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The warrior who defeated the mighty Mughals - Stephanie Honchell Smith
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The warrior who defeated the mighty Mughals - Stephanie Honchell Smith

 


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in<00:00:09.480> 1624<00:00:10.480> mugal<00:00:10.920> Emperor<00:00:11.559> jungar<00:00:12.559> received
in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received word<00:00:13.080> of<00:00:13.280> yet<00:00:13.480> another<00:00:13.880> defeat<00:00:14.400> at<00:00:14.519> the<00:00:14.679> hands word of yet another defeat at the hands word of yet another defeat at the hands of<00:00:15.200> his<00:00:15.480> greatest<00:00:16.080> enemy<00:00:16.840> Malik<00:00:17.680> Amar<00:00:18.680> despite of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite coming<00:00:19.279> to<00:00:19.480> India<00:00:19.800> as<00:00:19.880> an<00:00:20.080> enslaved<00:00:20.600> youth coming to India as an enslaved youth coming to India as an enslaved youth Amar<00:00:21.680> had<00:00:21.840> risen<00:00:22.119> to<00:00:22.320> rule<00:00:22.680> over<00:00:22.880> the<00:00:23.039> Indian Amar had risen to rule over the Indian Amar had risen to rule over the Indian sultanate<00:00:24.039> of sultanate of sultanate of amagar<00:00:25.800> and<00:00:26.000> His<00:00:26.279> Brilliant<00:00:27.000> military amagar and His Brilliant military amagar and His Brilliant military tactics<00:00:28.240> had<00:00:28.400> brought<00:00:28.599> the<00:00:28.679> mul's<00:00:29.160> march<00:00:29.400> of tactics had brought the mul's march of tactics had brought the mul's march of Conquest<00:00:30.400> to<00:00:30.560> a<00:00:30.720> screeching<00:00:31.480> halt<00:00:32.320> jungar<00:00:33.040> was Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was so<00:00:33.640> obsessed<00:00:34.360> with<00:00:34.520> defeating<00:00:34.960> his<00:00:35.160> rival so obsessed with defeating his rival so obsessed with defeating his rival he'd<00:00:35.879> commissioned<00:00:36.280> a<00:00:36.399> painting<00:00:36.719> of<00:00:36.879> himself he'd commissioned a painting of himself he'd commissioned a painting of himself shooting<00:00:37.559> an<00:00:37.719> arrow<00:00:38.200> at<00:00:38.360> amar's shooting an arrow at amar's shooting an arrow at amar's skull<00:00:40.520> Malik<00:00:40.960> Amar<00:00:41.480> was<00:00:41.640> born<00:00:42.000> in<00:00:42.120> the<00:00:42.280> late skull Malik Amar was born in the late skull Malik Amar was born in the late 1540s<00:00:43.360> in<00:00:43.600> central<00:00:44.079> Ethiopia<00:00:44.920> as<00:00:45.160> chapu<00:00:46.120> a 1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a 1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a member<00:00:46.640> of<00:00:46.800> the<00:00:46.920> aromo<00:00:48.079> people<00:00:49.079> every<00:00:49.399> year<00:00:49.760> as member of the aromo people every year as member of the aromo people every year as part<00:00:50.079> of<00:00:50.199> ongoing<00:00:50.760> conflicts<00:00:51.239> with<00:00:51.360> their part of ongoing conflicts with their part of ongoing conflicts with their neighbors<00:00:52.199> aromo<00:00:52.680> youth<00:00:53.000> were<00:00:53.199> among<00:00:53.440> the neighbors aromo youth were among the neighbors aromo youth were among the thousands<00:00:54.280> of<00:00:54.480> Ethiopians<00:00:55.399> captured<00:00:55.879> and thousands of Ethiopians captured and thousands of Ethiopians captured and sold<00:00:56.520> into<00:00:56.760> the<00:00:56.920> Indian<00:00:57.359> Ocean<00:00:57.840> slave<00:00:58.239> trade sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade in<00:00:59.320> this<00:00:59.480> part<00:00:59.640> of<00:00:59.719> the<00:01:00.039> World<00:01:00.399> enslaved in this part of the World enslaved in this part of the World enslaved individuals<00:01:01.600> retained<00:01:02.199> some<00:01:02.600> legal<00:01:03.039> rights individuals retained some legal rights individuals retained some legal rights and<00:01:03.800> enslavers<00:01:04.400> could<00:01:04.519> be<00:01:04.640> held<00:01:04.920> accountable and enslavers could be held accountable and enslavers could be held accountable for<00:01:05.680> severe<00:01:06.520> mistreatment<00:01:07.520> there<00:01:07.680> was<00:01:07.960> also for severe mistreatment there was also for severe mistreatment there was also less<00:01:08.680> legal<00:01:09.119> discrimination<00:01:09.960> against less legal discrimination against less legal discrimination against previously<00:01:10.960> enslaved<00:01:11.640> people<00:01:12.439> allowing<00:01:12.840> some previously enslaved people allowing some previously enslaved people allowing some individuals<00:01:13.640> who<00:01:13.799> gained<00:01:14.080> their<00:01:14.200> freedom<00:01:14.680> to individuals who gained their freedom to individuals who gained their freedom to acquire<00:01:15.280> great<00:01:15.520> wealth<00:01:16.040> and acquire great wealth and acquire great wealth and power<00:01:18.119> however<00:01:18.560> these<00:01:18.759> circumstances power however these circumstances power however these circumstances shouldn't<00:01:19.799> overshadow<00:01:20.479> the<00:01:20.640> trauma<00:01:21.240> of shouldn't overshadow the trauma of shouldn't overshadow the trauma of enslavement<00:01:22.520> which<00:01:22.799> violently<00:01:23.240> severed enslavement which violently severed enslavement which violently severed individuals<00:01:24.439> from<00:01:24.640> their<00:01:24.880> lives<00:01:25.400> and<00:01:25.600> loved individuals from their lives and loved individuals from their lives and loved ones<00:01:28.119> around<00:01:28.479> the<00:01:28.600> age<00:01:28.799> of<00:01:28.960> 12<00:01:29.920> chapu<00:01:30.400> was ones around the age of 12 chapu was ones around the age of 12 chapu was among<00:01:30.840> those<00:01:31.040> taken<00:01:31.400> into<00:01:31.840> bondage<00:01:32.840> captives among those taken into bondage captives among those taken into bondage captives were<00:01:33.479> typically<00:01:33.880> shipped<00:01:34.240> to<00:01:34.360> the<00:01:34.439> Middle were typically shipped to the Middle were typically shipped to the Middle East<00:01:34.960> or<00:01:35.200> South<00:01:35.520> Asia<00:01:36.320> women<00:01:36.680> were<00:01:36.880> sold<00:01:37.280> into East or South Asia women were sold into East or South Asia women were sold into sexual<00:01:38.119> slavery<00:01:38.799> as<00:01:39.000> concubines<00:01:39.640> were<00:01:39.840> forced sexual slavery as concubines were forced sexual slavery as concubines were forced to<00:01:40.280> become<00:01:40.640> domestic<00:01:41.079> servants<00:01:41.759> a<00:01:41.920> position to become domestic servants a position to become domestic servants a position in<00:01:42.479> which<00:01:42.680> they<00:01:42.840> often<00:01:43.079> had<00:01:43.240> to<00:01:43.360> endure in which they often had to endure in which they often had to endure harassment<00:01:44.560> and<00:01:44.759> sexual<00:01:45.200> violence<00:01:46.079> men<00:01:46.280> were harassment and sexual violence men were harassment and sexual violence men were either<00:01:46.719> purchased<00:01:47.119> for<00:01:47.320> Dangerous<00:01:47.759> physical either purchased for Dangerous physical either purchased for Dangerous physical labor<00:01:48.640> or<00:01:48.880> by<00:01:49.079> wealthy<00:01:49.479> individuals<00:01:50.079> who labor or by wealthy individuals who labor or by wealthy individuals who trained<00:01:50.600> them<00:01:50.759> to<00:01:50.920> become<00:01:51.200> Servants<00:01:51.680> of<00:01:51.799> the trained them to become Servants of the trained them to become Servants of the political<00:01:52.600> and<00:01:52.799> Military<00:01:53.840> Elite<00:01:54.840> chapu<00:01:55.600> was political and Military Elite chapu was political and Military Elite chapu was part<00:01:55.920> of<00:01:56.039> the<00:01:56.119> latter<00:01:56.520> group<00:01:57.200> he<00:01:57.320> was<00:01:57.520> taken<00:01:57.759> to part of the latter group he was taken to part of the latter group he was taken to Baghdad<00:01:58.680> where<00:01:58.799> he<00:01:58.960> was<00:01:59.159> educated<00:01:59.680> in<00:01:59.840> in Baghdad where he was educated in in Baghdad where he was educated in in Arabic<00:02:00.520> among<00:02:00.799> other<00:02:01.079> subjects<00:02:01.600> and Arabic among other subjects and Arabic among other subjects and converted<00:02:02.320> to<00:02:02.600> Islam<00:02:03.320> before<00:02:03.640> being<00:02:03.960> resold converted to Islam before being resold converted to Islam before being resold to<00:02:05.039> the<00:02:05.200> Chief<00:02:05.560> Minister<00:02:06.200> of<00:02:06.640> amagar<00:02:07.640> the to the Chief Minister of amagar the to the Chief Minister of amagar the minister<00:02:08.319> himself<00:02:08.959> was<00:02:09.080> a<00:02:09.200> formerly<00:02:09.679> enslaved minister himself was a formerly enslaved minister himself was a formerly enslaved African<00:02:11.000> but<00:02:11.200> after<00:02:11.400> being<00:02:11.599> freed<00:02:12.040> he'd<00:02:12.239> risen African but after being freed he'd risen African but after being freed he'd risen through<00:02:12.760> the<00:02:12.879> ranks<00:02:13.360> becoming<00:02:13.760> second<00:02:14.080> in through the ranks becoming second in through the ranks becoming second in command<00:02:14.800> to<00:02:14.959> the<00:02:15.080> sultan<00:02:16.080> himself<00:02:17.080> chapu<00:02:17.760> now command to the sultan himself chapu now command to the sultan himself chapu now known<00:02:18.280> as<00:02:18.480> Malik<00:02:18.959> Amar<00:02:19.959> became<00:02:20.280> the<00:02:20.400> chief known as Malik Amar became the chief known as Malik Amar became the chief Minister's<00:02:21.200> Protege<00:02:22.200> observing<00:02:22.640> him<00:02:22.840> advise Minister's Protege observing him advise Minister's Protege observing him advise the<00:02:23.319> sultan<00:02:24.040> enact<00:02:24.560> policies<00:02:25.120> and<00:02:25.319> navigate the sultan enact policies and navigate the sultan enact policies and navigate Court<00:02:26.599> politics<00:02:27.599> after<00:02:27.840> The<00:02:28.000> Minister's Court politics after The Minister's Court politics after The Minister's death<00:02:29.000> his<00:02:29.160> widow<00:02:29.440> Grant<00:02:30.040> amar's<00:02:30.519> freedom<00:02:31.120> and death his widow Grant amar's freedom and death his widow Grant amar's freedom and like<00:02:31.480> many<00:02:31.720> newly<00:02:32.040> freed<00:02:32.440> Africans<00:02:32.840> in<00:02:33.040> India like many newly freed Africans in India like many newly freed Africans in India at<00:02:33.480> the<00:02:33.680> time<00:02:34.280> Amar<00:02:34.840> became<00:02:35.080> a<00:02:35.239> mercenary at the time Amar became a mercenary at the time Amar became a mercenary Soldier<00:02:37.360> amagar<00:02:38.040> was<00:02:38.239> frequently<00:02:38.720> under Soldier amagar was frequently under Soldier amagar was frequently under attack<00:02:39.400> from<00:02:39.599> mugal<00:02:39.959> Invaders<00:02:40.800> who<00:02:40.920> were attack from mugal Invaders who were attack from mugal Invaders who were determined<00:02:41.680> to<00:02:41.920> expand<00:02:42.519> their<00:02:42.760> empire<00:02:43.599> but determined to expand their empire but determined to expand their empire but umar's<00:02:44.440> daring<00:02:44.959> Guerilla<00:02:45.480> tactics<00:02:46.040> derailed umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed The<00:02:46.800> Invader<00:02:47.400> Plans<00:02:48.159> by<00:02:48.360> interrupting<00:02:49.120> mile The Invader Plans by interrupting mile The Invader Plans by interrupting mile supply<00:02:50.040> lines<00:02:50.959> umar's<00:02:51.519> military<00:02:52.080> success supply lines umar's military success supply lines umar's military success earned<00:02:52.760> him<00:02:52.879> a<00:02:53.080> following<00:02:53.720> and<00:02:53.879> in<00:02:54.080> 1600<00:02:54.760> he earned him a following and in 1600 he earned him a following and in 1600 he used<00:02:55.200> his<00:02:55.400> influence<00:02:55.920> to<00:02:56.120> take<00:02:56.400> advantage<00:02:56.920> of used his influence to take advantage of used his influence to take advantage of a<00:02:57.239> royal<00:02:57.879> power<00:02:58.760> vacuum<00:02:59.800> after<00:03:00.080> placing<00:03:00.440> a a royal power vacuum after placing a a royal power vacuum after placing a young<00:03:01.000> puppet<00:03:01.360> ruler<00:03:01.720> on<00:03:01.920> the<00:03:02.080> throne<00:03:02.760> Umar young puppet ruler on the throne Umar young puppet ruler on the throne Umar became<00:03:03.680> the<00:03:03.840> Regent<00:03:04.480> and<00:03:04.680> new<00:03:05.040> chief<00:03:05.799> minister became the Regent and new chief minister became the Regent and new chief minister he<00:03:07.000> also<00:03:07.239> married<00:03:07.599> his<00:03:07.799> daughter<00:03:08.040> to<00:03:08.200> the<00:03:08.319> new he also married his daughter to the new he also married his daughter to the new Sultan<00:03:09.319> creating<00:03:09.680> a<00:03:09.879> direct<00:03:10.319> tie<00:03:10.760> to<00:03:10.920> the Sultan creating a direct tie to the Sultan creating a direct tie to the royal<00:03:11.519> family<00:03:12.440> not<00:03:12.760> all<00:03:13.120> parties<00:03:13.560> were royal family not all parties were royal family not all parties were pleased<00:03:14.360> with<00:03:14.560> amar's<00:03:15.159> power<00:03:15.440> grab<00:03:16.200> and<00:03:16.319> the pleased with amar's power grab and the pleased with amar's power grab and the new<00:03:16.680> Sultan<00:03:17.200> eventually<00:03:17.760> conspired<00:03:18.400> to new Sultan eventually conspired to new Sultan eventually conspired to remove<00:03:19.120> Amar<00:03:19.799> from<00:03:20.080> power<00:03:20.799> but<00:03:21.000> before<00:03:21.360> these remove Amar from power but before these remove Amar from power but before these plans<00:03:22.000> could<00:03:22.200> take<00:03:22.440> form<00:03:23.239> both<00:03:23.519> conspirators plans could take form both conspirators plans could take form both conspirators were<00:03:25.319> mysteriously<00:03:26.599> poisoned<00:03:27.599> the<00:03:27.720> Sultan's were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's 5-year-old<00:03:29.000> son<00:03:29.319> was<00:03:29.480> the<00:03:29.799> placed<00:03:30.080> on<00:03:30.200> the 5-year-old son was the placed on the 5-year-old son was the placed on the throne<00:03:30.879> giving<00:03:31.120> Malik<00:03:31.519> Amar<00:03:32.239> a<00:03:32.400> once<00:03:32.799> enslaved throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved EXs<00:03:33.920> Soldier<00:03:34.720> complete<00:03:35.439> political<00:03:36.159> economic EXs Soldier complete political economic EXs Soldier complete political economic and<00:03:36.959> Military<00:03:37.439> control<00:03:38.239> over and Military control over and Military control over amagar<00:03:40.920> Umar<00:03:41.560> remained<00:03:41.799> in<00:03:42.080> power<00:03:42.400> for<00:03:42.680> over amagar Umar remained in power for over amagar Umar remained in power for over 25<00:03:43.680> years<00:03:44.239> bringing<00:03:44.640> long-term<00:03:45.239> stability<00:03:45.720> to 25 years bringing long-term stability to 25 years bringing long-term stability to the<00:03:46.000> embattled<00:03:46.560> region<00:03:47.280> he<00:03:47.400> built<00:03:47.640> a<00:03:47.760> new the embattled region he built a new the embattled region he built a new capital<00:03:48.439> city<00:03:49.000> negotiated<00:03:49.640> trade<00:03:49.959> deals<00:03:50.360> with capital city negotiated trade deals with capital city negotiated trade deals with Indian<00:03:51.000> and<00:03:51.159> European<00:03:51.640> merchants<00:03:52.360> and Indian and European merchants and Indian and European merchants and reformed<00:03:53.000> the<00:03:53.200> tax<00:03:53.480> system<00:03:53.920> to<00:03:54.079> better reformed the tax system to better reformed the tax system to better protect<00:03:55.120> peasants<00:03:56.120> but<00:03:56.360> most<00:03:56.680> importantly<00:03:57.599> he protect peasants but most importantly he protect peasants but most importantly he continued<00:03:58.239> to<00:03:58.439> foil<00:03:59.000> the<00:03:59.120> m continued to foil the m continued to foil the m Invasion<00:04:01.280> his<00:04:01.480> ragtag<00:04:02.200> army<00:04:02.519> of<00:04:02.680> local Invasion his ragtag army of local Invasion his ragtag army of local Indians<00:04:03.599> enslaved<00:04:04.200> and<00:04:04.360> newly<00:04:04.640> freed Indians enslaved and newly freed Indians enslaved and newly freed Africans<00:04:05.840> was<00:04:06.079> religiously<00:04:06.680> and<00:04:06.920> ethnically Africans was religiously and ethnically Africans was religiously and ethnically diverse<00:04:08.360> yet<00:04:08.519> they<00:04:08.599> were<00:04:08.840> United<00:04:09.560> by<00:04:09.799> umar's diverse yet they were United by umar's diverse yet they were United by umar's leadership<00:04:11.560> and<00:04:11.760> he<00:04:11.879> made<00:04:12.120> up<00:04:12.280> for<00:04:12.439> his<00:04:12.599> lack leadership and he made up for his lack leadership and he made up for his lack of<00:04:12.959> numbers<00:04:13.439> by<00:04:13.599> launching<00:04:14.159> lightning of numbers by launching lightning of numbers by launching lightning attacks<00:04:15.079> that<00:04:15.280> demoralized<00:04:16.120> and<00:04:16.320> exhausted attacks that demoralized and exhausted attacks that demoralized and exhausted the<00:04:17.040> mugal<00:04:17.440> troops<00:04:18.079> long<00:04:18.400> before<00:04:18.639> they the mugal troops long before they the mugal troops long before they reached<00:04:19.079> the reached the reached the battlefield<00:04:21.199> jealous<00:04:21.759> of<00:04:21.959> amar's<00:04:22.639> success battlefield jealous of amar's success battlefield jealous of amar's success and<00:04:23.520> popularity<00:04:24.520> some<00:04:24.720> of<00:04:24.919> his<00:04:25.080> enemies and popularity some of his enemies and popularity some of his enemies accused<00:04:25.919> him<00:04:26.080> of<00:04:26.240> maintaining<00:04:26.919> power<00:04:27.280> through accused him of maintaining power through accused him of maintaining power through sorcery<00:04:28.199> or<00:04:28.520> devil<00:04:28.840> worship<00:04:30.039> others sorcery or devil worship others sorcery or devil worship others begrudgingly<00:04:31.360> acknowledged<00:04:31.960> his<00:04:32.240> piety begrudgingly acknowledged his piety begrudgingly acknowledged his piety generosity<00:04:33.840> and<00:04:34.039> Military generosity and Military generosity and Military genius<00:04:36.120> regardless<00:04:36.840> very<00:04:37.080> few<00:04:37.400> ever genius regardless very few ever genius regardless very few ever outmaneuvered<00:04:38.360> him<00:04:39.080> Malik<00:04:39.520> Amar<00:04:40.120> died<00:04:40.400> of outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of natural<00:04:41.160> causes<00:04:41.680> in<00:04:42.440> 1626<00:04:43.440> leaving<00:04:43.759> amagar<00:04:44.440> to natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to his<00:04:44.800> son<00:04:45.280> who<00:04:45.400> was<00:04:45.680> unable<00:04:46.160> to<00:04:46.360> maintain<00:04:46.960> his his son who was unable to maintain his his son who was unable to maintain his father's<00:04:47.600> military<00:04:48.240> record<00:04:49.240> just<00:04:49.479> 7<00:04:49.800> years father's military record just 7 years father's military record just 7 years later<00:04:50.639> the<00:04:50.800> sultanate<00:04:51.600> finally<00:04:52.000> fell<00:04:52.520> to<00:04:52.680> the later the sultanate finally fell to the later the sultanate finally fell to the mugal<00:04:53.199> forces<00:04:54.199> heralding<00:04:54.680> the<00:04:54.800> fall<00:04:55.320> of<00:04:55.440> the mugal forces heralding the fall of the mugal forces heralding the fall of the Kingdom<00:04:56.080> Amar<00:04:56.759> had<00:04:56.919> risen<00:04:57.199> to Kingdom Amar had risen to Kingdom Amar had risen to lead lead lead who<00:05:00.680> was<00:05:01.039> behind<00:05:01.680> This<00:05:01.919> ferocious<00:05:02.639> and who was behind This ferocious and who was behind This ferocious and seemingly<00:05:03.479> Unstoppable<00:05:04.360> Mughal<00:05:04.840> Empire seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire trace<00:05:06.199> the<00:05:06.360> rise<00:05:06.560> and<00:05:06.720> fall<00:05:07.000> of<00:05:07.080> one<00:05:07.199> of<00:05:07.320> the trace the rise and fall of one of the trace the rise and fall of one of the world's<00:05:07.840> wealthiest<00:05:08.520> and<00:05:08.720> most<00:05:09.039> powerful world's wealthiest and most powerful world's wealthiest and most powerful dynasties<00:05:10.479> with<00:05:10.680> this dynasties with this dynasties with this [Music]



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malik ambar, sultan, sultanate, indian sultanate, mughals, mughal empire, Jahangir, Ahmednagar, India, Indian history, chapu, ethiopia, oromo, indian ocean slave trade, baghdad, mercenaries, soldier, merchants, merchant traders, history, south asia, african history, african kingmaker, kingmaker, education, animation, stephanie honchell smith, Layron DeJarnette, Gumboyo, TED, TED-Ed, TED Ed, Teded, Ted Education

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