An athlete uses physics to shatter world records - Asaf Bar-Yosef
In the early 1960s,
Dick Fosbury tried his hand at almost every sport,
but never excelled at anything,
until, at the age of 16, he turned to the high jump.
But when he couldn't compete against
the strong athletes at his college
using the standard high jump techniques of the time,
Fosbury tried to jump a different way: backwards.
Instead of jumping with his face towards the bar,
bringing each leg over in the
traditional straddle method,
he jumped with his back towards the bar.
Fosbury improved his record by over half a foot,
and left his coaches amazed
by this strange new style of high jumping.
During the next few years,
Fosbury perfected his high jump style,
won the U.S. National trials,
and assured his place in the 1968 Olympics in Mexico.
In the Olympic Games, Fosbury amazed the world
with his new technique, winning a gold metal
with an Olympic record leap of 2.24 meters.
By the next Olympic Games,
almost all of the competing of high jumpers
had adopted what came to be known as
the Fosbury Flop.
What's the secret behind the technique?
It lies in a physics concept
called the center of mass.
For every object,
we can locate the average position of all of its mass
by taking into account how the mass
is spread around the object.
For instance, the center of mass
of a flat, rectangular object of uniform density
will be in the intersection of both diagonals,
in equal distance from each corner.
We can find the center of mass for other objects
by similar calculations,
or by finding the object's balancing point,
which lies right underneath its center of mass.
Try balancing a broom by holding it
and slowly bringing your hands together until they meet.
This balancing point lies right underneath
the broom's center of mass.
We humans also have a center of mass.
When most people stand up,
their center of mass is around the belly,
but what happens to your center of mass
when you lift your hands in the air?
Your center of mass moves upwards.
It moves all the time as you move through the day,
based on how your body is positioned.
It can even move outside of your body.
When you bend forward, your center of mass
is located below your bent belly
in a place where there is no mass at all.
Weird to think about, but that's the average position
of all your mass.
Many objects' center of mass
are outside their bodies.
Think of doughnuts or boomerangs.
Now look at the Fosbury Flop, and follow the position
of the center of mass of the jumper.
The jumper runs very fast,
so he can divert his horizontal velocity
to vertical velocity, and jumps.
Wait for it...there.
Look at the jumper's center of mass
as his body bends backward.
It's below the bar.
That is the secret behind the jump.
With the old, pre-Fosbury techniques,
the jumper had to apply enough force
to lift his center of mass above the bar
by a few inches in order to clear it.
The Fosbury Flopper doesn't have to do that.
The genius of the Fosbury Flop is that the jumper
can apply the same amount of force,
but raise his body much higher than before.
That means he can raise the bar so high
that even when his center of mass
can't go any higher, his arching body can.
Fosbury's technique brought
the high jump to new heights
by splitting the jumper's body
away from his center of mass,
giving it that much more room
to clear higher and higher bars.
So the Fosbury Flop may be sports history's
only great leap forward,
that is also a great leap backward.
