A lab the size of a postage stamp - George Whitesides
the<00:00:16.160> problem<00:00:16.480> that<00:00:16.640> i<00:00:16.720> want<00:00:16.960> to<00:00:17.119> talk<00:00:17.600> with<00:00:17.760> you
the problem that i want to talk with you
the problem that i want to talk with you
about<00:00:18.240> is<00:00:18.640> really<00:00:19.039> the<00:00:19.199> problem<00:00:19.760> of
about is really the problem of
about is really the problem of
how<00:00:21.119> does<00:00:21.520> one
how does one
how does one
supply<00:00:23.680> health<00:00:24.000> care
supply health care
supply health care
in<00:00:25.039> a<00:00:25.119> world<00:00:25.519> in<00:00:25.680> which<00:00:26.160> cost<00:00:26.800> is<00:00:27.039> everything
in a world in which cost is everything
in a world in which cost is everything
how<00:00:28.320> do<00:00:28.400> you<00:00:28.480> do<00:00:28.840> that<00:00:30.240> and<00:00:30.400> the<00:00:30.480> basic
how do you do that and the basic
how do you do that and the basic
paradigm<00:00:31.359> we<00:00:31.519> want<00:00:31.679> to<00:00:31.840> suggest<00:00:32.239> to<00:00:32.399> you<00:00:32.719> i
paradigm we want to suggest to you i
paradigm we want to suggest to you i
want<00:00:33.040> to<00:00:33.120> suggest<00:00:33.520> to<00:00:33.680> you<00:00:33.840> is<00:00:34.399> one<00:00:34.640> in<00:00:34.719> which
want to suggest to you is one in which
want to suggest to you is one in which
you<00:00:35.200> say<00:00:35.520> that<00:00:36.000> in<00:00:36.160> order<00:00:36.480> to<00:00:36.800> treat<00:00:37.120> disease
you say that in order to treat disease
you say that in order to treat disease
you<00:00:37.760> have<00:00:38.000> to<00:00:38.320> first<00:00:38.960> know<00:00:39.120> what<00:00:39.280> you're
you have to first know what you're
you have to first know what you're
treating<00:00:40.079> that's<00:00:40.320> diagnostics<00:00:41.040> and<00:00:41.120> then<00:00:41.280> you
treating that's diagnostics and then you
treating that's diagnostics and then you
have<00:00:41.520> to<00:00:41.600> do<00:00:41.760> something<00:00:42.480> so<00:00:42.879> the<00:00:43.040> program<00:00:43.440> that
have to do something so the program that
have to do something so the program that
we're<00:00:43.840> involved<00:00:44.320> in<00:00:44.559> is<00:00:44.640> something<00:00:44.960> which<00:00:45.120> we
we're involved in is something which we
we're involved in is something which we
call<00:00:45.600> diagnostics<00:00:46.399> for<00:00:46.640> all<00:00:46.879> or<00:00:47.360> zero<00:00:47.760> cost
call diagnostics for all or zero cost
call diagnostics for all or zero cost
diagnostics<00:00:49.200> how<00:00:49.360> do<00:00:49.440> you<00:00:49.600> provide<00:00:50.480> medically
diagnostics how do you provide medically
diagnostics how do you provide medically
relevant<00:00:51.680> information<00:00:52.719> at<00:00:53.039> as<00:00:53.199> close<00:00:53.520> as
relevant information at as close as
relevant information at as close as
possible<00:00:54.160> to<00:00:54.480> zero<00:00:54.800> cost<00:00:55.280> how<00:00:55.360> do<00:00:55.520> you<00:00:55.600> do<00:00:55.760> it
possible to zero cost how do you do it
possible to zero cost how do you do it
let<00:00:56.719> me<00:00:56.800> just<00:00:56.960> give<00:00:57.120> you<00:00:57.280> two<00:00:57.520> examples
let me just give you two examples
let me just give you two examples
the<00:00:59.680> rigors<00:01:00.239> of<00:01:00.960> military<00:01:01.840> medicine<00:01:02.399> are<00:01:02.559> not
the rigors of military medicine are not
the rigors of military medicine are not
so<00:01:03.039> dissimilar<00:01:03.600> from<00:01:03.760> the<00:01:03.840> third<00:01:04.080> world<00:01:04.799> poor
so dissimilar from the third world poor
so dissimilar from the third world poor
resources<00:01:05.600> a<00:01:05.680> rigorous<00:01:06.159> environment
resources a rigorous environment
resources a rigorous environment
a<00:01:08.240> series<00:01:08.560> of<00:01:08.720> problems<00:01:09.119> and<00:01:09.280> light<00:01:09.520> weight
a series of problems and light weight
a series of problems and light weight
and<00:01:09.920> things<00:01:10.159> of<00:01:10.240> this<00:01:10.479> kind<00:01:11.119> and<00:01:11.360> also<00:01:11.680> not<00:01:12.000> so
and things of this kind and also not so
and things of this kind and also not so
different<00:01:12.640> from<00:01:13.040> the<00:01:13.520> home<00:01:13.840> healthcare<00:01:14.479> and
different from the home healthcare and
different from the home healthcare and
diagnostic<00:01:15.520> system<00:01:16.000> world
diagnostic system world
diagnostic system world
so<00:01:17.680> the<00:01:18.000> technology<00:01:18.560> that<00:01:18.720> i<00:01:18.799> want<00:01:18.960> to<00:01:19.119> talk
so the technology that i want to talk
so the technology that i want to talk
about<00:01:20.159> is<00:01:20.799> for<00:01:21.040> the<00:01:21.200> third<00:01:21.520> world<00:01:21.840> for<00:01:22.000> the
about is for the third world for the
about is for the third world for the
developing<00:01:22.640> world<00:01:23.280> but<00:01:23.520> it<00:01:23.680> has<00:01:23.920> i<00:01:24.080> think<00:01:24.400> much
developing world but it has i think much
developing world but it has i think much
broader<00:01:25.119> application<00:01:25.920> because<00:01:26.720> information
broader application because information
broader application because information
is<00:01:27.360> so<00:01:27.600> important<00:01:27.920> in<00:01:28.080> the<00:01:28.159> healthcare<00:01:28.640> system
is so important in the healthcare system
is so important in the healthcare system
so<00:01:30.400> you<00:01:30.479> see<00:01:30.799> two<00:01:31.040> examples<00:01:31.600> here<00:01:31.920> one<00:01:32.159> is<00:01:32.400> a
so you see two examples here one is a
so you see two examples here one is a
lab<00:01:33.119> that's<00:01:33.600> actually<00:01:33.920> a<00:01:34.000> fairly<00:01:34.479> high-end
lab that's actually a fairly high-end
lab that's actually a fairly high-end
laboratory<00:01:36.159> in<00:01:36.479> africa
laboratory in africa
laboratory in africa
the<00:01:38.000> second<00:01:38.400> is<00:01:38.560> basically<00:01:38.960> an<00:01:39.119> entrepreneur
the second is basically an entrepreneur
the second is basically an entrepreneur
who's<00:01:40.079> set<00:01:40.320> up<00:01:40.479> and<00:01:40.640> doing<00:01:40.960> who<00:01:41.119> knows<00:01:41.439> what<00:01:42.079> in
who's set up and doing who knows what in
who's set up and doing who knows what in
a<00:01:42.320> table<00:01:42.720> in<00:01:42.799> a<00:01:42.880> market<00:01:43.680> i<00:01:43.759> don't<00:01:44.000> know<00:01:44.240> what
a table in a market i don't know what
a table in a market i don't know what
kind<00:01:44.799> of<00:01:45.040> health<00:01:45.280> care<00:01:45.439> is<00:01:45.600> delivered<00:01:46.000> there
kind of health care is delivered there
kind of health care is delivered there
but<00:01:46.720> it's<00:01:46.880> not<00:01:47.439> really<00:01:47.759> what
but it's not really what
but it's not really what
is<00:01:48.799> probably<00:01:49.280> most<00:01:49.520> efficient
is probably most efficient
is probably most efficient
what<00:01:51.759> is<00:01:51.920> our
what is our
what is our
approach
approach
approach
and
and
and
the<00:01:55.759> way<00:01:56.000> in<00:01:56.079> which<00:01:56.399> one<00:01:56.720> typically
the way in which one typically
the way in which one typically
approaches<00:01:58.079> a<00:01:58.240> problem<00:01:58.560> of<00:01:58.719> lowering<00:01:59.280> cost
approaches a problem of lowering cost
approaches a problem of lowering cost
starting<00:02:00.560> from<00:02:00.799> the<00:02:00.960> perspective<00:02:01.600> of<00:02:01.759> the
starting from the perspective of the
starting from the perspective of the
united<00:02:02.320> states<00:02:03.040> is<00:02:03.200> to<00:02:03.360> take<00:02:03.680> our<00:02:03.920> solution
united states is to take our solution
united states is to take our solution
and<00:02:05.360> then<00:02:05.600> to<00:02:05.759> try<00:02:05.920> to<00:02:06.079> cut<00:02:06.320> cost<00:02:06.719> out<00:02:06.880> of<00:02:07.040> it<00:02:07.920> no
and then to try to cut cost out of it no
and then to try to cut cost out of it no
matter<00:02:08.399> how<00:02:08.640> you<00:02:08.879> do<00:02:09.039> that<00:02:09.280> you're<00:02:09.440> not<00:02:09.599> going
matter how you do that you're not going
matter how you do that you're not going
to<00:02:09.840> start<00:02:10.080> with<00:02:10.239> a<00:02:10.399> hundred<00:02:10.640> thousand<00:02:10.959> dollar
to start with a hundred thousand dollar
to start with a hundred thousand dollar
instrument<00:02:11.680> and<00:02:11.760> bring<00:02:12.000> it<00:02:12.080> down<00:02:12.239> to<00:02:12.400> no<00:02:12.640> cost
instrument and bring it down to no cost
instrument and bring it down to no cost
it<00:02:13.040> isn't<00:02:13.280> going<00:02:13.440> to<00:02:13.599> work
it isn't going to work
it isn't going to work
so<00:02:14.879> the<00:02:15.040> approach<00:02:15.440> that<00:02:15.520> we<00:02:15.680> took<00:02:15.920> was<00:02:16.080> the
so the approach that we took was the
so the approach that we took was the
other<00:02:16.400> way<00:02:16.560> around<00:02:16.959> to<00:02:17.120> ask<00:02:17.360> what<00:02:17.599> is<00:02:17.680> the
other way around to ask what is the
other way around to ask what is the
cheapest<00:02:18.720> possible<00:02:19.360> stuff<00:02:19.920> that<00:02:20.080> you<00:02:20.319> could
cheapest possible stuff that you could
cheapest possible stuff that you could
make<00:02:20.800> a<00:02:20.959> diagnostic<00:02:21.599> system<00:02:22.080> out<00:02:22.239> of<00:02:22.879> and<00:02:23.040> get
make a diagnostic system out of and get
make a diagnostic system out of and get
useful<00:02:23.599> information<00:02:24.239> add<00:02:24.560> function<00:02:25.360> and<00:02:25.520> what
useful information add function and what
useful information add function and what
we've<00:02:25.920> chosen<00:02:26.400> is<00:02:26.560> paper
we've chosen is paper
we've chosen is paper
what<00:02:27.680> you<00:02:27.920> see<00:02:28.160> here<00:02:28.480> is<00:02:28.640> a<00:02:28.879> prototypic<00:02:29.599> device
what you see here is a prototypic device
what you see here is a prototypic device
it's<00:02:30.560> about<00:02:30.800> a<00:02:30.879> centimeter<00:02:31.440> on<00:02:31.599> the<00:02:31.760> side<00:02:32.160> it's
it's about a centimeter on the side it's
it's about a centimeter on the side it's
about<00:02:32.480> the<00:02:32.640> size<00:02:32.879> of<00:02:32.959> a<00:02:33.120> fingernail
about the size of a fingernail
about the size of a fingernail
the<00:02:34.640> lines<00:02:35.040> around<00:02:35.280> the<00:02:35.440> edges<00:02:36.080> are<00:02:36.800> a<00:02:37.040> polymer
the lines around the edges are a polymer
the lines around the edges are a polymer
it's<00:02:38.319> made<00:02:38.560> of<00:02:38.720> paper
it's made of paper
it's made of paper
and
and
and
paper<00:02:41.040> of<00:02:41.120> course<00:02:41.440> wicks<00:02:41.840> fluid<00:02:42.400> as<00:02:42.640> you<00:02:42.800> know
paper of course wicks fluid as you know
paper of course wicks fluid as you know
paper<00:02:43.920> cloths<00:02:44.560> drop<00:02:44.879> wine<00:02:45.200> on<00:02:45.360> the<00:02:45.440> tablecloth
paper cloths drop wine on the tablecloth
paper cloths drop wine on the tablecloth
and<00:02:46.640> the<00:02:46.800> wine<00:02:47.280> wicks<00:02:47.760> all<00:02:47.920> over<00:02:48.160> everything
and the wine wicks all over everything
and the wine wicks all over everything
put<00:02:49.360> it<00:02:49.519> on<00:02:49.599> your<00:02:49.840> shirt<00:02:50.160> it<00:02:50.239> ruins<00:02:50.560> the<00:02:50.720> shirt
put it on your shirt it ruins the shirt
put it on your shirt it ruins the shirt
that's<00:02:51.200> what<00:02:51.760> a<00:02:51.920> hydrophilic<00:02:52.560> surface<00:02:53.040> does
that's what a hydrophilic surface does
that's what a hydrophilic surface does
so<00:02:54.319> in<00:02:54.400> this<00:02:54.640> device<00:02:55.040> the<00:02:55.280> idea<00:02:55.680> is<00:02:55.840> that<00:02:55.920> you
so in this device the idea is that you
so in this device the idea is that you
drip<00:02:56.720> the<00:02:56.800> bottom<00:02:57.200> end<00:02:57.360> of<00:02:57.519> it<00:02:57.760> in<00:02:58.000> a<00:02:58.160> drop<00:02:58.480> of
drip the bottom end of it in a drop of
drip the bottom end of it in a drop of
in<00:02:58.959> this<00:02:59.120> case<00:02:59.440> urine<00:03:00.319> the<00:03:00.879> fluid<00:03:01.280> wicks<00:03:01.599> its
in this case urine the fluid wicks its
in this case urine the fluid wicks its
way<00:03:02.080> into<00:03:02.400> those<00:03:02.640> chambers<00:03:03.120> at<00:03:03.200> the<00:03:03.360> top<00:03:04.080> the
way into those chambers at the top the
way into those chambers at the top the
brown<00:03:04.800> color<00:03:05.280> indicates<00:03:05.920> the<00:03:06.159> amount<00:03:06.480> of
brown color indicates the amount of
brown color indicates the amount of
glucose<00:03:07.280> in<00:03:07.360> the<00:03:07.440> urine<00:03:08.319> the<00:03:08.640> blue<00:03:08.959> color
glucose in the urine the blue color
glucose in the urine the blue color
indicates<00:03:09.920> the<00:03:10.000> amount<00:03:10.239> of<00:03:10.400> protein<00:03:11.040> in<00:03:11.120> the
indicates the amount of protein in the
indicates the amount of protein in the
urine<00:03:11.920> and<00:03:12.080> the<00:03:12.319> combination<00:03:12.959> of<00:03:13.040> those<00:03:13.360> two
urine and the combination of those two
urine and the combination of those two
is<00:03:13.920> a<00:03:14.000> first<00:03:14.319> order<00:03:14.720> shot<00:03:15.040> at<00:03:15.200> a<00:03:15.280> number<00:03:15.519> of
is a first order shot at a number of
is a first order shot at a number of
useful<00:03:16.080> things<00:03:16.400> that<00:03:16.560> you<00:03:16.959> want<00:03:18.159> so<00:03:18.560> this<00:03:18.800> is
useful things that you want so this is
useful things that you want so this is
an<00:03:19.120> example<00:03:19.519> of<00:03:19.599> a<00:03:19.680> device<00:03:20.080> made<00:03:20.319> from<00:03:20.480> a
an example of a device made from a
an example of a device made from a
simple<00:03:20.879> piece<00:03:21.120> of<00:03:21.200> paper<00:03:21.519> now<00:03:21.760> how<00:03:22.000> simple<00:03:22.319> can
simple piece of paper now how simple can
simple piece of paper now how simple can
you<00:03:22.640> make<00:03:22.800> the<00:03:22.879> production
you make the production
you make the production
why<00:03:24.640> do<00:03:24.800> we<00:03:24.959> choose<00:03:25.280> paper
why do we choose paper
why do we choose paper
there's<00:03:27.040> an<00:03:27.200> example<00:03:27.760> of<00:03:27.920> the<00:03:28.080> same<00:03:28.400> thing<00:03:28.879> on
there's an example of the same thing on
there's an example of the same thing on
a<00:03:29.120> finger<00:03:29.519> showing<00:03:29.760> you<00:03:29.920> just<00:03:30.480> basically<00:03:30.879> what
a finger showing you just basically what
a finger showing you just basically what
it<00:03:31.200> looks<00:03:31.360> like<00:03:31.840> one<00:03:32.000> reason<00:03:32.319> for<00:03:32.480> using<00:03:32.720> paper
it looks like one reason for using paper
it looks like one reason for using paper
is<00:03:33.120> that<00:03:33.280> it's<00:03:33.440> everywhere<00:03:34.159> we<00:03:34.400> have<00:03:34.799> made
is that it's everywhere we have made
is that it's everywhere we have made
these<00:03:35.440> kinds<00:03:35.680> of<00:03:35.840> devices<00:03:36.400> using<00:03:37.200> napkins<00:03:37.840> and
these kinds of devices using napkins and
these kinds of devices using napkins and
toilet<00:03:39.040> paper<00:03:39.519> and<00:03:39.920> wraps<00:03:40.319> and<00:03:40.480> all<00:03:40.640> kinds<00:03:40.879> of
toilet paper and wraps and all kinds of
toilet paper and wraps and all kinds of
stuff<00:03:41.680> so<00:03:41.840> the<00:03:42.000> production<00:03:42.480> capability<00:03:43.200> is
stuff so the production capability is
stuff so the production capability is
there
there
there
the<00:03:44.319> second<00:03:44.720> is<00:03:44.879> you<00:03:45.040> can<00:03:45.200> put<00:03:45.760> lots<00:03:46.159> and<00:03:46.319> lots
the second is you can put lots and lots
the second is you can put lots and lots
of<00:03:46.879> tests<00:03:47.200> in<00:03:47.360> a<00:03:47.440> very<00:03:47.680> small<00:03:48.239> place<00:03:48.480> i'll<00:03:48.640> show
of tests in a very small place i'll show
of tests in a very small place i'll show
you<00:03:48.959> in<00:03:49.040> a<00:03:49.120> moment<00:03:49.840> that<00:03:50.000> the<00:03:50.159> stack<00:03:50.560> of<00:03:50.640> paper
you in a moment that the stack of paper
you in a moment that the stack of paper
there<00:03:51.120> would<00:03:51.360> probably<00:03:51.680> hold<00:03:52.000> something<00:03:52.319> like
there would probably hold something like
there would probably hold something like
a<00:03:52.640> hundred<00:03:52.959> thousand<00:03:53.440> tests<00:03:54.159> something<00:03:54.480> of
a hundred thousand tests something of
a hundred thousand tests something of
that<00:03:54.799> kind
that kind
that kind
and<00:03:56.080> then<00:03:56.319> finally<00:03:56.879> a<00:03:56.959> point<00:03:57.200> that<00:03:57.280> you<00:03:57.439> don't
and then finally a point that you don't
and then finally a point that you don't
think<00:03:57.920> of<00:03:58.080> so<00:03:58.239> much<00:03:58.640> in<00:03:59.360> developed<00:03:59.840> world
think of so much in developed world
think of so much in developed world
medicine
medicine
medicine
it<00:04:01.519> eliminates<00:04:02.159> sharps<00:04:03.040> and<00:04:03.200> what<00:04:03.439> sharps
it eliminates sharps and what sharps
it eliminates sharps and what sharps
means<00:04:04.159> is<00:04:04.480> needles<00:04:05.200> things<00:04:05.519> that<00:04:05.840> stick<00:04:06.400> if
means is needles things that stick if
means is needles things that stick if
you've<00:04:06.720> taken<00:04:07.040> a<00:04:07.120> sample<00:04:07.439> of<00:04:07.519> someone's<00:04:08.000> blood
you've taken a sample of someone's blood
you've taken a sample of someone's blood
and<00:04:08.959> the<00:04:09.120> someone<00:04:09.599> might<00:04:09.840> have<00:04:10.000> hepatitis<00:04:10.720> c
and the someone might have hepatitis c
and the someone might have hepatitis c
you<00:04:11.360> don't<00:04:11.519> want<00:04:11.680> to<00:04:11.760> make<00:04:11.920> a<00:04:12.000> mistake<00:04:12.400> and
you don't want to make a mistake and
you don't want to make a mistake and
stick<00:04:12.879> it<00:04:13.040> in<00:04:13.120> you<00:04:13.360> it<00:04:13.439> just<00:04:13.680> you<00:04:13.840> don't<00:04:14.000> want
stick it in you it just you don't want
stick it in you it just you don't want
to<00:04:14.239> do<00:04:14.400> that<00:04:14.799> so<00:04:14.959> how<00:04:15.120> do<00:04:15.280> you<00:04:15.360> dispose<00:04:15.920> of<00:04:16.079> that
to do that so how do you dispose of that
to do that so how do you dispose of that
it's<00:04:16.639> a<00:04:16.799> problem<00:04:17.120> everywhere<00:04:17.600> and<00:04:17.759> here<00:04:17.919> you
it's a problem everywhere and here you
it's a problem everywhere and here you
simply<00:04:18.400> burn<00:04:18.720> it<00:04:19.120> so<00:04:19.600> it's<00:04:19.759> a<00:04:20.000> sort<00:04:20.160> of<00:04:20.320> a
simply burn it so it's a sort of a
simply burn it so it's a sort of a
practical<00:04:20.959> approach<00:04:21.280> to<00:04:21.519> starting<00:04:21.840> on<00:04:22.079> things
now<00:04:24.960> you<00:04:25.120> say
now you say
now you say
if<00:04:26.240> paper<00:04:26.560> is<00:04:26.639> a<00:04:26.720> good<00:04:26.960> idea
if paper is a good idea
if paper is a good idea
other<00:04:28.639> people<00:04:28.960> have<00:04:29.040> surely<00:04:29.440> thought<00:04:29.600> of<00:04:29.680> it
other people have surely thought of it
other people have surely thought of it
and<00:04:29.919> the<00:04:30.000> answer<00:04:30.240> is<00:04:30.400> of<00:04:30.560> course<00:04:30.880> yes
and the answer is of course yes
and the answer is of course yes
those<00:04:32.960> half<00:04:33.280> of<00:04:33.360> you<00:04:33.600> roughly<00:04:34.160> who<00:04:34.400> are<00:04:34.880> women
those half of you roughly who are women
those half of you roughly who are women
at<00:04:36.160> some<00:04:36.400> point<00:04:36.639> may<00:04:36.800> have<00:04:36.880> had<00:04:37.040> a<00:04:37.120> pregnancy
at some point may have had a pregnancy
at some point may have had a pregnancy
test
test
test
and<00:04:39.199> the
and the
and the
most<00:04:40.720> common<00:04:41.120> of<00:04:41.199> these<00:04:41.600> is<00:04:41.759> in<00:04:41.919> a<00:04:42.000> device<00:04:42.479> that
most common of these is in a device that
most common of these is in a device that
looks<00:04:42.880> like<00:04:43.040> the<00:04:43.199> thing<00:04:43.440> on<00:04:43.600> the<00:04:43.759> left<00:04:44.080> it's
looks like the thing on the left it's
looks like the thing on the left it's
something<00:04:44.479> called<00:04:44.720> a<00:04:44.880> lateral<00:04:45.280> flow
something called a lateral flow
something called a lateral flow
immunoassay<00:04:46.880> and<00:04:47.120> in<00:04:47.199> that<00:04:47.360> particular<00:04:47.919> test
immunoassay and in that particular test
immunoassay and in that particular test
urine<00:04:49.199> either<00:04:49.520> containing<00:04:50.080> a<00:04:50.400> hormone<00:04:50.880> called
urine either containing a hormone called
urine either containing a hormone called
hcg<00:04:52.000> does<00:04:52.240> or<00:04:52.400> does<00:04:52.639> not<00:04:52.960> flow<00:04:53.280> across<00:04:54.000> a<00:04:54.160> piece
hcg does or does not flow across a piece
hcg does or does not flow across a piece
of<00:04:54.479> paper<00:04:55.360> and<00:04:55.680> there<00:04:55.919> are<00:04:56.080> two<00:04:56.320> bars<00:04:56.880> one<00:04:57.120> bar
of paper and there are two bars one bar
of paper and there are two bars one bar
indicates<00:04:57.840> that<00:04:58.000> the<00:04:58.160> test<00:04:58.479> is<00:04:58.639> working<00:04:59.199> and
indicates that the test is working and
indicates that the test is working and
if<00:04:59.520> the<00:04:59.680> second<00:05:00.000> bar<00:05:00.560> shows<00:05:00.880> up<00:05:01.120> you're
if the second bar shows up you're
if the second bar shows up you're
pregnant
pregnant
pregnant
this<00:05:02.639> is<00:05:02.800> a<00:05:02.880> terrific<00:05:03.360> kind<00:05:03.600> of<00:05:03.759> test<00:05:04.479> in<00:05:04.639> a
this is a terrific kind of test in a
this is a terrific kind of test in a
binary<00:05:05.360> world<00:05:05.680> and<00:05:05.840> the<00:05:05.919> nice<00:05:06.160> thing<00:05:06.320> about
binary world and the nice thing about
binary world and the nice thing about
pregnancy<00:05:07.039> is<00:05:07.199> either<00:05:07.440> you<00:05:07.600> are<00:05:07.759> pregnant<00:05:08.160> or
pregnancy is either you are pregnant or
pregnancy is either you are pregnant or
you're<00:05:08.479> not<00:05:08.639> pregnant<00:05:09.120> you're<00:05:09.280> not<00:05:09.759> partially
you're not pregnant you're not partially
you're not pregnant you're not partially
pregnant<00:05:10.639> or<00:05:10.880> thinking<00:05:11.199> about<00:05:11.360> being
pregnant or thinking about being
pregnant or thinking about being
pregnant<00:05:11.919> or<00:05:12.080> something<00:05:12.400> of<00:05:12.479> that<00:05:12.639> sort
pregnant or something of that sort
pregnant or something of that sort
so<00:05:13.919> it<00:05:14.000> works<00:05:14.320> very<00:05:14.479> well<00:05:14.720> there<00:05:14.880> but<00:05:15.039> it
so it works very well there but it
so it works very well there but it
doesn't<00:05:15.440> work<00:05:15.680> very<00:05:15.840> well<00:05:16.080> when<00:05:16.240> you<00:05:16.320> need
doesn't work very well when you need
doesn't work very well when you need
more<00:05:16.800> quantitative<00:05:17.440> information<00:05:18.400> there<00:05:18.560> are
more quantitative information there are
more quantitative information there are
also<00:05:18.960> dipsticks<00:05:20.000> but<00:05:20.240> if<00:05:20.320> you<00:05:20.479> look<00:05:20.639> at<00:05:20.720> the
also dipsticks but if you look at the
also dipsticks but if you look at the
dipsticks<00:05:21.680> there<00:05:22.000> for<00:05:22.400> another<00:05:22.720> kind<00:05:22.960> of
dipsticks there for another kind of
dipsticks there for another kind of
urine<00:05:23.360> analysis<00:05:24.080> they're<00:05:24.240> an<00:05:24.400> awful<00:05:24.639> lot<00:05:24.800> of
urine analysis they're an awful lot of
urine analysis they're an awful lot of
colors<00:05:25.680> and<00:05:26.080> things<00:05:26.400> like<00:05:26.639> that<00:05:26.880> what<00:05:27.039> do<00:05:27.120> you
colors and things like that what do you
colors and things like that what do you
actually<00:05:27.520> do<00:05:27.759> about<00:05:28.000> that<00:05:28.240> in<00:05:28.400> a<00:05:28.479> difficult
actually do about that in a difficult
actually do about that in a difficult
circumstance
circumstance
circumstance
so
so
so
the<00:05:32.639> approach<00:05:32.960> that<00:05:33.120> we<00:05:33.360> started<00:05:33.759> with<00:05:34.160> we've
the approach that we started with we've
the approach that we started with we've
started<00:05:34.639> with<00:05:34.880> is<00:05:35.039> to<00:05:35.199> ask<00:05:35.919> is<00:05:36.080> it<00:05:36.160> really
started with is to ask is it really
started with is to ask is it really
practical<00:05:36.960> to<00:05:37.120> make<00:05:37.440> things<00:05:38.240> of<00:05:38.400> this<00:05:38.639> sort
practical to make things of this sort
practical to make things of this sort
and<00:05:40.080> that<00:05:40.320> problem<00:05:40.800> is<00:05:40.960> now<00:05:41.280> in<00:05:41.360> a<00:05:41.440> purely
and that problem is now in a purely
and that problem is now in a purely
engineering<00:05:42.320> way<00:05:42.720> solved<00:05:43.680> and<00:05:44.080> the<00:05:44.320> procedure
engineering way solved and the procedure
engineering way solved and the procedure
that<00:05:44.960> we<00:05:45.039> have<00:05:45.199> is<00:05:45.360> simply<00:05:45.680> to<00:05:45.840> start<00:05:46.080> with
that we have is simply to start with
that we have is simply to start with
paper<00:05:47.199> you<00:05:47.360> run<00:05:47.600> it<00:05:47.680> through<00:05:47.919> a<00:05:48.080> new<00:05:48.320> kind<00:05:48.560> of
paper you run it through a new kind of
paper you run it through a new kind of
printer<00:05:49.120> called<00:05:49.360> a<00:05:49.520> wax<00:05:49.840> printer<00:05:50.720> the<00:05:50.880> wax
printer called a wax printer the wax
printer called a wax printer the wax
printer<00:05:52.000> does<00:05:52.400> what<00:05:52.560> looks<00:05:52.720> like<00:05:52.880> printing<00:05:53.360> it
printer does what looks like printing it
printer does what looks like printing it
is<00:05:53.759> printing<00:05:54.479> you<00:05:54.639> put<00:05:54.800> that<00:05:55.039> on<00:05:55.280> you<00:05:55.440> warm<00:05:55.680> it
is printing you put that on you warm it
is printing you put that on you warm it
a little<00:05:56.080> bit<00:05:56.240> the<00:05:56.720> wax<00:05:57.280> prints<00:05:57.680> through<00:05:58.000> so
a little bit the wax prints through so
a little bit the wax prints through so
absorbs<00:05:58.800> into<00:05:59.039> the<00:05:59.120> paper<00:05:59.759> and<00:05:59.919> you<00:06:00.080> end<00:06:00.240> up
absorbs into the paper and you end up
absorbs into the paper and you end up
with<00:06:00.479> the<00:06:00.560> device<00:06:00.960> that<00:06:01.120> you<00:06:01.280> want<00:06:01.919> the
with the device that you want the
with the device that you want the
printers<00:06:02.639> cost<00:06:03.039> 800<00:06:03.520> bucks<00:06:03.919> now
printers cost 800 bucks now
printers cost 800 bucks now
they'll<00:06:05.280> make<00:06:06.080> we<00:06:06.319> estimate<00:06:06.720> that<00:06:06.960> if<00:06:07.039> you
they'll make we estimate that if you
they'll make we estimate that if you
were<00:06:07.280> to<00:06:07.440> run<00:06:07.600> them<00:06:07.919> 24<00:06:08.319> hours<00:06:08.560> a<00:06:08.639> day<00:06:08.800> they'd
were to run them 24 hours a day they'd
were to run them 24 hours a day they'd
make<00:06:09.199> about<00:06:09.440> 10<00:06:09.680> million<00:06:10.000> tests<00:06:10.319> a<00:06:10.400> year<00:06:11.039> so
make about 10 million tests a year so
make about 10 million tests a year so
it's<00:06:11.520> a<00:06:11.600> solved<00:06:11.919> problem<00:06:12.400> that<00:06:12.560> particular
it's a solved problem that particular
it's a solved problem that particular
problem<00:06:13.280> is<00:06:13.440> assault<00:06:14.319> and<00:06:14.479> there's<00:06:14.720> an
problem is assault and there's an
problem is assault and there's an
example<00:06:15.360> of<00:06:15.440> the<00:06:15.600> kind<00:06:15.840> of<00:06:15.919> thing<00:06:16.160> that<00:06:16.240> you
example of the kind of thing that you
example of the kind of thing that you
see<00:06:16.639> that's<00:06:16.880> on<00:06:17.039> a<00:06:17.199> piece<00:06:17.440> of<00:06:17.600> 8<00:06:17.759> by<00:06:17.919> 12<00:06:18.319> paper
see that's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper
see that's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper
that<00:06:19.199> takes<00:06:19.600> about<00:06:19.919> two<00:06:20.160> seconds<00:06:20.479> to<00:06:20.639> make<00:06:21.360> and
that takes about two seconds to make and
that takes about two seconds to make and
so<00:06:22.160> i<00:06:22.319> regard<00:06:22.720> that<00:06:22.960> as<00:06:23.120> done
so i regard that as done
so i regard that as done
there's<00:06:24.240> a<00:06:24.319> very<00:06:24.560> important<00:06:25.039> issue<00:06:25.280> here
there's a very important issue here
there's a very important issue here
which<00:06:25.840> is<00:06:26.080> that<00:06:26.240> because<00:06:26.639> it's<00:06:26.800> a<00:06:26.960> printer
which is that because it's a printer
which is that because it's a printer
a<00:06:28.080> color<00:06:28.400> printer<00:06:28.800> it<00:06:29.039> prints<00:06:29.360> colors<00:06:30.160> that's
a color printer it prints colors that's
a color printer it prints colors that's
what<00:06:30.479> color<00:06:30.800> printers<00:06:31.199> do<00:06:31.680> i'll<00:06:31.840> show<00:06:32.000> you<00:06:32.080> in
what color printers do i'll show you in
what color printers do i'll show you in
a<00:06:32.240> moment<00:06:32.560> that's<00:06:32.800> actually<00:06:33.120> quite<00:06:33.360> useful
a moment that's actually quite useful
a moment that's actually quite useful
now<00:06:35.919> the<00:06:36.080> next<00:06:36.400> question<00:06:36.720> that<00:06:36.880> you<00:06:37.120> would
now the next question that you would
now the next question that you would
like<00:06:37.520> to<00:06:37.680> ask<00:06:38.000> is<00:06:38.319> what<00:06:38.479> would<00:06:38.639> you<00:06:38.800> like<00:06:39.120> to
like to ask is what would you like to
like to ask is what would you like to
measure<00:06:39.680> what<00:06:39.840> would<00:06:40.000> you<00:06:40.080> like<00:06:40.240> to<00:06:40.400> analyze
measure what would you like to analyze
measure what would you like to analyze
and<00:06:42.160> the<00:06:42.400> thing<00:06:42.800> which<00:06:43.440> you'd<00:06:43.759> most<00:06:44.080> like<00:06:44.240> to
and the thing which you'd most like to
and the thing which you'd most like to
analyze<00:06:44.800> were<00:06:45.120> a<00:06:45.199> fair<00:06:45.440> distance<00:06:46.000> from<00:06:46.319> it's
analyze were a fair distance from it's
analyze were a fair distance from it's
what's<00:06:46.800> called
what's called
what's called
fever<00:06:48.160> of<00:06:48.400> undiagnosed<00:06:49.280> origin<00:06:50.240> someone
fever of undiagnosed origin someone
fever of undiagnosed origin someone
comes<00:06:50.960> into<00:06:51.199> the<00:06:51.360> clinic<00:06:52.160> they<00:06:52.319> have<00:06:52.479> a<00:06:52.560> fever
comes into the clinic they have a fever
comes into the clinic they have a fever
they<00:06:53.199> feel<00:06:53.520> bad<00:06:54.000> what<00:06:54.160> do<00:06:54.240> they<00:06:54.400> have<00:06:54.720> do<00:06:54.880> they
they feel bad what do they have do they
they feel bad what do they have do they
have<00:06:55.280> tb<00:06:55.600> do<00:06:55.759> they<00:06:55.919> have<00:06:56.080> aids<00:06:56.400> do<00:06:56.560> they<00:06:56.720> have<00:06:56.800> a
have tb do they have aids do they have a
have tb do they have aids do they have a
common<00:06:57.280> cold
common cold
common cold
the<00:06:58.639> triage<00:06:59.199> problem<00:06:59.759> that's<00:07:00.080> a<00:07:00.160> hard<00:07:00.479> problem
the triage problem that's a hard problem
the triage problem that's a hard problem
for<00:07:01.039> reasons<00:07:01.440> that<00:07:01.599> i<00:07:01.680> won't<00:07:01.919> go<00:07:02.160> through
for reasons that i won't go through
for reasons that i won't go through
there<00:07:02.479> are<00:07:02.560> an<00:07:02.720> awful<00:07:02.960> lot<00:07:03.120> of<00:07:03.199> things<00:07:03.440> that
there are an awful lot of things that
there are an awful lot of things that
you'd<00:07:03.759> like<00:07:03.919> to<00:07:04.080> distinguish<00:07:04.720> among
you'd like to distinguish among
you'd like to distinguish among
but<00:07:06.240> then<00:07:06.479> there<00:07:06.639> are<00:07:06.720> a<00:07:06.800> series<00:07:07.199> of<00:07:07.360> things
but then there are a series of things
but then there are a series of things
aids<00:07:08.000> hepatitis<00:07:08.639> malaria<00:07:09.599> tb
aids hepatitis malaria tb
aids hepatitis malaria tb
others
others
others
and<00:07:12.639> simpler<00:07:13.039> ones<00:07:13.759> such<00:07:14.000> as<00:07:14.319> guidance<00:07:14.720> of
and simpler ones such as guidance of
and simpler ones such as guidance of
treatment<00:07:15.360> now<00:07:15.520> even<00:07:15.759> that's<00:07:16.240> more
treatment now even that's more
treatment now even that's more
complicated<00:07:17.039> than<00:07:17.120> you<00:07:17.280> think
complicated than you think
complicated than you think
a<00:07:18.400> friend<00:07:18.639> of<00:07:18.720> mine
a friend of mine
a friend of mine
works<00:07:20.080> in<00:07:20.319> transcultural<00:07:21.360> psychiatry<00:07:22.639> and<00:07:22.800> he
works in transcultural psychiatry and he
works in transcultural psychiatry and he
is<00:07:23.360> interested<00:07:23.840> in<00:07:23.919> the<00:07:24.080> question<00:07:24.400> of<00:07:24.479> why
is interested in the question of why
is interested in the question of why
people<00:07:25.120> do<00:07:25.440> and<00:07:25.520> don't<00:07:25.759> take<00:07:26.000> their<00:07:26.319> meds
people do and don't take their meds
people do and don't take their meds
so<00:07:27.840> dapzone<00:07:28.400> or<00:07:28.560> something<00:07:28.800> like<00:07:29.039> that<00:07:29.360> you
so dapzone or something like that you
so dapzone or something like that you
have<00:07:29.599> to<00:07:29.680> take<00:07:29.919> it<00:07:30.000> for<00:07:30.160> a<00:07:30.240> while<00:07:30.880> it's<00:07:31.120> a
have to take it for a while it's a
have to take it for a while it's a
wonderful<00:07:31.599> story<00:07:31.919> of<00:07:32.080> talking<00:07:32.479> to<00:07:32.720> a<00:07:32.880> villager
wonderful story of talking to a villager
wonderful story of talking to a villager
in<00:07:33.680> india
in india
in india
and<00:07:35.039> saying<00:07:35.280> have<00:07:35.520> you<00:07:35.680> taken<00:07:36.000> your<00:07:36.240> dap<00:07:36.479> zone
and saying have you taken your dap zone
and saying have you taken your dap zone
yes<00:07:37.520> have<00:07:37.759> you<00:07:37.919> taken<00:07:38.240> it<00:07:38.400> every<00:07:38.639> day<00:07:38.960> yes<00:07:39.280> have
yes have you taken it every day yes have
yes have you taken it every day yes have
you<00:07:39.599> taken<00:07:39.919> it<00:07:40.000> for<00:07:40.160> a<00:07:40.240> month<00:07:40.639> yes
you taken it for a month yes
you taken it for a month yes
what<00:07:41.680> the<00:07:41.840> guy<00:07:42.240> actually<00:07:42.639> meant<00:07:42.880> was<00:07:43.120> that
what the guy actually meant was that
what the guy actually meant was that
he'd<00:07:43.520> fed<00:07:44.000> 30-day<00:07:44.560> dose<00:07:44.960> of<00:07:45.120> dapsone<00:07:45.599> to<00:07:45.840> his
he'd fed 30-day dose of dapsone to his
he'd fed 30-day dose of dapsone to his
dog<00:07:46.319> that<00:07:46.479> morning
dog that morning
dog that morning
he<00:07:48.319> was<00:07:48.400> telling<00:07:48.639> the<00:07:48.800> truth<00:07:49.440> because<00:07:50.400> in<00:07:50.560> a
he was telling the truth because in a
he was telling the truth because in a
different<00:07:50.960> culture
different culture
different culture
you<00:07:52.160> know<00:07:52.240> the<00:07:52.400> dog<00:07:52.720> is<00:07:52.880> a<00:07:52.960> surrogate<00:07:53.360> for<00:07:53.599> you
you know the dog is a surrogate for you
you know the dog is a surrogate for you
you<00:07:54.639> know<00:07:54.879> today<00:07:55.680> this<00:07:55.919> month<00:07:56.240> since<00:07:56.479> the
you know today this month since the
you know today this month since the
rainy<00:07:57.120> season<00:07:57.680> there<00:07:57.840> are<00:07:57.919> lots<00:07:58.160> of
rainy season there are lots of
rainy season there are lots of
opportunities<00:07:58.879> for<00:07:59.039> misunderstanding
opportunities for misunderstanding
opportunities for misunderstanding
and<00:08:01.120> so<00:08:01.360> an<00:08:01.520> issue<00:08:01.840> here<00:08:02.240> is<00:08:02.560> to<00:08:02.960> in<00:08:03.120> some<00:08:03.360> cases
and so an issue here is to in some cases
and so an issue here is to in some cases
to<00:08:04.000> figure<00:08:04.319> out<00:08:04.879> how<00:08:05.120> to<00:08:05.280> deal<00:08:05.680> with<00:08:06.160> matters
to figure out how to deal with matters
to figure out how to deal with matters
that<00:08:06.720> seem<00:08:06.960> uninteresting<00:08:07.599> like<00:08:07.919> compliance
that seem uninteresting like compliance
that seem uninteresting like compliance
now<00:08:10.960> take<00:08:11.199> a<00:08:11.280> look<00:08:11.440> at<00:08:11.599> what<00:08:11.759> a<00:08:12.080> typical<00:08:12.560> test
now take a look at what a typical test
now take a look at what a typical test
looks<00:08:13.199> like
looks like
looks like
prick<00:08:14.800> a<00:08:14.960> finger
prick a finger
prick a finger
you<00:08:16.000> get<00:08:16.160> some<00:08:16.319> blood<00:08:16.720> about<00:08:16.960> 50<00:08:17.280> microliters
you get some blood about 50 microliters
you get some blood about 50 microliters
that's<00:08:18.240> about<00:08:19.039> all<00:08:19.280> you're<00:08:19.440> going<00:08:19.599> to<00:08:19.680> get
that's about all you're going to get
that's about all you're going to get
because<00:08:20.560> you<00:08:20.720> can't<00:08:20.960> use
because you can't use
because you can't use
you<00:08:22.160> know<00:08:22.319> the<00:08:22.400> usual<00:08:22.800> sort<00:08:23.039> of<00:08:23.199> systems
you know the usual sort of systems
you know the usual sort of systems
you<00:08:24.960> can't<00:08:25.199> manipulate<00:08:25.759> it<00:08:25.919> very<00:08:26.160> well
you can't manipulate it very well
you can't manipulate it very well
although<00:08:26.639> i'll<00:08:26.879> show<00:08:27.120> something<00:08:27.440> about<00:08:27.599> that
although i'll show something about that
although i'll show something about that
in<00:08:27.919> a<00:08:28.080> moment<00:08:28.479> so<00:08:28.639> you<00:08:28.800> take<00:08:28.960> the<00:08:29.120> drop<00:08:29.440> of
in a moment so you take the drop of
in a moment so you take the drop of
blood<00:08:29.840> no<00:08:30.080> further<00:08:30.319> manipulations<00:08:31.120> you<00:08:31.280> put
blood no further manipulations you put
blood no further manipulations you put
it<00:08:31.599> on<00:08:31.759> a<00:08:31.840> little<00:08:32.000> device
it on a little device
it on a little device
the<00:08:33.519> device<00:08:34.240> filters<00:08:34.719> out<00:08:35.039> the<00:08:35.120> blood<00:08:35.519> cells
the device filters out the blood cells
the device filters out the blood cells
lets<00:08:36.240> the<00:08:36.399> serum<00:08:36.800> go<00:08:37.039> through<00:08:37.839> and<00:08:38.000> you<00:08:38.080> get<00:08:38.320> a
lets the serum go through and you get a
lets the serum go through and you get a
series<00:08:38.719> of<00:08:38.880> colors<00:08:39.360> down<00:08:39.599> in<00:08:39.680> the<00:08:40.240> bottom
series of colors down in the bottom
series of colors down in the bottom
there
there
there
and<00:08:42.240> the<00:08:42.479> colors
and the colors
and the colors
indicate<00:08:44.399> disease<00:08:44.880> are<00:08:44.959> normal<00:08:45.760> but<00:08:46.000> even
indicate disease are normal but even
indicate disease are normal but even
that's<00:08:46.560> complicated<00:08:47.600> because<00:08:48.240> to<00:08:48.399> you<00:08:48.720> to<00:08:48.880> me
that's complicated because to you to me
that's complicated because to you to me
colors<00:08:49.680> might<00:08:49.920> indicate<00:08:50.480> normal<00:08:51.120> but<00:08:51.360> after
colors might indicate normal but after
colors might indicate normal but after
all<00:08:51.839> we're<00:08:52.160> all
all we're all
all we're all
suffering<00:08:53.680> from<00:08:53.920> and<00:08:54.080> probably<00:08:54.399> an<00:08:54.560> excess<00:08:54.880> of
suffering from and probably an excess of
suffering from and probably an excess of
education<00:08:56.160> what<00:08:56.320> you<00:08:56.560> do<00:08:56.720> about<00:08:57.279> something
education what you do about something
education what you do about something
which<00:08:57.839> requires<00:08:58.560> quantitative<00:08:59.279> analysis
which requires quantitative analysis
which requires quantitative analysis
and<00:09:00.959> so<00:09:01.279> the<00:09:01.440> solution<00:09:01.920> that<00:09:02.080> we<00:09:02.399> and<00:09:02.560> many
and so the solution that we and many
and so the solution that we and many
other<00:09:03.040> people<00:09:03.360> are<00:09:03.519> thinking<00:09:03.839> about<00:09:04.240> there
other people are thinking about there
other people are thinking about there
and<00:09:05.200> at<00:09:05.360> this<00:09:05.519> point<00:09:05.760> there's<00:09:06.000> a<00:09:06.080> dramatic
and at this point there's a dramatic
and at this point there's a dramatic
flourish
flourish
flourish
and<00:09:07.920> out<00:09:08.160> comes<00:09:08.399> the<00:09:08.560> universal<00:09:09.200> solution<00:09:09.600> to
and out comes the universal solution to
and out comes the universal solution to
everything<00:09:10.240> these<00:09:10.480> days<00:09:10.800> which<00:09:10.959> is<00:09:11.120> a<00:09:11.200> cell
everything these days which is a cell
everything these days which is a cell
phone<00:09:11.680> in<00:09:11.839> this<00:09:11.920> particular<00:09:12.399> case<00:09:12.640> a<00:09:12.720> camera
phone in this particular case a camera
phone in this particular case a camera
phone
phone
phone
they're<00:09:14.320> everywhere<00:09:15.200> of
they're everywhere of
they're everywhere of
six<00:09:16.320> billion<00:09:16.640> a<00:09:16.720> month<00:09:16.959> in<00:09:17.120> india
six billion a month in india
six billion a month in india
and<00:09:18.800> the<00:09:19.040> idea<00:09:19.760> is<00:09:19.920> that<00:09:20.160> what<00:09:20.320> one<00:09:20.560> does<00:09:21.120> is<00:09:21.440> to
and the idea is that what one does is to
and the idea is that what one does is to
take<00:09:22.880> the<00:09:23.040> device<00:09:23.920> you<00:09:24.160> dip<00:09:24.399> it<00:09:24.959> you<00:09:25.200> develop
take the device you dip it you develop
take the device you dip it you develop
the<00:09:25.680> color<00:09:26.240> you<00:09:26.480> take<00:09:26.640> a<00:09:26.720> picture<00:09:27.440> the<00:09:27.600> picture
the color you take a picture the picture
the color you take a picture the picture
goes<00:09:28.160> to<00:09:28.320> a<00:09:28.399> central<00:09:28.800> laboratory<00:09:29.600> you<00:09:29.760> don't
goes to a central laboratory you don't
goes to a central laboratory you don't
have<00:09:30.160> to<00:09:30.320> send<00:09:30.560> out<00:09:30.720> a<00:09:30.800> doctor<00:09:31.440> you<00:09:31.600> send<00:09:31.839> out
have to send out a doctor you send out
have to send out a doctor you send out
somebody<00:09:32.399> who<00:09:32.560> can<00:09:32.720> just<00:09:32.880> take<00:09:33.040> the<00:09:33.279> sample
somebody who can just take the sample
somebody who can just take the sample
and<00:09:34.320> in<00:09:34.480> the<00:09:34.640> clinic<00:09:35.040> either<00:09:35.360> a<00:09:35.440> doctor<00:09:35.839> or
and in the clinic either a doctor or
and in the clinic either a doctor or
ideally<00:09:36.560> a<00:09:36.640> computer<00:09:37.200> in<00:09:37.279> this<00:09:37.440> case<00:09:37.760> does<00:09:38.000> the
ideally a computer in this case does the
ideally a computer in this case does the
analysis<00:09:38.800> turns<00:09:39.120> out<00:09:39.200> to<00:09:39.360> work<00:09:39.600> actually
analysis turns out to work actually
analysis turns out to work actually
quite<00:09:40.160> well<00:09:40.640> particularly<00:09:41.120> when<00:09:41.279> your<00:09:41.519> color
quite well particularly when your color
quite well particularly when your color
printer<00:09:42.160> has<00:09:42.399> printed<00:09:42.720> the<00:09:42.880> color<00:09:43.120> bars<00:09:43.760> that
printer has printed the color bars that
printer has printed the color bars that
indicate<00:09:44.480> how<00:09:44.720> things<00:09:45.040> work
indicate how things work
indicate how things work
so<00:09:46.080> my<00:09:46.240> view<00:09:46.480> of<00:09:46.640> the<00:09:46.959> health<00:09:47.279> care<00:09:47.519> worker<00:09:47.920> of
so my view of the health care worker of
so my view of the health care worker of
the<00:09:48.240> future<00:09:49.040> is<00:09:49.200> not<00:09:49.440> a<00:09:49.519> doctor
the future is not a doctor
the future is not a doctor
but<00:09:50.640> it's<00:09:50.800> an<00:09:50.880> 18<00:09:51.200> year<00:09:51.440> old<00:09:51.680> otherwise
but it's an 18 year old otherwise
but it's an 18 year old otherwise
unemployed<00:09:52.800> who<00:09:52.959> has<00:09:53.440> two<00:09:53.680> things<00:09:54.160> he<00:09:54.320> has<00:09:54.480> a
unemployed who has two things he has a
unemployed who has two things he has a
backpack<00:09:54.959> full<00:09:55.200> of<00:09:55.279> these<00:09:55.519> tests<00:09:55.839> and<00:09:55.920> a
backpack full of these tests and a
backpack full of these tests and a
lancet<00:09:56.480> to<00:09:56.880> occasionally<00:09:57.360> take<00:09:57.519> a<00:09:57.600> blood
lancet to occasionally take a blood
lancet to occasionally take a blood
sample<00:09:58.399> and<00:09:58.560> an<00:09:58.720> ak-47<00:09:59.920> and<00:10:00.160> these<00:10:00.399> are<00:10:00.560> the
sample and an ak-47 and these are the
sample and an ak-47 and these are the
things<00:10:00.959> that<00:10:01.120> get<00:10:01.279> him<00:10:01.440> through<00:10:01.600> his<00:10:01.839> day
there's<00:10:05.519> another<00:10:05.920> very<00:10:06.080> interesting
there's another very interesting
there's another very interesting
connection<00:10:07.120> here<00:10:07.680> and<00:10:07.839> that<00:10:08.080> is<00:10:08.160> that<00:10:08.640> what
connection here and that is that what
connection here and that is that what
one<00:10:09.120> wants<00:10:09.360> to<00:10:09.519> do<00:10:09.920> is<00:10:10.160> to<00:10:10.399> pass<00:10:10.800> through
one wants to do is to pass through
one wants to do is to pass through
useful<00:10:12.480> information<00:10:13.120> over<00:10:13.440> what<00:10:13.680> is
useful information over what is
useful information over what is
generally<00:10:14.320> a<00:10:14.480> pretty<00:10:14.720> awful<00:10:15.120> telephone
generally a pretty awful telephone
generally a pretty awful telephone
system
system
system
it<00:10:16.880> turns<00:10:17.200> out<00:10:17.279> there's<00:10:17.519> an<00:10:17.680> enormous<00:10:18.160> amount
it turns out there's an enormous amount
it turns out there's an enormous amount
of<00:10:18.560> information<00:10:19.200> already<00:10:19.600> available<00:10:20.079> on<00:10:20.160> that
of information already available on that
of information already available on that
subject<00:10:20.959> which<00:10:21.279> is<00:10:21.440> the<00:10:21.519> mars<00:10:21.839> rover<00:10:22.240> problem
subject which is the mars rover problem
subject which is the mars rover problem
how<00:10:22.959> do<00:10:23.120> you<00:10:23.200> get<00:10:23.440> back<00:10:23.760> an<00:10:24.000> accurate<00:10:24.480> view<00:10:24.720> of
how do you get back an accurate view of
how do you get back an accurate view of
the<00:10:25.040> color<00:10:25.519> on<00:10:25.760> mars
the color on mars
the color on mars
if<00:10:27.279> you<00:10:27.440> have<00:10:27.680> a<00:10:27.760> really<00:10:28.240> terrible<00:10:28.720> bandwidth
if you have a really terrible bandwidth
if you have a really terrible bandwidth
to<00:10:29.600> do<00:10:29.760> it<00:10:29.839> with<00:10:30.480> and<00:10:30.800> the<00:10:31.040> answer<00:10:31.360> is<00:10:31.519> not
to do it with and the answer is not
to do it with and the answer is not
complicated<00:10:32.399> but<00:10:32.640> it's<00:10:33.040> one<00:10:33.279> which<00:10:33.519> i<00:10:33.680> don't
complicated but it's one which i don't
complicated but it's one which i don't
want<00:10:34.000> to<00:10:34.079> go<00:10:34.240> through<00:10:34.480> here<00:10:34.959> other<00:10:35.200> than<00:10:35.360> to
want to go through here other than to
want to go through here other than to
say<00:10:35.680> that<00:10:35.839> the<00:10:36.000> communication<00:10:36.720> systems<00:10:37.120> for
say that the communication systems for
say that the communication systems for
doing<00:10:37.519> this<00:10:37.760> are<00:10:37.839> really<00:10:38.079> pretty<00:10:38.240> well
doing this are really pretty well
doing this are really pretty well
understood
understood
understood
also<00:10:40.079> a<00:10:40.240> fact<00:10:40.560> which<00:10:40.800> you<00:10:40.959> may<00:10:41.120> not<00:10:41.360> know
also a fact which you may not know
also a fact which you may not know
is<00:10:42.720> that<00:10:42.800> the<00:10:42.959> compute<00:10:43.440> capability<00:10:44.160> of<00:10:44.320> this
is that the compute capability of this
is that the compute capability of this
thing<00:10:45.120> is<00:10:45.279> not<00:10:45.600> so<00:10:45.839> different<00:10:46.160> from<00:10:46.399> the
thing is not so different from the
thing is not so different from the
compute<00:10:46.880> capability<00:10:47.519> of<00:10:47.600> your<00:10:47.760> desktop
compute capability of your desktop
compute capability of your desktop
computer<00:10:49.040> this<00:10:49.279> is<00:10:49.440> a<00:10:49.519> fantastic<00:10:50.320> device
computer this is a fantastic device
computer this is a fantastic device
which<00:10:50.959> is<00:10:51.120> only<00:10:51.360> beginning<00:10:51.760> to<00:10:51.920> be<00:10:52.160> tapped<00:10:52.800> i
which is only beginning to be tapped i
which is only beginning to be tapped i
don't<00:10:53.120> know<00:10:53.279> whether<00:10:53.600> the<00:10:53.760> idea<00:10:54.079> of<00:10:54.160> a<00:10:54.320> you
don't know whether the idea of a you
don't know whether the idea of a you
know<00:10:54.560> one<00:10:54.800> computer<00:10:55.279> one<00:10:55.519> child<00:10:56.240> makes<00:10:56.560> any
know one computer one child makes any
know one computer one child makes any
sense<00:10:57.120> that<00:10:57.360> here's<00:10:57.760> here's<00:10:58.079> the<00:10:58.240> computer<00:10:58.640> of
sense that here's here's the computer of
sense that here's here's the computer of
the<00:10:58.800> future<00:10:59.440> because<00:10:59.680> the<00:10:59.839> screen<00:11:00.240> is<00:11:00.320> already
the future because the screen is already
the future because the screen is already
there<00:11:00.880> and<00:11:00.959> you<00:11:01.279> they're<00:11:01.519> ubiquitous
there and you they're ubiquitous
there and you they're ubiquitous
right<00:11:04.160> now<00:11:04.320> let<00:11:04.480> me<00:11:04.560> show<00:11:04.720> you<00:11:04.880> just<00:11:05.120> a<00:11:05.200> little
right now let me show you just a little
right now let me show you just a little
bit<00:11:05.600> about<00:11:05.839> advanced<00:11:06.399> devices<00:11:07.040> and<00:11:07.200> we'll
bit about advanced devices and we'll
bit about advanced devices and we'll
start<00:11:07.680> by<00:11:07.839> posing<00:11:08.240> a<00:11:08.320> little<00:11:08.560> problem<00:11:09.440> what
start by posing a little problem what
start by posing a little problem what
you<00:11:09.760> see<00:11:10.000> here<00:11:10.240> is<00:11:10.320> another<00:11:10.640> centimeter<00:11:11.279> size
you see here is another centimeter size
you see here is another centimeter size
device
device
device
and<00:11:13.519> the<00:11:13.839> different<00:11:14.160> colors<00:11:14.640> are<00:11:14.880> different
and the different colors are different
and the different colors are different
colors<00:11:15.680> of<00:11:15.920> dye
colors of dye
colors of dye
and<00:11:17.120> you<00:11:17.200> notice<00:11:17.600> something<00:11:17.920> which<00:11:18.240> might
and you notice something which might
and you notice something which might
strike<00:11:18.800> you<00:11:18.959> as<00:11:19.120> a<00:11:19.200> little<00:11:19.360> bit<00:11:19.519> interesting
strike you as a little bit interesting
strike you as a little bit interesting
which<00:11:20.320> is<00:11:20.800> the<00:11:20.959> yellow<00:11:21.519> seems<00:11:21.839> to<00:11:22.560> disappear
which is the yellow seems to disappear
which is the yellow seems to disappear
and<00:11:23.839> get<00:11:24.079> through<00:11:24.320> the<00:11:24.480> blue<00:11:24.880> and<00:11:24.959> then<00:11:25.279> get
and get through the blue and then get
and get through the blue and then get
through<00:11:25.680> the<00:11:25.760> red<00:11:26.000> how<00:11:26.240> does<00:11:26.399> that<00:11:26.560> happen<00:11:26.880> how
through the red how does that happen how
through the red how does that happen how
do<00:11:27.120> you<00:11:27.200> make<00:11:27.360> something<00:11:27.920> flow<00:11:28.399> through
do you make something flow through
do you make something flow through
something
something
something
and<00:11:30.079> of<00:11:30.160> course<00:11:30.399> the<00:11:30.560> answer<00:11:30.800> is<00:11:30.959> you<00:11:31.040> don't
and of course the answer is you don't
and of course the answer is you don't
you<00:11:31.760> make<00:11:32.000> it<00:11:32.079> flow<00:11:32.480> under<00:11:32.880> and<00:11:33.120> over<00:11:33.920> but<00:11:34.079> now
you make it flow under and over but now
you make it flow under and over but now
the<00:11:34.399> question<00:11:34.640> is<00:11:34.720> how<00:11:34.880> do<00:11:34.959> you<00:11:35.040> make<00:11:35.200> it<00:11:35.279> flow
the question is how do you make it flow
the question is how do you make it flow
under<00:11:36.000> and<00:11:36.240> over<00:11:36.560> in<00:11:36.800> a<00:11:36.880> piece<00:11:37.120> of<00:11:37.200> paper
under and over in a piece of paper
under and over in a piece of paper
and<00:11:39.120> the<00:11:39.360> answer<00:11:39.839> is<00:11:40.399> that<00:11:40.560> what<00:11:40.720> you<00:11:40.959> do<00:11:41.519> and
and the answer is that what you do and
and the answer is that what you do and
the<00:11:41.920> details<00:11:42.399> are<00:11:42.480> not<00:11:42.720> terribly<00:11:43.120> important
the details are not terribly important
the details are not terribly important
here<00:11:44.320> is<00:11:44.560> to<00:11:44.640> make<00:11:44.959> something<00:11:45.279> more<00:11:45.519> elaborate
here is to make something more elaborate
here is to make something more elaborate
you<00:11:46.320> take<00:11:46.640> several<00:11:47.040> different<00:11:47.360> layers<00:11:47.680> of
you take several different layers of
you take several different layers of
paper<00:11:48.160> each<00:11:48.399> one<00:11:48.640> containing<00:11:49.120> its<00:11:49.360> own<00:11:49.839> little
paper each one containing its own little
paper each one containing its own little
fluid<00:11:50.480> system
fluid system
fluid system
and<00:11:51.600> you<00:11:51.839> separate<00:11:52.320> them<00:11:52.480> by<00:11:52.720> pieces<00:11:53.200> of
and you separate them by pieces of
and you separate them by pieces of
literally<00:11:54.160> double-sided<00:11:54.959> carpet<00:11:55.440> tape<00:11:56.079> the
literally double-sided carpet tape the
literally double-sided carpet tape the
stuff<00:11:56.480> you<00:11:56.640> use<00:11:56.800> to<00:11:56.959> stick<00:11:57.200> the<00:11:57.279> carpets<00:11:57.680> onto
stuff you use to stick the carpets onto
stuff you use to stick the carpets onto
the<00:11:58.079> floor
the floor
the floor
and<00:11:59.120> the<00:11:59.279> fluid<00:11:59.600> will<00:11:59.760> flow<00:12:00.160> from<00:12:00.399> one<00:12:00.880> layer
and the fluid will flow from one layer
and the fluid will flow from one layer
into<00:12:01.680> the<00:12:01.839> next<00:12:02.320> it<00:12:02.480> distributes<00:12:03.120> itself
into the next it distributes itself
into the next it distributes itself
flows<00:12:04.240> through<00:12:04.480> further<00:12:04.800> holes<00:12:05.360> distributes
flows through further holes distributes
flows through further holes distributes
itself
itself
itself
and<00:12:07.120> what<00:12:07.279> you<00:12:07.519> see<00:12:07.760> in<00:12:07.839> the<00:12:08.079> lower<00:12:08.639> right<00:12:08.880> hand
and what you see in the lower right hand
and what you see in the lower right hand
side<00:12:09.519> there<00:12:10.320> is<00:12:10.560> a
side there is a
side there is a
sample<00:12:11.760> in<00:12:11.920> which<00:12:12.160> a<00:12:12.320> single<00:12:12.720> sample<00:12:13.120> of<00:12:13.279> blood
sample in which a single sample of blood
sample in which a single sample of blood
has<00:12:13.760> been<00:12:13.920> put<00:12:14.160> on<00:12:14.240> the<00:12:14.399> top
has been put on the top
has been put on the top
and<00:12:15.839> it<00:12:16.079> has<00:12:16.240> gone<00:12:16.480> through<00:12:16.800> and<00:12:16.959> distributed
and it has gone through and distributed
and it has gone through and distributed
itself<00:12:18.160> into<00:12:18.639> these<00:12:19.040> 16
itself into these 16
itself into these 16
holes<00:12:20.720> on<00:12:20.880> the<00:12:20.959> bottom<00:12:21.519> in<00:12:21.680> a<00:12:21.920> piece<00:12:22.160> of<00:12:22.240> paper
holes on the bottom in a piece of paper
holes on the bottom in a piece of paper
basically<00:12:23.120> it<00:12:23.200> looks<00:12:23.440> like<00:12:23.600> a<00:12:23.680> chip<00:12:24.000> two
basically it looks like a chip two
basically it looks like a chip two
pieces<00:12:24.560> of<00:12:24.639> paper<00:12:25.040> thick
pieces of paper thick
pieces of paper thick
and<00:12:26.240> in<00:12:26.399> this<00:12:26.639> particular<00:12:27.200> case<00:12:27.440> we<00:12:27.600> were<00:12:27.760> just
and in this particular case we were just
and in this particular case we were just
interested<00:12:28.399> in<00:12:28.560> the<00:12:28.639> replicability<00:12:29.519> of<00:12:29.600> that
interested in the replicability of that
interested in the replicability of that
but<00:12:30.320> that<00:12:30.639> is<00:12:30.959> in<00:12:31.200> principle<00:12:31.680> the<00:12:31.760> way<00:12:31.920> you
but that is in principle the way you
but that is in principle the way you
solve<00:12:32.399> the<00:12:32.480> fever<00:12:33.120> unexplained<00:12:33.680> origin
solve the fever unexplained origin
solve the fever unexplained origin
problem<00:12:34.720> because<00:12:35.120> each<00:12:35.360> one<00:12:35.519> of<00:12:35.600> those<00:12:35.839> spots
problem because each one of those spots
problem because each one of those spots
then<00:12:36.399> becomes<00:12:36.959> a<00:12:37.200> test<00:12:37.519> for<00:12:37.760> a<00:12:37.920> particular<00:12:38.800> set
then becomes a test for a particular set
then becomes a test for a particular set
of<00:12:39.200> markers<00:12:39.760> of<00:12:39.920> disease
of markers of disease
of markers of disease
and<00:12:41.519> this<00:12:41.760> will<00:12:42.000> work<00:12:42.240> in<00:12:42.399> due<00:12:42.639> course<00:12:43.440> and
and this will work in due course and
and this will work in due course and
here's<00:12:43.920> an<00:12:44.079> example<00:12:44.480> of<00:12:44.639> a<00:12:44.720> slightly<00:12:45.120> more
here's an example of a slightly more
here's an example of a slightly more
complicated<00:12:45.920> device<00:12:46.800> there's<00:12:47.120> the<00:12:47.279> chip<00:12:47.839> you
complicated device there's the chip you
complicated device there's the chip you
dip<00:12:48.240> in<00:12:48.399> a<00:12:48.480> corner<00:12:49.120> the<00:12:49.279> fluid<00:12:49.600> goes<00:12:49.839> into<00:12:50.000> the
dip in a corner the fluid goes into the
dip in a corner the fluid goes into the
center<00:12:50.639> it<00:12:50.720> distributes<00:12:51.360> itself<00:12:51.839> out<00:12:52.079> into
center it distributes itself out into
center it distributes itself out into
these<00:12:52.560> various<00:12:53.360> wells<00:12:54.000> or<00:12:54.240> holes<00:12:54.720> and<00:12:54.880> turns
these various wells or holes and turns
these various wells or holes and turns
color
color
color
and<00:12:56.639> all<00:12:56.880> done<00:12:57.040> with<00:12:57.200> paper<00:12:57.519> and<00:12:57.600> carpet<00:12:58.000> tape
and all done with paper and carpet tape
and all done with paper and carpet tape
so<00:12:58.959> it's<00:12:59.279> i<00:12:59.519> think<00:12:59.760> as<00:13:00.000> low<00:13:00.320> cost<00:13:00.639> as<00:13:00.880> we're
so it's i think as low cost as we're
so it's i think as low cost as we're
likely<00:13:01.440> to<00:13:01.519> be<00:13:01.680> able<00:13:01.839> to<00:13:01.920> come<00:13:02.160> up<00:13:02.320> and<00:13:02.399> make
likely to be able to come up and make
likely to be able to come up and make
things
things
things
now<00:13:04.800> i<00:13:04.880> have<00:13:05.120> one<00:13:05.360> last<00:13:05.920> two<00:13:06.160> last<00:13:06.480> little
now i have one last two last little
now i have one last two last little
stories<00:13:07.120> to<00:13:07.279> tell<00:13:07.519> you<00:13:07.920> in<00:13:08.160> finishing<00:13:08.639> off
stories to tell you in finishing off
stories to tell you in finishing off
this<00:13:09.360> business
this business
this business
this<00:13:10.720> is<00:13:10.880> one<00:13:11.279> one<00:13:11.440> of<00:13:11.600> the<00:13:11.680> things<00:13:12.000> that<00:13:12.079> one
this is one one of the things that one
this is one one of the things that one
does<00:13:12.639> occasionally<00:13:13.120> need<00:13:13.360> to<00:13:13.440> do<00:13:13.680> is<00:13:13.760> to
does occasionally need to do is to
does occasionally need to do is to
separate<00:13:14.480> blood<00:13:14.800> from<00:13:15.360> blood<00:13:15.600> cells<00:13:15.920> from
separate blood from blood cells from
separate blood from blood cells from
serum
serum
serum
and<00:13:18.160> the<00:13:18.320> question<00:13:18.839> was<00:13:19.839> here<00:13:20.079> we<00:13:20.160> do<00:13:20.320> it<00:13:20.399> by
and the question was here we do it by
and the question was here we do it by
taking<00:13:20.880> a<00:13:21.040> sample<00:13:21.920> we<00:13:22.240> put<00:13:22.399> it<00:13:22.560> in<00:13:23.120> a
taking a sample we put it in a
taking a sample we put it in a
centrifuge<00:13:24.639> we<00:13:24.880> spin<00:13:25.200> it<00:13:25.839> and<00:13:26.560> you<00:13:26.720> get<00:13:27.120> blood
centrifuge we spin it and you get blood
centrifuge we spin it and you get blood
cells<00:13:27.839> out<00:13:28.240> terrific<00:13:28.720> what<00:13:28.880> happens<00:13:29.200> if<00:13:29.360> you
cells out terrific what happens if you
cells out terrific what happens if you
don't<00:13:29.600> have<00:13:29.680> an<00:13:29.839> electricity<00:13:30.639> and<00:13:30.800> a
don't have an electricity and a
don't have an electricity and a
centrifuge<00:13:31.519> in<00:13:31.680> whatever
centrifuge in whatever
centrifuge in whatever
and<00:13:33.279> we<00:13:33.440> thought<00:13:33.680> for<00:13:33.760> a<00:13:33.839> while<00:13:34.079> of<00:13:34.160> how<00:13:34.320> you
and we thought for a while of how you
and we thought for a while of how you
might<00:13:34.639> do<00:13:34.800> this<00:13:35.040> and<00:13:35.120> the<00:13:35.200> way<00:13:35.440> in<00:13:35.600> fact<00:13:35.920> you<00:13:36.079> do
might do this and the way in fact you do
might do this and the way in fact you do
it<00:13:36.880> is<00:13:37.040> what's<00:13:37.360> shown<00:13:37.680> here<00:13:37.920> you<00:13:38.000> get<00:13:38.160> a<00:13:38.720> egg
it is what's shown here you get a egg
it is what's shown here you get a egg
beater
beater
beater
which<00:13:40.240> is<00:13:40.480> everywhere<00:13:41.360> and<00:13:41.440> you<00:13:41.680> saw<00:13:41.920> off<00:13:42.079> a
which is everywhere and you saw off a
which is everywhere and you saw off a
blade<00:13:42.720> and<00:13:42.880> then<00:13:43.040> you<00:13:43.200> take<00:13:43.600> tubing<00:13:44.000> and<00:13:44.079> you
blade and then you take tubing and you
blade and then you take tubing and you
stick<00:13:44.480> it<00:13:44.639> on<00:13:44.720> that<00:13:44.880> you<00:13:45.040> put<00:13:45.200> the<00:13:45.360> blood<00:13:45.600> in
stick it on that you put the blood in
stick it on that you put the blood in
you<00:13:46.000> spin<00:13:46.320> it<00:13:46.399> somebody<00:13:46.800> sits<00:13:47.040> there<00:13:47.200> and
you spin it somebody sits there and
you spin it somebody sits there and
spins<00:13:47.680> it<00:13:48.000> it<00:13:48.079> works<00:13:48.560> really<00:13:48.800> really<00:13:49.040> well<00:13:49.600> and
spins it it works really really well and
spins it it works really really well and
we<00:13:50.399> sat<00:13:50.639> down<00:13:50.880> we<00:13:50.959> did<00:13:51.120> the<00:13:51.279> physics<00:13:51.680> of<00:13:51.839> egg
we sat down we did the physics of egg
we sat down we did the physics of egg
beaters<00:13:52.480> and<00:13:52.560> self-aligning<00:13:53.360> tubes<00:13:53.680> and<00:13:53.839> all
beaters and self-aligning tubes and all
beaters and self-aligning tubes and all
the<00:13:54.000> rest<00:13:54.240> of<00:13:54.320> that<00:13:54.480> kind<00:13:54.720> of<00:13:54.880> thing
the rest of that kind of thing
the rest of that kind of thing
set<00:13:56.079> it<00:13:56.240> off<00:13:56.399> to<00:13:56.560> a<00:13:56.639> journal<00:13:56.959> we<00:13:57.040> were<00:13:57.120> very
set it off to a journal we were very
set it off to a journal we were very
proud<00:13:57.519> of<00:13:57.680> this<00:13:58.240> particularly<00:13:58.720> the<00:13:58.800> title
proud of this particularly the title
proud of this particularly the title
which<00:13:59.360> was<00:13:59.600> egg<00:13:59.760> beater<00:14:00.079> at<00:14:00.160> centrifuge
which was egg beater at centrifuge
which was egg beater at centrifuge
and<00:14:02.079> we<00:14:02.320> set<00:14:02.560> it<00:14:02.720> off<00:14:03.360> and<00:14:03.680> by<00:14:03.920> return<00:14:04.399> mail<00:14:04.639> it
and we set it off and by return mail it
and we set it off and by return mail it
came<00:14:04.959> back<00:14:05.600> i<00:14:06.160> called<00:14:06.399> up<00:14:06.480> the<00:14:06.560> editor<00:14:06.880> and<00:14:06.959> i
came back i called up the editor and i
came back i called up the editor and i
said<00:14:07.199> what's<00:14:07.440> going<00:14:07.760> on<00:14:08.160> how<00:14:08.320> is<00:14:08.480> this
said what's going on how is this
said what's going on how is this
possible<00:14:09.440> the<00:14:09.600> editor<00:14:10.000> said
possible the editor said
possible the editor said
with<00:14:11.199> enormous<00:14:11.760> disdain<00:14:12.720> i<00:14:12.959> read<00:14:13.199> this
with enormous disdain i read this
with enormous disdain i read this
and<00:14:14.240> we're<00:14:14.399> not<00:14:14.560> going<00:14:14.720> to<00:14:14.800> publish<00:14:15.199> it
and we're not going to publish it
and we're not going to publish it
because<00:14:15.600> we<00:14:15.839> only<00:14:16.320> publish<00:14:16.959> science
because we only publish science
because we only publish science
and<00:14:19.600> it's<00:14:19.920> an<00:14:20.079> important<00:14:20.480> issue<00:14:20.720> because<00:14:21.040> it
and it's an important issue because it
and it's an important issue because it
means<00:14:21.440> that
means that
means that
we<00:14:22.480> have<00:14:22.639> to<00:14:22.959> as<00:14:23.120> a<00:14:23.199> society<00:14:24.240> think<00:14:24.480> about<00:14:24.720> what
we have to as a society think about what
we have to as a society think about what
we<00:14:25.120> value
we value
we value
and<00:14:26.480> if<00:14:26.639> it's<00:14:26.800> just<00:14:27.199> papers<00:14:27.600> in<00:14:27.680> fizzrev
and if it's just papers in fizzrev
and if it's just papers in fizzrev
letters<00:14:29.040> we've<00:14:29.199> got<00:14:29.440> a<00:14:29.519> problem
letters we've got a problem
letters we've got a problem
here's<00:14:31.199> another<00:14:31.600> example<00:14:32.079> of<00:14:32.160> something
here's another example of something
here's another example of something
which<00:14:33.120> is
which is
which is
this<00:14:34.480> is<00:14:34.560> a<00:14:34.720> little<00:14:35.000> spectrophotometer<00:14:36.320> it
this is a little spectrophotometer it
this is a little spectrophotometer it
measures<00:14:37.440> the<00:14:37.600> absorption<00:14:38.240> of<00:14:38.399> light<00:14:38.720> in<00:14:38.880> a
measures the absorption of light in a
measures the absorption of light in a
sample<00:14:39.600> the<00:14:39.760> neat<00:14:39.920> thing<00:14:40.160> about<00:14:40.320> this<00:14:40.639> is<00:14:40.720> you
sample the neat thing about this is you
sample the neat thing about this is you
have<00:14:41.040> light<00:14:41.279> source<00:14:41.600> that<00:14:41.760> flickers<00:14:42.240> on<00:14:42.480> and
have light source that flickers on and
have light source that flickers on and
off<00:14:42.880> at<00:14:43.120> about<00:14:43.440> a<00:14:43.600> thousand<00:14:44.000> hertz<00:14:44.800> another
off at about a thousand hertz another
off at about a thousand hertz another
light<00:14:45.440> source<00:14:45.760> that<00:14:45.920> detects<00:14:46.480> that's<00:14:46.880> light
light source that detects that's light
light source that detects that's light
at<00:14:47.279> a<00:14:47.440> thousand<00:14:47.839> hertz<00:14:48.480> and<00:14:48.639> so<00:14:48.800> you<00:14:48.880> can<00:14:49.199> run
at a thousand hertz and so you can run
at a thousand hertz and so you can run
this<00:14:49.600> system<00:14:50.000> in<00:14:50.079> broad<00:14:50.399> daylight<00:14:51.360> it
this system in broad daylight it
this system in broad daylight it
performs<00:14:52.320> about<00:14:52.639> equivalently<00:14:53.519> to<00:14:53.839> a
performs about equivalently to a
performs about equivalently to a
system<00:14:55.040> that's<00:14:55.360> in<00:14:55.440> the<00:14:55.519> order<00:14:55.920> of<00:14:56.480> a<00:14:56.560> hundred
system that's in the order of a hundred
system that's in the order of a hundred
thousand<00:14:57.199> dollars<00:14:58.000> it<00:14:58.240> costs<00:14:58.800> fifty<00:14:59.120> dollars
thousand dollars it costs fifty dollars
thousand dollars it costs fifty dollars
we<00:14:59.839> can<00:15:00.000> probably<00:15:00.320> make<00:15:00.560> it<00:15:00.800> for<00:15:01.040> 50<00:15:01.440> cents<00:15:01.839> if
we can probably make it for 50 cents if
we can probably make it for 50 cents if
we<00:15:02.079> put<00:15:02.320> our<00:15:02.399> mind<00:15:02.639> to<00:15:02.880> it<00:15:03.360> why<00:15:03.519> doesn't
we put our mind to it why doesn't
we put our mind to it why doesn't
somebody<00:15:04.320> do<00:15:04.560> it<00:15:05.120> and<00:15:05.279> the<00:15:05.440> answer<00:15:05.680> is<00:15:05.839> how<00:15:06.000> do
somebody do it and the answer is how do
somebody do it and the answer is how do
you<00:15:06.160> make<00:15:06.399> a<00:15:06.480> profit<00:15:06.880> in<00:15:07.040> a<00:15:07.120> capitalist<00:15:07.680> system
you make a profit in a capitalist system
you make a profit in a capitalist system
doing<00:15:08.560> that
doing that
doing that
interesting<00:15:10.320> problem
interesting problem
interesting problem
so<00:15:13.279> let<00:15:13.440> me<00:15:13.600> finish<00:15:13.920> by<00:15:14.079> saying<00:15:14.320> that
so let me finish by saying that
so let me finish by saying that
we<00:15:16.320> thought<00:15:16.560> about<00:15:16.800> this<00:15:17.120> as<00:15:17.360> a<00:15:17.519> kind<00:15:17.680> of
we thought about this as a kind of
we thought about this as a kind of
engineering<00:15:18.560> problem
engineering problem
engineering problem
and<00:15:19.760> we've<00:15:20.000> asked<00:15:20.240> what<00:15:20.480> is<00:15:20.720> you<00:15:20.800> know<00:15:20.959> what<00:15:21.120> is
and we've asked what is you know what is
and we've asked what is you know what is
the<00:15:21.440> scientific<00:15:22.399> unifying<00:15:23.040> idea<00:15:23.440> here<00:15:24.000> and
the scientific unifying idea here and
the scientific unifying idea here and
we've<00:15:24.480> decided<00:15:24.880> that<00:15:24.959> we<00:15:25.120> should<00:15:25.279> think<00:15:25.440> about
we've decided that we should think about
we've decided that we should think about
this<00:15:25.839> not<00:15:26.000> so<00:15:26.160> much<00:15:26.320> in<00:15:26.480> terms<00:15:26.720> of<00:15:26.880> cost<00:15:27.360> but<00:15:27.600> in
this not so much in terms of cost but in
this not so much in terms of cost but in
terms<00:15:28.000> of<00:15:28.079> simplicity
terms of simplicity
terms of simplicity
the<00:15:29.519> simplicity<00:15:30.079> is<00:15:30.160> a<00:15:30.320> neat<00:15:30.560> word<00:15:30.880> you've<00:15:30.959> got
the simplicity is a neat word you've got
the simplicity is a neat word you've got
to<00:15:31.279> think<00:15:31.440> about<00:15:31.680> what<00:15:31.920> simplicity<00:15:32.639> means
to think about what simplicity means
to think about what simplicity means
i<00:15:33.920> know<00:15:34.079> what<00:15:34.240> it<00:15:34.399> is<00:15:34.560> but<00:15:34.720> i<00:15:34.880> don't<00:15:35.040> actually
i know what it is but i don't actually
i know what it is but i don't actually
know<00:15:35.440> what<00:15:35.600> it<00:15:35.760> means
know what it means
know what it means
so<00:15:37.440> i<00:15:37.519> actually<00:15:37.839> wasn't<00:15:38.160> interested<00:15:38.639> enough
so i actually wasn't interested enough
so i actually wasn't interested enough
in<00:15:39.040> this<00:15:39.199> to<00:15:39.360> put<00:15:39.600> together<00:15:40.079> a
in this to put together a
in this to put together a
several<00:15:42.160> groups<00:15:42.480> of<00:15:42.560> people
several groups of people
several groups of people
the<00:15:43.920> most<00:15:44.160> recent<00:15:44.639> involved<00:15:44.959> a<00:15:45.040> couple<00:15:45.279> of
the most recent involved a couple of
the most recent involved a couple of
people<00:15:45.600> at<00:15:45.760> mit<00:15:46.160> one<00:15:46.399> of<00:15:46.480> them<00:15:46.639> being<00:15:46.880> an
people at mit one of them being an
people at mit one of them being an
exceptionally<00:15:47.680> bright<00:15:48.000> kid<00:15:48.320> who's
exceptionally bright kid who's
exceptionally bright kid who's
one<00:15:49.600> of<00:15:49.680> the<00:15:49.759> very<00:15:50.000> few<00:15:50.240> people<00:15:50.480> i<00:15:50.560> would<00:15:50.720> think
one of the very few people i would think
one of the very few people i would think
of<00:15:51.040> who's<00:15:51.279> an<00:15:51.440> authentic<00:15:51.920> genius<00:15:52.639> we<00:15:52.880> all
of who's an authentic genius we all
of who's an authentic genius we all
struggled<00:15:53.920> for<00:15:54.240> an<00:15:54.399> entire<00:15:54.800> day<00:15:54.959> to<00:15:55.120> think
struggled for an entire day to think
struggled for an entire day to think
about<00:15:55.600> simplicity<00:15:56.639> and<00:15:56.800> i<00:15:56.880> want<00:15:57.040> to<00:15:57.120> give<00:15:57.279> you
about simplicity and i want to give you
about simplicity and i want to give you
the<00:15:57.600> answer<00:15:58.079> of<00:15:58.240> this<00:15:58.880> deep<00:15:59.360> scientific
the answer of this deep scientific
the answer of this deep scientific
thought
so<00:16:04.880> in<00:16:05.040> a<00:16:05.199> sense<00:16:05.839> you<00:16:06.000> get<00:16:06.240> what<00:16:06.399> you<00:16:06.560> pay<00:16:06.800> for
so in a sense you get what you pay for
so in a sense you get what you pay for
thank<00:16:07.600> you<00:16:07.680> very<00:16:08.000> much
George Whitesides, TED, TEDx, TEDxBoston, TED-Ed, TED, Ed’, TEDEducation, lab, lab, test
