Người chiến binh đã đánh bại đạo quân Mughal hùng mạnh

The warrior who defeated the mighty Mughals - Stephanie Honchell Smith

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in<00:00:09.480> 1624<00:00:10.480> mugal<00:00:10.920> Emperor<00:00:11.559> jungar<00:00:12.559> received in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received word<00:00:13.080> of<00:00:13.280> yet<00:00:13.480> another<00:00:13.880> defeat<00:00:14.400> at<00:00:14.519> the<00:00:14.679> hands word of yet another defeat at the hands word of yet another defeat at the hands of<00:00:15.200> his<00:00:15.480> greatest<00:00:16.080> enemy<00:00:16.840> Malik<00:00:17.680> Amar<00:00:18.680> despite of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite coming<00:00:19.279> to<00:00:19.480> India<00:00:19.800> as<00:00:19.880> an<00:00:20.080> enslaved<00:00:20.600> youth coming to India as an enslaved youth coming to India as an enslaved youth Amar<00:00:21.680> had<00:00:21.840> risen<00:00:22.119> to<00:00:22.320> rule<00:00:22.680> over<00:00:22.880> the<00:00:23.039> Indian Amar had risen to rule over the Indian Amar had risen to rule over the Indian sultanate<00:00:24.039> of sultanate of sultanate of amagar<00:00:25.800> and<00:00:26.000> His<00:00:26.279> Brilliant<00:00:27.000> military amagar and His Brilliant military amagar and His Brilliant military tactics<00:00:28.240> had<00:00:28.400> brought<00:00:28.599> the<00:00:28.679> mul's<00:00:29.160> march<00:00:29.400> of tactics had brought the mul's march of tactics had brought the mul's march of Conquest<00:00:30.400> to<00:00:30.560> a<00:00:30.720> screeching<00:00:31.480> halt<00:00:32.320> jungar<00:00:33.040> was Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was so<00:00:33.640> obsessed<00:00:34.360> with<00:00:34.520> defeating<00:00:34.960> his<00:00:35.160> rival so obsessed with defeating his rival so obsessed with defeating his rival he'd<00:00:35.879> commissioned<00:00:36.280> a<00:00:36.399> painting<00:00:36.719> of<00:00:36.879> himself he'd commissioned a painting of himself he'd commissioned a painting of himself shooting<00:00:37.559> an<00:00:37.719> arrow<00:00:38.200> at<00:00:38.360> amar's shooting an arrow at amar's shooting an arrow at amar's skull<00:00:40.520> Malik<00:00:40.960> Amar<00:00:41.480> was<00:00:41.640> born<00:00:42.000> in<00:00:42.120> the<00:00:42.280> late skull Malik Amar was born in the late skull Malik Amar was born in the late 1540s<00:00:43.360> in<00:00:43.600> central<00:00:44.079> Ethiopia<00:00:44.920> as<00:00:45.160> chapu<00:00:46.120> a 1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a 1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a member<00:00:46.640> of<00:00:46.800> the<00:00:46.920> aromo<00:00:48.079> people<00:00:49.079> every<00:00:49.399> year<00:00:49.760> as member of the aromo people every year as member of the aromo people every year as part<00:00:50.079> of<00:00:50.199> ongoing<00:00:50.760> conflicts<00:00:51.239> with<00:00:51.360> their part of ongoing conflicts with their part of ongoing conflicts with their neighbors<00:00:52.199> aromo<00:00:52.680> youth<00:00:53.000> were<00:00:53.199> among<00:00:53.440> the neighbors aromo youth were among the neighbors aromo youth were among the thousands<00:00:54.280> of<00:00:54.480> Ethiopians<00:00:55.399> captured<00:00:55.879> and thousands of Ethiopians captured and thousands of Ethiopians captured and sold<00:00:56.520> into<00:00:56.760> the<00:00:56.920> Indian<00:00:57.359> Ocean<00:00:57.840> slave<00:00:58.239> trade sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade in<00:00:59.320> this<00:00:59.480> part<00:00:59.640> of<00:00:59.719> the<00:01:00.039> World<00:01:00.399> enslaved in this part of the World enslaved in this part of the World enslaved individuals<00:01:01.600> retained<00:01:02.199> some<00:01:02.600> legal<00:01:03.039> rights individuals retained some legal rights individuals retained some legal rights and<00:01:03.800> enslavers<00:01:04.400> could<00:01:04.519> be<00:01:04.640> held<00:01:04.920> accountable and enslavers could be held accountable and enslavers could be held accountable for<00:01:05.680> severe<00:01:06.520> mistreatment<00:01:07.520> there<00:01:07.680> was<00:01:07.960> also for severe mistreatment there was also for severe mistreatment there was also less<00:01:08.680> legal<00:01:09.119> discrimination<00:01:09.960> against less legal discrimination against less legal discrimination against previously<00:01:10.960> enslaved<00:01:11.640> people<00:01:12.439> allowing<00:01:12.840> some previously enslaved people allowing some previously enslaved people allowing some individuals<00:01:13.640> who<00:01:13.799> gained<00:01:14.080> their<00:01:14.200> freedom<00:01:14.680> to individuals who gained their freedom to individuals who gained their freedom to acquire<00:01:15.280> great<00:01:15.520> wealth<00:01:16.040> and acquire great wealth and acquire great wealth and power<00:01:18.119> however<00:01:18.560> these<00:01:18.759> circumstances power however these circumstances power however these circumstances shouldn't<00:01:19.799> overshadow<00:01:20.479> the<00:01:20.640> trauma<00:01:21.240> of shouldn't overshadow the trauma of shouldn't overshadow the trauma of enslavement<00:01:22.520> which<00:01:22.799> violently<00:01:23.240> severed enslavement which violently severed enslavement which violently severed individuals<00:01:24.439> from<00:01:24.640> their<00:01:24.880> lives<00:01:25.400> and<00:01:25.600> loved individuals from their lives and loved individuals from their lives and loved ones<00:01:28.119> around<00:01:28.479> the<00:01:28.600> age<00:01:28.799> of<00:01:28.960> 12<00:01:29.920> chapu<00:01:30.400> was ones around the age of 12 chapu was ones around the age of 12 chapu was among<00:01:30.840> those<00:01:31.040> taken<00:01:31.400> into<00:01:31.840> bondage<00:01:32.840> captives among those taken into bondage captives among those taken into bondage captives were<00:01:33.479> typically<00:01:33.880> shipped<00:01:34.240> to<00:01:34.360> the<00:01:34.439> Middle were typically shipped to the Middle were typically shipped to the Middle East<00:01:34.960> or<00:01:35.200> South<00:01:35.520> Asia<00:01:36.320> women<00:01:36.680> were<00:01:36.880> sold<00:01:37.280> into East or South Asia women were sold into East or South Asia women were sold into sexual<00:01:38.119> slavery<00:01:38.799> as<00:01:39.000> concubines<00:01:39.640> were<00:01:39.840> forced sexual slavery as concubines were forced sexual slavery as concubines were forced to<00:01:40.280> become<00:01:40.640> domestic<00:01:41.079> servants<00:01:41.759> a<00:01:41.920> position to become domestic servants a position to become domestic servants a position in<00:01:42.479> which<00:01:42.680> they<00:01:42.840> often<00:01:43.079> had<00:01:43.240> to<00:01:43.360> endure in which they often had to endure in which they often had to endure harassment<00:01:44.560> and<00:01:44.759> sexual<00:01:45.200> violence<00:01:46.079> men<00:01:46.280> were harassment and sexual violence men were harassment and sexual violence men were either<00:01:46.719> purchased<00:01:47.119> for<00:01:47.320> Dangerous<00:01:47.759> physical either purchased for Dangerous physical either purchased for Dangerous physical labor<00:01:48.640> or<00:01:48.880> by<00:01:49.079> wealthy<00:01:49.479> individuals<00:01:50.079> who labor or by wealthy individuals who labor or by wealthy individuals who trained<00:01:50.600> them<00:01:50.759> to<00:01:50.920> become<00:01:51.200> Servants<00:01:51.680> of<00:01:51.799> the trained them to become Servants of the trained them to become Servants of the political<00:01:52.600> and<00:01:52.799> Military<00:01:53.840> Elite<00:01:54.840> chapu<00:01:55.600> was political and Military Elite chapu was political and Military Elite chapu was part<00:01:55.920> of<00:01:56.039> the<00:01:56.119> latter<00:01:56.520> group<00:01:57.200> he<00:01:57.320> was<00:01:57.520> taken<00:01:57.759> to part of the latter group he was taken to part of the latter group he was taken to Baghdad<00:01:58.680> where<00:01:58.799> he<00:01:58.960> was<00:01:59.159> educated<00:01:59.680> in<00:01:59.840> in Baghdad where he was educated in in Baghdad where he was educated in in Arabic<00:02:00.520> among<00:02:00.799> other<00:02:01.079> subjects<00:02:01.600> and Arabic among other subjects and Arabic among other subjects and converted<00:02:02.320> to<00:02:02.600> Islam<00:02:03.320> before<00:02:03.640> being<00:02:03.960> resold converted to Islam before being resold converted to Islam before being resold to<00:02:05.039> the<00:02:05.200> Chief<00:02:05.560> Minister<00:02:06.200> of<00:02:06.640> amagar<00:02:07.640> the to the Chief Minister of amagar the to the Chief Minister of amagar the minister<00:02:08.319> himself<00:02:08.959> was<00:02:09.080> a<00:02:09.200> formerly<00:02:09.679> enslaved minister himself was a formerly enslaved minister himself was a formerly enslaved African<00:02:11.000> but<00:02:11.200> after<00:02:11.400> being<00:02:11.599> freed<00:02:12.040> he'd<00:02:12.239> risen African but after being freed he'd risen African but after being freed he'd risen through<00:02:12.760> the<00:02:12.879> ranks<00:02:13.360> becoming<00:02:13.760> second<00:02:14.080> in through the ranks becoming second in through the ranks becoming second in command<00:02:14.800> to<00:02:14.959> the<00:02:15.080> sultan<00:02:16.080> himself<00:02:17.080> chapu<00:02:17.760> now command to the sultan himself chapu now command to the sultan himself chapu now known<00:02:18.280> as<00:02:18.480> Malik<00:02:18.959> Amar<00:02:19.959> became<00:02:20.280> the<00:02:20.400> chief known as Malik Amar became the chief known as Malik Amar became the chief Minister's<00:02:21.200> Protege<00:02:22.200> observing<00:02:22.640> him<00:02:22.840> advise Minister's Protege observing him advise Minister's Protege observing him advise the<00:02:23.319> sultan<00:02:24.040> enact<00:02:24.560> policies<00:02:25.120> and<00:02:25.319> navigate the sultan enact policies and navigate the sultan enact policies and navigate Court<00:02:26.599> politics<00:02:27.599> after<00:02:27.840> The<00:02:28.000> Minister's Court politics after The Minister's Court politics after The Minister's death<00:02:29.000> his<00:02:29.160> widow<00:02:29.440> Grant<00:02:30.040> amar's<00:02:30.519> freedom<00:02:31.120> and death his widow Grant amar's freedom and death his widow Grant amar's freedom and like<00:02:31.480> many<00:02:31.720> newly<00:02:32.040> freed<00:02:32.440> Africans<00:02:32.840> in<00:02:33.040> India like many newly freed Africans in India like many newly freed Africans in India at<00:02:33.480> the<00:02:33.680> time<00:02:34.280> Amar<00:02:34.840> became<00:02:35.080> a<00:02:35.239> mercenary at the time Amar became a mercenary at the time Amar became a mercenary Soldier<00:02:37.360> amagar<00:02:38.040> was<00:02:38.239> frequently<00:02:38.720> under Soldier amagar was frequently under Soldier amagar was frequently under attack<00:02:39.400> from<00:02:39.599> mugal<00:02:39.959> Invaders<00:02:40.800> who<00:02:40.920> were attack from mugal Invaders who were attack from mugal Invaders who were determined<00:02:41.680> to<00:02:41.920> expand<00:02:42.519> their<00:02:42.760> empire<00:02:43.599> but determined to expand their empire but determined to expand their empire but umar's<00:02:44.440> daring<00:02:44.959> Guerilla<00:02:45.480> tactics<00:02:46.040> derailed umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed The<00:02:46.800> Invader<00:02:47.400> Plans<00:02:48.159> by<00:02:48.360> interrupting<00:02:49.120> mile The Invader Plans by interrupting mile The Invader Plans by interrupting mile supply<00:02:50.040> lines<00:02:50.959> umar's<00:02:51.519> military<00:02:52.080> success supply lines umar's military success supply lines umar's military success earned<00:02:52.760> him<00:02:52.879> a<00:02:53.080> following<00:02:53.720> and<00:02:53.879> in<00:02:54.080> 1600<00:02:54.760> he earned him a following and in 1600 he earned him a following and in 1600 he used<00:02:55.200> his<00:02:55.400> influence<00:02:55.920> to<00:02:56.120> take<00:02:56.400> advantage<00:02:56.920> of used his influence to take advantage of used his influence to take advantage of a<00:02:57.239> royal<00:02:57.879> power<00:02:58.760> vacuum<00:02:59.800> after<00:03:00.080> placing<00:03:00.440> a a royal power vacuum after placing a a royal power vacuum after placing a young<00:03:01.000> puppet<00:03:01.360> ruler<00:03:01.720> on<00:03:01.920> the<00:03:02.080> throne<00:03:02.760> Umar young puppet ruler on the throne Umar young puppet ruler on the throne Umar became<00:03:03.680> the<00:03:03.840> Regent<00:03:04.480> and<00:03:04.680> new<00:03:05.040> chief<00:03:05.799> minister became the Regent and new chief minister became the Regent and new chief minister he<00:03:07.000> also<00:03:07.239> married<00:03:07.599> his<00:03:07.799> daughter<00:03:08.040> to<00:03:08.200> the<00:03:08.319> new he also married his daughter to the new he also married his daughter to the new Sultan<00:03:09.319> creating<00:03:09.680> a<00:03:09.879> direct<00:03:10.319> tie<00:03:10.760> to<00:03:10.920> the Sultan creating a direct tie to the Sultan creating a direct tie to the royal<00:03:11.519> family<00:03:12.440> not<00:03:12.760> all<00:03:13.120> parties<00:03:13.560> were royal family not all parties were royal family not all parties were pleased<00:03:14.360> with<00:03:14.560> amar's<00:03:15.159> power<00:03:15.440> grab<00:03:16.200> and<00:03:16.319> the pleased with amar's power grab and the pleased with amar's power grab and the new<00:03:16.680> Sultan<00:03:17.200> eventually<00:03:17.760> conspired<00:03:18.400> to new Sultan eventually conspired to new Sultan eventually conspired to remove<00:03:19.120> Amar<00:03:19.799> from<00:03:20.080> power<00:03:20.799> but<00:03:21.000> before<00:03:21.360> these remove Amar from power but before these remove Amar from power but before these plans<00:03:22.000> could<00:03:22.200> take<00:03:22.440> form<00:03:23.239> both<00:03:23.519> conspirators plans could take form both conspirators plans could take form both conspirators were<00:03:25.319> mysteriously<00:03:26.599> poisoned<00:03:27.599> the<00:03:27.720> Sultan's were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's 5-year-old<00:03:29.000> son<00:03:29.319> was<00:03:29.480> the<00:03:29.799> placed<00:03:30.080> on<00:03:30.200> the 5-year-old son was the placed on the 5-year-old son was the placed on the throne<00:03:30.879> giving<00:03:31.120> Malik<00:03:31.519> Amar<00:03:32.239> a<00:03:32.400> once<00:03:32.799> enslaved throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved EXs<00:03:33.920> Soldier<00:03:34.720> complete<00:03:35.439> political<00:03:36.159> economic EXs Soldier complete political economic EXs Soldier complete political economic and<00:03:36.959> Military<00:03:37.439> control<00:03:38.239> over and Military control over and Military control over amagar<00:03:40.920> Umar<00:03:41.560> remained<00:03:41.799> in<00:03:42.080> power<00:03:42.400> for<00:03:42.680> over amagar Umar remained in power for over amagar Umar remained in power for over 25<00:03:43.680> years<00:03:44.239> bringing<00:03:44.640> long-term<00:03:45.239> stability<00:03:45.720> to 25 years bringing long-term stability to 25 years bringing long-term stability to the<00:03:46.000> embattled<00:03:46.560> region<00:03:47.280> he<00:03:47.400> built<00:03:47.640> a<00:03:47.760> new the embattled region he built a new the embattled region he built a new capital<00:03:48.439> city<00:03:49.000> negotiated<00:03:49.640> trade<00:03:49.959> deals<00:03:50.360> with capital city negotiated trade deals with capital city negotiated trade deals with Indian<00:03:51.000> and<00:03:51.159> European<00:03:51.640> merchants<00:03:52.360> and Indian and European merchants and Indian and European merchants and reformed<00:03:53.000> the<00:03:53.200> tax<00:03:53.480> system<00:03:53.920> to<00:03:54.079> better reformed the tax system to better reformed the tax system to better protect<00:03:55.120> peasants<00:03:56.120> but<00:03:56.360> most<00:03:56.680> importantly<00:03:57.599> he protect peasants but most importantly he protect peasants but most importantly he continued<00:03:58.239> to<00:03:58.439> foil<00:03:59.000> the<00:03:59.120> m continued to foil the m continued to foil the m Invasion<00:04:01.280> his<00:04:01.480> ragtag<00:04:02.200> army<00:04:02.519> of<00:04:02.680> local Invasion his ragtag army of local Invasion his ragtag army of local Indians<00:04:03.599> enslaved<00:04:04.200> and<00:04:04.360> newly<00:04:04.640> freed Indians enslaved and newly freed Indians enslaved and newly freed Africans<00:04:05.840> was<00:04:06.079> religiously<00:04:06.680> and<00:04:06.920> ethnically Africans was religiously and ethnically Africans was religiously and ethnically diverse<00:04:08.360> yet<00:04:08.519> they<00:04:08.599> were<00:04:08.840> United<00:04:09.560> by<00:04:09.799> umar's diverse yet they were United by umar's diverse yet they were United by umar's leadership<00:04:11.560> and<00:04:11.760> he<00:04:11.879> made<00:04:12.120> up<00:04:12.280> for<00:04:12.439> his<00:04:12.599> lack leadership and he made up for his lack leadership and he made up for his lack of<00:04:12.959> numbers<00:04:13.439> by<00:04:13.599> launching<00:04:14.159> lightning of numbers by launching lightning of numbers by launching lightning attacks<00:04:15.079> that<00:04:15.280> demoralized<00:04:16.120> and<00:04:16.320> exhausted attacks that demoralized and exhausted attacks that demoralized and exhausted the<00:04:17.040> mugal<00:04:17.440> troops<00:04:18.079> long<00:04:18.400> before<00:04:18.639> they the mugal troops long before they the mugal troops long before they reached<00:04:19.079> the reached the reached the battlefield<00:04:21.199> jealous<00:04:21.759> of<00:04:21.959> amar's<00:04:22.639> success battlefield jealous of amar's success battlefield jealous of amar's success and<00:04:23.520> popularity<00:04:24.520> some<00:04:24.720> of<00:04:24.919> his<00:04:25.080> enemies and popularity some of his enemies and popularity some of his enemies accused<00:04:25.919> him<00:04:26.080> of<00:04:26.240> maintaining<00:04:26.919> power<00:04:27.280> through accused him of maintaining power through accused him of maintaining power through sorcery<00:04:28.199> or<00:04:28.520> devil<00:04:28.840> worship<00:04:30.039> others sorcery or devil worship others sorcery or devil worship others begrudgingly<00:04:31.360> acknowledged<00:04:31.960> his<00:04:32.240> piety begrudgingly acknowledged his piety begrudgingly acknowledged his piety generosity<00:04:33.840> and<00:04:34.039> Military generosity and Military generosity and Military genius<00:04:36.120> regardless<00:04:36.840> very<00:04:37.080> few<00:04:37.400> ever genius regardless very few ever genius regardless very few ever outmaneuvered<00:04:38.360> him<00:04:39.080> Malik<00:04:39.520> Amar<00:04:40.120> died<00:04:40.400> of outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of natural<00:04:41.160> causes<00:04:41.680> in<00:04:42.440> 1626<00:04:43.440> leaving<00:04:43.759> amagar<00:04:44.440> to natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to his<00:04:44.800> son<00:04:45.280> who<00:04:45.400> was<00:04:45.680> unable<00:04:46.160> to<00:04:46.360> maintain<00:04:46.960> his his son who was unable to maintain his his son who was unable to maintain his father's<00:04:47.600> military<00:04:48.240> record<00:04:49.240> just<00:04:49.479> 7<00:04:49.800> years father's military record just 7 years father's military record just 7 years later<00:04:50.639> the<00:04:50.800> sultanate<00:04:51.600> finally<00:04:52.000> fell<00:04:52.520> to<00:04:52.680> the later the sultanate finally fell to the later the sultanate finally fell to the mugal<00:04:53.199> forces<00:04:54.199> heralding<00:04:54.680> the<00:04:54.800> fall<00:04:55.320> of<00:04:55.440> the mugal forces heralding the fall of the mugal forces heralding the fall of the Kingdom<00:04:56.080> Amar<00:04:56.759> had<00:04:56.919> risen<00:04:57.199> to Kingdom Amar had risen to Kingdom Amar had risen to lead lead lead who<00:05:00.680> was<00:05:01.039> behind<00:05:01.680> This<00:05:01.919> ferocious<00:05:02.639> and who was behind This ferocious and who was behind This ferocious and seemingly<00:05:03.479> Unstoppable<00:05:04.360> Mughal<00:05:04.840> Empire seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire trace<00:05:06.199> the<00:05:06.360> rise<00:05:06.560> and<00:05:06.720> fall<00:05:07.000> of<00:05:07.080> one<00:05:07.199> of<00:05:07.320> the trace the rise and fall of one of the trace the rise and fall of one of the world's<00:05:07.840> wealthiest<00:05:08.520> and<00:05:08.720> most<00:05:09.039> powerful world's wealthiest and most powerful world's wealthiest and most powerful dynasties<00:05:10.479> with<00:05:10.680> this dynasties with this dynasties with this [Music]

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