions and the
wonderful<00:13:42.060> thing<00:13:42.269> is<00:13:42.300> if<00:13:43.019> those<00:13:43.440> numbers<00:13:43.680> had
wonderful thing is if those numbers had
wonderful thing is if those numbers had
any<00:13:44.279> other<00:13:44.519> values<00:13:45.000> than<00:13:45.180> the<00:13:45.360> known<00:13:45.779> ones<00:13:46.110> the
any other values than the known ones the
any other values than the known ones the
universe<00:13:47.160> as<00:13:47.339> we<00:13:47.640> know<00:13:47.670> it<00:13:47.970> wouldn't<00:13:48.330> exist
universe as we know it wouldn't exist
universe as we know it wouldn't exist
this<00:13:50.070> is<00:13:50.220> a<00:13:50.250> deep<00:13:50.579> question<00:13:50.610> why<00:13:51.360> those
this is a deep question why those
this is a deep question why those
numbers<00:13:51.779> so<00:13:52.079> finely<00:13:52.649> tuned<00:13:52.950> to<00:13:53.519> allow<00:13:53.700> stars
numbers so finely tuned to allow stars
numbers so finely tuned to allow stars
to<00:13:54.390> shine<00:13:54.600> and<00:13:54.839> planets<00:13:55.230> to<00:13:55.350> form<00:13:55.620> when<00:13:55.829> we
to shine and planets to form when we
to shine and planets to form when we
recognize<00:13:56.550> that<00:13:56.850> if<00:13:57.180> you<00:13:57.300> fiddle<00:13:57.660> with<00:13:57.750> those
recognize that if you fiddle with those
recognize that if you fiddle with those
numbers<00:13:58.230> if<00:13:58.380> I<00:13:58.529> had<00:13:59.100> 20<00:13:59.310> dials<00:13:59.970> up<00:14:00.120> here<00:14:00.329> and
numbers if I had 20 dials up here and
numbers if I had 20 dials up here and
I'll<00:14:00.480> let<00:14:00.510> you<00:14:00.690> come<00:14:00.870> up<00:14:00.990> and<00:14:01.140> fiddle<00:14:01.440> with
I'll let you come up and fiddle with
I'll let you come up and fiddle with
those<00:14:01.680> numbers<00:14:01.829> almost<00:14:02.610> any<00:14:02.790> fiddling<00:14:03.269> makes
those numbers almost any fiddling makes
those numbers almost any fiddling makes
the<00:14:05.430> universe<00:14:05.760> disappear<00:14:06.300> so<00:14:06.899> can<00:14:07.200> we<00:14:07.380> explain
the universe disappear so can we explain
the universe disappear so can we explain
those<00:14:08.370> twenty<00:14:09.060> numbers<00:14:09.390> and<00:14:09.630> string<00:14:10.170> theory
those twenty numbers and string theory
those twenty numbers and string theory
suggests<00:14:10.890> that<00:14:10.980> those<00:14:11.220> twenty<00:14:11.519> numbers<00:14:11.790> have
suggests that those twenty numbers have
suggests that those twenty numbers have
to<00:14:12.390> do<00:14:12.570> with<00:14:12.870> the<00:14:12.990> extra<00:14:13.260> dimensions<00:14:13.829> let<00:14:14.459> me
to do with the extra dimensions let me
to do with the extra dimensions let me
show<00:14:14.700> you<00:14:14.760> how<00:14:15.170> so<00:14:16.170> when<00:14:16.320> we<00:14:16.470> talk<00:14:17.010> about<00:14:17.190> the
show you how so when we talk about the
show you how so when we talk about the
extra<00:14:17.760> dimensions<00:14:18.269> in<00:14:18.540> string<00:14:18.750> theory<00:14:19.170> it's
extra dimensions in string theory it's
extra dimensions in string theory it's
not<00:14:19.920> one<00:14:20.459> extra<00:14:20.910> dimension<00:14:21.390> as<00:14:21.540> in<00:14:21.930> the<00:14:22.019> older
not one extra dimension as in the older
not one extra dimension as in the older
ideas<00:14:22.769> of<00:14:23.070> Kaluza<00:14:23.760> and<00:14:23.940> Klein<00:14:24.260> this<00:14:25.260> is<00:14:25.320> what
ideas of Kaluza and Klein this is what
ideas of Kaluza and Klein this is what
string<00:14:25.950> theory<00:14:26.190> says<00:14:26.220> about<00:14:26.670> the<00:14:26.820> extra
string theory says about the extra
string theory says about the extra
dimensions<00:14:27.630> they<00:14:28.200> have<00:14:28.350> a<00:14:28.380> very<00:14:28.769> rich
dimensions they have a very rich
dimensions they have a very rich
intertwined<00:14:31.100> geometry<00:14:32.100> this<00:14:32.250> is<00:14:32.310> an<00:14:32.640> example
intertwined geometry this is an example
intertwined geometry this is an example
of<00:14:33.209> something<00:14:33.420> known<00:14:33.660> as<00:14:33.690> a<00:14:33.810> claw<00:14:34.230> be<00:14:34.290> a<00:14:34.440> shape
of something known as a claw be a shape
of something known as a claw be a shape
name<00:14:35.610> isn't<00:14:35.910> all<00:14:36.120> that<00:14:36.149> important<00:14:37.079> but<00:14:37.680> as<00:14:37.829> you
name isn't all that important but as you
name isn't all that important but as you
can<00:14:38.160> see<00:14:38.430> the<00:14:39.029> extra<00:14:39.410> dimensions<00:14:40.410> fold<00:14:40.829> in<00:14:41.070> on
can see the extra dimensions fold in on
can see the extra dimensions fold in on
themselves<00:14:41.730> and<00:14:42.360> intertwine<00:14:43.020> in<00:14:43.380> a<00:14:43.470> very
themselves and intertwine in a very
themselves and intertwine in a very
interesting<00:14:44.130> shape<00:14:44.610> interesting<00:14:45.149> structure
interesting shape interesting structure
interesting shape interesting structure
and<00:14:45.839> the<00:14:46.500> idea<00:14:46.770> is<00:14:46.890> that<00:14:46.920> if<00:14:47.220> this<00:14:47.459> is<00:14:47.520> what<00:14:47.810> the
and the idea is that if this is what the
and the idea is that if this is what the
extra<00:14:49.589> dimensions<00:14:50.130> look<00:14:50.370> like<00:14:50.670> then<00:14:51.180> the
extra dimensions look like then the
extra dimensions look like then the
microscopic<00:14:51.839> landscape<00:14:52.560> of<00:14:52.709> our<00:14:52.890> universe
microscopic landscape of our universe
microscopic landscape of our universe
all<00:14:53.610> around<00:14:54.089> us<00:14:54.360> would<00:14:54.990> look<00:14:55.170> like<00:14:55.410> this<00:14:55.709> on
all around us would look like this on
all around us would look like this on
the<00:14:56.070> tiniest<00:14:56.520> of<00:14:56.700> scales<00:14:56.970> when<00:14:57.209> you<00:14:57.300> swing
the tiniest of scales when you swing
the tiniest of scales when you swing
your<00:14:57.779> hand<00:14:58.079> you'd<00:14:58.290> be<00:14:58.380> moving<00:14:58.589> around<00:14:58.890> these
your hand you'd be moving around these
your hand you'd be moving around these
extra<00:14:59.520> dimensions<00:14:59.640> over<00:15:00.209> and<00:15:00.329> over<00:15:00.540> again<00:15:00.630> but
extra dimensions over and over again but
extra dimensions over and over again but
they're<00:15:01.470> so<00:15:01.649> small<00:15:01.980> that<00:15:02.130> we<00:15:02.279> wouldn't<00:15:02.640> know
they're so small that we wouldn't know
they're so small that we wouldn't know
it<00:15:03.000> so<00:15:03.480> what<00:15:03.660> is<00:15:03.750> the<00:15:03.899> physical<00:15:04.290> implication
it so what is the physical implication
it so what is the physical implication
though<00:15:05.100> relevant<00:15:05.550> to<00:15:05.640> those<00:15:05.730> twenty<00:15:06.060> numbers
though relevant to those twenty numbers
though relevant to those twenty numbers
consider<00:15:06.930> this<00:15:07.170> if<00:15:07.740> you<00:15:07.829> look<00:15:08.040> at<00:15:08.160> the
consider this if you look at the
consider this if you look at the
instrument<00:15:09.209> of<00:15:09.270> French<00:15:09.480> horn<00:15:09.750> notice<00:15:10.079> that
instrument of French horn notice that
instrument of French horn notice that
the<00:15:10.320> vibrations<00:15:11.100> of<00:15:11.220> the<00:15:11.279> airstreams<00:15:11.760> are
the vibrations of the airstreams are
the vibrations of the airstreams are
affected<00:15:12.390> by<00:15:12.480> the<00:15:12.540> shape<00:15:13.020> of<00:15:13.200> the<00:15:13.500> instrument
affected by the shape of the instrument
affected by the shape of the instrument
now<00:15:14.610> in<00:15:14.760> string<00:15:15.060> theory<00:15:15.300> all<00:15:15.510> the<00:15:15.839> numbers<00:15:16.260> are
now in string theory all the numbers are
now in string theory all the numbers are
reflections<00:15:17.730> of<00:15:17.820> the<00:15:17.910> way<00:15:18.029> strings<00:15:18.540> can
reflections of the way strings can
reflections of the way strings can
vibrate<00:15:18.870> so<00:15:19.800> just<00:15:20.070> as<00:15:20.160> those<00:15:20.279> air<00:15:20.579> streams<00:15:21.029> are
vibrate so just as those air streams are
vibrate so just as those air streams are
affected<00:15:21.779> by<00:15:21.870> the<00:15:21.930> twists<00:15:22.470> and<00:15:22.620> turns<00:15:22.860> in<00:15:23.339> the
affected by the twists and turns in the
affected by the twists and turns in the
instrument<00:15:23.899> strings<00:15:24.899> themselves<00:15:25.140> will<00:15:25.560> be
instrument strings themselves will be
instrument strings themselves will be
affected<00:15:26.130> by<00:15:26.160> the<00:15:26.279> vibrational<00:15:27.180> patterns<00:15:27.600> and
affected by the vibrational patterns and
affected by the vibrational patterns and
the<00:15:27.810> geometry<00:15:28.589> within<00:15:29.070> which<00:15:29.430> they<00:15:29.670> are
the geometry within which they are
the geometry within which they are
moving<00:15:30.149> so<00:15:30.390> let<00:15:30.540> me<00:15:30.630> bring<00:15:30.839> some<00:15:30.870> strings<00:15:31.350> into
moving so let me bring some strings into
moving so let me bring some strings into
the<00:15:31.740> story<00:15:32.010> and<00:15:32.310> if<00:15:32.730> you<00:15:32.820> watch<00:15:32.850> these<00:15:33.329> little
the story and if you watch these little
the story and if you watch these little
fellas<00:15:33.959> vibrating<00:15:34.649> around<00:15:34.740> they'll<00:15:35.459> be<00:15:35.550> here
fellas vibrating around they'll be here
fellas vibrating around they'll be here
in<00:15:35.760> a<00:15:35.880> second<00:15:36.209> right<00:15:36.329> there<00:15:36.540> notice<00:15:37.019> that<00:15:37.230> the
in a second right there notice that the
in a second right there notice that the
way<00:15:37.620> they<00:15:37.920> vibrate<00:15:38.579> is<00:15:38.730> affected<00:15:39.390> by<00:15:39.540> the
way they vibrate is affected by the
way they vibrate is affected by the
geometry<00:15:40.410> of<00:15:40.440> the<00:15:40.529> extra<00:15:40.829> dimensions<00:15:41.370> so<00:15:41.850> if
geometry of the extra dimensions so if
geometry of the extra dimensions so if
we<00:15:42.360> knew<00:15:42.570> exactly<00:15:42.720> what<00:15:43.260> the<00:15:43.500> extra
we knew exactly what the extra
we knew exactly what the extra
dimensions<00:15:44.220> look<00:15:44.279> like<00:15:44.640> we<00:15:44.940> don't<00:15:45.180> yet<00:15:45.390> but<00:15:45.570> if
dimensions look like we don't yet but if
dimensions look like we don't yet but if
we
we
we
we<00:15:46.470> should<00:15:46.710> be<00:15:46.830> able<00:15:46.950> to<00:15:47.100> calculate<00:15:47.460> the
we should be able to calculate the
we should be able to calculate the
allowed<00:15:48.300> notes<00:15:48.660> the<00:15:49.290> allowed<00:15:49.590> vibrational
allowed notes the allowed vibrational
allowed notes the allowed vibrational
patterns<00:15:50.820> and<00:15:51.090> if<00:15:51.390> we<00:15:51.510> could<00:15:51.690> calculate<00:15:51.990> the
patterns and if we could calculate the
patterns and if we could calculate the
allowed<00:15:52.560> vibrational<00:15:53.250> patterns<00:15:53.640> we<00:15:54.270> should
allowed vibrational patterns we should
allowed vibrational patterns we should
be<00:15:54.540> able<00:15:54.630> to<00:15:54.780> calculate<00:15:55.470> those<00:15:56.430> 20<00:15:56.880> numbers
be able to calculate those 20 numbers
be able to calculate those 20 numbers
and<00:15:57.450> if<00:15:57.870> the<00:15:58.020> answer<00:15:58.500> that<00:15:58.680> we<00:15:58.860> get<00:15:59.220> from<00:15:59.580> our
and if the answer that we get from our
and if the answer that we get from our
calculations<00:16:00.800> agrees<00:16:01.800> with<00:16:02.160> the<00:16:02.310> values<00:16:02.760> of
calculations agrees with the values of
calculations agrees with the values of
those<00:16:03.030> numbers<00:16:03.570> that<00:16:03.840> have<00:16:04.080> been<00:16:04.110> determined
those numbers that have been determined
those numbers that have been determined
through<00:16:05.240> detailed<00:16:06.240> and<00:16:06.480> precise
through detailed and precise
through detailed and precise
experimentation<00:16:08.010> this<00:16:08.820> in<00:16:09.060> many<00:16:09.270> ways<00:16:09.570> would
experimentation this in many ways would
experimentation this in many ways would
be<00:16:10.320> the<00:16:10.470> first<00:16:10.830> fundamental<00:16:11.550> explanation<00:16:12.410> for
be the first fundamental explanation for
be the first fundamental explanation for
why<00:16:13.620> the<00:16:13.680> structure<00:16:14.610> of<00:16:14.790> the<00:16:14.910> universe<00:16:15.330> is<00:16:15.540> the
why the structure of the universe is the
why the structure of the universe is the
way<00:16:16.650> it<00:16:16.680> is<00:16:17.090> now<00:16:18.090> the<00:16:18.480> second<00:16:18.870> issue<00:16:18.990> that<00:16:19.140> I
way it is now the second issue that I
way it is now the second issue that I
want<00:16:19.530> to<00:16:19.620> finish<00:16:19.710> up<00:16:19.950> with<00:16:20.010> is<00:16:20.660> how<00:16:21.660> might<00:16:21.960> we
want to finish up with is how might we
want to finish up with is how might we
test<00:16:23.310> for<00:16:23.820> these<00:16:23.910> extra<00:16:24.330> dimensions<00:16:24.840> more
test for these extra dimensions more
test for these extra dimensions more
directly<00:16:26.220> is<00:16:26.400> this<00:16:27.000> just<00:16:27.450> an<00:16:27.660> interesting
directly is this just an interesting
directly is this just an interesting
mathematical<00:16:29.100> structure<00:16:29.640> that<00:16:29.790> might<00:16:30.090> be
mathematical structure that might be
mathematical structure that might be
able<00:16:30.540> to<00:16:30.800> explain<00:16:31.800> some<00:16:32.540> previously
able to explain some previously
able to explain some previously
unexplained<00:16:34.410> features<00:16:34.830> of<00:16:34.980> the<00:16:35.070> world<00:16:35.280> or<00:16:35.760> can
unexplained features of the world or can
unexplained features of the world or can
we<00:16:36.630> actually<00:16:36.960> test<00:16:37.260> for<00:16:37.380> these<00:16:37.560> extra
we actually test for these extra
we actually test for these extra
dimensions<00:16:37.920> and<00:16:38.430> we<00:16:38.550> think<00:16:38.880> this<00:16:39.420> is<00:16:39.480> I<00:16:39.840> think
dimensions and we think this is I think
dimensions and we think this is I think
very<00:16:40.350> exciting<00:16:40.500> that<00:16:41.370> in<00:16:41.460> the<00:16:41.520> next<00:16:41.820> five
very exciting that in the next five
very exciting that in the next five
years<00:16:42.150> or<00:16:42.630> so<00:16:42.840> we<00:16:43.410> may<00:16:43.680> be<00:16:43.710> able<00:16:44.130> to<00:16:44.280> test<00:16:44.790> for
years or so we may be able to test for
years or so we may be able to test for
the<00:16:45.600> existence<00:16:46.020> of<00:16:46.170> these<00:16:46.320> extra<00:16:46.620> dimensions
the existence of these extra dimensions
the existence of these extra dimensions
here's<00:16:47.580> how<00:16:47.730> it<00:16:47.880> goes<00:16:48.350> in<00:16:49.850> CERN<00:16:50.850> Geneva
here's how it goes in CERN Geneva
here's how it goes in CERN Geneva
Switzerland<00:16:51.630> a<00:16:52.170> machine<00:16:52.650> is<00:16:52.980> being<00:16:53.340> built
Switzerland a machine is being built
Switzerland a machine is being built
called<00:16:53.790> a<00:16:53.910> Large<00:16:54.120> Hadron<00:16:54.390> Collider<00:16:55.010> it's<00:16:56.010> a
called a Large Hadron Collider it's a
called a Large Hadron Collider it's a
machine<00:16:56.280> that<00:16:56.460> will<00:16:56.700> send<00:16:56.820> particles<00:16:57.450> around
machine that will send particles around
machine that will send particles around
a<00:16:58.470> tunnel<00:16:58.830> opposite<00:16:59.340> directions<00:16:59.670> near<00:17:00.060> the
a tunnel opposite directions near the
a tunnel opposite directions near the
speed<00:17:00.450> of<00:17:00.480> light<00:17:00.780> every<00:17:01.620> so<00:17:01.770> often<00:17:01.980> those
speed of light every so often those
speed of light every so often those
particles<00:17:02.790> will<00:17:03.000> be<00:17:03.240> aimed<00:17:03.510> at<00:17:03.840> each<00:17:03.960> other<00:17:04.200> so
particles will be aimed at each other so
particles will be aimed at each other so
there's<00:17:04.589> a<00:17:04.650> head-on<00:17:04.890> collision<00:17:06.050> the<00:17:07.050> hope<00:17:07.320> is
there's a head-on collision the hope is
there's a head-on collision the hope is
that<00:17:07.860> if<00:17:08.490> the<00:17:08.730> collision<00:17:09.330> has<00:17:09.480> enough<00:17:09.810> energy
that if the collision has enough energy
that if the collision has enough energy
it<00:17:10.500> may<00:17:11.010> act<00:17:11.670> some<00:17:12.540> of<00:17:12.660> the<00:17:12.750> debris<00:17:13.080> from<00:17:13.500> the
it may act some of the debris from the
it may act some of the debris from the
collision<00:17:13.890> from<00:17:14.250> our<00:17:14.459> dimensions<00:17:15.890> forcing<00:17:16.890> it
collision from our dimensions forcing it
collision from our dimensions forcing it
to<00:17:17.220> enter<00:17:17.520> into<00:17:17.940> the<00:17:18.150> other<00:17:18.300> dimensions<00:17:18.930> how
to enter into the other dimensions how
to enter into the other dimensions how
would<00:17:19.680> we<00:17:19.860> know<00:17:19.890> it<00:17:20.160> well<00:17:20.730> we'll<00:17:20.850> measure<00:17:21.180> the
would we know it well we'll measure the
would we know it well we'll measure the
amount<00:17:21.900> of<00:17:22.020> energy<00:17:22.110> after<00:17:22.500> the<00:17:22.950> collision
amount of energy after the collision
amount of energy after the collision
compare<00:17:23.910> it<00:17:24.060> to<00:17:24.209> the<00:17:24.300> amount<00:17:24.420> of<00:17:24.570> energy
compare it to the amount of energy
compare it to the amount of energy
before<00:17:25.320> and<00:17:25.589> if<00:17:26.100> there's<00:17:26.280> less<00:17:26.580> energy<00:17:27.320> after
before and if there's less energy after
before and if there's less energy after
the<00:17:28.350> collision<00:17:28.500> than<00:17:28.920> before<00:17:29.340> this<00:17:29.820> will<00:17:29.970> be
the collision than before this will be
the collision than before this will be
evidence<00:17:30.480> that<00:17:30.570> the<00:17:30.720> energy<00:17:31.020> has<00:17:31.200> drifted
evidence that the energy has drifted
evidence that the energy has drifted
away<00:17:31.740> and<00:17:31.890> if<00:17:32.130> it<00:17:32.250> drifts<00:17:32.490> away<00:17:32.580> in<00:17:32.730> the<00:17:32.820> right
away and if it drifts away in the right
away and if it drifts away in the right
pattern<00:17:33.240> that<00:17:33.510> we<00:17:33.630> can<00:17:33.750> calculate<00:17:34.110> this<00:17:34.890> will
pattern that we can calculate this will
pattern that we can calculate this will
be<00:17:35.130> evidence<00:17:35.550> that<00:17:35.790> the<00:17:36.240> extra<00:17:36.570> dimensions
be evidence that the extra dimensions
be evidence that the extra dimensions
are<00:17:37.200> there<00:17:37.470> let<00:17:37.800> me<00:17:37.920> show<00:17:38.100> you<00:17:38.160> that<00:17:38.250> idea
are there let me show you that idea
are there let me show you that idea
visually<00:17:38.910> so<00:17:39.870> imagine<00:17:40.320> we<00:17:40.470> have<00:17:40.740> a<00:17:41.070> certain
visually so imagine we have a certain
visually so imagine we have a certain
kind<00:17:41.880> of<00:17:42.090> particles<00:17:42.570> called<00:17:42.810> a<00:17:42.900> graviton
kind of particles called a graviton
kind of particles called a graviton
that's<00:17:43.890> the<00:17:44.040> kind<00:17:44.310> of<00:17:44.430> debris<00:17:45.150> we<00:17:45.420> expect<00:17:45.810> to
that's the kind of debris we expect to
that's the kind of debris we expect to
be<00:17:46.020> ejected<00:17:46.170> out<00:17:46.800> if<00:17:47.040> the<00:17:47.190> extra<00:17:47.460> dimensions
be ejected out if the extra dimensions
be ejected out if the extra dimensions
are<00:17:48.030> real<00:17:48.210> but<00:17:48.660> here's<00:17:48.900> how<00:17:49.080> the<00:17:49.140> experiment
are real but here's how the experiment
are real but here's how the experiment
will<00:17:49.890> go
will go
will go
you<00:17:50.790> take<00:17:51.120> these<00:17:51.270> particles<00:17:51.810> you<00:17:51.930> slam<00:17:52.290> them
you take these particles you slam them
you take these particles you slam them
together<00:17:52.680> you<00:17:53.070> slam<00:17:53.460> them<00:17:53.640> together<00:17:53.760> and<00:17:54.150> if
together you slam them together and if
together you slam them together and if
we<00:17:54.600> are<00:17:54.960> right<00:17:55.230> some<00:17:55.830> of<00:17:56.010> the<00:17:56.130> energy<00:17:56.670> of<00:17:56.820> that
we are right some of the energy of that
we are right some of the energy of that
collision<00:17:57.270> will<00:17:57.600> go<00:17:57.780> into<00:17:57.960> debris<00:17:58.350> that<00:17:58.500> flies
collision will go into debris that flies
collision will go into debris that flies
off
off
off
into<00:18:00.090> these<00:18:00.330> extra<00:18:00.720> dimensions<00:18:01.260> so<00:18:01.740> this<00:18:01.890> is
into these extra dimensions so this is
into these extra dimensions so this is
the<00:18:02.160> kind<00:18:02.340> of<00:18:02.520> experiment<00:18:03.120> that<00:18:03.150> we<00:18:03.360> will<00:18:03.480> be
the kind of experiment that we will be
the kind of experiment that we will be
looking<00:18:03.900> at<00:18:03.990> in<00:18:04.110> the<00:18:04.200> next<00:18:04.410> five<00:18:04.700> seven<00:18:05.700> to<00:18:05.850> ten
looking at in the next five seven to ten
looking at in the next five seven to ten
years<00:18:06.060> or<00:18:06.450> so<00:18:06.630> and<00:18:06.980> if<00:18:07.980> this<00:18:08.820> experiment<00:18:09.330> bears
years or so and if this experiment bears
years or so and if this experiment bears
fruit<00:18:10.110> if<00:18:10.290> we<00:18:10.500> see<00:18:10.800> that<00:18:10.980> kind<00:18:11.250> of<00:18:11.430> particle
fruit if we see that kind of particle
fruit if we see that kind of particle
ejected<00:18:12.600> by<00:18:13.080> noticing<00:18:13.770> that<00:18:13.860> there's<00:18:14.070> less
ejected by noticing that there's less
ejected by noticing that there's less
energy<00:18:14.790> in<00:18:15.000> our<00:18:15.270> dimensions<00:18:15.990> then<00:18:16.680> when<00:18:16.920> we
energy in our dimensions then when we
energy in our dimensions then when we
began<00:18:17.370> this<00:18:18.270> will<00:18:18.600> show<00:18:19.110> that<00:18:19.290> the<00:18:19.440> extra
began this will show that the extra
began this will show that the extra
dimensions<00:18:20.160> are<00:18:20.280> real<00:18:20.490> and<00:18:20.730> to<00:18:21.540> me<00:18:21.660> this<00:18:21.810> is<00:18:21.870> a
dimensions are real and to me this is a
dimensions are real and to me this is a
really<00:18:22.710> remarkable<00:18:23.130> story<00:18:23.850> and<00:18:23.970> a<00:18:24.030> remarkable
really remarkable story and a remarkable
really remarkable story and a remarkable
opportunity<00:18:25.170> going<00:18:25.350> back<00:18:25.560> to<00:18:25.710> Newton<00:18:26.040> with
opportunity going back to Newton with
opportunity going back to Newton with
absolute<00:18:26.940> space<00:18:27.240> didn't<00:18:27.810> provide<00:18:28.290> anything
absolute space didn't provide anything
absolute space didn't provide anything
but<00:18:28.890> an<00:18:28.950> arena<00:18:29.280> a<00:18:29.520> stage<00:18:29.880> in<00:18:30.150> which<00:18:30.240> the<00:18:30.480> events
but an arena a stage in which the events
but an arena a stage in which the events
of<00:18:30.840> the<00:18:30.900> universe<00:18:31.230> take<00:18:31.440> place
of the universe take place
of the universe take place
Einstein<00:18:32.790> comes<00:18:33.090> along<00:18:33.360> and<00:18:33.510> says<00:18:33.660> well<00:18:33.840> space
Einstein comes along and says well space
Einstein comes along and says well space
and<00:18:34.440> time<00:18:34.620> can<00:18:34.890> warp<00:18:35.130> and<00:18:35.310> curve<00:18:35.580> that's<00:18:36.180> what
and time can warp and curve that's what
and time can warp and curve that's what
gravity<00:18:36.660> is<00:18:36.960> and<00:18:37.320> now<00:18:37.830> string<00:18:38.640> theory<00:18:38.880> comes
gravity is and now string theory comes
gravity is and now string theory comes
along<00:18:39.510> and<00:18:39.750> says<00:18:40.290> yes<00:18:40.710> gravity<00:18:41.280> quantum
along and says yes gravity quantum
along and says yes gravity quantum
mechanics<00:18:42.600> electromagnetism<00:18:43.290> all<00:18:43.620> together
mechanics electromagnetism all together
mechanics electromagnetism all together
in<00:18:44.130> one<00:18:44.280> package<00:18:44.520> but<00:18:45.240> only<00:18:45.480> if<00:18:45.750> the<00:18:45.870> universe
in one package but only if the universe
in one package but only if the universe
has<00:18:46.350> more<00:18:46.590> dimensions<00:18:47.220> than<00:18:47.430> the<00:18:48.090> ones<00:18:48.330> that
has more dimensions than the ones that
has more dimensions than the ones that
we<00:18:48.960> see<00:18:49.200> and<00:18:49.790> this<00:18:50.790> is<00:18:50.850> an<00:18:51.090> experiment<00:18:51.690> that
we see and this is an experiment that
we see and this is an experiment that
may<00:18:52.500> test<00:18:52.980> for<00:18:53.160> them<00:18:53.310> in<00:18:53.490> our<00:18:54.000> lifetime
may test for them in our lifetime
may test for them in our lifetime
amazing<00:18:55.890> possibility<00:18:56.520> thank<00:18:57.120> you<00:18:57.240> very<00:18:57.390> much
Brian Greene, string, theory, superstring, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation, physics, dimensions, Einstein, string theory
