The greatest machine that never was - John Graham-Cumming
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but<00:00:15.480> the<00:00:15.559> machine<00:00:15.799> I'm<00:00:15.879> going<00:00:16.000> to<00:00:16.119> talk<00:00:16.279> to<00:00:16.359> you
but the machine I'm going to talk to you
but the machine I'm going to talk to you
about<00:00:16.840> is<00:00:17.000> what<00:00:17.119> I<00:00:17.199> call<00:00:17.400> the<00:00:17.520> greatest
about is what I call the greatest
about is what I call the greatest
machine<00:00:18.080> that<00:00:18.199> never<00:00:18.400> was<00:00:18.600> it<00:00:18.680> was<00:00:18.800> a<00:00:18.880> machine
machine that never was it was a machine
machine that never was it was a machine
that<00:00:19.279> was<00:00:19.439> never<00:00:19.680> built<00:00:20.680> and<00:00:20.880> yet<00:00:21.400> it<00:00:21.519> will<00:00:21.680> be
that was never built and yet it will be
that was never built and yet it will be
built<00:00:22.920> it<00:00:23.039> was<00:00:23.160> a<00:00:23.279> machine<00:00:23.560> that<00:00:23.680> was<00:00:24.039> designed
built it was a machine that was designed
built it was a machine that was designed
long<00:00:25.320> before<00:00:25.640> anyone<00:00:25.960> thought<00:00:26.160> about
long before anyone thought about
long before anyone thought about
computers<00:00:27.320> if<00:00:27.400> you<00:00:27.519> know<00:00:27.720> anything<00:00:27.960> about<00:00:28.119> the
computers if you know anything about the
computers if you know anything about the
history<00:00:28.480> of<00:00:28.599> computers<00:00:29.439> you<00:00:29.560> will<00:00:29.720> know<00:00:30.080> in
history of computers you will know in
history of computers you will know in
the<00:00:30.279> 30s<00:00:30.640> and<00:00:30.759> the
the 30s and the
the 30s and the
40s<00:00:33.000> simple<00:00:33.440> computers<00:00:33.840> were<00:00:34.000> created<00:00:34.440> that
40s simple computers were created that
40s simple computers were created that
started<00:00:34.960> the<00:00:35.079> computer<00:00:35.399> Revolution<00:00:35.879> we<00:00:36.040> have
started the computer Revolution we have
started the computer Revolution we have
today<00:00:37.399> um<00:00:37.559> you<00:00:37.960> would<00:00:38.160> be<00:00:38.280> correct<00:00:38.640> except<00:00:38.840> for
today um you would be correct except for
today um you would be correct except for
you'd<00:00:39.120> have<00:00:39.200> the<00:00:39.320> wrong
you'd have the wrong
you'd have the wrong
Century<00:00:41.079> the<00:00:41.239> first<00:00:41.480> computer<00:00:41.800> was<00:00:41.920> really
Century the first computer was really
Century the first computer was really
designed<00:00:42.440> in<00:00:42.520> the<00:00:42.640> 1830s<00:00:43.480> and<00:00:43.600> 1840s<00:00:44.239> not<00:00:44.399> the
designed in the 1830s and 1840s not the
designed in the 1830s and 1840s not the
1930s<00:00:45.120> and<00:00:45.520> 1940s<00:00:46.520> it<00:00:46.640> was<00:00:46.800> designed<00:00:47.239> and
1930s and 1940s it was designed and
1930s and 1940s it was designed and
parts<00:00:47.640> of<00:00:47.760> it<00:00:47.879> were<00:00:48.039> prototyped<00:00:48.559> and<00:00:48.680> the<00:00:48.800> bits
parts of it were prototyped and the bits
parts of it were prototyped and the bits
of<00:00:49.120> it<00:00:49.239> that<00:00:49.360> were<00:00:49.559> built<00:00:49.879> are<00:00:50.199> here<00:00:50.719> in<00:00:50.879> South
of it that were built are here in South
of it that were built are here in South
Kensington<00:00:52.800> that<00:00:53.000> machine<00:00:53.960> was<00:00:54.160> built<00:00:54.480> by
Kensington that machine was built by
Kensington that machine was built by
this<00:00:54.920> guy<00:00:55.120> Charles<00:00:55.480> Babbage<00:00:56.199> now<00:00:56.320> I<00:00:56.440> have<00:00:56.520> a
this guy Charles Babbage now I have a
this guy Charles Babbage now I have a
great<00:00:56.840> affinity<00:00:57.160> for<00:00:57.239> Charles<00:00:57.520> Babbage
great affinity for Charles Babbage
great affinity for Charles Babbage
because<00:00:58.160> his<00:00:58.359> hair<00:00:58.600> is<00:00:58.760> always<00:00:59.000> completely
because his hair is always completely
because his hair is always completely
unkempt<00:01:00.039> like<00:01:00.239> this<00:01:00.359> in<00:01:00.519> every<00:01:00.760> single
unkempt like this in every single
unkempt like this in every single
picture<00:01:02.160> um<00:01:02.640> he<00:01:02.800> was<00:01:02.920> a<00:01:03.039> very<00:01:03.239> wealthy<00:01:03.640> man<00:01:04.000> and
picture um he was a very wealthy man and
picture um he was a very wealthy man and
a<00:01:04.239> sort<00:01:04.400> of<00:01:04.760> part<00:01:04.920> of<00:01:05.040> the<00:01:05.159> aristocracy<00:01:05.799> of
a sort of part of the aristocracy of
a sort of part of the aristocracy of
Britain<00:01:06.360> and<00:01:06.720> on<00:01:06.840> a<00:01:07.040> Saturday<00:01:07.439> night<00:01:07.600> in
Britain and on a Saturday night in
Britain and on a Saturday night in
Marone<00:01:09.000> were<00:01:09.280> you<00:01:09.439> part<00:01:09.600> of<00:01:09.680> the<00:01:09.759> intelligen
Marone were you part of the intelligen
Marone were you part of the intelligen
here<00:01:10.720> at<00:01:10.880> that<00:01:11.040> period<00:01:11.320> you<00:01:11.439> would<00:01:11.560> have<00:01:11.640> been
here at that period you would have been
here at that period you would have been
invited<00:01:12.080> around<00:01:12.280> to<00:01:12.400> his<00:01:12.560> house<00:01:12.720> for<00:01:12.840> a
invited around to his house for a
invited around to his house for a
Suare<00:01:14.600> and<00:01:14.920> and<00:01:15.040> he<00:01:15.159> invited<00:01:15.520> everybody<00:01:16.040> Kings
Suare and and he invited everybody Kings
Suare and and he invited everybody Kings
the<00:01:16.680> Duke<00:01:16.880> of<00:01:17.240> Wellington<00:01:18.240> many<00:01:18.479> many<00:01:18.720> famous
the Duke of Wellington many many famous
the Duke of Wellington many many famous
people<00:01:19.360> and<00:01:19.439> he<00:01:19.560> would<00:01:19.680> have<00:01:19.759> shown<00:01:19.960> you<00:01:20.079> one
people and he would have shown you one
people and he would have shown you one
of<00:01:20.320> his<00:01:20.479> mechanical<00:01:21.360> machines<00:01:22.360> um<00:01:22.960> I<00:01:23.119> really
of his mechanical machines um I really
of his mechanical machines um I really
missed<00:01:23.840> that<00:01:24.079> era<00:01:24.360> you<00:01:24.439> know<00:01:24.560> when<00:01:24.680> you<00:01:24.759> could
missed that era you know when you could
missed that era you know when you could
go<00:01:25.000> around<00:01:25.119> for<00:01:25.280> a<00:01:25.400> Suare<00:01:25.920> and<00:01:26.079> see<00:01:26.240> a
go around for a Suare and see a
go around for a Suare and see a
mechanical<00:01:26.880> computer<00:01:27.240> get<00:01:27.400> demonstrated<00:01:27.920> to
mechanical computer get demonstrated to
mechanical computer get demonstrated to
you<00:01:28.640> but<00:01:28.799> babage
you but babage
you but babage
babish<00:01:30.799> himself<00:01:31.119> was<00:01:31.280> born<00:01:31.560> at<00:01:31.640> the<00:01:31.759> end<00:01:31.920> of
babish himself was born at the end of
babish himself was born at the end of
the<00:01:32.200> 18th<00:01:32.720> century<00:01:33.360> and<00:01:33.560> was<00:01:34.040> a<00:01:34.360> fairly<00:01:34.759> famous
the 18th century and was a fairly famous
the 18th century and was a fairly famous
mathematician<00:01:35.680> he<00:01:35.840> held<00:01:36.159> the<00:01:36.399> post<00:01:36.759> that
mathematician he held the post that
mathematician he held the post that
Newton<00:01:37.439> held<00:01:37.759> at<00:01:37.960> Cambridge<00:01:38.439> and<00:01:38.759> that<00:01:38.880> was
Newton held at Cambridge and that was
Newton held at Cambridge and that was
recently<00:01:39.360> held<00:01:39.640> by<00:01:39.720> Steven<00:01:40.079> Hawking<00:01:41.079> um<00:01:41.240> he's
recently held by Steven Hawking um he's
recently held by Steven Hawking um he's
less<00:01:41.640> well<00:01:41.880> known<00:01:42.119> than<00:01:42.320> either<00:01:42.520> of<00:01:42.680> them
less well known than either of them
less well known than either of them
because<00:01:44.119> he<00:01:44.280> got<00:01:44.479> this<00:01:44.719> idea<00:01:45.159> to<00:01:45.360> make
because he got this idea to make
because he got this idea to make
mechanical<00:01:46.040> Computing<00:01:46.479> devices<00:01:47.200> and<00:01:47.399> never
mechanical Computing devices and never
mechanical Computing devices and never
made<00:01:47.960> any<00:01:48.159> of<00:01:48.680> them<00:01:49.680> um<00:01:50.240> the<00:01:50.360> reason<00:01:50.560> he<00:01:50.680> never
made any of them um the reason he never
made any of them um the reason he never
made<00:01:50.960> any<00:01:51.079> of<00:01:51.119> them<00:01:51.240> he<00:01:51.320> was<00:01:51.399> a<00:01:51.520> classic<00:01:51.799> nerd
made any of them he was a classic nerd
made any of them he was a classic nerd
every<00:01:52.960> time<00:01:53.520> he<00:01:53.640> had<00:01:53.759> a<00:01:53.880> good<00:01:54.079> idea<00:01:54.399> he'd<00:01:54.560> think
every time he had a good idea he'd think
every time he had a good idea he'd think
that's<00:01:54.920> brilliant<00:01:55.280> I'm<00:01:55.360> going<00:01:55.479> to<00:01:55.600> start
that's brilliant I'm going to start
that's brilliant I'm going to start
building<00:01:56.119> that<00:01:56.200> one<00:01:56.320> I'll<00:01:56.439> spend<00:01:56.640> a<00:01:56.719> fortune
building that one I'll spend a fortune
building that one I'll spend a fortune
on<00:01:57.200> it<00:01:57.479> I've<00:01:57.600> got<00:01:57.680> a<00:01:57.840> better<00:01:58.200> idea<00:01:58.840> I'm<00:01:58.960> going
on it I've got a better idea I'm going
on it I've got a better idea I'm going
to<00:01:59.159> work<00:01:59.360> on<00:01:59.520> this<00:01:59.640> one
to work on this one
to work on this one
and<00:02:00.680> I'm<00:02:00.799> going<00:02:00.920> do<00:02:01.039> this<00:02:01.119> one<00:02:01.280> he<00:02:01.399> did<00:02:01.640> this
and I'm going do this one he did this
and I'm going do this one he did this
until<00:02:02.119> Sir<00:02:02.360> Robert<00:02:02.600> Peele<00:02:03.039> then<00:02:03.200> prime
until Sir Robert Peele then prime
until Sir Robert Peele then prime
minister<00:02:04.079> basically<00:02:04.399> kicked<00:02:04.680> him<00:02:04.759> out<00:02:04.920> of
minister basically kicked him out of
minister basically kicked him out of
number<00:02:05.280> 10<00:02:05.439> Downing<00:02:05.759> Street<00:02:06.159> and<00:02:06.320> kicking<00:02:06.560> him
number 10 Downing Street and kicking him
number 10 Downing Street and kicking him
out<00:02:07.560> in<00:02:07.719> those<00:02:08.000> days<00:02:08.160> that<00:02:08.319> meant<00:02:08.520> saying<00:02:08.879> I
out in those days that meant saying I
out in those days that meant saying I
bid<00:02:09.200> you<00:02:09.399> good<00:02:09.560> day<00:02:10.000> sir<00:02:11.200> um<00:02:12.200> the<00:02:12.319> thing<00:02:12.440> he
bid you good day sir um the thing he
bid you good day sir um the thing he
designed<00:02:13.000> was<00:02:13.120> this<00:02:13.280> monstrosity<00:02:13.920> here<00:02:14.120> the
designed was this monstrosity here the
designed was this monstrosity here the
analytical<00:02:14.720> engine<00:02:15.599> um<00:02:16.120> now<00:02:16.480> just<00:02:16.640> to<00:02:16.760> give
analytical engine um now just to give
analytical engine um now just to give
you<00:02:16.959> an<00:02:17.080> idea<00:02:17.480> this<00:02:17.599> is<00:02:17.760> this<00:02:17.840> is<00:02:17.920> a<00:02:18.080> view<00:02:18.319> from
you an idea this is this is a view from
you an idea this is this is a view from
above<00:02:19.120> every<00:02:19.280> one<00:02:19.400> of<00:02:19.560> these<00:02:19.720> circles<00:02:20.120> is<00:02:20.239> a
above every one of these circles is a
above every one of these circles is a
cog<00:02:21.400> a<00:02:21.599> stack<00:02:21.879> of<00:02:22.080> cogs<00:02:22.840> and<00:02:22.959> this<00:02:23.080> thing<00:02:23.239> is<00:02:23.360> as
cog a stack of cogs and this thing is as
cog a stack of cogs and this thing is as
big<00:02:23.599> as<00:02:23.720> a<00:02:23.879> steam
big as a steam
big as a steam
locomotive<00:02:25.920> so<00:02:26.080> as<00:02:26.160> I<00:02:26.280> go<00:02:26.400> through<00:02:26.519> this<00:02:26.640> talk
locomotive so as I go through this talk
locomotive so as I go through this talk
I<00:02:26.840> want<00:02:26.959> you<00:02:27.000> to<00:02:27.160> imagine<00:02:27.599> this<00:02:27.959> gigantic
I want you to imagine this gigantic
I want you to imagine this gigantic
machine<00:02:28.640> we<00:02:28.720> heard<00:02:28.920> those<00:02:29.080> wonderful<00:02:29.440> sounds
machine we heard those wonderful sounds
machine we heard those wonderful sounds
of<00:02:30.599> what<00:02:30.720> this<00:02:30.800> thing<00:02:30.920> would<00:02:31.040> have<00:02:31.120> sounded
of what this thing would have sounded
of what this thing would have sounded
like<00:02:31.920> and<00:02:32.040> I'm<00:02:32.120> going<00:02:32.239> to<00:02:32.360> take<00:02:32.480> you<00:02:32.599> through
like and I'm going to take you through
like and I'm going to take you through
the<00:02:32.920> architecture<00:02:33.319> of<00:02:33.400> this<00:02:33.480> machine<00:02:33.720> that's
the architecture of this machine that's
the architecture of this machine that's
why<00:02:34.000> it's<00:02:34.120> computer<00:02:34.440> architecture<00:02:35.160> and<00:02:35.280> tell
why it's computer architecture and tell
why it's computer architecture and tell
you<00:02:35.599> about<00:02:35.959> this<00:02:36.680> this<00:02:36.959> machine<00:02:37.360> which<00:02:37.480> is<00:02:37.599> a
you about this this machine which is a
you about this this machine which is a
computer<00:02:39.080> so<00:02:39.200> let's<00:02:39.360> talk<00:02:39.519> about<00:02:39.680> the<00:02:40.040> memory
computer so let's talk about the memory
computer so let's talk about the memory
the<00:02:41.319> memory<00:02:42.319> is<00:02:42.480> very<00:02:42.680> like<00:02:42.800> a<00:02:43.000> memory<00:02:43.239> of<00:02:43.319> a
the memory is very like a memory of a
the memory is very like a memory of a
computer<00:02:43.760> today<00:02:44.239> except<00:02:44.640> it<00:02:44.720> was<00:02:44.840> all<00:02:45.040> made
computer today except it was all made
computer today except it was all made
out<00:02:45.319> of<00:02:45.959> metal<00:02:46.959> Stacks<00:02:47.360> and<00:02:47.599> stacks<00:02:47.959> of<00:02:48.200> cogs
out of metal Stacks and stacks of cogs
out of metal Stacks and stacks of cogs
30<00:02:49.599> cogs<00:02:50.040> High<00:02:50.400> imagine<00:02:50.680> a<00:02:50.879> thing<00:02:51.360> this<00:02:51.599> high
30 cogs High imagine a thing this high
30 cogs High imagine a thing this high
of<00:02:51.959> cogs<00:02:52.519> hundreds<00:02:52.879> and<00:02:53.000> hundreds<00:02:53.360> of<00:02:53.519> them
of cogs hundreds and hundreds of them
of cogs hundreds and hundreds of them
and<00:02:54.280> they've<00:02:54.480> got<00:02:54.640> numbers<00:02:54.959> on
and they've got numbers on
and they've got numbers on
them<00:02:56.760> it's<00:02:56.879> a<00:02:57.080> decimal<00:02:57.519> machine<00:02:57.920> everything's
them it's a decimal machine everything's
them it's a decimal machine everything's
done<00:02:58.360> in<00:02:58.440> decimal<00:02:58.800> he<00:02:58.920> thought<00:02:59.040> about<00:02:59.200> using
done in decimal he thought about using
done in decimal he thought about using
binary<00:02:59.879> the<00:02:59.959> problem<00:03:00.120> with<00:03:00.200> using<00:03:00.400> binaries
binary the problem with using binaries
binary the problem with using binaries
the<00:03:00.840> machine<00:03:01.120> would<00:03:01.200> have<00:03:01.319> been<00:03:01.480> so<00:03:01.720> tall<00:03:02.480> it
the machine would have been so tall it
the machine would have been so tall it
would<00:03:02.680> have<00:03:02.760> been<00:03:02.920> ridiculous<00:03:03.799> as<00:03:03.879> it<00:03:04.000> is<00:03:04.120> it's
would have been ridiculous as it is it's
would have been ridiculous as it is it's
enormous<00:03:05.400> so<00:03:05.560> he's<00:03:05.760> got
enormous so he's got
enormous so he's got
memory<00:03:07.599> the<00:03:07.720> memory<00:03:08.040> is<00:03:08.159> this<00:03:08.319> bit<00:03:08.560> over<00:03:08.799> here
memory the memory is this bit over here
memory the memory is this bit over here
you<00:03:09.799> can<00:03:09.879> see<00:03:10.080> it<00:03:10.200> all<00:03:10.400> like
you can see it all like
you can see it all like
this<00:03:12.159> this<00:03:12.440> monstrosity<00:03:13.200> over<00:03:13.480> here<00:03:14.000> is<00:03:14.120> the
this this monstrosity over here is the
this this monstrosity over here is the
CPU<00:03:15.200> the<00:03:15.360> chip<00:03:15.760> if<00:03:15.879> you<00:03:16.040> like<00:03:16.440> of<00:03:16.599> course<00:03:16.840> it's
CPU the chip if you like of course it's
CPU the chip if you like of course it's
this<00:03:17.959> big<00:03:18.959> completely<00:03:19.360> mechanical<00:03:19.840> this
this big completely mechanical this
this big completely mechanical this
whole<00:03:20.159> machine<00:03:20.480> is<00:03:21.000> mechanical<00:03:22.000> this<00:03:22.120> is<00:03:22.239> a
whole machine is mechanical this is a
whole machine is mechanical this is a
picture<00:03:23.959> of<00:03:24.280> a<00:03:24.480> prototype<00:03:24.959> for<00:03:25.159> part<00:03:25.280> of<00:03:25.400> the
picture of a prototype for part of the
picture of a prototype for part of the
CPU<00:03:25.879> which<00:03:26.000> is<00:03:26.080> in<00:03:26.159> the<00:03:26.239> science<00:03:26.920> museum<00:03:27.920> the
CPU which is in the science museum the
CPU which is in the science museum the
CPU<00:03:28.959> could<00:03:29.120> do<00:03:29.280> the<00:03:29.360> four<00:03:29.959> fundamental
CPU could do the four fundamental
CPU could do the four fundamental
functions<00:03:31.040> of<00:03:31.200> arithmetics<00:03:31.640> so<00:03:31.760> addition
functions of arithmetics so addition
functions of arithmetics so addition
multiplication<00:03:32.560> subtraction<00:03:33.439> division
multiplication subtraction division
multiplication subtraction division
which<00:03:34.599> already<00:03:34.799> is<00:03:34.879> a<00:03:34.959> bit<00:03:35.080> of<00:03:35.159> a<00:03:35.280> feat<00:03:36.000> in
which already is a bit of a feat in
which already is a bit of a feat in
metal<00:03:37.360> but<00:03:37.439> it<00:03:37.560> could<00:03:37.640> also<00:03:37.879> do<00:03:38.040> something
metal but it could also do something
metal but it could also do something
that<00:03:38.920> a<00:03:39.239> computer<00:03:39.599> does<00:03:39.760> and<00:03:39.879> a<00:03:40.000> calculator
that a computer does and a calculator
that a computer does and a calculator
doesn't<00:03:41.560> this<00:03:41.720> machine<00:03:42.159> could<00:03:42.360> look<00:03:42.519> at<00:03:42.640> its
doesn't this machine could look at its
doesn't this machine could look at its
own<00:03:43.239> internal<00:03:43.720> memory<00:03:44.200> and<00:03:44.319> make<00:03:44.480> a<00:03:44.640> decision
own internal memory and make a decision
own internal memory and make a decision
it<00:03:45.239> could<00:03:45.400> do<00:03:45.519> the<00:03:45.799> if<00:03:46.080> then<00:03:46.799> for<00:03:47.000> basic
it could do the if then for basic
it could do the if then for basic
programmers<00:03:48.159> and<00:03:48.280> that<00:03:48.439> fundamentally<00:03:48.920> made
programmers and that fundamentally made
programmers and that fundamentally made
it<00:03:49.239> into<00:03:49.560> a<00:03:49.720> computer<00:03:50.319> it<00:03:50.480> could<00:03:50.959> compute<00:03:51.480> it
it into a computer it could compute it
it into a computer it could compute it
couldn't<00:03:51.879> just<00:03:52.079> calculate<00:03:52.519> it<00:03:52.599> could<00:03:52.760> do
couldn't just calculate it could do
couldn't just calculate it could do
more<00:03:55.519> now<00:03:55.640> if<00:03:55.760> we<00:03:55.879> look<00:03:56.000> at<00:03:56.239> this<00:03:56.680> and<00:03:56.799> we<00:03:56.920> stop
more now if we look at this and we stop
more now if we look at this and we stop
for<00:03:57.319> a<00:03:57.439> minute<00:03:57.760> and<00:03:57.879> we<00:03:58.000> think<00:03:58.239> about<00:03:58.599> chips
for a minute and we think about chips
for a minute and we think about chips
today<00:03:59.400> we<00:03:59.519> can't<00:03:59.840> not<00:04:00.000> look<00:04:00.200> inside<00:04:00.760> a<00:04:00.920> silicon
today we can't not look inside a silicon
today we can't not look inside a silicon
chip<00:04:01.720> it's<00:04:01.920> just<00:04:02.360> so<00:04:02.799> tiny<00:04:03.599> yet<00:04:03.799> if<00:04:03.879> you<00:04:04.120> did
chip it's just so tiny yet if you did
chip it's just so tiny yet if you did
you<00:04:04.480> would<00:04:04.680> see<00:04:04.879> something<00:04:05.319> very<00:04:05.560> very
you would see something very very
you would see something very very
similar<00:04:06.239> to<00:04:06.439> this<00:04:06.959> there's<00:04:07.120> this<00:04:07.560> incredible
similar to this there's this incredible
similar to this there's this incredible
complexity<00:04:08.799> in<00:04:08.920> the<00:04:09.120> CPU<00:04:10.120> and<00:04:10.280> this
complexity in the CPU and this
complexity in the CPU and this
incredible<00:04:11.200> regularity<00:04:11.959> in<00:04:12.079> the<00:04:12.200> memory<00:04:12.480> if
incredible regularity in the memory if
incredible regularity in the memory if
you<00:04:12.640> ever<00:04:12.760> seen<00:04:12.920> an<00:04:12.959> electron<00:04:13.319> microscope
you ever seen an electron microscope
you ever seen an electron microscope
picture<00:04:14.280> you'll<00:04:14.480> see<00:04:14.760> this<00:04:15.239> it's<00:04:15.400> all<00:04:15.640> looks
picture you'll see this it's all looks
picture you'll see this it's all looks
the<00:04:16.040> same<00:04:16.320> then<00:04:16.440> there's<00:04:16.560> a<00:04:16.680> bit<00:04:16.840> over<00:04:16.959> here
the same then there's a bit over here
the same then there's a bit over here
which<00:04:17.160> is<00:04:17.280> incredibly
which is incredibly
which is incredibly
complicated<00:04:19.680> this<00:04:19.959> all<00:04:20.239> this<00:04:20.400> Cog<00:04:20.639> wheel
complicated this all this Cog wheel
complicated this all this Cog wheel
mechanism<00:04:21.199> here<00:04:21.320> is<00:04:21.479> doing<00:04:21.840> what<00:04:22.079> the
mechanism here is doing what the
mechanism here is doing what the
computer<00:04:22.520> does<00:04:23.000> but<00:04:23.120> of<00:04:23.199> course<00:04:23.360> you<00:04:23.440> need<00:04:23.560> to
computer does but of course you need to
computer does but of course you need to
program<00:04:24.199> this<00:04:24.360> thing<00:04:24.520> and<00:04:24.639> of<00:04:24.759> course<00:04:25.160> babage
program this thing and of course babage
program this thing and of course babage
used<00:04:26.320> the<00:04:26.520> technology<00:04:26.960> of<00:04:27.080> the<00:04:27.280> day<00:04:27.840> and<00:04:27.960> a
used the technology of the day and a
used the technology of the day and a
technology<00:04:28.479> that<00:04:28.600> would<00:04:28.880> reappear<00:04:29.759> in<00:04:29.880> the
technology that would reappear in the
technology that would reappear in the
50s<00:04:30.440> 60s<00:04:30.720> and70s<00:04:31.120> which<00:04:31.639> is<00:04:31.800> Punch<00:04:32.199> Cards<00:04:33.199> this
50s 60s and70s which is Punch Cards this
50s 60s and70s which is Punch Cards this
thing<00:04:34.000> over<00:04:34.280> here<00:04:34.840> is<00:04:35.000> one<00:04:35.160> of<00:04:35.360> three<00:04:35.639> punch
thing over here is one of three punch
thing over here is one of three punch
card<00:04:36.320> readers<00:04:36.919> in<00:04:37.120> here<00:04:37.600> and<00:04:38.080> this<00:04:38.639> is<00:04:38.759> a
card readers in here and this is a
card readers in here and this is a
program<00:04:39.960> in<00:04:40.120> the<00:04:40.280> science<00:04:40.639> museum<00:04:41.160> just<00:04:42.039> not
program in the science museum just not
program in the science museum just not
far<00:04:42.520> from<00:04:42.800> here<00:04:43.800> created<00:04:44.280> by<00:04:44.440> Charles<00:04:44.800> babage
far from here created by Charles babage
far from here created by Charles babage
that<00:04:45.400> is<00:04:45.560> sitting<00:04:46.000> there<00:04:46.160> you<00:04:46.240> can<00:04:46.400> go<00:04:46.560> see<00:04:46.800> it
that is sitting there you can go see it
that is sitting there you can go see it
waiting<00:04:47.600> for<00:04:47.759> the<00:04:47.880> machine<00:04:48.240> to<00:04:48.400> be
waiting for the machine to be
waiting for the machine to be
built<00:04:50.720> and<00:04:50.840> there's<00:04:51.039> not<00:04:51.199> just<00:04:51.320> one<00:04:51.479> of<00:04:51.600> these
built and there's not just one of these
built and there's not just one of these
there's<00:04:51.960> many<00:04:52.199> of<00:04:52.360> them<00:04:53.160> um<00:04:53.320> he<00:04:53.520> prepared
there's many of them um he prepared
there's many of them um he prepared
programs<00:04:55.080> anticipating<00:04:55.680> this<00:04:55.800> would<00:04:55.919> happen
programs anticipating this would happen
programs anticipating this would happen
now<00:04:56.199> the<00:04:56.280> reason<00:04:56.440> he<00:04:56.520> use<00:04:56.720> Punch<00:04:57.000> Cards<00:04:57.360> was
now the reason he use Punch Cards was
now the reason he use Punch Cards was
that<00:04:57.600> jackard<00:04:58.120> in<00:04:58.320> France<00:04:58.919> had<00:04:59.039> created<00:04:59.280> the
that jackard in France had created the
that jackard in France had created the
jackard<00:04:59.880> Loom<00:05:00.400> which<00:05:00.520> was<00:05:00.639> weaving<00:05:00.960> these
jackard Loom which was weaving these
jackard Loom which was weaving these
incredible<00:05:01.520> patterns<00:05:01.880> controlled<00:05:02.240> by<00:05:02.360> Punch
incredible patterns controlled by Punch
incredible patterns controlled by Punch
Cards<00:05:03.280> so<00:05:03.440> he<00:05:03.520> was<00:05:03.680> just<00:05:03.840> repurposing<00:05:04.440> the
Cards so he was just repurposing the
Cards so he was just repurposing the
technology<00:05:04.960> of<00:05:05.080> the<00:05:05.199> day<00:05:05.600> and<00:05:05.759> like
technology of the day and like
technology of the day and like
everything<00:05:06.160> else<00:05:06.400> he<00:05:06.560> did<00:05:06.960> he's<00:05:07.160> using<00:05:07.360> the
everything else he did he's using the
everything else he did he's using the
technology<00:05:07.960> of<00:05:08.080> his<00:05:08.280> era<00:05:08.680> so<00:05:09.120> 1830s<00:05:09.720> 1840s
technology of his era so 1830s 1840s
technology of his era so 1830s 1840s
1850s<00:05:11.199> cogs<00:05:11.960> steam<00:05:12.840> Mechanical<00:05:13.440> Devices
1850s cogs steam Mechanical Devices
1850s cogs steam Mechanical Devices
ironically<00:05:15.680> born<00:05:15.919> the<00:05:16.039> same<00:05:16.240> year<00:05:16.479> as<00:05:16.639> Charles
ironically born the same year as Charles
ironically born the same year as Charles
bage<00:05:17.280> was<00:05:17.400> Michael<00:05:17.680> Faraday<00:05:18.600> who<00:05:18.759> would
bage was Michael Faraday who would
bage was Michael Faraday who would
completely<00:05:19.199> Revolution<00:05:20.120> reolution
completely Revolution reolution
completely Revolution reolution
everything<00:05:21.240> with<00:05:21.360> the<00:05:21.520> Dynamo<00:05:22.479> Transformers
everything with the Dynamo Transformers
everything with the Dynamo Transformers
all<00:05:23.199> these<00:05:23.319> sorts<00:05:23.479> of<00:05:23.560> things<00:05:24.199> barage<00:05:24.600> of
all these sorts of things barage of
all these sorts of things barage of
course<00:05:25.000> wanted<00:05:25.240> to<00:05:25.400> use<00:05:25.680> proven<00:05:26.120> technology
course wanted to use proven technology
course wanted to use proven technology
so<00:05:27.039> Steam<00:05:27.440> and<00:05:27.880> things<00:05:28.880> now<00:05:29.240> he<00:05:29.360> needed
so Steam and things now he needed
so Steam and things now he needed
accessories<00:05:30.319> obviously<00:05:30.600> you've<00:05:30.720> got<00:05:30.840> a
accessories obviously you've got a
accessories obviously you've got a
computer<00:05:31.600> now<00:05:31.759> you've<00:05:31.960> got<00:05:32.280> Punch<00:05:32.600> Cards<00:05:32.919> a
computer now you've got Punch Cards a
computer now you've got Punch Cards a
CPU<00:05:33.479> and<00:05:33.639> memory<00:05:34.360> you<00:05:34.479> need<00:05:34.840> accessories
CPU and memory you need accessories
CPU and memory you need accessories
you're<00:05:35.479> going<00:05:35.600> to<00:05:35.680> come<00:05:35.840> with<00:05:35.960> you're<00:05:36.039> not
you're going to come with you're not
you're going to come with you're not
just<00:05:36.319> going<00:05:36.400> to<00:05:36.520> have<00:05:36.720> that<00:05:37.080> so<00:05:37.240> first<00:05:37.400> of<00:05:37.479> all
just going to have that so first of all
just going to have that so first of all
you<00:05:37.720> had
you had
you had
sound<00:05:39.560> you<00:05:39.680> had<00:05:39.800> a<00:05:40.080> bell<00:05:41.080> so<00:05:41.240> if<00:05:41.360> anything<00:05:41.600> went
sound you had a bell so if anything went
sound you had a bell so if anything went
wrong<00:05:42.759> or<00:05:42.919> the<00:05:43.000> machine<00:05:43.360> needed<00:05:43.680> the
wrong or the machine needed the
wrong or the machine needed the
attendant<00:05:44.319> to<00:05:44.520> come<00:05:44.639> to<00:05:44.800> it<00:05:44.960> there<00:05:45.039> was<00:05:45.160> a<00:05:45.319> bell
attendant to come to it there was a bell
attendant to come to it there was a bell
it<00:05:45.759> could<00:05:46.039> ring<00:05:47.039> and<00:05:47.160> there's<00:05:47.319> actually<00:05:47.520> an
it could ring and there's actually an
it could ring and there's actually an
instruction<00:05:48.039> on<00:05:48.160> a<00:05:48.280> punch<00:05:48.520> C<00:05:48.720> it<00:05:48.840> says<00:05:49.039> ring
instruction on a punch C it says ring
instruction on a punch C it says ring
the<00:05:49.479> bell<00:05:49.880> so<00:05:50.120> you<00:05:50.360> imagine<00:05:50.639> this<00:05:50.840> ding<00:05:51.400> you
the bell so you imagine this ding you
the bell so you imagine this ding you
know<00:05:52.240> just<00:05:52.440> stop<00:05:52.639> for<00:05:52.759> a<00:05:52.840> moment<00:05:53.080> imagine<00:05:53.319> all
know just stop for a moment imagine all
know just stop for a moment imagine all
those<00:05:53.600> noise<00:05:53.919> this<00:05:54.039> thing<00:05:54.199> click<00:05:54.360> click<00:05:54.560> click
those noise this thing click click click
those noise this thing click click click
click<00:05:54.960> steam<00:05:55.280> engine<00:05:55.919> ding<00:05:56.919> right<00:05:57.800> um<00:05:58.000> You
click steam engine ding right um You
click steam engine ding right um You
also<00:05:58.280> need<00:05:58.400> a<00:05:58.520> printer<00:05:58.919> obviously<00:05:59.199> everyone
also need a printer obviously everyone
also need a printer obviously everyone
needs<00:05:59.520> a<00:05:59.639> the<00:05:59.720> printer<00:06:00.080> this<00:06:00.160> is<00:06:00.319> actually<00:06:01.120> a
needs a the printer this is actually a
needs a the printer this is actually a
picture<00:06:01.840> of<00:06:02.120> the<00:06:02.280> printing<00:06:02.680> mechanism<00:06:03.120> for
picture of the printing mechanism for
picture of the printing mechanism for
another<00:06:03.560> machine<00:06:03.840> of<00:06:04.039> his<00:06:04.280> called<00:06:04.440> The
another machine of his called The
another machine of his called The
Difference<00:06:04.800> Engine<00:06:05.080> Number<00:06:05.280> Two<00:06:05.800> which<00:06:05.919> he
Difference Engine Number Two which he
Difference Engine Number Two which he
never<00:06:06.280> built<00:06:06.840> but<00:06:06.960> which<00:06:07.080> the<00:06:07.199> science<00:06:07.440> museum
never built but which the science museum
never built but which the science museum
did<00:06:08.000> build<00:06:08.240> in<00:06:08.319> the<00:06:08.400> 80s<00:06:08.720> and<00:06:09.199> 90s<00:06:10.199> it's<00:06:10.319> a
did build in the 80s and 90s it's a
did build in the 80s and 90s it's a
completely<00:06:10.800> mechanical<00:06:11.360> again<00:06:11.560> a<00:06:11.720> printer<00:06:12.560> um
completely mechanical again a printer um
completely mechanical again a printer um
it<00:06:12.800> prints<00:06:13.120> just<00:06:13.319> numbers<00:06:13.680> because<00:06:13.800> he<00:06:13.880> was
it prints just numbers because he was
it prints just numbers because he was
obsessed<00:06:14.319> with<00:06:14.440> numbers<00:06:15.319> um<00:06:15.599> but<00:06:15.759> it<00:06:15.840> does
obsessed with numbers um but it does
obsessed with numbers um but it does
print<00:06:16.280> onto<00:06:16.599> paper<00:06:16.880> and<00:06:16.960> it<00:06:17.080> even<00:06:17.280> does<00:06:17.520> word
print onto paper and it even does word
print onto paper and it even does word
wrapping<00:06:18.120> so<00:06:18.240> if<00:06:18.319> you<00:06:18.400> get<00:06:18.479> to<00:06:18.520> the<00:06:18.599> end<00:06:18.720> of
wrapping so if you get to the end of
wrapping so if you get to the end of
line<00:06:19.080> it<00:06:19.479> goes<00:06:19.680> WR<00:06:19.880> like<00:06:20.039> that<00:06:20.720> um<00:06:21.120> you<00:06:21.280> also
line it goes WR like that um you also
line it goes WR like that um you also
need<00:06:21.880> Graphics<00:06:22.520> right<00:06:22.720> I<00:06:22.800> mean<00:06:22.880> if<00:06:22.960> you're
need Graphics right I mean if you're
need Graphics right I mean if you're
going<00:06:23.160> to<00:06:23.199> do<00:06:23.319> anything<00:06:23.639> with<00:06:23.800> Graphics<00:06:24.160> so<00:06:24.280> he
going to do anything with Graphics so he
going to do anything with Graphics so he
said<00:06:24.680> well<00:06:24.800> I<00:06:24.880> need<00:06:25.039> a<00:06:25.199> plotter<00:06:25.960> I<00:06:26.080> got<00:06:26.160> a<00:06:26.240> big
said well I need a plotter I got a big
said well I need a plotter I got a big
piece<00:06:26.560> of<00:06:26.639> paper<00:06:26.840> and<00:06:26.919> an<00:06:27.000> ink<00:06:27.240> pen<00:06:27.440> and<00:06:27.560> I'll
piece of paper and an ink pen and I'll
piece of paper and an ink pen and I'll
make<00:06:27.880> it<00:06:28.120> plot<00:06:28.800> so<00:06:28.919> he<00:06:29.039> designed<00:06:29.319> a<00:06:29.560> stter<00:06:30.000> as
make it plot so he designed a stter as
make it plot so he designed a stter as
well<00:06:31.199> um<00:06:32.080> and<00:06:32.680> you<00:06:32.800> know<00:06:32.960> at<00:06:33.120> that<00:06:33.280> point<00:06:33.560> I
well um and you know at that point I
well um and you know at that point I
think<00:06:33.800> he<00:06:34.000> got<00:06:34.280> pretty<00:06:34.479> much<00:06:34.759> pretty<00:06:35.000> good
think he got pretty much pretty good
think he got pretty much pretty good
machine<00:06:36.280> um<00:06:36.960> Along<00:06:37.280> Comes<00:06:37.599> This<00:06:37.759> Woman<00:06:38.000> aah
machine um Along Comes This Woman aah
machine um Along Comes This Woman aah
love<00:06:38.560> lace<00:06:38.960> now<00:06:39.319> imagine<00:06:39.639> these<00:06:39.800> sarees<00:06:40.400> all
love lace now imagine these sarees all
love lace now imagine these sarees all
these<00:06:40.680> great<00:06:40.880> and<00:06:41.000> good<00:06:41.160> comes<00:06:41.360> along<00:06:42.080> this
these great and good comes along this
these great and good comes along this
lady<00:06:42.800> is<00:06:43.000> the<00:06:43.160> daughter<00:06:43.639> of<00:06:44.160> mad<00:06:44.520> bad<00:06:44.720> and
lady is the daughter of mad bad and
lady is the daughter of mad bad and
dangerous<00:06:45.199> to<00:06:45.319> know<00:06:45.560> Lord<00:06:46.000> Byron<00:06:47.000> and<00:06:47.360> um<00:06:47.840> her
dangerous to know Lord Byron and um her
dangerous to know Lord Byron and um her
mother<00:06:48.280> being<00:06:48.440> a<00:06:48.560> bit<00:06:48.720> worried<00:06:49.199> that<00:06:49.360> she
mother being a bit worried that she
mother being a bit worried that she
might<00:06:49.720> have<00:06:49.880> inherited<00:06:50.400> some<00:06:50.560> of<00:06:50.680> Lord
might have inherited some of Lord
might have inherited some of Lord
Byron's<00:06:51.479> Madness<00:06:51.840> and<00:06:52.039> Badness<00:06:52.759> thought<00:06:53.080> I
Byron's Madness and Badness thought I
Byron's Madness and Badness thought I
know<00:06:53.440> the<00:06:53.639> solution<00:06:54.440> mathematics<00:06:55.160> is<00:06:55.319> the
know the solution mathematics is the
know the solution mathematics is the
solution<00:06:56.240> we'll<00:06:56.520> teach<00:06:56.800> her<00:06:57.120> mathematics
solution we'll teach her mathematics
solution we'll teach her mathematics
that'll<00:06:57.960> calm<00:06:58.240> her<00:06:58.440> down<00:06:59.039> because<00:06:59.240> of<00:06:59.360> course
there's<00:07:03.400> never<00:07:03.680> been<00:07:03.840> a<00:07:04.000> mathemat
there's never been a mathemat
there's never been a mathemat
mathematician<00:07:05.199> that's<00:07:05.360> gone<00:07:05.680> crazy<00:07:06.360> so<00:07:06.520> you
mathematician that's gone crazy so you
mathematician that's gone crazy so you
know<00:07:06.800> that'll<00:07:07.000> be<00:07:07.680> fine<00:07:08.680> so<00:07:08.840> everything<00:07:09.039> will
know that'll be fine so everything will
know that'll be fine so everything will
be<00:07:09.240> fine<00:07:09.440> so<00:07:09.560> she's<00:07:09.800> got<00:07:09.960> this<00:07:10.120> mathematical
be fine so she's got this mathematical
be fine so she's got this mathematical
um<00:07:11.599> training<00:07:12.160> and<00:07:12.400> she<00:07:13.080> goes<00:07:13.319> to<00:07:13.440> one<00:07:13.560> of<00:07:13.639> these
um training and she goes to one of these
um training and she goes to one of these
saries<00:07:14.240> with<00:07:14.400> her<00:07:14.560> mother<00:07:14.919> and<00:07:15.080> Charles
saries with her mother and Charles
saries with her mother and Charles
Babbage<00:07:15.879> you<00:07:15.960> know<00:07:16.120> gets<00:07:16.319> out<00:07:16.479> his<00:07:16.680> machine<00:07:17.479> so
Babbage you know gets out his machine so
Babbage you know gets out his machine so
dukee<00:07:18.240> of<00:07:18.360> Wellington<00:07:18.759> is<00:07:18.919> there<00:07:19.039> you<00:07:19.120> know
dukee of Wellington is there you know
dukee of Wellington is there you know
get<00:07:19.440> that<00:07:19.560> machine<00:07:19.879> obviously<00:07:20.160> demonstrate
get that machine obviously demonstrate
get that machine obviously demonstrate
it<00:07:21.240> and<00:07:21.360> she<00:07:21.639> gets<00:07:21.919> it<00:07:22.680> she's<00:07:22.919> the<00:07:23.039> only<00:07:23.319> person
it and she gets it she's the only person
it and she gets it she's the only person
in<00:07:23.680> his<00:07:23.879> lifetime<00:07:24.560> really<00:07:24.840> who<00:07:24.960> said<00:07:25.240> I
in his lifetime really who said I
in his lifetime really who said I
understand<00:07:25.680> what<00:07:25.800> this<00:07:25.960> does<00:07:26.160> and<00:07:26.240> I
understand what this does and I
understand what this does and I
understand<00:07:26.720> the<00:07:26.840> future<00:07:27.120> of<00:07:27.240> this<00:07:27.560> machine
understand the future of this machine
understand the future of this machine
and<00:07:29.280> we<00:07:29.639> owe<00:07:29.919> to<00:07:30.039> her<00:07:30.160> an<00:07:30.280> enormous<00:07:30.599> amount
and we owe to her an enormous amount
and we owe to her an enormous amount
because<00:07:31.039> we<00:07:31.160> know<00:07:31.400> a<00:07:31.560> lot<00:07:31.879> about<00:07:32.280> the<00:07:32.400> machine
because we know a lot about the machine
because we know a lot about the machine
that<00:07:32.840> babage<00:07:33.199> was<00:07:33.319> intending<00:07:33.680> to<00:07:33.879> build
that babage was intending to build
that babage was intending to build
because<00:07:35.120> of<00:07:35.360> her<00:07:36.360> now<00:07:36.960> some<00:07:37.160> people<00:07:37.479> call<00:07:37.639> her
because of her now some people call her
because of her now some people call her
the<00:07:37.960> first<00:07:38.440> programmer<00:07:39.080> this<00:07:39.160> is<00:07:39.360> actually
the first programmer this is actually
the first programmer this is actually
the<00:07:40.240> uh<00:07:40.400> from<00:07:40.599> one<00:07:40.720> of<00:07:40.879> the<00:07:41.000> paper<00:07:41.280> that<00:07:41.360> she
the uh from one of the paper that she
the uh from one of the paper that she
translated<00:07:42.080> this<00:07:42.160> is<00:07:42.240> a<00:07:42.599> program<00:07:43.599> um<00:07:43.720> written
translated this is a program um written
translated this is a program um written
in<00:07:44.159> a<00:07:44.319> particular<00:07:44.720> style<00:07:45.560> um<00:07:45.800> it's<00:07:45.919> not
in a particular style um it's not
in a particular style um it's not
historically<00:07:46.759> totally<00:07:47.159> accurate<00:07:47.520> that<00:07:47.639> she's
historically totally accurate that she's
historically totally accurate that she's
the<00:07:47.960> first<00:07:48.199> programmer<00:07:48.639> and<00:07:48.840> actually<00:07:49.479> she
the first programmer and actually she
the first programmer and actually she
did<00:07:49.800> something<00:07:50.039> more<00:07:50.240> amazing<00:07:50.639> rather<00:07:50.840> than
did something more amazing rather than
did something more amazing rather than
just<00:07:51.080> being<00:07:51.240> a<00:07:51.360> programmer<00:07:52.319> she<00:07:52.440> saw
just being a programmer she saw
just being a programmer she saw
something<00:07:52.919> that<00:07:53.039> babage<00:07:53.520> didn't<00:07:54.520> babage<00:07:55.520> was
something that babage didn't babage was
something that babage didn't babage was
totally<00:07:56.479> obsessed<00:07:56.840> with<00:07:57.360> mathematics<00:07:58.360> he<00:07:58.479> was
totally obsessed with mathematics he was
totally obsessed with mathematics he was
building<00:07:58.919> a<00:07:59.039> machine<00:07:59.759> to<00:07:59.919> do
building a machine to do
building a machine to do
mathematics<00:08:01.800> and<00:08:02.000> love<00:08:02.400> lace<00:08:03.400> said<00:08:03.919> you<00:08:04.039> could
mathematics and love lace said you could
mathematics and love lace said you could
do<00:08:04.319> more<00:08:04.440> than<00:08:04.639> mathematics<00:08:05.120> on<00:08:05.280> this<00:08:05.759> machine
do more than mathematics on this machine
do more than mathematics on this machine
and<00:08:06.960> just<00:08:07.120> as<00:08:07.240> you<00:08:07.479> do<00:08:07.639> everyone<00:08:07.840> in<00:08:07.919> this<00:08:08.039> room
and just as you do everyone in this room
and just as you do everyone in this room
has<00:08:08.240> probably<00:08:08.440> got<00:08:08.520> a<00:08:08.639> computer<00:08:08.919> on<00:08:09.039> them
has probably got a computer on them
has probably got a computer on them
right<00:08:09.400> now<00:08:09.680> because<00:08:09.759> they<00:08:09.879> got<00:08:09.960> a<00:08:10.159> phone<00:08:11.039> if
right now because they got a phone if
right now because they got a phone if
you<00:08:11.280> go<00:08:11.400> into<00:08:11.639> that<00:08:11.800> phone<00:08:12.240> every<00:08:12.479> single
you go into that phone every single
you go into that phone every single
thing<00:08:13.039> in<00:08:13.159> that<00:08:13.360> phone<00:08:13.560> or<00:08:13.759> computer<00:08:14.120> or<00:08:14.280> any
thing in that phone or computer or any
thing in that phone or computer or any
any<00:08:14.720> other<00:08:14.919> Computing<00:08:15.240> device<00:08:15.680> is
any other Computing device is
any other Computing device is
mathematics<00:08:16.400> it's<00:08:16.560> all<00:08:16.800> numbers<00:08:17.159> at<00:08:17.319> the
mathematics it's all numbers at the
mathematics it's all numbers at the
bottom<00:08:18.240> whether<00:08:18.479> it's<00:08:18.759> video<00:08:19.280> or<00:08:19.599> text<00:08:20.120> or
bottom whether it's video or text or
bottom whether it's video or text or
music<00:08:20.840> or<00:08:21.120> voice<00:08:21.479> it's<00:08:21.639> all<00:08:21.919> numbers<00:08:22.280> it's<00:08:22.639> all
music or voice it's all numbers it's all
music or voice it's all numbers it's all
underlying<00:08:24.240> it<00:08:24.919> mathematical<00:08:25.479> functions
underlying it mathematical functions
underlying it mathematical functions
happening<00:08:26.240> and<00:08:26.360> loveely<00:08:26.879> said<00:08:27.360> just<00:08:27.639> because
happening and loveely said just because
happening and loveely said just because
you're<00:08:28.319> doing<00:08:28.879> mathematical
you're doing mathematical
you're doing mathematical
functions<00:08:30.919> and<00:08:31.159> symbols<00:08:31.960> doesn't<00:08:32.200> mean<00:08:32.440> this
functions and symbols doesn't mean this
functions and symbols doesn't mean this
things<00:08:33.000> can't<00:08:33.279> represent<00:08:33.959> other<00:08:34.279> things<00:08:34.519> in
things can't represent other things in
things can't represent other things in
the<00:08:34.719> real<00:08:34.959> world<00:08:35.479> such<00:08:35.839> as<00:08:36.599> music<00:08:37.599> this<00:08:37.719> was
the real world such as music this was
the real world such as music this was
the<00:08:38.240> huge<00:08:38.519> leap<00:08:39.120> because<00:08:39.279> babage<00:08:39.640> is<00:08:39.719> there
the huge leap because babage is there
the huge leap because babage is there
saying<00:08:40.080> we<00:08:40.159> could<00:08:40.479> compute<00:08:40.800> these<00:08:41.000> amazing
saying we could compute these amazing
saying we could compute these amazing
functions<00:08:41.839> and<00:08:42.000> print<00:08:42.200> out<00:08:42.479> tables<00:08:42.839> of
functions and print out tables of
functions and print out tables of
numbers<00:08:43.519> and<00:08:44.039> draw<00:08:44.560> graphs<00:08:45.080> and<00:08:45.800> and<00:08:45.959> love<00:08:46.200> La
numbers and draw graphs and and love La
numbers and draw graphs and and love La
is<00:08:46.560> there<00:08:46.640> and<00:08:46.720> she<00:08:46.839> says<00:08:47.200> look<00:08:48.000> this<00:08:48.200> thing
is there and she says look this thing
is there and she says look this thing
could<00:08:48.760> even<00:08:49.160> compose<00:08:49.920> music<00:08:50.480> if<00:08:50.600> you<00:08:50.760> told<00:08:51.040> it
could even compose music if you told it
could even compose music if you told it
a<00:08:51.320> representation<00:08:51.959> of<00:08:52.160> Music<00:08:53.040> numerically<00:08:54.040> so
a representation of Music numerically so
a representation of Music numerically so
this<00:08:54.279> is<00:08:54.399> what<00:08:54.480> I<00:08:54.600> call<00:08:54.760> love<00:08:55.000> LA's<00:08:55.320> leap<00:08:55.640> when
this is what I call love LA's leap when
this is what I call love LA's leap when
you<00:08:55.880> say<00:08:56.240> she's<00:08:56.440> a
you say she's a
you say she's a
programmer<00:08:58.160> she<00:08:58.399> did<00:08:58.560> do<00:08:58.800> some<00:08:59.440> but<00:08:59.560> the<00:08:59.680> real
programmer she did do some but the real
programmer she did do some but the real
thing<00:09:00.079> is<00:09:00.200> to<00:09:00.360> have<00:09:00.480> said<00:09:01.160> the<00:09:01.360> future<00:09:01.800> is
thing is to have said the future is
thing is to have said the future is
going<00:09:02.079> to<00:09:02.200> be<00:09:02.600> much<00:09:02.920> much<00:09:03.120> more<00:09:03.360> than<00:09:04.040> this<00:09:05.040> now
going to be much much more than this now
going to be much much more than this now
100<00:09:05.560> years<00:09:05.760> later<00:09:06.040> this<00:09:06.200> guy<00:09:06.360> comes<00:09:06.560> along
100 years later this guy comes along
100 years later this guy comes along
Alan<00:09:07.200> cheering<00:09:08.200> and<00:09:08.519> um<00:09:08.920> and<00:09:09.160> in<00:09:09.640> 1936<00:09:10.519> and
Alan cheering and um and in 1936 and
Alan cheering and um and in 1936 and
invents<00:09:10.959> the<00:09:11.040> computer<00:09:11.399> all<00:09:11.519> over<00:09:11.839> again<00:09:12.320> now
invents the computer all over again now
invents the computer all over again now
of<00:09:12.600> course<00:09:12.920> babbage's<00:09:13.440> machine<00:09:13.720> was<00:09:13.839> entirely
of course babbage's machine was entirely
of course babbage's machine was entirely
mechanical<00:09:15.079> uh<00:09:15.160> cheering's<00:09:15.600> machine<00:09:15.839> was
mechanical uh cheering's machine was
mechanical uh cheering's machine was
entirely<00:09:16.320> theoretical<00:09:17.120> uh<00:09:17.279> both<00:09:17.399> of<00:09:17.560> these
entirely theoretical uh both of these
entirely theoretical uh both of these
guys<00:09:17.959> were<00:09:18.160> coming<00:09:18.399> from<00:09:18.519> a<00:09:18.680> mathematical
guys were coming from a mathematical
guys were coming from a mathematical
perspective<00:09:20.000> but<00:09:20.160> cheering<00:09:20.800> told<00:09:21.040> us
perspective but cheering told us
perspective but cheering told us
something<00:09:21.560> very<00:09:22.120> important<00:09:23.120> he<00:09:23.720> just<00:09:24.399> laid
something very important he just laid
something very important he just laid
down<00:09:24.800> the<00:09:24.920> mathematical<00:09:25.360> foundations<00:09:25.800> for
down the mathematical foundations for
down the mathematical foundations for
computer<00:09:26.320> science<00:09:26.959> and<00:09:27.160> said<00:09:27.720> it<00:09:27.880> doesn't
computer science and said it doesn't
computer science and said it doesn't
matter<00:09:28.800> how<00:09:28.959> you<00:09:29.160> make<00:09:29.399> make<00:09:29.519> a<00:09:29.880> computer<00:09:30.880> it
matter how you make make a computer it
matter how you make make a computer it
doesn't<00:09:31.200> matter<00:09:31.440> if<00:09:31.519> your<00:09:31.640> computer<00:09:31.920> is
doesn't matter if your computer is
doesn't matter if your computer is
mechanical<00:09:33.279> like<00:09:33.480> bages<00:09:34.040> was<00:09:34.560> or<00:09:35.040> electronic
mechanical like bages was or electronic
mechanical like bages was or electronic
like<00:09:35.920> computers<00:09:36.279> are<00:09:36.480> today<00:09:36.959> or<00:09:37.120> perhaps<00:09:37.360> in
like computers are today or perhaps in
like computers are today or perhaps in
the<00:09:37.560> future<00:09:38.040> cells<00:09:39.000> or<00:09:39.399> again<00:09:40.000> mechanical
the future cells or again mechanical
the future cells or again mechanical
again<00:09:40.760> once<00:09:40.920> we<00:09:41.040> get<00:09:41.160> into
again once we get into
again once we get into
nanotechnology<00:09:42.959> we<00:09:43.079> could<00:09:43.279> go<00:09:43.440> back<00:09:43.600> to
nanotechnology we could go back to
nanotechnology we could go back to
babbage's<00:09:44.320> machine<00:09:44.880> and<00:09:45.000> just<00:09:45.160> make<00:09:45.360> it<00:09:45.600> tiny
babbage's machine and just make it tiny
babbage's machine and just make it tiny
all<00:09:46.800> those<00:09:46.959> things<00:09:47.120> are<00:09:47.279> computers<00:09:47.680> there<00:09:47.760> is
all those things are computers there is
all those things are computers there is
in<00:09:48.000> ense<00:09:48.279> a<00:09:48.440> Computing<00:09:49.040> Essence<00:09:49.440> this<00:09:49.519> is
in ense a Computing Essence this is
in ense a Computing Essence this is
called<00:09:49.800> The<00:09:49.920> Church<00:09:50.240> touring<00:09:50.720> thesis<00:09:51.640> and<00:09:51.720> so
called The Church touring thesis and so
called The Church touring thesis and so
suddenly<00:09:52.600> you<00:09:52.760> get<00:09:52.880> this<00:09:53.040> link<00:09:53.360> where<00:09:53.440> you<00:09:53.600> say
suddenly you get this link where you say
suddenly you get this link where you say
this<00:09:54.079> thing<00:09:54.279> babage<00:09:54.800> built<00:09:55.079> really<00:09:55.279> was<00:09:55.440> a
this thing babage built really was a
this thing babage built really was a
computer<00:09:56.040> in<00:09:56.200> fact<00:09:56.440> it<00:09:56.560> was<00:09:56.800> capable<00:09:57.120> of<00:09:57.279> doing
computer in fact it was capable of doing
computer in fact it was capable of doing
everything<00:09:58.040> we<00:09:58.200> do<00:09:58.560> today<00:09:58.920> with<00:09:59.079> Compu
everything we do today with Compu
everything we do today with Compu
computers<00:10:00.880> only<00:10:01.320> really
computers only really
computers only really
slowly<00:10:04.200> to<00:10:04.320> give<00:10:04.440> you<00:10:04.519> an<00:10:04.640> idea<00:10:04.880> of<00:10:05.000> how<00:10:05.160> slowly
slowly to give you an idea of how slowly
slowly to give you an idea of how slowly
um<00:10:06.160> it<00:10:06.279> had<00:10:06.440> about<00:10:06.680> 1K<00:10:07.200> of
um it had about 1K of
um it had about 1K of
memory<00:10:09.519> um<00:10:10.440> it<00:10:10.560> used<00:10:10.800> Punch<00:10:11.040> Cards<00:10:11.279> which<00:10:11.360> are
memory um it used Punch Cards which are
memory um it used Punch Cards which are
being<00:10:11.640> fed<00:10:11.959> in<00:10:12.839> and<00:10:13.320> uh<00:10:13.440> it<00:10:13.560> ran<00:10:14.079> about<00:10:14.519> 10,000
being fed in and uh it ran about 10,000
being fed in and uh it ran about 10,000
times<00:10:15.399> slower<00:10:15.760> than<00:10:15.920> the<00:10:16.120> first
times slower than the first
times slower than the first
zx81<00:10:18.839> U<00:10:18.959> it<00:10:19.079> did<00:10:19.200> have<00:10:19.320> a<00:10:19.440> ram<00:10:19.800> pack<00:10:20.200> you<00:10:20.279> could
zx81 U it did have a ram pack you could
zx81 U it did have a ram pack you could
add<00:10:20.600> on<00:10:20.760> a<00:10:20.880> lot<00:10:21.000> of<00:10:21.120> extra<00:10:21.399> memory<00:10:21.720> if<00:10:21.800> you
add on a lot of extra memory if you
add on a lot of extra memory if you
wanted
wanted
wanted
to<00:10:24.079> so<00:10:24.720> where<00:10:24.880> does<00:10:25.000> that<00:10:25.120> bring<00:10:25.279> us<00:10:25.399> today<00:10:25.680> so
to so where does that bring us today so
to so where does that bring us today so
there's<00:10:26.279> there's<00:10:26.399> a<00:10:26.640> there<00:10:26.720> are<00:10:26.880> plans<00:10:27.320> over
there's there's a there are plans over
there's there's a there are plans over
in<00:10:27.920> swinden<00:10:28.920> um<00:10:29.079> the<00:10:29.320> Science<00:10:29.519> Museum<00:10:29.800> archive
in swinden um the Science Museum archive
in swinden um the Science Museum archive
there<00:10:30.200> are<00:10:30.360> hundreds<00:10:30.640> of<00:10:30.760> plans<00:10:31.120> and
there are hundreds of plans and
there are hundreds of plans and
thousands<00:10:31.640> of<00:10:31.800> pages<00:10:32.040> of<00:10:32.200> notes<00:10:32.480> written<00:10:32.720> by
thousands of pages of notes written by
thousands of pages of notes written by
Charles<00:10:33.120> Babbage<00:10:33.519> about<00:10:33.680> this<00:10:33.839> analytical
Charles Babbage about this analytical
Charles Babbage about this analytical
engine<00:10:35.600> one<00:10:35.720> of<00:10:35.920> those<00:10:36.200> is<00:10:36.320> a<00:10:36.440> set<00:10:36.560> of<00:10:36.680> plans
engine one of those is a set of plans
engine one of those is a set of plans
that<00:10:37.279> we<00:10:37.440> call<00:10:37.680> plan<00:10:38.200> 28<00:10:39.200> and<00:10:39.320> that<00:10:39.440> is<00:10:39.560> also
that we call plan 28 and that is also
that we call plan 28 and that is also
the<00:10:39.800> name<00:10:39.959> of<00:10:40.040> a<00:10:40.200> charity<00:10:40.720> that<00:10:40.880> I<00:10:41.040> started
the name of a charity that I started
the name of a charity that I started
with<00:10:41.639> Doren<00:10:41.920> sued<00:10:42.720> who<00:10:42.839> was<00:10:43.079> the<00:10:43.399> curator<00:10:43.800> of
with Doren sued who was the curator of
with Doren sued who was the curator of
computing<00:10:44.200> at<00:10:44.279> the<00:10:44.360> Science<00:10:44.639> Museum<00:10:45.120> and<00:10:45.320> also
computing at the Science Museum and also
computing at the Science Museum and also
the<00:10:45.639> person<00:10:45.880> who<00:10:46.040> drove<00:10:46.360> the<00:10:46.519> project<00:10:46.720> to
the person who drove the project to
the person who drove the project to
build<00:10:47.120> Difference<00:10:47.440> Engine<00:10:48.120> and<00:10:48.240> our<00:10:48.480> plan<00:10:48.720> is
build Difference Engine and our plan is
build Difference Engine and our plan is
to<00:10:49.120> build<00:10:49.399> it<00:10:50.399> here<00:10:50.560> in<00:10:50.720> South<00:10:51.000> Kensington<00:10:52.000> we
to build it here in South Kensington we
to build it here in South Kensington we
will<00:10:52.360> build<00:10:52.760> the<00:10:52.880> analytical<00:10:53.360> engine<00:10:54.200> the
will build the analytical engine the
will build the analytical engine the
project<00:10:54.639> has<00:10:54.800> a<00:10:54.880> number<00:10:55.120> of<00:10:55.279> parts<00:10:55.600> to<00:10:55.760> it<00:10:56.480> one
project has a number of parts to it one
project has a number of parts to it one
was<00:10:56.839> the<00:10:56.959> scanning<00:10:57.320> of<00:10:57.440> babbage's<00:10:58.240> archive
was the scanning of babbage's archive
was the scanning of babbage's archive
that's<00:10:58.880> been<00:10:59.040> done
that's been done
that's been done
the<00:11:00.040> second<00:11:00.360> is<00:11:00.519> now<00:11:00.760> the<00:11:00.920> study<00:11:01.360> of<00:11:01.519> all<00:11:01.639> of
the second is now the study of all of
the second is now the study of all of
those<00:11:02.040> plans<00:11:02.360> to<00:11:02.480> determine<00:11:02.880> what<00:11:02.959> to<00:11:03.200> build
those plans to determine what to build
those plans to determine what to build
the<00:11:04.320> third<00:11:04.639> part<00:11:04.880> is<00:11:04.959> a<00:11:05.160> computer<00:11:06.040> simulation
the third part is a computer simulation
the third part is a computer simulation
of<00:11:06.920> that<00:11:07.240> machine<00:11:08.240> and<00:11:08.360> the<00:11:08.560> last<00:11:08.760> part<00:11:08.959> is<00:11:09.079> to
of that machine and the last part is to
of that machine and the last part is to
physically<00:11:09.560> build<00:11:09.760> it<00:11:09.880> at<00:11:10.000> the<00:11:10.079> science
physically build it at the science
physically build it at the science
museum<00:11:11.120> when<00:11:11.240> it's<00:11:11.440> built<00:11:12.000> you'll<00:11:12.240> finally<00:11:12.519> be
museum when it's built you'll finally be
museum when it's built you'll finally be
able<00:11:12.720> to<00:11:12.959> understand<00:11:13.079> how<00:11:13.160> a<00:11:13.240> computer<00:11:13.519> works
able to understand how a computer works
able to understand how a computer works
because<00:11:13.880> rather<00:11:14.040> than<00:11:14.120> having<00:11:14.279> a<00:11:14.360> tiny<00:11:14.600> chip
because rather than having a tiny chip
because rather than having a tiny chip
in<00:11:14.880> front<00:11:15.040> of<00:11:15.120> you<00:11:15.279> you<00:11:15.360> better<00:11:15.480> to<00:11:15.560> look<00:11:15.680> at
in front of you you better to look at
in front of you you better to look at
this<00:11:16.440> humongous<00:11:17.160> thing<00:11:17.320> and<00:11:17.440> say<00:11:17.760> ah<00:11:18.360> I<00:11:18.480> see
this humongous thing and say ah I see
this humongous thing and say ah I see
the<00:11:18.920> memory<00:11:19.279> operating<00:11:19.760> I<00:11:19.880> see<00:11:20.480> the<00:11:20.639> CPU
the memory operating I see the CPU
the memory operating I see the CPU
operating<00:11:21.519> I<00:11:21.680> hear<00:11:21.959> it<00:11:22.519> operating<00:11:23.000> I<00:11:23.160> probably
operating I hear it operating I probably
operating I hear it operating I probably
smell<00:11:23.680> it<00:11:24.160> operating<00:11:25.160> and<00:11:25.440> um<00:11:25.720> but<00:11:25.839> in<00:11:25.920> between
smell it operating and um but in between
smell it operating and um but in between
that<00:11:26.279> we're<00:11:26.399> going<00:11:26.480> to<00:11:26.560> do<00:11:26.639> a<00:11:27.160> simulation
that we're going to do a simulation
that we're going to do a simulation
barit<00:11:28.639> himself<00:11:28.920> wrote<00:11:29.320> he<00:11:29.440> said<00:11:29.639> as<00:11:29.720> soon<00:11:29.880> as
barit himself wrote he said as soon as
barit himself wrote he said as soon as
the<00:11:30.120> analytical<00:11:30.519> engine<00:11:30.839> exists<00:11:31.480> it<00:11:31.600> will
the analytical engine exists it will
the analytical engine exists it will
surely<00:11:32.680> guide<00:11:33.399> the<00:11:33.680> future<00:11:34.079> course<00:11:34.320> of
surely guide the future course of
surely guide the future course of
Science<00:11:34.920> of<00:11:35.000> course<00:11:35.160> he<00:11:35.240> never<00:11:35.440> built<00:11:35.720> it
Science of course he never built it
Science of course he never built it
because<00:11:36.040> he<00:11:36.120> was<00:11:36.240> always<00:11:36.399> fiddling<00:11:36.760> with<00:11:36.880> new
because he was always fiddling with new
because he was always fiddling with new
plans<00:11:37.880> but<00:11:38.000> when<00:11:38.120> it<00:11:38.200> did<00:11:38.360> get<00:11:38.480> built<00:11:38.720> of
plans but when it did get built of
plans but when it did get built of
course<00:11:39.000> in<00:11:39.040> the
course in the
course in the
1940s<00:11:41.079> everything<00:11:41.440> changed<00:11:42.440> and<00:11:42.519> I'll<00:11:42.680> just
1940s everything changed and I'll just
1940s everything changed and I'll just
give<00:11:42.920> you<00:11:43.000> a<00:11:43.120> little<00:11:43.320> taste<00:11:43.560> of<00:11:43.680> what<00:11:43.800> it<00:11:43.880> looks
give you a little taste of what it looks
give you a little taste of what it looks
like<00:11:44.240> in<00:11:44.399> motion<00:11:44.800> with<00:11:44.920> a<00:11:45.079> video<00:11:46.000> which<00:11:46.320> shows
like in motion with a video which shows
like in motion with a video which shows
just<00:11:47.519> one<00:11:47.839> part<00:11:48.000> of<00:11:48.120> the<00:11:48.279> CPU<00:11:48.760> mechanism
working<00:11:54.920> so<00:11:55.120> this<00:11:55.200> is<00:11:55.360> just<00:11:55.519> three<00:11:55.720> sets<00:11:55.920> of
working so this is just three sets of
working so this is just three sets of
cogs<00:11:57.720> and<00:11:57.839> it's<00:11:58.000> going<00:11:58.079> to<00:11:58.360> add<00:11:59.240> this<00:11:59.320> is<00:11:59.480> the
cogs and it's going to add this is the
cogs and it's going to add this is the
adding<00:11:59.839> mechanism<00:12:00.360> in<00:12:00.560> in<00:12:00.720> action<00:12:00.959> so<00:12:01.079> you
adding mechanism in in action so you
adding mechanism in in action so you
imagine<00:12:01.480> this<00:12:01.720> gigantic<00:12:02.279> machine<00:12:03.200> so<00:12:03.399> give<00:12:03.519> me
imagine this gigantic machine so give me
imagine this gigantic machine so give me
5<00:12:04.040> years<00:12:04.440> before<00:12:04.680> the<00:12:04.839> 2030s<00:12:05.639> happen<00:12:06.040> we'll
5 years before the 2030s happen we'll
5 years before the 2030s happen we'll
have<00:12:06.399> it<00:12:06.920> thank<00:12:07.079> you<00:12:07.240> very<00:12:07.440> much
have it thank you very much
have it thank you very much
[Applause]
John Graham-Cumming, TED, TEDx, TEDxImperial, College, lord, Byron, Ada, Lovelace, Charles, Babbage, computer, science, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
