The art of choosing - Sheena Iyengar
today<00:00:23.320> I'm<00:00:23.480> going<00:00:23.640> to<00:00:23.840> take<00:00:24.119> you<00:00:24.359> around<00:00:24.640> the
today I'm going to take you around the
today I'm going to take you around the
world<00:00:25.119> in<00:00:25.279> 18<00:00:26.240> minutes<00:00:27.240> my<00:00:27.439> base<00:00:27.640> of
world in 18 minutes my base of
world in 18 minutes my base of
operations<00:00:28.519> is<00:00:28.679> in<00:00:28.840> the<00:00:29.000> US<00:00:29.640> but<00:00:29.800> let<00:00:30.119> start<00:00:30.320> at
operations is in the US but let start at
operations is in the US but let start at
the<00:00:30.599> other<00:00:30.800> end<00:00:31.000> of<00:00:31.119> the<00:00:31.320> map<00:00:31.800> in<00:00:32.040> Koto<00:00:32.559> Japan
the other end of the map in Koto Japan
the other end of the map in Koto Japan
where<00:00:33.680> I<00:00:33.800> was<00:00:33.960> living<00:00:34.239> with<00:00:34.399> a<00:00:34.600> Japanese
where I was living with a Japanese
where I was living with a Japanese
family<00:00:36.120> while<00:00:36.280> I<00:00:36.360> was<00:00:36.480> doing<00:00:36.800> part<00:00:36.920> of<00:00:37.079> my
family while I was doing part of my
family while I was doing part of my
dissertational<00:00:38.079> research<00:00:38.840> 15<00:00:39.399> years
dissertational research 15 years
dissertational research 15 years
ago<00:00:41.360> I<00:00:41.440> knew<00:00:41.719> even<00:00:42.039> then<00:00:42.200> that<00:00:42.360> I<00:00:42.440> would
ago I knew even then that I would
ago I knew even then that I would
encounter<00:00:43.120> cultural<00:00:43.640> differences<00:00:44.200> and
encounter cultural differences and
encounter cultural differences and
misunderstandings<00:00:45.719> but<00:00:45.960> they<00:00:46.160> popped<00:00:46.480> up
misunderstandings but they popped up
misunderstandings but they popped up
when<00:00:46.800> I<00:00:47.000> least<00:00:47.399> expected<00:00:47.879> it<00:00:48.840> on<00:00:49.000> my<00:00:49.199> first<00:00:49.600> day
when I least expected it on my first day
when I least expected it on my first day
I<00:00:50.360> went<00:00:50.520> to<00:00:50.680> a<00:00:50.840> restaurant<00:00:51.280> and<00:00:51.399> I<00:00:51.480> ordered<00:00:51.760> a
I went to a restaurant and I ordered a
I went to a restaurant and I ordered a
cup<00:00:52.039> of<00:00:52.199> green<00:00:52.480> tea<00:00:52.800> with<00:00:53.399> sugar<00:00:54.399> after<00:00:54.640> a
cup of green tea with sugar after a
cup of green tea with sugar after a
pause<00:00:55.199> the<00:00:55.320> waiter<00:00:55.680> said<00:00:56.680> one<00:00:56.920> does<00:00:57.160> not<00:00:57.399> put
pause the waiter said one does not put
pause the waiter said one does not put
sugar<00:00:57.960> in<00:00:58.199> green<00:00:58.559> tea
sugar in green tea
sugar in green tea
I<00:01:01.120> know<00:01:01.320> I<00:01:01.440> said<00:01:01.680> I'm<00:01:01.800> aware<00:01:02.079> of<00:01:02.239> this<00:01:02.440> custom
I know I said I'm aware of this custom
I know I said I'm aware of this custom
but<00:01:02.879> I<00:01:03.039> really<00:01:03.320> like<00:01:03.519> my<00:01:03.680> tea
but I really like my tea
but I really like my tea
site<00:01:05.519> in<00:01:05.720> response<00:01:06.119> he<00:01:06.240> gave<00:01:06.400> me<00:01:06.520> an<00:01:06.600> even<00:01:06.799> more
site in response he gave me an even more
site in response he gave me an even more
courteous<00:01:07.439> version<00:01:07.680> of<00:01:07.799> the<00:01:07.960> same
courteous version of the same
courteous version of the same
explanation<00:01:10.439> one<00:01:10.880> does<00:01:11.240> not<00:01:11.600> put<00:01:11.960> sugar<00:01:12.520> in
explanation one does not put sugar in
explanation one does not put sugar in
green
green
green
tea<00:01:15.360> I<00:01:15.759> understand<00:01:16.080> I<00:01:16.280> said<00:01:16.560> that<00:01:16.720> the
tea I understand I said that the
tea I understand I said that the
Japanese<00:01:17.400> do<00:01:17.600> not<00:01:17.799> put<00:01:18.000> sugar<00:01:18.320> in<00:01:18.520> their<00:01:18.840> green
Japanese do not put sugar in their green
Japanese do not put sugar in their green
tea<00:01:19.720> but<00:01:20.040> I'd<00:01:20.240> like<00:01:20.439> to<00:01:20.600> put<00:01:20.799> some<00:01:20.960> sugar<00:01:21.280> in<00:01:21.600> my
tea but I'd like to put some sugar in my
tea but I'd like to put some sugar in my
green
green
green
tea<00:01:25.040> surprised<00:01:25.520> by<00:01:25.640> my<00:01:25.880> insistence<00:01:26.520> the
tea surprised by my insistence the
tea surprised by my insistence the
waiter<00:01:26.960> had<00:01:27.079> to<00:01:27.439> took<00:01:27.600> up<00:01:27.799> the<00:01:27.920> issue<00:01:28.200> with<00:01:28.320> the
waiter had to took up the issue with the
waiter had to took up the issue with the
manager<00:01:29.200> pretty<00:01:29.479> soon
manager pretty soon
manager pretty soon
a<00:01:31.479> lengthy<00:01:32.000> discussion<00:01:32.560> ensued<00:01:33.200> and<00:01:33.439> finally
a lengthy discussion ensued and finally
a lengthy discussion ensued and finally
the<00:01:33.960> manager<00:01:34.399> came<00:01:34.640> over<00:01:34.840> to<00:01:35.000> me<00:01:35.200> and<00:01:35.399> said<00:01:36.320> I
the manager came over to me and said I
the manager came over to me and said I
am<00:01:36.680> very<00:01:37.000> sorry<00:01:37.479> we<00:01:37.600> do<00:01:37.880> not<00:01:38.119> have
sugar<00:01:42.159> well<00:01:42.520> since<00:01:42.720> I<00:01:42.880> couldn't<00:01:43.200> have<00:01:43.399> my<00:01:43.520> tea
sugar well since I couldn't have my tea
sugar well since I couldn't have my tea
the<00:01:43.880> way<00:01:44.040> I<00:01:44.119> wanted<00:01:44.399> it<00:01:44.560> I<00:01:44.640> ordered<00:01:44.920> a<00:01:45.040> cup<00:01:45.240> of
the way I wanted it I ordered a cup of
the way I wanted it I ordered a cup of
coffee<00:01:45.799> which<00:01:46.040> the<00:01:46.119> waiter<00:01:46.520> brought<00:01:46.799> brought
coffee which the waiter brought brought
coffee which the waiter brought brought
over
over
over
promptly<00:01:48.880> resting<00:01:49.280> on<00:01:49.439> the<00:01:49.600> saucer<00:01:50.520> were<00:01:50.759> two
promptly resting on the saucer were two
promptly resting on the saucer were two
packets<00:01:51.360> of
packets of
packets of
sugar<00:01:54.240> my<00:01:54.479> failure<00:01:55.079> to<00:01:55.439> procure<00:01:56.000> myself<00:01:56.439> a<00:01:56.600> cup
sugar my failure to procure myself a cup
sugar my failure to procure myself a cup
of<00:01:56.920> sweet<00:01:57.240> green<00:01:57.560> tea<00:01:58.039> was<00:01:58.280> not<00:01:58.520> due<00:01:58.799> to<00:01:58.960> a
of sweet green tea was not due to a
of sweet green tea was not due to a
simple<00:01:59.399> misunder<00:02:00.159> understanding<00:02:01.039> this<00:02:01.200> was
simple misunder understanding this was
simple misunder understanding this was
due<00:02:01.560> to<00:02:01.799> a<00:02:02.079> fundamental<00:02:02.840> difference<00:02:03.320> in<00:02:03.560> our
due to a fundamental difference in our
due to a fundamental difference in our
ideas<00:02:04.840> about<00:02:05.240> Choice<00:02:06.240> from<00:02:06.439> my<00:02:06.680> American
ideas about Choice from my American
ideas about Choice from my American
perspective<00:02:08.399> when<00:02:08.520> a<00:02:08.679> paying<00:02:09.080> customer<00:02:09.440> makes
perspective when a paying customer makes
perspective when a paying customer makes
a<00:02:09.840> reasonable<00:02:10.399> request<00:02:11.039> based<00:02:11.319> on<00:02:11.480> her
a reasonable request based on her
a reasonable request based on her
preferences<00:02:12.560> she<00:02:12.760> has<00:02:13.040> every<00:02:13.360> right<00:02:13.560> to<00:02:13.760> have
preferences she has every right to have
preferences she has every right to have
that<00:02:14.160> request<00:02:15.160> met<00:02:16.160> the<00:02:16.280> American<00:02:16.720> way<00:02:16.879> to
that request met the American way to
that request met the American way to
quote<00:02:17.280> Burger<00:02:17.680> King<00:02:17.959> is<00:02:18.080> to<00:02:18.239> have<00:02:18.400> it<00:02:18.680> your<00:02:19.080> way
quote Burger King is to have it your way
quote Burger King is to have it your way
because<00:02:19.680> as<00:02:19.920> Starbucks<00:02:20.560> says<00:02:21.160> happiness<00:02:21.680> is
because as Starbucks says happiness is
because as Starbucks says happiness is
in<00:02:22.000> your
choices<00:02:25.760> but<00:02:25.920> from<00:02:26.120> the<00:02:26.360> Japanese
choices but from the Japanese
choices but from the Japanese
perspective<00:02:27.879> it's<00:02:28.120> their<00:02:28.440> duty<00:02:28.760> to<00:02:29.000> protect
perspective it's their duty to protect
perspective it's their duty to protect
those<00:02:29.560> who<00:02:29.920> don't<00:02:30.080> know<00:02:30.319> any
better<00:02:33.599> in<00:02:33.800> this<00:02:34.120> case<00:02:34.599> the<00:02:34.800> ignorant<00:02:35.400> gin<00:02:36.080> for
better in this case the ignorant gin for
better in this case the ignorant gin for
making<00:02:36.640> the<00:02:36.840> wrong
making the wrong
making the wrong
choice<00:02:39.040> let's<00:02:39.280> face<00:02:39.440> it<00:02:39.640> the<00:02:39.720> way<00:02:39.879> I<00:02:40.000> wanted<00:02:40.319> my
choice let's face it the way I wanted my
choice let's face it the way I wanted my
tea<00:02:40.800> was<00:02:41.000> inappropriate<00:02:41.720> according<00:02:42.040> to
tea was inappropriate according to
tea was inappropriate according to
cultural<00:02:42.840> standards<00:02:43.280> and<00:02:43.400> they<00:02:43.519> were<00:02:43.680> doing
cultural standards and they were doing
cultural standards and they were doing
their<00:02:44.159> best<00:02:44.400> to<00:02:44.519> help<00:02:44.680> me<00:02:44.800> say
their best to help me say
their best to help me say
face<00:02:46.680> Americans<00:02:47.280> tend<00:02:47.519> to<00:02:47.760> believe<00:02:48.280> that
face Americans tend to believe that
face Americans tend to believe that
they've<00:02:48.640> reached<00:02:49.000> some<00:02:49.200> sort<00:02:49.360> of<00:02:49.560> Pinnacle<00:02:50.080> in
they've reached some sort of Pinnacle in
they've reached some sort of Pinnacle in
the<00:02:50.400> way<00:02:50.599> they<00:02:50.879> practice<00:02:51.440> choice<00:02:52.440> they<00:02:52.599> think
the way they practice choice they think
the way they practice choice they think
that<00:02:53.080> choice<00:02:53.440> is<00:02:53.599> seen<00:02:53.920> through<00:02:54.159> the<00:02:54.319> American
that choice is seen through the American
that choice is seen through the American
lens<00:02:55.360> best<00:02:55.680> fulfills<00:02:56.400> an<00:02:56.599> innate<00:02:57.080> and
lens best fulfills an innate and
lens best fulfills an innate and
Universal<00:02:57.959> desire<00:02:58.360> for<00:02:58.599> choice<00:02:59.280> in<00:02:59.400> all<00:02:59.599> human
Universal desire for choice in all human
Universal desire for choice in all human
humans<00:03:01.400> unfortunately<00:03:02.400> these<00:03:02.720> beliefs<00:03:03.159> are
humans unfortunately these beliefs are
humans unfortunately these beliefs are
based<00:03:03.840> on<00:03:04.159> assumptions<00:03:04.879> that<00:03:05.000> don't<00:03:05.239> always
based on assumptions that don't always
based on assumptions that don't always
hold<00:03:05.840> true<00:03:06.680> in<00:03:06.840> many<00:03:07.200> countries<00:03:07.840> in<00:03:08.040> many
hold true in many countries in many
hold true in many countries in many
cultures<00:03:09.519> at<00:03:09.680> times<00:03:09.920> they<00:03:10.040> don't<00:03:10.239> even<00:03:10.440> hold
cultures at times they don't even hold
cultures at times they don't even hold
true<00:03:10.920> at<00:03:11.080> America's<00:03:11.519> own
true at America's own
true at America's own
borders<00:03:13.280> I'd<00:03:13.440> like<00:03:13.560> to<00:03:13.799> discuss<00:03:14.239> some<00:03:14.400> of
borders I'd like to discuss some of
borders I'd like to discuss some of
these<00:03:14.879> assumptions<00:03:15.560> and<00:03:15.799> the<00:03:16.040> problems
these assumptions and the problems
these assumptions and the problems
associated<00:03:17.360> with<00:03:17.519> them<00:03:18.480> as<00:03:18.640> I<00:03:18.799> do<00:03:19.040> so<00:03:19.480> I<00:03:19.599> hope
associated with them as I do so I hope
associated with them as I do so I hope
you'll<00:03:20.159> start<00:03:20.440> thinking<00:03:20.760> about<00:03:21.000> some<00:03:21.120> of<00:03:21.239> your
you'll start thinking about some of your
you'll start thinking about some of your
own<00:03:21.720> assumptions<00:03:22.400> and<00:03:22.560> how<00:03:22.760> they<00:03:22.879> were<00:03:23.040> shaped
own assumptions and how they were shaped
own assumptions and how they were shaped
by<00:03:23.640> your
by your
by your
backgrounds<00:03:25.879> first<00:03:26.720> assumption<00:03:27.720> if<00:03:27.840> a<00:03:28.040> choice
backgrounds first assumption if a choice
backgrounds first assumption if a choice
affects<00:03:28.959> you<00:03:29.400> then<00:03:29.560> you<00:03:29.799> you<00:03:29.920> should<00:03:30.159> be<00:03:30.360> the
affects you then you you should be the
affects you then you you should be the
one<00:03:30.720> to<00:03:30.920> make<00:03:31.120> it<00:03:31.920> this<00:03:32.040> is<00:03:32.280> the<00:03:32.519> only<00:03:32.879> way<00:03:33.120> to
one to make it this is the only way to
one to make it this is the only way to
ensure<00:03:33.959> that<00:03:34.200> your<00:03:34.560> preferences<00:03:35.280> and
ensure that your preferences and
ensure that your preferences and
interests<00:03:36.040> will<00:03:36.200> be<00:03:36.439> most<00:03:36.720> fully<00:03:37.239> accounted
interests will be most fully accounted
interests will be most fully accounted
for<00:03:38.439> it<00:03:38.560> is<00:03:38.840> essential<00:03:39.360> for
for it is essential for
for it is essential for
success<00:03:41.400> in<00:03:41.640> America<00:03:42.400> the<00:03:42.720> primary<00:03:43.200> locus<00:03:43.560> of
success in America the primary locus of
success in America the primary locus of
choice<00:03:44.360> is<00:03:44.480> the<00:03:44.920> individual<00:03:45.920> people<00:03:46.120> must
choice is the individual people must
choice is the individual people must
choose<00:03:46.720> for<00:03:47.159> themselves<00:03:47.760> sometimes<00:03:47.959> sticking
choose for themselves sometimes sticking
choose for themselves sometimes sticking
to<00:03:48.439> their<00:03:48.640> guns<00:03:49.120> regardless<00:03:49.640> of<00:03:49.799> what<00:03:49.959> other
to their guns regardless of what other
to their guns regardless of what other
people<00:03:50.519> want<00:03:50.840> or<00:03:51.280> recommend<00:03:52.280> it's<00:03:52.480> called
people want or recommend it's called
people want or recommend it's called
being<00:03:53.079> true<00:03:53.360> to
being true to
being true to
yourself<00:03:55.400> but<00:03:55.519> do<00:03:55.720> all<00:03:56.000> individuals<00:03:56.840> benefit
yourself but do all individuals benefit
yourself but do all individuals benefit
from<00:03:57.599> taking<00:03:58.000> such<00:03:58.159> an<00:03:58.400> approach<00:03:58.760> to<00:03:59.040> choice
from taking such an approach to choice
from taking such an approach to choice
Mark<00:04:00.720> Lipper<00:04:01.120> and<00:04:01.280> I<00:04:01.439> did<00:04:01.599> a<00:04:01.799> series<00:04:02.120> of
Mark Lipper and I did a series of
Mark Lipper and I did a series of
studies<00:04:02.760> in<00:04:02.920> which<00:04:03.040> we<00:04:03.159> sought<00:04:03.439> the<00:04:03.640> answer<00:04:03.879> to
studies in which we sought the answer to
studies in which we sought the answer to
this<00:04:04.319> very<00:04:04.879> question<00:04:05.879> in<00:04:06.079> one<00:04:06.400> study<00:04:06.959> which<00:04:07.079> we
this very question in one study which we
this very question in one study which we
ran<00:04:07.519> in<00:04:07.760> Japan<00:04:08.159> Town<00:04:08.480> San<00:04:09.040> Francisco<00:04:10.040> we
ran in Japan Town San Francisco we
ran in Japan Town San Francisco we
brought<00:04:10.599> 7<00:04:10.920> to<00:04:11.120> nine-year-old<00:04:12.079> Anglo<00:04:12.519> and
brought 7 to nine-year-old Anglo and
brought 7 to nine-year-old Anglo and
Asian-American<00:04:13.680> children<00:04:14.120> into<00:04:14.319> the
Asian-American children into the
Asian-American children into the
laboratory<00:04:15.159> and<00:04:15.280> we<00:04:15.439> divided<00:04:15.840> them<00:04:16.000> up<00:04:16.199> into
laboratory and we divided them up into
laboratory and we divided them up into
three<00:04:16.880> groups<00:04:17.880> the<00:04:18.040> first<00:04:18.359> group<00:04:18.680> came<00:04:18.919> in<00:04:19.239> and
three groups the first group came in and
three groups the first group came in and
they<00:04:19.440> were<00:04:19.600> greeted<00:04:20.000> by<00:04:20.160> Miss<00:04:20.440> Smith<00:04:20.840> who
they were greeted by Miss Smith who
they were greeted by Miss Smith who
showed<00:04:21.239> them<00:04:21.479> six<00:04:21.759> big<00:04:22.120> piles<00:04:22.479> of<00:04:22.639> anagram
showed them six big piles of anagram
showed them six big piles of anagram
puzzles<00:04:24.240> the<00:04:24.400> kids<00:04:24.639> got<00:04:24.800> to<00:04:25.000> choose<00:04:25.479> which
puzzles the kids got to choose which
puzzles the kids got to choose which
pile<00:04:25.919> of<00:04:26.040> anagrams<00:04:26.600> they<00:04:26.720> would<00:04:26.880> like<00:04:27.040> to<00:04:27.199> do
pile of anagrams they would like to do
pile of anagrams they would like to do
and<00:04:27.560> they<00:04:27.680> even<00:04:27.880> got<00:04:28.040> to<00:04:28.160> choose<00:04:28.479> which<00:04:28.680> marker
and they even got to choose which marker
and they even got to choose which marker
they<00:04:29.199> would<00:04:29.360> write<00:04:29.479> their<00:04:29.840> answers<00:04:30.400> with<00:04:31.400> when
they would write their answers with when
they would write their answers with when
the<00:04:31.800> second<00:04:32.160> group<00:04:32.360> of<00:04:32.520> children<00:04:33.000> came<00:04:33.240> in
the second group of children came in
the second group of children came in
they<00:04:33.880> were<00:04:34.039> brought<00:04:34.280> to<00:04:34.479> the<00:04:34.639> same<00:04:34.919> room<00:04:35.280> shown
they were brought to the same room shown
they were brought to the same room shown
the<00:04:35.840> same<00:04:36.199> anagrams<00:04:36.919> but<00:04:37.080> this<00:04:37.240> time<00:04:37.479> Miss
the same anagrams but this time Miss
the same anagrams but this time Miss
Smith<00:04:38.280> told<00:04:38.720> them<00:04:39.000> which<00:04:39.240> anagrams<00:04:39.880> to<00:04:40.080> do<00:04:40.639> and
Smith told them which anagrams to do and
Smith told them which anagrams to do and
which<00:04:41.000> markers<00:04:41.479> to<00:04:41.680> write<00:04:41.919> their<00:04:42.080> answers
which markers to write their answers
which markers to write their answers
with<00:04:43.919> now<00:04:44.080> when<00:04:44.280> the<00:04:44.479> third<00:04:44.840> group<00:04:45.240> came<00:04:45.440> in
with now when the third group came in
with now when the third group came in
they<00:04:46.280> were<00:04:46.520> told<00:04:46.880> that<00:04:47.039> their<00:04:47.280> anagrams<00:04:48.000> and
they were told that their anagrams and
they were told that their anagrams and
their<00:04:48.360> markers<00:04:48.919> had<00:04:49.039> been<00:04:49.320> chosen<00:04:49.880> by<00:04:50.039> their
mothers<00:04:54.320> in<00:04:54.560> reality<00:04:55.440> the<00:04:55.600> kids<00:04:55.840> who<00:04:56.000> were
mothers in reality the kids who were
mothers in reality the kids who were
told<00:04:56.600> what<00:04:56.800> to<00:04:56.960> do<00:04:57.520> whether<00:04:57.759> by<00:04:57.919> Miss<00:04:58.160> Smith<00:04:58.639> or
told what to do whether by Miss Smith or
told what to do whether by Miss Smith or
their<00:04:59.039> mothers<00:04:59.720> were<00:04:59.960> actually<00:05:00.199> given<00:05:00.520> the
their mothers were actually given the
their mothers were actually given the
very<00:05:00.919> same<00:05:01.240> activity<00:05:01.800> which<00:05:01.960> their
very same activity which their
very same activity which their
counterparts<00:05:02.800> in<00:05:02.919> the<00:05:03.080> first<00:05:03.360> group<00:05:03.600> had
counterparts in the first group had
counterparts in the first group had
freely<00:05:04.520> chosen<00:05:05.520> with<00:05:05.720> this<00:05:05.960> procedure<00:05:06.400> we
freely chosen with this procedure we
freely chosen with this procedure we
were<00:05:06.680> able<00:05:06.960> to<00:05:07.160> ensure<00:05:07.680> that<00:05:07.800> the<00:05:07.919> kids<00:05:08.199> across
were able to ensure that the kids across
were able to ensure that the kids across
the<00:05:08.720> three<00:05:08.960> groups<00:05:09.280> all<00:05:09.479> did<00:05:09.720> the<00:05:09.840> same
the three groups all did the same
the three groups all did the same
activity<00:05:11.120> making<00:05:11.400> it<00:05:11.520> easier<00:05:11.880> for<00:05:12.039> us<00:05:12.199> to
activity making it easier for us to
activity making it easier for us to
compare
compare
compare
performance<00:05:14.400> such<00:05:14.720> small<00:05:15.160> differences<00:05:15.720> in
performance such small differences in
performance such small differences in
the<00:05:16.000> way<00:05:16.160> we<00:05:16.360> administered<00:05:16.960> the<00:05:17.199> activity
the way we administered the activity
the way we administered the activity
yielded<00:05:18.319> striking<00:05:18.960> differences<00:05:19.560> in<00:05:19.759> how<00:05:19.960> well
yielded striking differences in how well
yielded striking differences in how well
they
they
they
performed<00:05:22.360> anglo-americans<00:05:23.360> they<00:05:23.520> did<00:05:23.960> two
performed anglo-americans they did two
performed anglo-americans they did two
and<00:05:24.440> a<00:05:24.639> half<00:05:25.000> times<00:05:25.520> more<00:05:26.000> anagrams<00:05:26.759> when<00:05:26.919> they
and a half times more anagrams when they
and a half times more anagrams when they
got<00:05:27.360> to<00:05:27.680> choose<00:05:28.160> them<00:05:28.840> as<00:05:29.000> compared<00:05:29.400> to<00:05:29.720> when
got to choose them as compared to when
got to choose them as compared to when
it<00:05:29.960> was<00:05:30.199> chosen<00:05:30.720> for<00:05:30.960> them<00:05:31.160> by<00:05:31.360> Miss<00:05:31.639> Smith<00:05:32.120> or
it was chosen for them by Miss Smith or
it was chosen for them by Miss Smith or
their<00:05:32.919> mothers<00:05:33.919> it<00:05:34.039> didn't<00:05:34.360> matter<00:05:34.840> who<00:05:35.080> did
their mothers it didn't matter who did
their mothers it didn't matter who did
the<00:05:35.520> choosing<00:05:36.400> if<00:05:36.560> the<00:05:36.800> task<00:05:37.120> was<00:05:37.360> dictated<00:05:38.039> by
the choosing if the task was dictated by
the choosing if the task was dictated by
another<00:05:38.600> their<00:05:38.840> performance
another their performance
another their performance
suffered<00:05:41.039> in<00:05:41.199> fact<00:05:41.759> some<00:05:41.919> of<00:05:42.039> the<00:05:42.199> kids<00:05:42.400> were
suffered in fact some of the kids were
suffered in fact some of the kids were
visibly<00:05:43.360> embarrassed<00:05:44.000> when<00:05:44.120> they<00:05:44.199> were<00:05:44.360> told
visibly embarrassed when they were told
visibly embarrassed when they were told
that<00:05:44.720> their<00:05:44.919> mothers<00:05:45.319> had<00:05:45.479> been
that their mothers had been
that their mothers had been
consulted<00:05:48.319> one<00:05:48.520> girl<00:05:48.759> named<00:05:49.080> Mary<00:05:49.720> said<00:05:50.520> you
consulted one girl named Mary said you
consulted one girl named Mary said you
asked<00:05:51.639> my
mother<00:05:55.960> in<00:05:56.639> contrast<00:05:57.680> Asian-American
mother in contrast Asian-American
mother in contrast Asian-American
children<00:05:59.240> perform<00:05:59.639> per<00:06:00.039> best<00:06:00.600> when<00:06:00.720> they
children perform per best when they
children perform per best when they
believe<00:06:01.199> their<00:06:01.360> mothers<00:06:01.720> had<00:06:01.919> made<00:06:02.160> the
believe their mothers had made the
believe their mothers had made the
choice<00:06:04.240> second<00:06:04.759> best<00:06:05.120> when<00:06:05.280> they<00:06:05.440> chose<00:06:05.759> for
choice second best when they chose for
choice second best when they chose for
themselves<00:06:07.240> and<00:06:07.400> least<00:06:07.840> well<00:06:08.319> when<00:06:08.479> it<00:06:08.599> had
themselves and least well when it had
themselves and least well when it had
been<00:06:08.880> chosen<00:06:09.280> by<00:06:09.479> Miss<00:06:09.840> Smith<00:06:10.840> a<00:06:10.960> girl<00:06:11.280> named
been chosen by Miss Smith a girl named
been chosen by Miss Smith a girl named
natsumi<00:06:12.319> even<00:06:12.599> approached<00:06:13.199> Miss<00:06:13.440> Smith<00:06:13.840> as
natsumi even approached Miss Smith as
natsumi even approached Miss Smith as
she<00:06:14.080> was<00:06:14.240> leaving<00:06:14.560> the<00:06:14.680> room<00:06:15.039> and<00:06:15.199> tugged<00:06:15.599> on
she was leaving the room and tugged on
she was leaving the room and tugged on
her<00:06:15.880> skirt<00:06:16.319> and<00:06:16.560> asked<00:06:17.319> could<00:06:17.479> you<00:06:17.680> please
her skirt and asked could you please
her skirt and asked could you please
tell<00:06:18.199> my<00:06:18.360> Mommy<00:06:18.720> I<00:06:18.880> did<00:06:19.000> it<00:06:19.240> just<00:06:19.479> like<00:06:19.680> she
tell my Mommy I did it just like she
tell my Mommy I did it just like she
said<00:06:22.360> the<00:06:22.520> first<00:06:22.880> generation<00:06:23.680> children<00:06:24.000> were
said the first generation children were
said the first generation children were
strongly<00:06:25.039> influenced<00:06:25.680> by<00:06:25.840> their<00:06:26.039> immigrant
strongly influenced by their immigrant
strongly influenced by their immigrant
parents'<00:06:27.199> approach<00:06:27.720> to<00:06:28.120> choice<00:06:29.120> for<00:06:29.360> them
parents' approach to choice for them
parents' approach to choice for them
Choice<00:06:30.560> was<00:06:30.800> not<00:06:31.120> just<00:06:31.319> a<00:06:31.520> way<00:06:31.759> of<00:06:32.160> defining
Choice was not just a way of defining
Choice was not just a way of defining
and<00:06:33.000> asserting<00:06:33.520> their<00:06:34.160> individuality<00:06:35.160> but<00:06:35.319> a
and asserting their individuality but a
and asserting their individuality but a
way<00:06:35.599> to<00:06:35.800> create<00:06:36.319> community<00:06:37.039> and<00:06:37.360> Harmony<00:06:38.000> by
way to create community and Harmony by
way to create community and Harmony by
deferring<00:06:38.599> to<00:06:38.759> the<00:06:38.919> choices<00:06:39.360> of<00:06:39.560> people<00:06:39.840> whom
deferring to the choices of people whom
deferring to the choices of people whom
they<00:06:40.280> trusted<00:06:40.880> and<00:06:41.639> respected<00:06:42.639> if<00:06:42.800> they<00:06:42.960> had<00:06:43.080> a
they trusted and respected if they had a
they trusted and respected if they had a
concept<00:06:43.840> of<00:06:44.000> being<00:06:44.319> true<00:06:44.560> to<00:06:44.800> oneself<00:06:45.800> then
concept of being true to oneself then
concept of being true to oneself then
that<00:06:46.280> self<00:06:46.680> most<00:06:46.919> likely<00:06:47.280> composed<00:06:47.800> not<00:06:47.960> of<00:06:48.080> an
that self most likely composed not of an
that self most likely composed not of an
individual<00:06:49.080> but<00:06:49.240> of<00:06:49.319> a
individual but of a
individual but of a
collective<00:06:51.240> success<00:06:51.759> was<00:06:52.039> just<00:06:52.319> as<00:06:52.479> much
collective success was just as much
collective success was just as much
about<00:06:53.080> pleasing<00:06:53.720> key<00:06:54.000> figures<00:06:54.440> as<00:06:54.560> it<00:06:54.759> was
about pleasing key figures as it was
about pleasing key figures as it was
about<00:06:55.520> satisfying<00:06:56.199> one's<00:06:56.479> own
about satisfying one's own
about satisfying one's own
preferences<00:06:58.599> or<00:06:59.080> you<00:06:59.280> could<00:06:59.720> say<00:06:59.960> that<00:07:00.120> the
preferences or you could say that the
preferences or you could say that the
individual's<00:07:01.000> preferences<00:07:01.599> were<00:07:01.879> shaped<00:07:02.440> by
individual's preferences were shaped by
individual's preferences were shaped by
the<00:07:02.840> preferences<00:07:03.560> of<00:07:03.919> specific
the preferences of specific
the preferences of specific
others<00:07:06.199> the<00:07:06.400> Assumption<00:07:07.080> then<00:07:07.280> that<00:07:07.440> we<00:07:07.680> do
others the Assumption then that we do
others the Assumption then that we do
best<00:07:08.599> when<00:07:08.800> the<00:07:08.960> individual<00:07:09.520> self<00:07:09.919> chooses
best when the individual self chooses
best when the individual self chooses
only<00:07:11.479> holds<00:07:12.479> when<00:07:12.840> that<00:07:13.400> self<00:07:14.400> is<00:07:14.680> clearly
only holds when that self is clearly
only holds when that self is clearly
divided<00:07:16.080> from<00:07:16.879> others<00:07:17.879> when<00:07:18.120> in<00:07:18.520> contrast<00:07:19.479> two
divided from others when in contrast two
divided from others when in contrast two
or<00:07:19.960> more<00:07:20.319> individuals<00:07:21.080> see<00:07:21.440> their<00:07:21.680> choices
or more individuals see their choices
or more individuals see their choices
and<00:07:22.520> their<00:07:22.759> outcomes<00:07:23.319> as<00:07:23.599> intimately
and their outcomes as intimately
and their outcomes as intimately
connected<00:07:25.639> then<00:07:25.840> they<00:07:25.960> may<00:07:26.280> amplify<00:07:27.000> one
connected then they may amplify one
connected then they may amplify one
another's<00:07:27.800> success<00:07:28.360> by<00:07:28.479> turning<00:07:28.919> choosing
another's success by turning choosing
another's success by turning choosing
into<00:07:29.759> a<00:07:30.000> collective
into a collective
into a collective
act<00:07:32.240> to<00:07:32.560> insist<00:07:33.479> that<00:07:33.680> they<00:07:33.840> choose
act to insist that they choose
act to insist that they choose
independently<00:07:35.879> might<00:07:36.160> actually<00:07:36.599> compromise
independently might actually compromise
independently might actually compromise
both<00:07:37.560> their<00:07:37.919> performance<00:07:38.919> and<00:07:39.039> their
both their performance and their
both their performance and their
relationships<00:07:41.599> yet<00:07:41.879> that<00:07:42.039> is<00:07:42.360> exactly<00:07:43.080> what
relationships yet that is exactly what
relationships yet that is exactly what
the<00:07:43.400> American<00:07:43.960> Paradigm<00:07:44.800> demands<00:07:45.800> it<00:07:45.919> leaves
the American Paradigm demands it leaves
the American Paradigm demands it leaves
little<00:07:46.639> room<00:07:47.000> for<00:07:47.280> interdependence<00:07:48.199> or<00:07:48.360> an
little room for interdependence or an
little room for interdependence or an
acknowledgment<00:07:49.319> of<00:07:49.520> individual<00:07:50.479> fallibility
acknowledgment of individual fallibility
acknowledgment of individual fallibility
it<00:07:51.720> requires<00:07:52.240> that<00:07:52.560> everyone<00:07:53.120> treat<00:07:53.639> Choice
it requires that everyone treat Choice
it requires that everyone treat Choice
as<00:07:54.440> a<00:07:54.800> private<00:07:55.400> and<00:07:55.720> self-defining<00:07:57.080> act
as a private and self-defining act
as a private and self-defining act
people<00:07:58.440> that<00:07:58.599> have<00:07:58.800> grown<00:07:59.159> up<00:07:59.560> in<00:07:59.720> such<00:07:59.879> a
people that have grown up in such a
people that have grown up in such a
paradigm<00:08:00.560> might<00:08:00.759> find<00:08:00.919> it<00:08:01.360> motivating<00:08:02.360> but<00:08:02.479> it
paradigm might find it motivating but it
paradigm might find it motivating but it
is<00:08:02.720> a<00:08:02.960> mistake<00:08:03.479> to<00:08:03.720> assume<00:08:04.199> that<00:08:04.479> everyone
is a mistake to assume that everyone
is a mistake to assume that everyone
thrives<00:08:05.720> under<00:08:06.039> the<00:08:06.319> pressure<00:08:06.759> of<00:08:06.919> choosing
thrives under the pressure of choosing
thrives under the pressure of choosing
alone<00:08:09.520> the<00:08:09.720> second<00:08:10.080> assumption<00:08:10.560> which
alone the second assumption which
alone the second assumption which
informs<00:08:11.319> the<00:08:11.479> American<00:08:11.960> view<00:08:12.240> of<00:08:12.400> choice<00:08:12.759> goes
informs the American view of choice goes
informs the American view of choice goes
something<00:08:13.400> like<00:08:14.039> this<00:08:15.039> the<00:08:15.159> more<00:08:15.479> choices<00:08:15.919> you
something like this the more choices you
something like this the more choices you
have<00:08:16.599> the<00:08:16.720> more<00:08:16.960> likely<00:08:17.360> you<00:08:17.560> are<00:08:17.800> to<00:08:18.000> make<00:08:18.319> the
have the more likely you are to make the
have the more likely you are to make the
best<00:08:19.159> choice<00:08:20.120> so<00:08:20.280> bring<00:08:20.479> it<00:08:20.639> on<00:08:20.919> Walmart<00:08:21.400> with
best choice so bring it on Walmart with
best choice so bring it on Walmart with
100,000<00:08:22.319> different<00:08:22.720> products<00:08:23.159> and<00:08:23.479> Amazon
100,000 different products and Amazon
100,000 different products and Amazon
with<00:08:24.199> 27<00:08:24.840> million<00:08:25.280> bucks<00:08:25.759> and<00:08:26.520> match.com<00:08:27.520> with
with 27 million bucks and match.com with
with 27 million bucks and match.com with
what<00:08:27.960> is<00:08:28.080> it<00:08:28.360> 15<00:08:28.800> million<00:08:29.159> dat<00:08:29.680> possibilities
what is it 15 million dat possibilities
what is it 15 million dat possibilities
now<00:08:32.159> you<00:08:32.279> will<00:08:32.560> surely<00:08:33.080> find<00:08:33.440> the<00:08:33.680> perfect
now you will surely find the perfect
now you will surely find the perfect
match<00:08:35.880> Let's<00:08:36.200> test<00:08:36.560> this<00:08:36.800> assumption<00:08:37.240> by
match Let's test this assumption by
match Let's test this assumption by
heading<00:08:37.719> over<00:08:37.919> to<00:08:38.159> Eastern<00:08:38.760> Europe<00:08:39.760> here<00:08:40.000> I
heading over to Eastern Europe here I
heading over to Eastern Europe here I
interviewed<00:08:41.080> people<00:08:41.839> who<00:08:42.000> were<00:08:42.279> residents<00:08:42.719> of
interviewed people who were residents of
interviewed people who were residents of
formerly<00:08:43.519> communist<00:08:44.080> countries<00:08:44.920> who<00:08:45.040> had<00:08:45.200> all
formerly communist countries who had all
formerly communist countries who had all
face<00:08:45.800> the<00:08:46.040> challenge<00:08:46.440> of<00:08:46.720> transitioning<00:08:47.480> to<00:08:47.680> a
face the challenge of transitioning to a
face the challenge of transitioning to a
more<00:08:48.160> democratic<00:08:49.000> and<00:08:49.320> capitalistic
more democratic and capitalistic
more democratic and capitalistic
Society<00:08:51.640> one<00:08:51.760> of<00:08:51.880> the<00:08:52.040> most<00:08:52.360> interesting
Society one of the most interesting
Society one of the most interesting
Revelations<00:08:53.760> came<00:08:53.959> not<00:08:54.160> from<00:08:54.320> an<00:08:54.519> answer<00:08:54.800> to<00:08:55.000> a
Revelations came not from an answer to a
Revelations came not from an answer to a
question<00:08:55.920> but<00:08:56.080> from<00:08:56.240> a<00:08:56.360> simple<00:08:56.800> gesture<00:08:57.160> of
question but from a simple gesture of
question but from a simple gesture of
hospitality<00:08:59.079> when<00:08:59.200> the<00:08:59.519> participants
hospitality when the participants
hospitality when the participants
arrived<00:09:00.480> for<00:09:00.640> their<00:09:00.800> interview<00:09:01.800> I<00:09:01.920> offered
arrived for their interview I offered
arrived for their interview I offered
them<00:09:02.399> a<00:09:02.519> set<00:09:02.640> of<00:09:02.800> drinks<00:09:03.680> Coke<00:09:04.120> Diet<00:09:04.560> Coke
them a set of drinks Coke Diet Coke
them a set of drinks Coke Diet Coke
Sprite<00:09:05.760> seven<00:09:06.120> to<00:09:06.240> be<00:09:06.839> exact<00:09:07.839> during<00:09:08.120> the<00:09:08.279> very
Sprite seven to be exact during the very
Sprite seven to be exact during the very
first<00:09:08.839> session<00:09:09.760> which<00:09:09.880> was<00:09:10.040> run<00:09:10.320> in<00:09:10.519> Russia
first session which was run in Russia
first session which was run in Russia
one<00:09:11.600> of<00:09:11.720> the<00:09:11.959> participants<00:09:12.720> made<00:09:12.920> a<00:09:13.160> comment
one of the participants made a comment
one of the participants made a comment
that<00:09:13.760> really<00:09:14.040> caught<00:09:14.279> me<00:09:14.440> off
that really caught me off
that really caught me off
guard<00:09:16.640> oh<00:09:16.839> but<00:09:17.000> it<00:09:17.079> doesn't<00:09:17.440> matter<00:09:18.120> it's<00:09:18.279> all
guard oh but it doesn't matter it's all
guard oh but it doesn't matter it's all
just<00:09:18.720> soda<00:09:19.200> that's<00:09:19.399> just<00:09:19.600> one
choice<00:09:23.240> I<00:09:23.399> was<00:09:23.519> so<00:09:23.720> struck<00:09:24.079> by<00:09:24.279> this<00:09:24.440> comment
choice I was so struck by this comment
choice I was so struck by this comment
that<00:09:25.040> from<00:09:25.320> then<00:09:25.480> on<00:09:25.760> I<00:09:25.880> started<00:09:26.240> to<00:09:26.480> offer<00:09:26.800> all
that from then on I started to offer all
that from then on I started to offer all
the<00:09:27.240> participants<00:09:27.959> those<00:09:28.160> seven<00:09:28.560> sodas<00:09:29.600> and<00:09:29.760> I
the participants those seven sodas and I
the participants those seven sodas and I
asked<00:09:30.200> them<00:09:30.760> how<00:09:30.920> many<00:09:31.160> choices<00:09:31.560> are<00:09:32.279> these
asked them how many choices are these
asked them how many choices are these
again<00:09:33.560> and<00:09:33.880> again<00:09:34.600> they<00:09:34.880> perceived<00:09:35.519> these
again and again they perceived these
again and again they perceived these
seven<00:09:36.200> different<00:09:36.560> sodas<00:09:37.200> not<00:09:37.519> as<00:09:37.760> seven
seven different sodas not as seven
seven different sodas not as seven
choices<00:09:38.680> but<00:09:38.839> as<00:09:39.079> one<00:09:39.480> choice<00:09:40.360> soda<00:09:41.079> or<00:09:41.279> no
choices but as one choice soda or no
choices but as one choice soda or no
soda<00:09:42.839> when<00:09:43.000> I<00:09:43.200> put<00:09:43.399> out<00:09:44.040> juice<00:09:44.480> and<00:09:44.720> water<00:09:45.000> in
soda when I put out juice and water in
soda when I put out juice and water in
addition<00:09:45.519> to<00:09:45.680> these<00:09:45.880> seven<00:09:46.160> sodas<00:09:46.560> now<00:09:46.720> they
addition to these seven sodas now they
addition to these seven sodas now they
perceived<00:09:47.240> it<00:09:47.399> as<00:09:47.760> only<00:09:48.040> three<00:09:48.279> choices<00:09:48.959> juice
perceived it as only three choices juice
perceived it as only three choices juice
water<00:09:50.320> and
water and
water and
soda<00:09:52.160> compare<00:09:52.640> this<00:09:52.800> to<00:09:52.959> the<00:09:53.120> diard<00:09:53.680> devotion
soda compare this to the diard devotion
soda compare this to the diard devotion
of<00:09:54.279> many<00:09:54.560> Americans<00:09:55.120> not<00:09:55.279> just<00:09:55.440> to<00:09:55.600> a
of many Americans not just to a
of many Americans not just to a
particular<00:09:56.279> flavor<00:09:56.640> of<00:09:56.800> soda<00:09:57.240> but<00:09:57.360> to<00:09:57.519> a
particular flavor of soda but to a
particular flavor of soda but to a
particular<00:09:58.320> brand
particular brand
particular brand
you<00:10:00.040> know<00:10:00.720> research<00:10:01.200> shows<00:10:01.640> repeatedly<00:10:02.360> that
you know research shows repeatedly that
you know research shows repeatedly that
we<00:10:02.720> can't<00:10:03.079> actually<00:10:03.399> tell<00:10:03.640> the<00:10:03.800> difference
we can't actually tell the difference
we can't actually tell the difference
between<00:10:04.519> Coke<00:10:04.800> and
between Coke and
between Coke and
Pepsi<00:10:06.839> of<00:10:07.000> course<00:10:07.720> you<00:10:07.880> and<00:10:08.079> I<00:10:08.320> know<00:10:08.800> that<00:10:09.240> coke
Pepsi of course you and I know that coke
Pepsi of course you and I know that coke
is<00:10:09.720> the<00:10:09.839> better
choice<00:10:16.200> for<00:10:16.440> modern<00:10:16.880> Americans<00:10:17.480> who<00:10:17.600> are
choice for modern Americans who are
choice for modern Americans who are
exposed<00:10:18.279> to<00:10:18.480> more<00:10:18.880> options<00:10:19.480> and<00:10:19.640> more<00:10:19.920> ads
exposed to more options and more ads
exposed to more options and more ads
associated<00:10:21.120> with<00:10:21.399> options<00:10:21.800> than<00:10:22.040> anyone<00:10:22.399> else
associated with options than anyone else
associated with options than anyone else
in<00:10:22.760> the<00:10:22.880> world<00:10:23.399> choice<00:10:23.680> is<00:10:23.959> just<00:10:24.160> as<00:10:24.320> much
in the world choice is just as much
in the world choice is just as much
about<00:10:24.839> who<00:10:25.079> they<00:10:25.240> are<00:10:25.920> as<00:10:26.040> it<00:10:26.200> is<00:10:26.440> about<00:10:26.680> what
about who they are as it is about what
about who they are as it is about what
the<00:10:27.040> product<00:10:27.440> is<00:10:28.240> combine<00:10:28.680> this<00:10:28.800> with<00:10:28.920> the
the product is combine this with the
the product is combine this with the
assump<00:10:29.320> asson<00:10:29.600> that<00:10:29.720> more<00:10:29.880> choices<00:10:30.279> are
assump asson that more choices are
assump asson that more choices are
always<00:10:31.079> better<00:10:31.360> and<00:10:31.480> you<00:10:31.640> have<00:10:31.760> a<00:10:31.920> group<00:10:32.120> of
always better and you have a group of
always better and you have a group of
people<00:10:32.560> for<00:10:32.760> whom<00:10:33.079> every<00:10:33.360> little<00:10:33.680> difference
people for whom every little difference
people for whom every little difference
matters<00:10:34.560> and<00:10:34.640> so<00:10:34.920> every<00:10:35.160> choice<00:10:35.839> matters<00:10:36.839> but
matters and so every choice matters but
matters and so every choice matters but
for<00:10:37.279> Eastern<00:10:38.120> Europeans<00:10:39.120> the<00:10:39.320> sudden
for Eastern Europeans the sudden
for Eastern Europeans the sudden
availability<00:10:40.839> of<00:10:41.000> all<00:10:41.200> these<00:10:41.440> consumer
availability of all these consumer
availability of all these consumer
products<00:10:42.320> on<00:10:42.440> the<00:10:42.639> marketplace<00:10:43.279> was<00:10:43.440> a<00:10:43.880> deluge
products on the marketplace was a deluge
products on the marketplace was a deluge
they<00:10:44.959> were<00:10:45.279> flooded<00:10:45.800> with<00:10:46.000> Choice<00:10:46.440> before
they were flooded with Choice before
they were flooded with Choice before
they<00:10:46.839> could<00:10:47.160> protest<00:10:47.680> that<00:10:47.800> they<00:10:47.920> didn't<00:10:48.120> know
they could protest that they didn't know
they could protest that they didn't know
how<00:10:48.360> to
how to
how to
swim<00:10:50.120> when<00:10:50.440> asked<00:10:51.079> what<00:10:51.360> words<00:10:51.760> and<00:10:52.000> images<00:10:52.440> do
swim when asked what words and images do
swim when asked what words and images do
you<00:10:52.839> associate<00:10:53.519> with<00:10:53.800> with<00:10:54.000> Choice<00:10:54.839> Gregor
you associate with with Choice Gregor
you associate with with Choice Gregor
from<00:10:55.560> Warsaw<00:10:56.360> said<00:10:57.360> ah<00:10:57.760> for<00:10:57.920> me<00:10:58.120> it<00:10:58.240> is<00:10:58.440> fear
from Warsaw said ah for me it is fear
from Warsaw said ah for me it is fear
there<00:10:59.440> are<00:10:59.600> some<00:10:59.839> dilemmas<00:11:00.360> you<00:11:00.480> see<00:11:01.240> I<00:11:01.360> am
there are some dilemmas you see I am
there are some dilemmas you see I am
used<00:11:01.760> to<00:11:01.920> no
used to no
used to no
choice<00:11:03.720> Bowden<00:11:04.200> from<00:11:04.560> Kiev<00:11:05.040> said<00:11:05.600> in<00:11:05.839> response
choice Bowden from Kiev said in response
choice Bowden from Kiev said in response
to<00:11:06.440> how<00:11:06.560> he<00:11:06.720> felt<00:11:06.959> about<00:11:07.279> the<00:11:07.360> new<00:11:07.560> consumer
to how he felt about the new consumer
to how he felt about the new consumer
Marketplace<00:11:09.440> it<00:11:09.560> is<00:11:09.800> too<00:11:10.120> much<00:11:10.839> we<00:11:10.959> do<00:11:11.120> not
Marketplace it is too much we do not
Marketplace it is too much we do not
need<00:11:11.760> everything<00:11:12.279> that<00:11:12.440> is<00:11:13.000> there<00:11:14.000> a
need everything that is there a
need everything that is there a
sociologist<00:11:15.279> from<00:11:15.360> the<00:11:15.480> Warsaw<00:11:16.000> survey
sociologist from the Warsaw survey
sociologist from the Warsaw survey
agency<00:11:17.279> explained<00:11:18.279> the<00:11:18.399> older<00:11:18.880> generation
agency explained the older generation
agency explained the older generation
jumped<00:11:20.040> from<00:11:20.399> nothing<00:11:21.360> to<00:11:21.600> Choice<00:11:22.079> all<00:11:22.399> around
jumped from nothing to Choice all around
jumped from nothing to Choice all around
them<00:11:23.160> they<00:11:23.320> were<00:11:23.480> never<00:11:23.720> given<00:11:24.079> a<00:11:24.240> chance<00:11:24.680> to
them they were never given a chance to
them they were never given a chance to
learn<00:11:25.200> how<00:11:25.320> to
learn how to
learn how to
react<00:11:27.200> and<00:11:27.440> thas<00:11:28.200> a<00:11:28.399> young<00:11:28.720> polish<00:11:29.360> man<00:11:29.680> said<00:11:30.560> I
react and thas a young polish man said I
react and thas a young polish man said I
do<00:11:30.800> not<00:11:31.000> need<00:11:31.440> 20<00:11:31.959> kinds<00:11:32.240> of<00:11:32.399> chewing<00:11:32.920> gum<00:11:33.600> I
do not need 20 kinds of chewing gum I
do not need 20 kinds of chewing gum I
don't<00:11:33.839> mean<00:11:34.040> to<00:11:34.240> say<00:11:34.519> that<00:11:34.680> I<00:11:34.800> want<00:11:35.120> no<00:11:35.480> choice
don't mean to say that I want no choice
don't mean to say that I want no choice
but<00:11:36.600> many<00:11:36.800> of<00:11:36.959> these<00:11:37.120> choices<00:11:37.480> are<00:11:37.720> quite
but many of these choices are quite
but many of these choices are quite
artificial<00:11:40.639> in<00:11:40.920> reality<00:11:41.920> many<00:11:42.279> choices<00:11:42.760> are
artificial in reality many choices are
artificial in reality many choices are
between<00:11:43.480> things<00:11:43.880> that<00:11:44.000> are<00:11:44.440> not<00:11:44.760> that<00:11:44.959> much
between things that are not that much
between things that are not that much
different<00:11:47.800> the<00:11:48.040> value<00:11:48.480> of<00:11:48.760> choice<00:11:49.519> depends<00:11:50.000> on
different the value of choice depends on
different the value of choice depends on
our<00:11:50.800> ability<00:11:51.399> to<00:11:51.680> perceive<00:11:52.480> differences
our ability to perceive differences
our ability to perceive differences
between<00:11:53.639> the
between the
between the
options<00:11:55.519> Americans<00:11:56.160> train<00:11:56.600> their<00:11:56.839> whole
options Americans train their whole
options Americans train their whole
lives<00:11:57.680> to<00:11:57.920> play<00:11:58.279> Spot<00:11:58.680> the<00:11:58.839> Difference
lives to play Spot the Difference
lives to play Spot the Difference
they<00:12:00.440> practice<00:12:00.920> this<00:12:01.079> from<00:12:01.320> such<00:12:01.480> an<00:12:01.639> early
they practice this from such an early
they practice this from such an early
age<00:12:02.440> that<00:12:02.560> they've<00:12:02.760> come<00:12:02.920> to<00:12:03.120> believe<00:12:03.360> that
age that they've come to believe that
age that they've come to believe that
everyone<00:12:03.839> must<00:12:04.040> be<00:12:04.200> born<00:12:04.639> with<00:12:04.839> this<00:12:05.440> ability
everyone must be born with this ability
everyone must be born with this ability
in<00:12:06.720> fact<00:12:07.519> though<00:12:07.800> all<00:12:08.120> humans<00:12:08.519> share<00:12:08.920> a<00:12:09.200> basic
in fact though all humans share a basic
in fact though all humans share a basic
need<00:12:10.079> and<00:12:10.360> desire<00:12:10.760> for<00:12:11.079> choice<00:12:11.839> we<00:12:11.959> don't<00:12:12.160> all
need and desire for choice we don't all
need and desire for choice we don't all
see<00:12:12.720> choice<00:12:13.079> in<00:12:13.279> the<00:12:13.440> same<00:12:13.760> places<00:12:14.199> or<00:12:14.399> to<00:12:14.600> the
see choice in the same places or to the
see choice in the same places or to the
same
same
same
extent<00:12:16.920> when<00:12:17.079> someone<00:12:17.560> can't<00:12:17.800> see<00:12:18.160> how<00:12:18.360> one
extent when someone can't see how one
extent when someone can't see how one
choice<00:12:18.959> is<00:12:19.240> unlike<00:12:19.760> another<00:12:20.600> or<00:12:20.800> when<00:12:20.920> there
choice is unlike another or when there
choice is unlike another or when there
are<00:12:21.199> too<00:12:21.399> many<00:12:21.680> choices<00:12:22.079> to<00:12:22.360> compare<00:12:22.720> and
are too many choices to compare and
are too many choices to compare and
contrast<00:12:23.959> the<00:12:24.199> process<00:12:24.519> of<00:12:24.720> choosing<00:12:25.160> can<00:12:25.320> be
contrast the process of choosing can be
contrast the process of choosing can be
confusing<00:12:26.360> and<00:12:27.160> frustrating<00:12:28.160> instead<00:12:28.440> of
confusing and frustrating instead of
confusing and frustrating instead of
making<00:12:29.199> better<00:12:29.519> choices<00:12:30.000> we<00:12:30.240> become
making better choices we become
making better choices we become
overwhelmed<00:12:31.399> by<00:12:31.720> choice<00:12:32.720> sometimes<00:12:32.959> even
overwhelmed by choice sometimes even
overwhelmed by choice sometimes even
afraid<00:12:33.519> of<00:12:33.959> it<00:12:34.959> choice<00:12:35.320> no<00:12:35.560> longer<00:12:36.040> offers
afraid of it choice no longer offers
afraid of it choice no longer offers
opportunities<00:12:37.519> but<00:12:37.720> imposes<00:12:38.839> constraints
opportunities but imposes constraints
opportunities but imposes constraints
it's<00:12:40.000> not<00:12:40.160> a<00:12:40.360> marker<00:12:40.839> of<00:12:41.040> Liberation<00:12:41.880> but<00:12:42.040> of
it's not a marker of Liberation but of
it's not a marker of Liberation but of
Suffocation<00:12:43.079> by<00:12:43.320> meaningless
Suffocation by meaningless
Suffocation by meaningless
minutia<00:12:46.000> in<00:12:46.199> other<00:12:46.480> words<00:12:47.480> Choice<00:12:47.920> can
minutia in other words Choice can
minutia in other words Choice can
develop<00:12:48.600> into<00:12:48.839> the<00:12:49.040> very<00:12:49.399> opposite<00:12:49.839> of
develop into the very opposite of
develop into the very opposite of
everything<00:12:50.720> it<00:12:51.000> represents<00:12:51.680> in<00:12:52.199> America<00:12:53.199> when
everything it represents in America when
everything it represents in America when
it<00:12:53.480> is<00:12:53.680> thrust<00:12:54.240> upon<00:12:54.639> those<00:12:54.880> who<00:12:55.040> are
it is thrust upon those who are
it is thrust upon those who are
insufficiently<00:12:56.320> prepared<00:12:56.839> for<00:12:57.279> it<00:12:58.279> but<00:12:58.440> it<00:12:58.560> is
insufficiently prepared for it but it is
insufficiently prepared for it but it is
not<00:12:59.240> only<00:12:59.880> other<00:13:00.320> people<00:13:01.079> in<00:13:01.360> other<00:13:01.839> places
not only other people in other places
not only other people in other places
that<00:13:02.519> are<00:13:02.680> feeling<00:13:03.120> the<00:13:03.399> pressure<00:13:03.800> of<00:13:04.040> ever
that are feeling the pressure of ever
that are feeling the pressure of ever
increasing<00:13:05.480> Choice<00:13:06.480> Americans<00:13:07.440> themselves
increasing Choice Americans themselves
increasing Choice Americans themselves
are<00:13:08.240> discovering<00:13:08.600> that<00:13:08.760> unlimited<00:13:09.399> Choice
are discovering that unlimited Choice
are discovering that unlimited Choice
seems<00:13:10.680> more<00:13:10.959> attractive<00:13:11.600> in<00:13:11.839> theory<00:13:12.199> than<00:13:12.360> in
seems more attractive in theory than in
seems more attractive in theory than in
practice<00:13:14.079> we<00:13:14.240> all<00:13:14.440> have<00:13:14.720> physical<00:13:15.320> mental<00:13:15.800> and
practice we all have physical mental and
practice we all have physical mental and
emotional<00:13:18.480> and<00:13:18.680> emotional<00:13:19.240> limitations<00:13:20.000> that
emotional and emotional limitations that
emotional and emotional limitations that
make<00:13:20.320> it<00:13:20.560> impossible<00:13:21.399> for<00:13:21.600> us<00:13:21.760> to<00:13:22.079> process
make it impossible for us to process
make it impossible for us to process
every<00:13:23.160> single<00:13:23.519> choice<00:13:23.880> we<00:13:24.079> encounter<00:13:25.000> even<00:13:25.199> in
every single choice we encounter even in
every single choice we encounter even in
the<00:13:25.560> grocery<00:13:26.120> store<00:13:26.560> let<00:13:26.760> alone<00:13:27.079> over<00:13:27.279> the
the grocery store let alone over the
the grocery store let alone over the
course<00:13:27.639> of<00:13:27.760> our<00:13:28.000> entire<00:13:28.560> lives
course of our entire lives
course of our entire lives
a<00:13:30.320> number<00:13:30.600> of<00:13:30.800> my<00:13:31.079> Studies<00:13:31.519> have<00:13:31.680> shown<00:13:32.000> that
a number of my Studies have shown that
a number of my Studies have shown that
when<00:13:32.240> you<00:13:32.440> give<00:13:32.680> people<00:13:33.040> 10<00:13:33.279> or<00:13:33.480> more<00:13:33.839> options
when you give people 10 or more options
when you give people 10 or more options
when<00:13:34.399> they're<00:13:34.560> making<00:13:34.839> a<00:13:35.079> choice<00:13:36.000> they<00:13:36.160> make
when they're making a choice they make
when they're making a choice they make
poorer<00:13:36.720> decisions<00:13:37.519> whether<00:13:37.720> it<00:13:37.839> be<00:13:38.040> Health
poorer decisions whether it be Health
poorer decisions whether it be Health
Care<00:13:38.839> investment<00:13:39.720> other<00:13:40.000> critical<00:13:40.800> areas<00:13:41.800> yet
Care investment other critical areas yet
Care investment other critical areas yet
still<00:13:42.959> many<00:13:43.240> of<00:13:43.399> us<00:13:43.639> believe<00:13:44.000> that<00:13:44.160> we<00:13:44.279> should
still many of us believe that we should
still many of us believe that we should
make<00:13:44.800> all<00:13:45.120> our<00:13:45.320> own<00:13:45.760> choices<00:13:46.720> and<00:13:46.880> seek<00:13:47.120> out
make all our own choices and seek out
make all our own choices and seek out
even<00:13:47.600> more<00:13:47.839> of<00:13:48.480> them<00:13:49.480> this<00:13:49.680> brings<00:13:50.079> me<00:13:50.639> to<00:13:50.959> the
even more of them this brings me to the
even more of them this brings me to the
third<00:13:51.920> and<00:13:52.160> perhaps<00:13:52.680> most<00:13:53.160> problematic
third and perhaps most problematic
third and perhaps most problematic
assumption<00:13:55.480> you<00:13:55.680> must<00:13:56.240> never<00:13:57.079> say<00:13:57.440> no<00:13:57.920> to
assumption you must never say no to
assumption you must never say no to
choice
choice
choice
to<00:14:00.480> examine<00:14:01.000> this<00:14:01.279> let's<00:14:01.480> go<00:14:01.680> back<00:14:01.800> to<00:14:02.000> the<00:14:02.160> US
to examine this let's go back to the US
to examine this let's go back to the US
and<00:14:02.759> then<00:14:02.959> hop<00:14:03.199> across<00:14:03.560> the<00:14:03.720> pond<00:14:04.040> to
and then hop across the pond to
and then hop across the pond to
France<00:14:06.680> right<00:14:06.880> outside<00:14:07.560> Chicago<00:14:08.399> a<00:14:08.560> young
France right outside Chicago a young
France right outside Chicago a young
couple<00:14:09.600> Susan<00:14:10.079> and<00:14:10.279> Daniel<00:14:10.639> Mitchell<00:14:11.040> were
couple Susan and Daniel Mitchell were
couple Susan and Daniel Mitchell were
about<00:14:11.440> to<00:14:11.639> have<00:14:11.880> their<00:14:12.120> first<00:14:12.759> baby<00:14:13.759> they'd
about to have their first baby they'd
about to have their first baby they'd
already<00:14:14.240> picked<00:14:14.480> out<00:14:14.600> a<00:14:14.720> name<00:14:15.000> for<00:14:15.199> her
already picked out a name for her
already picked out a name for her
Barbara<00:14:16.839> after<00:14:17.120> her
Barbara after her
Barbara after her
grandmother<00:14:19.040> one<00:14:19.240> night<00:14:19.519> when<00:14:19.680> Susan<00:14:20.120> was
grandmother one night when Susan was
grandmother one night when Susan was
seven<00:14:20.600> months<00:14:20.959> pregnant<00:14:21.360> she<00:14:21.480> started<00:14:21.839> to
seven months pregnant she started to
seven months pregnant she started to
experience<00:14:22.639> contractions<00:14:23.320> and<00:14:23.519> was<00:14:23.680> rushed
experience contractions and was rushed
experience contractions and was rushed
to<00:14:24.120> the<00:14:24.279> emergency<00:14:25.120> room<00:14:26.120> the<00:14:26.279> baby<00:14:26.560> was
to the emergency room the baby was
to the emergency room the baby was
delivered<00:14:27.360> through<00:14:27.560> a<00:14:28.040> C-section<00:14:29.120> but
delivered through a C-section but
delivered through a C-section but
Barbara<00:14:29.759> suffered<00:14:30.240> cerebral<00:14:30.839> anoxia<00:14:31.839> a<00:14:32.000> loss
Barbara suffered cerebral anoxia a loss
Barbara suffered cerebral anoxia a loss
of<00:14:32.480> oxygen<00:14:32.920> to<00:14:33.079> the<00:14:33.720> brain<00:14:34.720> unable<00:14:35.120> to<00:14:35.320> breathe
of oxygen to the brain unable to breathe
of oxygen to the brain unable to breathe
on<00:14:35.759> her<00:14:35.920> own<00:14:36.120> she<00:14:36.279> was<00:14:36.440> put<00:14:36.600> on<00:14:36.720> a
on her own she was put on a
on her own she was put on a
ventilator<00:14:38.680> two<00:14:39.000> days<00:14:39.360> later<00:14:40.160> the<00:14:40.360> doctors
ventilator two days later the doctors
ventilator two days later the doctors
gave<00:14:41.199> the<00:14:41.320> Mitchells<00:14:42.079> a
gave the Mitchells a
gave the Mitchells a
choice<00:14:44.440> they<00:14:44.600> could<00:14:44.839> either<00:14:45.279> remove<00:14:45.880> Barbara
choice they could either remove Barbara
choice they could either remove Barbara
off<00:14:46.720> the<00:14:46.880> life<00:14:47.240> support<00:14:48.079> in<00:14:48.279> which<00:14:48.480> case<00:14:48.680> she
off the life support in which case she
off the life support in which case she
would<00:14:49.079> die<00:14:49.360> within<00:14:49.600> a<00:14:49.720> matter<00:14:50.000> of<00:14:50.480> hours<00:14:51.480> or
would die within a matter of hours or
would die within a matter of hours or
they<00:14:52.440> could<00:14:52.639> keep<00:14:52.839> her<00:14:53.120> on<00:14:53.519> life<00:14:53.839> support<00:14:54.839> in
they could keep her on life support in
they could keep her on life support in
which<00:14:55.240> case<00:14:55.440> she<00:14:55.639> might<00:14:55.920> still<00:14:56.279> die<00:14:56.560> within<00:14:56.800> a
which case she might still die within a
which case she might still die within a
matter<00:14:57.240> of<00:14:57.519> days<00:14:58.480> if<00:14:58.600> she<00:14:58.759> surv<00:14:59.040> survived<00:14:59.920> she
matter of days if she surv survived she
matter of days if she surv survived she
would<00:15:00.440> remain<00:15:00.680> in<00:15:00.839> a<00:15:01.120> permanent<00:15:01.920> vegetative
would remain in a permanent vegetative
would remain in a permanent vegetative
state<00:15:03.720> never<00:15:04.079> able<00:15:04.399> to<00:15:04.720> walk<00:15:05.720> talk<00:15:06.560> or
state never able to walk talk or
state never able to walk talk or
interact<00:15:07.519> with
interact with
interact with
others<00:15:09.839> what<00:15:09.959> do<00:15:10.199> they
others what do they
others what do they
do<00:15:11.920> what<00:15:12.040> do<00:15:12.320> any<00:15:12.680> parent
do<00:15:17.519> in<00:15:17.639> a<00:15:17.839> study<00:15:18.199> I<00:15:18.399> conducted<00:15:18.920> with<00:15:19.079> Simona
do in a study I conducted with Simona
do in a study I conducted with Simona
boti<00:15:19.920> and<00:15:20.079> Christina<00:15:20.839> orali<00:15:21.839> American<00:15:22.440> and
boti and Christina orali American and
boti and Christina orali American and
French<00:15:23.199> parents<00:15:23.639> were<00:15:24.240> interviewed<00:15:25.240> they<00:15:25.399> had
French parents were interviewed they had
French parents were interviewed they had
all<00:15:26.040> suffered<00:15:27.000> the<00:15:27.199> same<00:15:27.720> tragedy<00:15:29.079> in<00:15:29.279> all
all suffered the same tragedy in all
all suffered the same tragedy in all
cases<00:15:30.120> the<00:15:30.279> life<00:15:30.560> support<00:15:30.959> was<00:15:31.160> removed<00:15:32.079> and
cases the life support was removed and
cases the life support was removed and
the<00:15:32.360> infants<00:15:32.839> had<00:15:33.240> died<00:15:34.240> but<00:15:34.399> there<00:15:34.519> was<00:15:34.639> a<00:15:34.759> big
the infants had died but there was a big
the infants had died but there was a big
difference<00:15:36.399> in<00:15:36.839> France<00:15:37.839> the<00:15:38.000> doctors<00:15:38.600> decided
difference in France the doctors decided
difference in France the doctors decided
whether<00:15:39.480> and<00:15:39.720> when<00:15:39.959> the<00:15:40.120> life<00:15:40.399> support<00:15:40.759> would
whether and when the life support would
whether and when the life support would
be<00:15:41.480> removed<00:15:42.480> while<00:15:42.680> in<00:15:42.839> the<00:15:43.000> United<00:15:43.560> States
be removed while in the United States
be removed while in the United States
the<00:15:44.560> final<00:15:45.000> decision<00:15:45.440> rested<00:15:45.920> with<00:15:46.120> the
the final decision rested with the
the final decision rested with the
parents<00:15:48.120> we
parents we
parents we
wondered<00:15:49.880> does<00:15:50.160> this<00:15:50.360> have<00:15:50.560> an<00:15:50.839> effect<00:15:51.360> on<00:15:51.600> how
wondered does this have an effect on how
wondered does this have an effect on how
the<00:15:52.040> parents<00:15:52.600> cope<00:15:53.000> with<00:15:53.160> the<00:15:53.319> loss<00:15:53.680> of<00:15:53.839> their
the parents cope with the loss of their
the parents cope with the loss of their
loved
loved
loved
one<00:15:55.959> we<00:15:56.120> found<00:15:56.360> that<00:15:56.480> it
one we found that it
one we found that it
did<00:15:58.360> even<00:15:58.680> up<00:15:59.079> to<00:15:59.240> a<00:15:59.480> year<00:15:59.800> later<00:16:00.720> American
did even up to a year later American
did even up to a year later American
parents<00:16:01.839> were<00:16:02.079> more<00:16:02.399> likely<00:16:02.800> to<00:16:03.120> express
parents were more likely to express
parents were more likely to express
negative<00:16:04.199> emotions<00:16:04.720> as<00:16:04.920> compared<00:16:05.319> to<00:16:05.480> their
negative emotions as compared to their
negative emotions as compared to their
French
French
French
counterparts<00:16:07.880> French<00:16:08.240> parents<00:16:08.519> were<00:16:08.720> more
counterparts French parents were more
counterparts French parents were more
likely<00:16:09.199> to<00:16:09.360> say<00:16:09.680> things<00:16:10.079> like<00:16:11.079> Noah<00:16:11.480> was<00:16:11.639> here
likely to say things like Noah was here
likely to say things like Noah was here
for<00:16:12.040> so<00:16:12.360> little<00:16:12.720> time<00:16:13.519> but<00:16:13.680> he<00:16:13.800> taught<00:16:14.079> us<00:16:14.279> so
for so little time but he taught us so
for so little time but he taught us so
much<00:16:15.440> he<00:16:15.600> gave<00:16:15.800> us<00:16:15.920> a<00:16:16.079> new<00:16:16.440> perspective<00:16:16.959> on
much he gave us a new perspective on
much he gave us a new perspective on
life<00:16:19.120> American<00:16:19.639> parents<00:16:19.959> were<00:16:20.160> more<00:16:20.360> likely
life American parents were more likely
life American parents were more likely
to<00:16:20.839> say<00:16:21.199> things<00:16:21.639> like<00:16:22.639> what<00:16:22.880> if<00:16:23.680> what
to say things like what if what
to say things like what if what
if<00:16:25.759> another<00:16:26.199> parent<00:16:26.920> complained<00:16:27.920> I<00:16:28.040> feel<00:16:28.319> as
if another parent complained I feel as
if another parent complained I feel as
if<00:16:28.639> they<00:16:29.040> purposely<00:16:29.680> tortured<00:16:30.240> me<00:16:30.800> how<00:16:30.880> did
if they purposely tortured me how did
if they purposely tortured me how did
they<00:16:31.199> get<00:16:31.360> me<00:16:31.480> to<00:16:31.720> do
they get me to do
they get me to do
that<00:16:33.720> and<00:16:33.880> another<00:16:34.319> parent<00:16:35.040> said<00:16:36.040> I<00:16:36.160> feel<00:16:36.440> as
that and another parent said I feel as
that and another parent said I feel as
if<00:16:36.720> I've<00:16:36.959> played<00:16:37.199> a<00:16:37.319> role<00:16:37.560> in<00:16:37.680> an
if I've played a role in an
if I've played a role in an
execution<00:16:40.480> but<00:16:40.680> when<00:16:40.880> the<00:16:41.079> American<00:16:41.680> parents
execution but when the American parents
execution but when the American parents
were<00:16:42.480> asked<00:16:42.920> if<00:16:43.079> they<00:16:43.199> would<00:16:43.560> rather<00:16:43.959> have<00:16:44.240> had
were asked if they would rather have had
were asked if they would rather have had
the<00:16:44.880> doctors<00:16:45.360> make<00:16:45.680> the<00:16:46.160> decision<00:16:47.160> they<00:16:47.319> all
the doctors make the decision they all
the doctors make the decision they all
said
said
said
no<00:16:49.800> they<00:16:50.000> could<00:16:50.199> not<00:16:50.639> imagine<00:16:51.360> turning<00:16:51.959> that
no they could not imagine turning that
no they could not imagine turning that
choice<00:16:52.680> over<00:16:53.040> to<00:16:53.319> another<00:16:54.160> even<00:16:54.440> though
choice over to another even though
choice over to another even though
having<00:16:55.120> made<00:16:55.600> that<00:16:55.920> choice<00:16:56.519> made<00:16:56.759> them<00:16:56.959> feel
having made that choice made them feel
having made that choice made them feel
trapped<00:16:58.560> guilt<00:16:59.079> y<00:16:59.839> angry<00:17:00.600> in<00:17:00.720> a<00:17:00.880> number<00:17:01.120> of
trapped guilt y angry in a number of
trapped guilt y angry in a number of
cases<00:17:01.720> they<00:17:01.839> were<00:17:02.079> even<00:17:02.399> clinically
cases they were even clinically
cases they were even clinically
depressed<00:17:05.240> these<00:17:05.559> parents<00:17:06.120> could<00:17:06.319> not
depressed these parents could not
depressed these parents could not
contemplate<00:17:07.600> giving<00:17:07.880> up<00:17:08.120> the<00:17:08.360> choice<00:17:09.199> because
contemplate giving up the choice because
contemplate giving up the choice because
to<00:17:09.760> do<00:17:10.000> so<00:17:10.319> would<00:17:10.480> have<00:17:10.640> gone<00:17:11.120> contrary<00:17:11.720> to
to do so would have gone contrary to
to do so would have gone contrary to
everything<00:17:12.799> they<00:17:13.000> had<00:17:13.199> been<00:17:13.559> taught<00:17:14.559> and
everything they had been taught and
everything they had been taught and
everything<00:17:15.600> they<00:17:15.760> had<00:17:15.959> come<00:17:16.160> to<00:17:16.439> believe
everything they had come to believe
everything they had come to believe
about<00:17:17.360> the<00:17:17.679> power<00:17:18.480> and<00:17:18.799> purpose<00:17:19.400> of
about the power and purpose of
about the power and purpose of
choice<00:17:21.880> in<00:17:22.079> her<00:17:22.400> essay<00:17:23.360> The<00:17:23.520> White<00:17:23.839> Album<00:17:24.839> Joan
choice in her essay The White Album Joan
choice in her essay The White Album Joan
didan
didan
didan
writes<00:17:27.720> we<00:17:27.880> tell<00:17:28.160> ourselves<00:17:29.039> stories<00:17:29.640> in
writes we tell ourselves stories in
writes we tell ourselves stories in
order<00:17:30.000> to<00:17:30.360> live<00:17:31.360> we<00:17:31.559> interpret<00:17:32.240> what<00:17:32.440> we<00:17:32.600> see
order to live we interpret what we see
order to live we interpret what we see
select<00:17:34.039> the<00:17:34.200> most<00:17:34.480> workable<00:17:35.200> of<00:17:35.360> the<00:17:35.520> multiple
select the most workable of the multiple
select the most workable of the multiple
choices<00:17:37.720> we<00:17:37.880> live<00:17:38.240> entirely<00:17:38.960> by<00:17:39.120> the
choices we live entirely by the
choices we live entirely by the
imposition<00:17:39.840> of<00:17:39.960> a<00:17:40.160> narrative<00:17:40.679> line<00:17:41.120> upon
imposition of a narrative line upon
imposition of a narrative line upon
disperate<00:17:42.160> images<00:17:43.160> by<00:17:43.320> the<00:17:43.520> idea<00:17:44.039> with<00:17:44.240> which
disperate images by the idea with which
disperate images by the idea with which
we<00:17:44.559> learn<00:17:44.960> to<00:17:45.240> freeze<00:17:46.240> the<00:17:46.440> shifting
we learn to freeze the shifting
we learn to freeze the shifting
fantasmagoria<00:17:48.799> which<00:17:48.960> is<00:17:49.120> our<00:17:49.559> actual
fantasmagoria which is our actual
fantasmagoria which is our actual
experience<00:17:53.280> the<00:17:53.559> story<00:17:54.240> Americans<00:17:55.159> tell<00:17:56.159> the
experience the story Americans tell the
experience the story Americans tell the
story<00:17:56.799> upon<00:17:57.200> which<00:17:57.440> the<00:17:57.640> American<00:17:58.120> dream
story upon which the American dream
story upon which the American dream
depend<00:17:58.880> pens<00:17:59.480> is<00:17:59.679> the<00:17:59.919> story<00:18:00.360> of<00:18:00.559> Limitless
depend pens is the story of Limitless
depend pens is the story of Limitless
choice<00:18:03.000> this<00:18:03.440> narrative<00:18:04.440> promises<00:18:05.159> so<00:18:05.559> much
choice this narrative promises so much
choice this narrative promises so much
Freedom<00:18:07.960> happiness
Freedom happiness
Freedom happiness
success<00:18:10.760> it<00:18:10.880> lays<00:18:11.280> the<00:18:11.440> world<00:18:11.799> at<00:18:11.960> your<00:18:12.200> feet
success it lays the world at your feet
success it lays the world at your feet
and<00:18:12.919> says<00:18:13.919> You<00:18:14.080> Can<00:18:14.320> Have<00:18:14.960> Anything
and says You Can Have Anything
and says You Can Have Anything
everything<00:18:17.640> it's<00:18:17.799> a<00:18:18.080> great<00:18:18.480> story<00:18:19.120> and<00:18:19.240> it's
everything it's a great story and it's
everything it's a great story and it's
understandable<00:18:20.520> why<00:18:20.760> they<00:18:20.880> would<00:18:21.080> be
understandable why they would be
understandable why they would be
reluctant<00:18:21.960> to<00:18:22.200> revise
reluctant to revise
reluctant to revise
it<00:18:24.159> but<00:18:24.320> when<00:18:24.480> you<00:18:24.679> take<00:18:24.880> a<00:18:25.120> close<00:18:25.600> look<00:18:26.440> you
it but when you take a close look you
it but when you take a close look you
start<00:18:26.840> to<00:18:27.000> see<00:18:27.240> the<00:18:27.360> holes<00:18:28.360> and<00:18:28.440> you<00:18:28.799> start<00:18:29.000> to
start to see the holes and you start to
start to see the holes and you start to
see<00:18:29.360> that<00:18:29.520> the<00:18:29.720> story<00:18:30.120> can<00:18:30.280> be<00:18:30.480> told<00:18:30.840> in<00:18:31.039> many
see that the story can be told in many
see that the story can be told in many
other
other
other
ways<00:18:33.559> Americans<00:18:34.159> have<00:18:34.400> so<00:18:34.760> often<00:18:35.120> tried<00:18:35.440> to
ways Americans have so often tried to
ways Americans have so often tried to
disseminate<00:18:36.320> their<00:18:36.559> ideas<00:18:37.039> of<00:18:37.480> choice
disseminate their ideas of choice
disseminate their ideas of choice
believing<00:18:39.000> that<00:18:39.200> they<00:18:39.400> will<00:18:39.720> be<00:18:40.280> or<00:18:40.480> ought<00:18:40.760> to
believing that they will be or ought to
believing that they will be or ought to
be<00:18:41.240> welcomed<00:18:41.840> with<00:18:42.080> Open<00:18:42.440> Hearts<00:18:42.760> and
be welcomed with Open Hearts and
be welcomed with Open Hearts and
minds<00:18:44.760> but<00:18:44.880> the<00:18:45.039> history<00:18:45.440> books<00:18:45.840> and<00:18:46.000> the
minds but the history books and the
minds but the history books and the
Daily<00:18:46.520> News<00:18:46.919> tell<00:18:47.159> us<00:18:47.320> it<00:18:47.440> doesn't<00:18:47.760> always
Daily News tell us it doesn't always
Daily News tell us it doesn't always
work<00:18:48.200> out<00:18:48.520> that<00:18:49.120> way<00:18:50.120> the
work out that way the
work out that way the
fantasmagoria<00:18:51.880> the<00:18:52.039> actual<00:18:52.559> experience<00:18:53.240> that
fantasmagoria the actual experience that
fantasmagoria the actual experience that
we<00:18:53.520> try<00:18:53.720> to<00:18:54.360> understand<00:18:54.640> and<00:18:54.840> organize
we try to understand and organize
we try to understand and organize
through<00:18:56.240> narrative<00:18:57.240> varies<00:18:57.760> from<00:18:58.039> place<00:18:58.280> to
through narrative varies from place to
through narrative varies from place to
place
place
place
no<00:19:00.760> single<00:19:01.280> narrative<00:19:01.799> serves<00:19:02.320> the<00:19:02.480> needs<00:19:02.799> of
no single narrative serves the needs of
no single narrative serves the needs of
everyone
everyone
everyone
everywhere<00:19:06.600> moreover<00:19:07.799> Americans<00:19:09.039> themselves
everywhere moreover Americans themselves
everywhere moreover Americans themselves
could<00:19:10.360> benefit<00:19:10.960> from<00:19:11.320> incorporating<00:19:12.320> New
could benefit from incorporating New
could benefit from incorporating New
Perspectives<00:19:13.679> into<00:19:14.000> their<00:19:14.280> own<00:19:14.760> narrative
Perspectives into their own narrative
Perspectives into their own narrative
which<00:19:15.880> has<00:19:16.039> been<00:19:16.280> driving<00:19:16.919> their<00:19:17.200> choices<00:19:17.760> for
which has been driving their choices for
which has been driving their choices for
so
so
so
long<00:19:20.760> Robert<00:19:21.120> Frost<00:19:21.640> once<00:19:22.240> said<00:19:23.240> that<00:19:23.360> it<00:19:23.520> is
long Robert Frost once said that it is
long Robert Frost once said that it is
poetry<00:19:24.400> that<00:19:24.559> is<00:19:24.760> Lost<00:19:25.120> in
poetry that is Lost in
poetry that is Lost in
Translation<00:19:27.640> this<00:19:27.880> suggests<00:19:28.360> that<00:19:28.559> when
Translation this suggests that when
Translation this suggests that when
whatever<00:19:29.159> is<00:19:29.480> beautiful<00:19:30.039> and<00:19:30.720> moving
whatever is beautiful and moving
whatever is beautiful and moving
whatever<00:19:32.120> gives<00:19:32.360> us<00:19:32.520> a<00:19:32.720> new<00:19:32.960> way<00:19:33.159> to<00:19:33.400> see
whatever gives us a new way to see
whatever gives us a new way to see
cannot<00:19:34.679> be<00:19:34.960> communicated<00:19:35.760> to<00:19:36.039> those<00:19:36.280> who
cannot be communicated to those who
cannot be communicated to those who
speak<00:19:36.760> a<00:19:36.960> different
speak a different
speak a different
language<00:19:39.120> but<00:19:39.320> Joseph<00:19:39.799> broadsky<00:19:40.640> said<00:19:41.360> that
language but Joseph broadsky said that
language but Joseph broadsky said that
it<00:19:41.679> is<00:19:42.159> poetry<00:19:43.039> that<00:19:43.159> is<00:19:43.440> gained<00:19:43.840> in
it is poetry that is gained in
it is poetry that is gained in
Translation<00:19:45.919> suggesting<00:19:46.520> that<00:19:46.799> translation
Translation suggesting that translation
Translation suggesting that translation
can<00:19:47.919> be<00:19:48.159> a<00:19:48.440> creative<00:19:49.520> transformative
can be a creative transformative
can be a creative transformative
act<00:19:52.240> when<00:19:52.440> it<00:19:52.720> comes<00:19:52.960> to<00:19:53.280> choice<00:19:54.280> we<00:19:54.480> have<00:19:54.880> far
act when it comes to choice we have far
act when it comes to choice we have far
more<00:19:55.600> to<00:19:55.919> gain<00:19:56.400> than<00:19:56.600> to<00:19:57.120> lose<00:19:58.120> by<00:19:58.520> by<00:19:58.880> engaging
more to gain than to lose by by engaging
more to gain than to lose by by engaging
in<00:19:59.600> the<00:19:59.799> many<00:20:00.480> translations<00:20:01.400> of<00:20:01.559> the
in the many translations of the
in the many translations of the
narratives<00:20:03.600> instead<00:20:03.919> of<00:20:04.200> replacing<00:20:05.159> one
narratives instead of replacing one
narratives instead of replacing one
story<00:20:06.039> with<00:20:06.559> another<00:20:07.559> we<00:20:07.679> can<00:20:07.880> learn<00:20:08.280> from<00:20:09.000> and
story with another we can learn from and
story with another we can learn from and
revel<00:20:09.679> in<00:20:09.919> the<00:20:10.039> many<00:20:10.360> versions<00:20:11.000> that<00:20:11.280> exist
revel in the many versions that exist
revel in the many versions that exist
and<00:20:12.400> the<00:20:12.559> many<00:20:12.880> that<00:20:13.039> have<00:20:13.280> yet<00:20:13.480> to<00:20:13.640> be
and the many that have yet to be
and the many that have yet to be
written<00:20:15.440> no<00:20:15.640> matter<00:20:16.000> where<00:20:16.280> we're<00:20:17.000> from<00:20:18.000> and
written no matter where we're from and
written no matter where we're from and
what<00:20:18.360> your<00:20:18.640> narrative<00:20:19.360> is<00:20:20.200> we<00:20:20.440> all<00:20:20.799> have<00:20:20.919> a
what your narrative is we all have a
what your narrative is we all have a
responsibility<00:20:22.200> to<00:20:22.440> open<00:20:22.840> ourselves<00:20:23.520> up<00:20:23.720> to<00:20:23.919> a
responsibility to open ourselves up to a
responsibility to open ourselves up to a
wider<00:20:24.559> array<00:20:25.000> of<00:20:25.200> what<00:20:25.400> choice<00:20:25.880> can<00:20:26.120> do<00:20:27.000> and
wider array of what choice can do and
wider array of what choice can do and
what<00:20:27.360> it<00:20:27.520> can<00:20:27.799> represent
what it can represent
what it can represent
and<00:20:30.400> this<00:20:30.679> does<00:20:30.960> not<00:20:31.280> lead<00:20:31.720> to<00:20:31.960> a<00:20:32.480> paralyzing
and this does not lead to a paralyzing
and this does not lead to a paralyzing
moral
moral
moral
relativism<00:20:35.720> rather<00:20:36.000> it<00:20:36.159> teaches<00:20:36.760> us<00:20:37.240> when<00:20:37.840> and
relativism rather it teaches us when and
relativism rather it teaches us when and
how<00:20:38.240> to<00:20:38.559> act<00:20:39.559> it<00:20:39.679> brings<00:20:40.000> us<00:20:40.360> that<00:20:40.600> much<00:20:40.960> closer
how to act it brings us that much closer
how to act it brings us that much closer
to<00:20:41.799> realizing<00:20:42.600> the<00:20:42.760> full<00:20:43.200> potential<00:20:43.720> of
to realizing the full potential of
to realizing the full potential of
choice<00:20:45.080> to<00:20:45.360> inspiring<00:20:46.039> the<00:20:46.280> hope<00:20:46.960> and
choice to inspiring the hope and
choice to inspiring the hope and
achieving<00:20:47.799> the<00:20:48.000> freedom<00:20:48.520> that<00:20:48.679> choice
achieving the freedom that choice
achieving the freedom that choice
promises<00:20:49.840> but<00:20:50.000> doesn't<00:20:50.360> always
promises but doesn't always
promises but doesn't always
deliver<00:20:52.640> if<00:20:52.760> we<00:20:52.880> learn<00:20:53.200> to<00:20:53.440> speak<00:20:53.760> to<00:20:54.000> one
deliver if we learn to speak to one
deliver if we learn to speak to one
another<00:20:55.320> albeit<00:20:55.960> through
another albeit through
another albeit through
translation<00:20:58.039> then<00:20:58.159> we<00:20:58.320> can<00:20:58.679> begin<00:20:59.000> to<00:20:59.200> see
translation then we can begin to see
translation then we can begin to see
choice<00:21:00.720> in<00:21:00.919> all<00:21:01.240> its
choice in all its
choice in all its
strangeness
strangeness
strangeness
complexity<00:21:05.000> and<00:21:05.280> compelling
complexity and compelling
complexity and compelling
Beauty<00:21:07.960> thank
you<00:21:20.640> thank
you thank
you thank
you<00:21:23.440> Shea<00:21:24.000> there<00:21:24.120> is<00:21:24.279> a<00:21:24.520> a<00:21:24.720> detail<00:21:25.200> that<00:21:25.720> about
you Shea there is a a detail that about
you Shea there is a a detail that about
your<00:21:26.120> biography<00:21:26.559> that<00:21:26.640> we<00:21:26.760> have<00:21:26.919> not<00:21:27.240> written
your biography that we have not written
your biography that we have not written
in<00:21:27.640> the<00:21:27.799> program<00:21:28.080> book<00:21:28.360> but<00:21:28.679> by<00:21:28.799> now<00:21:28.960> it's
in the program book but by now it's
in the program book but by now it's
evident<00:21:29.400> to<00:21:29.559> everyone<00:21:29.840> in<00:21:29.960> this<00:21:30.120> room<00:21:30.320> you're
evident to everyone in this room you're
evident to everyone in this room you're
blind<00:21:31.880> and<00:21:32.240> uh<00:21:32.559> I<00:21:32.679> guess<00:21:33.039> one<00:21:33.159> of<00:21:33.279> the
blind and uh I guess one of the
blind and uh I guess one of the
questions<00:21:33.760> in<00:21:33.919> everybody's<00:21:34.400> mind<00:21:34.679> is<00:21:35.000> how
questions in everybody's mind is how
questions in everybody's mind is how
does<00:21:35.559> that<00:21:35.760> influence<00:21:36.200> your<00:21:36.960> study<00:21:37.279> of
does that influence your study of
does that influence your study of
choosing<00:21:38.200> because<00:21:38.520> that's<00:21:38.799> an<00:21:39.039> activity<00:21:39.480> that
choosing because that's an activity that
choosing because that's an activity that
for<00:21:40.200> most<00:21:40.440> people<00:21:40.720> is<00:21:41.080> associated<00:21:41.559> with
for most people is associated with
for most people is associated with
visual<00:21:42.360> inputs<00:21:42.960> like<00:21:43.480> Aesthetics<00:21:43.919> and<00:21:44.120> color
visual inputs like Aesthetics and color
visual inputs like Aesthetics and color
and<00:21:44.880> uh<00:21:45.000> and<00:21:45.159> so<00:21:45.760> on<00:21:46.760> well<00:21:46.919> it's<00:21:47.080> funny<00:21:47.360> that
and uh and so on well it's funny that
and uh and so on well it's funny that
you<00:21:47.600> should<00:21:47.919> ask<00:21:48.279> that<00:21:48.600> because<00:21:49.400> one<00:21:49.520> of<00:21:49.640> the
you should ask that because one of the
you should ask that because one of the
things<00:21:50.200> that's<00:21:50.480> interesting<00:21:51.000> about<00:21:51.240> being
things that's interesting about being
things that's interesting about being
blind<00:21:51.960> is<00:21:52.120> you<00:21:52.320> actually<00:21:52.720> get<00:21:52.840> a<00:21:53.000> different
blind is you actually get a different
blind is you actually get a different
vantage<00:21:53.760> point<00:21:54.080> when<00:21:54.200> you<00:21:54.360> observe<00:21:54.799> other<00:21:55.039> the
vantage point when you observe other the
vantage point when you observe other the
way<00:21:55.360> cited<00:21:55.760> people<00:21:56.039> make<00:21:56.279> choices<00:21:57.159> and<00:21:57.279> as<00:21:57.400> you
way cited people make choices and as you
way cited people make choices and as you
just<00:21:57.679> mentioned<00:21:58.000> there's<00:21:58.159> lots<00:21:58.320> of<00:21:58.600> choices
just mentioned there's lots of choices
just mentioned there's lots of choices
out<00:21:59.120> there<00:21:59.279> that<00:21:59.360> are<00:21:59.520> very<00:21:59.760> visual<00:22:00.240> these
out there that are very visual these
out there that are very visual these
days<00:22:01.120> you<00:22:01.279> know<00:22:01.520> I<00:22:01.720> like<00:22:02.080> you<00:22:02.200> know<00:22:02.360> as<00:22:02.440> you
days you know I like you know as you
days you know I like you know as you
would<00:22:02.799> expect<00:22:03.200> get<00:22:03.440> pretty<00:22:03.679> frustrated<00:22:04.440> by
would expect get pretty frustrated by
would expect get pretty frustrated by
choices<00:22:05.120> like<00:22:05.320> what<00:22:05.480> nail<00:22:05.840> polish<00:22:06.200> color<00:22:06.559> to
choices like what nail polish color to
choices like what nail polish color to
put<00:22:06.799> on<00:22:06.960> because<00:22:07.080> I<00:22:07.159> have<00:22:07.240> to<00:22:07.360> rely<00:22:07.640> on<00:22:07.760> what
put on because I have to rely on what
put on because I have to rely on what
other<00:22:08.120> people<00:22:08.760> suggest<00:22:09.480> right<00:22:09.600> and<00:22:09.720> I<00:22:09.880> can't
other people suggest right and I can't
other people suggest right and I can't
decide<00:22:11.360> and<00:22:11.480> so<00:22:11.720> one<00:22:11.880> time<00:22:12.039> I<00:22:12.120> was<00:22:12.240> in<00:22:12.360> a<00:22:12.520> beauty
decide and so one time I was in a beauty
decide and so one time I was in a beauty
salon<00:22:13.200> and<00:22:13.320> I<00:22:13.400> was<00:22:13.520> trying<00:22:13.720> to<00:22:13.880> decide<00:22:14.240> between
salon and I was trying to decide between
salon and I was trying to decide between
two<00:22:15.039> very<00:22:15.440> light<00:22:15.720> shades<00:22:16.159> of<00:22:16.400> pink<00:22:16.679> and<00:22:16.840> one
two very light shades of pink and one
two very light shades of pink and one
was<00:22:17.240> called<00:22:17.600> ballet<00:22:18.039> slippers<00:22:18.600> and<00:22:18.760> the<00:22:18.880> other
was called ballet slippers and the other
was called ballet slippers and the other
one<00:22:19.200> was<00:22:19.360> called
adorable<00:22:23.520> B<00:22:23.760> and<00:22:23.880> so<00:22:24.039> I<00:22:24.159> asked<00:22:24.440> these<00:22:24.640> two
adorable B and so I asked these two
adorable B and so I asked these two
ladies<00:22:25.159> and<00:22:25.320> the<00:22:25.440> one<00:22:25.600> lady<00:22:25.840> told<00:22:26.000> me<00:22:26.200> well<00:22:26.279> you
ladies and the one lady told me well you
ladies and the one lady told me well you
should<00:22:26.679> definitely<00:22:27.120> wear<00:22:27.360> ballet<00:22:27.679> slippers
should definitely wear ballet slippers
should definitely wear ballet slippers
so<00:22:28.240> what<00:22:28.360> is<00:22:28.520> does<00:22:28.640> it<00:22:28.760> look<00:22:29.000> like<00:22:29.279> well<00:22:29.679> it's<00:22:29.840> a
so what is does it look like well it's a
so what is does it look like well it's a
very<00:22:30.600> elegant<00:22:31.159> shade<00:22:31.480> of<00:22:31.720> pink<00:22:32.640> okay<00:22:32.919> great
very elegant shade of pink okay great
very elegant shade of pink okay great
the<00:22:33.919> other<00:22:34.159> lady<00:22:34.440> tells<00:22:34.679> me<00:22:34.840> to<00:22:35.039> wear<00:22:35.840> adorable
the other lady tells me to wear adorable
the other lady tells me to wear adorable
what<00:22:36.960> does<00:22:37.080> it<00:22:37.279> look<00:22:37.480> like<00:22:37.760> it's<00:22:37.919> a<00:22:38.200> glamorous
what does it look like it's a glamorous
what does it look like it's a glamorous
shade<00:22:39.120> of
shade of
shade of
pink<00:22:41.200> and<00:22:41.320> so<00:22:41.520> I<00:22:41.600> asked<00:22:41.799> them<00:22:42.039> well<00:22:42.480> how<00:22:42.679> how<00:22:42.760> do
pink and so I asked them well how how do
pink and so I asked them well how how do
I<00:22:43.000> tell<00:22:43.120> them<00:22:43.279> apart<00:22:43.760> what's<00:22:43.960> different<00:22:44.240> about
I tell them apart what's different about
I tell them apart what's different about
them<00:22:45.279> and<00:22:45.360> they<00:22:45.480> said<00:22:45.679> well<00:22:45.799> one<00:22:45.960> is<00:22:46.080> elegant
them and they said well one is elegant
them and they said well one is elegant
the<00:22:46.600> other<00:22:46.720> one's<00:22:47.159> glamorous<00:22:48.159> okay<00:22:48.320> we<00:22:48.520> got
the other one's glamorous okay we got
the other one's glamorous okay we got
that<00:22:49.720> and<00:22:49.840> the<00:22:49.960> only<00:22:50.159> thing<00:22:50.360> they<00:22:50.520> had
that and the only thing they had
that and the only thing they had
consensus<00:22:51.279> on<00:22:51.520> well<00:22:51.679> if<00:22:51.840> I<00:22:52.000> had<00:22:52.200> could<00:22:52.480> see
consensus on well if I had could see
consensus on well if I had could see
them<00:22:52.880> I<00:22:52.960> would<00:22:53.120> clearly<00:22:53.400> be<00:22:53.520> able<00:22:53.640> to<00:22:53.760> tell
them I would clearly be able to tell
them I would clearly be able to tell
them
them
them
apart<00:22:57.000> and<00:22:57.320> what<00:22:57.480> I<00:22:57.679> wondered<00:22:58.120> was<00:22:58.559> whether
apart and what I wondered was whether
apart and what I wondered was whether
they<00:22:59.039> were<00:22:59.200> being<00:22:59.559> affected<00:23:00.039> by<00:23:00.200> the<00:23:00.400> name<00:23:00.799> or
they were being affected by the name or
they were being affected by the name or
the<00:23:01.159> content<00:23:01.559> of<00:23:01.720> the<00:23:01.880> color<00:23:02.440> so<00:23:02.679> I<00:23:02.840> I<00:23:02.919> decided
the content of the color so I I decided
the content of the color so I I decided
to<00:23:03.279> do<00:23:03.400> a<00:23:03.520> little<00:23:03.799> experiment<00:23:04.799> so<00:23:04.960> I<00:23:05.039> brought
to do a little experiment so I brought
to do a little experiment so I brought
these<00:23:05.760> little<00:23:06.080> these<00:23:06.240> two<00:23:06.559> bottles<00:23:06.880> of<00:23:07.039> nail
these little these two bottles of nail
these little these two bottles of nail
polish<00:23:07.720> into<00:23:07.960> the<00:23:08.200> laboratory<00:23:08.799> and<00:23:08.919> I
polish into the laboratory and I
polish into the laboratory and I
stripped<00:23:09.400> the<00:23:09.480> labels<00:23:10.039> off<00:23:10.559> and<00:23:10.679> I<00:23:10.760> brought
stripped the labels off and I brought
stripped the labels off and I brought
women<00:23:11.279> into<00:23:11.520> the<00:23:11.679> laboratory<00:23:12.120> and<00:23:12.200> I<00:23:12.320> asked
women into the laboratory and I asked
women into the laboratory and I asked
them<00:23:12.640> which<00:23:12.760> one<00:23:12.880> would<00:23:13.000> you<00:23:13.320> pick<00:23:14.320> 50%<00:23:14.960> of<00:23:15.080> the
them which one would you pick 50% of the
them which one would you pick 50% of the
women<00:23:15.520> accused<00:23:16.039> me<00:23:16.360> of<00:23:16.480> playing<00:23:16.799> a<00:23:16.960> trick<00:23:17.320> of
women accused me of playing a trick of
women accused me of playing a trick of
putting<00:23:17.799> the<00:23:17.960> same<00:23:18.279> color<00:23:18.640> nail<00:23:19.039> polish<00:23:19.440> in
putting the same color nail polish in
putting the same color nail polish in
both<00:23:20.039> those
bottles<00:23:27.400> you<00:23:27.640> at<00:23:27.760> which<00:23:27.880> point<00:23:28.000> you<00:23:28.080> start<00:23:28.279> to
bottles you at which point you start to
bottles you at which point you start to
wonder<00:23:28.679> who<00:23:28.799> the<00:23:28.880> tricks<00:23:29.200> really<00:23:29.400> played<00:23:29.720> on
wonder who the tricks really played on
wonder who the tricks really played on
now<00:23:31.039> of<00:23:31.279> the<00:23:31.679> of<00:23:31.840> the<00:23:32.039> women<00:23:32.360> that<00:23:32.559> could<00:23:32.799> tell
now of the of the women that could tell
now of the of the women that could tell
them<00:23:33.279> apart<00:23:33.760> when<00:23:33.880> the<00:23:34.080> labels<00:23:34.520> were<00:23:34.799> off<00:23:35.120> they
them apart when the labels were off they
them apart when the labels were off they
picked<00:23:35.679> adorable<00:23:36.400> and<00:23:36.559> when<00:23:36.679> the<00:23:36.799> nabels<00:23:37.480> when
picked adorable and when the nabels when
picked adorable and when the nabels when
the<00:23:37.720> labels<00:23:38.080> were<00:23:38.279> on<00:23:38.600> they<00:23:38.799> picked<00:23:39.480> ballet
the labels were on they picked ballet
the labels were on they picked ballet
slippers<00:23:41.559> so<00:23:41.799> as<00:23:41.960> far<00:23:42.120> as<00:23:42.320> I<00:23:42.440> can<00:23:43.159> tell<00:23:44.159> A<00:23:44.480> Rose
slippers so as far as I can tell A Rose
slippers so as far as I can tell A Rose
by<00:23:45.039> Any<00:23:45.240> Other<00:23:45.520> Name<00:23:46.080> probably<00:23:46.600> does<00:23:47.000> look
by Any Other Name probably does look
by Any Other Name probably does look
different<00:23:47.799> and<00:23:48.000> maybe<00:23:48.320> even<00:23:48.640> smells
different and maybe even smells
different and maybe even smells
different<00:23:50.520> thank
different thank
different thank
you<00:23:52.840> thank<00:23:53.000> you
TED TED-Ed TED Ed, TEDEducation, Sheena, Iyengar, choose, choosing, choice
