The beautiful nano details of our world - Gary Greenberg
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[Music]
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[Applause]
[Applause]
so<00:00:17.440> i<00:00:17.520> want<00:00:17.760> to<00:00:17.840> talk<00:00:18.080> a<00:00:18.160> little<00:00:18.320> bit<00:00:18.560> about
so i want to talk a little bit about
so i want to talk a little bit about
seeing<00:00:19.119> the<00:00:19.279> world<00:00:19.520> from<00:00:19.760> a<00:00:19.840> totally<00:00:20.240> unique
seeing the world from a totally unique
seeing the world from a totally unique
point<00:00:21.279> of<00:00:21.359> view<00:00:22.080> and<00:00:22.240> this<00:00:22.400> world<00:00:22.640> i'm<00:00:22.800> going
point of view and this world i'm going
point of view and this world i'm going
to<00:00:22.960> talk<00:00:23.199> about<00:00:23.439> is<00:00:23.519> the<00:00:23.680> micro<00:00:24.080> world
to talk about is the micro world
to talk about is the micro world
i<00:00:25.519> found<00:00:25.920> after<00:00:26.320> doing<00:00:26.560> this<00:00:26.800> for<00:00:26.960> many<00:00:27.119> many
i found after doing this for many many
i found after doing this for many many
years<00:00:27.599> that<00:00:27.760> there's<00:00:27.920> a<00:00:28.000> magical<00:00:28.480> world
years that there's a magical world
years that there's a magical world
behind<00:00:29.119> reality<00:00:30.240> and<00:00:30.320> that<00:00:30.480> can<00:00:30.640> be<00:00:30.880> seen
behind reality and that can be seen
behind reality and that can be seen
directly<00:00:32.079> through<00:00:32.320> a<00:00:32.399> microscope
directly through a microscope
directly through a microscope
and<00:00:33.840> i'm<00:00:33.920> going<00:00:34.079> to<00:00:34.160> show<00:00:34.320> you<00:00:34.480> some<00:00:34.640> of<00:00:34.719> this
and i'm going to show you some of this
and i'm going to show you some of this
today<00:00:35.600> so<00:00:35.760> let's<00:00:36.079> start<00:00:36.320> off<00:00:36.640> looking<00:00:36.880> at
today so let's start off looking at
today so let's start off looking at
something<00:00:37.600> rather
something rather
something rather
not<00:00:38.960> so<00:00:39.200> small<00:00:39.520> something<00:00:39.840> we<00:00:40.000> can<00:00:40.079> see<00:00:40.239> with
not so small something we can see with
not so small something we can see with
our<00:00:40.559> naked<00:00:40.960> eye<00:00:41.600> and<00:00:41.760> that's<00:00:42.000> a<00:00:42.079> b<00:00:42.640> so<00:00:42.800> when<00:00:42.879> you
our naked eye and that's a b so when you
our naked eye and that's a b so when you
look<00:00:43.200> at<00:00:43.280> this<00:00:43.520> b<00:00:44.160> it's<00:00:44.320> about<00:00:44.559> this<00:00:44.800> size<00:00:45.040> here
look at this b it's about this size here
look at this b it's about this size here
it's<00:00:45.360> about<00:00:45.520> a<00:00:45.600> centimeter
it's about a centimeter
it's about a centimeter
but<00:00:47.120> to<00:00:47.280> really<00:00:47.600> see<00:00:47.760> the<00:00:47.920> details<00:00:48.399> of<00:00:48.559> the<00:00:48.640> b
but to really see the details of the b
but to really see the details of the b
and<00:00:48.960> really<00:00:49.200> appreciate<00:00:50.160> what<00:00:50.399> it<00:00:50.559> is<00:00:50.960> you
and really appreciate what it is you
and really appreciate what it is you
have<00:00:51.200> to<00:00:51.360> look<00:00:51.520> a<00:00:51.600> little<00:00:51.760> bit<00:00:52.000> closer
have to look a little bit closer
have to look a little bit closer
so<00:00:53.120> that's<00:00:53.440> just<00:00:53.600> the<00:00:53.760> eye<00:00:54.000> of<00:00:54.160> the<00:00:54.239> b
so that's just the eye of the b
so that's just the eye of the b
with<00:00:55.199> a<00:00:55.280> microscope<00:00:56.160> and<00:00:56.239> now<00:00:56.480> all<00:00:56.559> of<00:00:56.719> a
with a microscope and now all of a
with a microscope and now all of a
sudden<00:00:57.039> you<00:00:57.120> can<00:00:57.280> see<00:00:57.440> that<00:00:57.520> the<00:00:57.680> bee<00:00:57.920> has
sudden you can see that the bee has
sudden you can see that the bee has
thousands<00:00:58.960> of<00:00:59.120> individual<00:00:59.600> eyes<00:00:59.920> called
thousands of individual eyes called
thousands of individual eyes called
ometidia
ometidia
ometidia
and<00:01:01.440> they<00:01:01.600> actually<00:01:01.920> have<00:01:02.079> sensory<00:01:02.640> hairs<00:01:03.280> in
and they actually have sensory hairs in
and they actually have sensory hairs in
their<00:01:03.600> eyes<00:01:03.760> so<00:01:03.920> they<00:01:04.080> know<00:01:04.239> when<00:01:04.320> they're
their eyes so they know when they're
their eyes so they know when they're
right<00:01:04.720> up<00:01:04.879> close<00:01:05.119> to<00:01:05.280> something<00:01:06.000> because<00:01:06.240> they
right up close to something because they
right up close to something because they
can't<00:01:06.640> see<00:01:06.799> in<00:01:06.960> stereo
as<00:01:10.000> we<00:01:10.159> go<00:01:10.400> smaller<00:01:11.360> here<00:01:11.680> is<00:01:11.920> a<00:01:12.479> human<00:01:12.880> hair<00:01:13.439> a
as we go smaller here is a human hair a
as we go smaller here is a human hair a
human<00:01:13.920> hair<00:01:14.159> is<00:01:14.240> about<00:01:14.400> the<00:01:14.479> smallest<00:01:14.960> thing
human hair is about the smallest thing
human hair is about the smallest thing
that<00:01:15.280> the<00:01:15.439> eye<00:01:15.680> can<00:01:15.920> see<00:01:16.560> it's<00:01:16.720> about<00:01:16.960> a<00:01:17.119> tenth
that the eye can see it's about a tenth
that the eye can see it's about a tenth
of<00:01:17.439> a<00:01:17.520> millimeter
of a millimeter
of a millimeter
and<00:01:19.200> as<00:01:19.360> we<00:01:19.439> go<00:01:19.680> smaller<00:01:20.080> again<00:01:20.479> about<00:01:20.720> 10
and as we go smaller again about 10
and as we go smaller again about 10
times<00:01:21.280> smaller<00:01:21.680> than<00:01:21.840> that<00:01:22.320> is<00:01:22.560> a<00:01:22.720> cell
times smaller than that is a cell
times smaller than that is a cell
so<00:01:23.680> you<00:01:23.840> could<00:01:24.000> fit<00:01:24.320> 10
so you could fit 10
so you could fit 10
human<00:01:25.600> cells
human cells
human cells
across<00:01:26.960> the<00:01:27.119> diameter<00:01:28.000> of<00:01:28.159> a<00:01:28.240> human<00:01:28.560> hair
across the diameter of a human hair
across the diameter of a human hair
so<00:01:29.920> when<00:01:30.080> we<00:01:30.240> look<00:01:30.400> at<00:01:30.560> cells<00:01:30.880> this<00:01:31.040> is<00:01:31.119> how<00:01:31.200> i
so when we look at cells this is how i
so when we look at cells this is how i
really<00:01:31.600> got<00:01:31.840> involved<00:01:32.240> in<00:01:32.640> biology<00:01:33.680> and
really got involved in biology and
really got involved in biology and
sciences<00:01:34.400> by<00:01:34.640> looking<00:01:34.960> at<00:01:35.280> living<00:01:35.680> cells<00:01:36.000> in<00:01:36.159> a
sciences by looking at living cells in a
sciences by looking at living cells in a
microscope<00:01:37.200> when<00:01:37.360> i<00:01:37.520> first<00:01:37.680> saw<00:01:37.920> living<00:01:38.159> cells
microscope when i first saw living cells
microscope when i first saw living cells
in<00:01:38.479> the<00:01:38.560> microscope<00:01:39.119> i<00:01:39.200> was<00:01:39.520> absolutely
in the microscope i was absolutely
in the microscope i was absolutely
enthralled<00:01:41.200> and<00:01:41.360> amazed<00:01:41.759> at<00:01:41.840> what<00:01:42.000> they
enthralled and amazed at what they
enthralled and amazed at what they
looked<00:01:42.400> like
looked like
looked like
so<00:01:43.360> if<00:01:43.520> you<00:01:43.600> look<00:01:43.759> at<00:01:43.840> the<00:01:44.000> cell<00:01:44.320> like<00:01:44.479> that
so if you look at the cell like that
so if you look at the cell like that
from<00:01:44.799> the<00:01:44.960> immune<00:01:45.360> system
from the immune system
from the immune system
they're<00:01:46.640> actually<00:01:46.960> moving<00:01:47.360> all<00:01:47.520> over<00:01:47.680> the
they're actually moving all over the
they're actually moving all over the
place<00:01:48.399> this<00:01:48.640> cell<00:01:48.960> is<00:01:49.119> looking<00:01:49.520> for
place this cell is looking for
place this cell is looking for
foreign<00:01:51.040> objects<00:01:52.079> bacteria<00:01:53.200> things<00:01:53.439> that<00:01:53.600> it
foreign objects bacteria things that it
foreign objects bacteria things that it
can<00:01:53.920> find<00:01:54.640> and<00:01:54.799> it's<00:01:54.960> looking<00:01:55.280> around<00:01:55.680> and
can find and it's looking around and
can find and it's looking around and
when<00:01:55.920> it<00:01:56.000> finds<00:01:56.320> something<00:01:57.119> and<00:01:57.280> recognizes
when it finds something and recognizes
when it finds something and recognizes
it<00:01:58.159> being<00:01:58.479> foreign<00:01:59.119> it<00:01:59.200> will<00:01:59.439> actually<00:01:59.680> engulf
it being foreign it will actually engulf
it being foreign it will actually engulf
it<00:02:00.320> and<00:02:00.479> eat<00:02:00.640> it<00:02:00.719> so<00:02:00.880> if<00:02:01.040> you<00:02:01.119> look<00:02:01.360> right<00:02:01.600> there
it and eat it so if you look right there
it and eat it so if you look right there
it<00:02:02.799> finds<00:02:03.119> that<00:02:03.280> little<00:02:03.920> bacterium
it finds that little bacterium
it finds that little bacterium
and<00:02:05.439> it
and it
and it
engulfs<00:02:06.799> it<00:02:07.040> and<00:02:07.200> eats<00:02:07.439> it
if<00:02:10.720> you<00:02:10.959> take<00:02:11.120> some<00:02:11.360> heart<00:02:11.760> cells
if you take some heart cells
if you take some heart cells
from<00:02:13.120> an<00:02:13.280> animal<00:02:13.680> and
from an animal and
from an animal and
put<00:02:14.720> in<00:02:14.879> the<00:02:14.959> dish<00:02:15.520> they'll<00:02:15.760> just<00:02:15.920> sit<00:02:16.080> there
put in the dish they'll just sit there
put in the dish they'll just sit there
and<00:02:16.480> beat<00:02:17.120> that's<00:02:17.440> their<00:02:17.680> job<00:02:18.000> every<00:02:18.239> cell<00:02:18.480> has
and beat that's their job every cell has
and beat that's their job every cell has
a<00:02:18.720> mission
a mission
a mission
in<00:02:19.840> life<00:02:20.319> and<00:02:20.480> these<00:02:20.720> cells<00:02:21.360> the<00:02:21.520> mission<00:02:21.920> is
in life and these cells the mission is
in life and these cells the mission is
to<00:02:22.560> move<00:02:22.800> blood<00:02:23.280> around<00:02:23.599> our<00:02:23.760> body
to move blood around our body
to move blood around our body
these<00:02:25.840> next<00:02:26.080> cells<00:02:26.480> are<00:02:26.640> nerve<00:02:26.959> cells<00:02:27.760> and
these next cells are nerve cells and
these next cells are nerve cells and
right<00:02:28.160> now<00:02:28.319> as<00:02:28.480> we<00:02:28.720> see
right now as we see
right now as we see
and<00:02:29.680> understand<00:02:30.160> what<00:02:30.319> we're<00:02:30.480> looking<00:02:30.879> at<00:02:31.440> our
and understand what we're looking at our
and understand what we're looking at our
brains<00:02:32.000> and<00:02:32.160> our<00:02:32.239> nerve<00:02:32.480> cells<00:02:32.800> are<00:02:32.879> actually
brains and our nerve cells are actually
brains and our nerve cells are actually
doing<00:02:33.440> this<00:02:33.680> right<00:02:33.840> now<00:02:34.080> they're<00:02:34.239> not<00:02:34.400> just
doing this right now they're not just
doing this right now they're not just
static<00:02:35.200> they're<00:02:35.360> moving<00:02:35.680> around<00:02:35.920> making<00:02:36.239> new
static they're moving around making new
static they're moving around making new
connections<00:02:37.519> and<00:02:37.599> that's<00:02:37.840> what<00:02:38.000> happens<00:02:38.400> when
connections and that's what happens when
connections and that's what happens when
we<00:02:38.720> learn<00:02:39.360> as<00:02:39.599> you<00:02:39.680> go<00:02:39.840> farther<00:02:40.239> down<00:02:40.480> this
we learn as you go farther down this
we learn as you go farther down this
scale<00:02:41.120> here
scale here
scale here
that's<00:02:42.560> that's<00:02:42.800> a<00:02:42.879> micron<00:02:43.440> or<00:02:43.519> a<00:02:43.680> micro<00:02:44.160> a
that's that's a micron or a micro a
that's that's a micron or a micro a
micrometer<00:02:44.959> and<00:02:45.040> we<00:02:45.120> go<00:02:45.280> all<00:02:45.360> the<00:02:45.440> way<00:02:45.599> down<00:02:45.760> to
micrometer and we go all the way down to
micrometer and we go all the way down to
here<00:02:46.080> to<00:02:46.239> a<00:02:46.319> nanometer<00:02:47.440> and<00:02:47.599> an<00:02:47.760> angstrom<00:02:48.480> now
here to a nanometer and an angstrom now
here to a nanometer and an angstrom now
an<00:02:48.879> angstrom<00:02:49.680> is<00:02:49.920> the<00:02:50.080> size<00:02:50.720> of<00:02:50.800> the<00:02:50.959> diameter
an angstrom is the size of the diameter
an angstrom is the size of the diameter
of<00:02:52.080> a<00:02:52.239> hydrogen<00:02:52.640> and<00:02:52.800> atom<00:02:53.519> that's<00:02:53.760> how<00:02:53.920> small
of a hydrogen and atom that's how small
of a hydrogen and atom that's how small
that<00:02:54.480> is<00:02:55.120> and<00:02:55.280> microscopes<00:02:55.920> that<00:02:56.000> we<00:02:56.080> have
that is and microscopes that we have
that is and microscopes that we have
today<00:02:56.560> can<00:02:56.800> actually<00:02:57.200> see<00:02:57.519> individual<00:02:58.560> atoms
today can actually see individual atoms
today can actually see individual atoms
so<00:02:59.440> these<00:02:59.680> are<00:02:59.760> some<00:02:59.920> pictures<00:03:00.640> of<00:03:00.879> individual
so these are some pictures of individual
so these are some pictures of individual
atoms<00:03:01.760> each<00:03:01.920> bump<00:03:02.159> here<00:03:02.400> is<00:03:02.560> an<00:03:02.720> individual
atoms each bump here is an individual
atoms each bump here is an individual
atom<00:03:03.360> this<00:03:03.519> is<00:03:03.599> a<00:03:03.680> ring
atom this is a ring
atom this is a ring
of<00:03:04.560> cobalt<00:03:05.120> atoms
of cobalt atoms
of cobalt atoms
so<00:03:06.720> this<00:03:06.959> whole<00:03:07.280> world<00:03:07.519> the<00:03:07.680> nano<00:03:08.080> world<00:03:08.319> this
so this whole world the nano world this
so this whole world the nano world this
area<00:03:08.800> in<00:03:08.879> here<00:03:09.120> is<00:03:09.200> called<00:03:09.360> the<00:03:09.519> nano<00:03:09.920> world
area in here is called the nano world
area in here is called the nano world
and<00:03:11.599> the<00:03:11.760> nano<00:03:12.159> world
and the nano world
and the nano world
the<00:03:13.760> whole<00:03:14.000> microworld<00:03:14.560> that<00:03:14.640> we<00:03:14.879> see
the whole microworld that we see
the whole microworld that we see
there's<00:03:16.319> a<00:03:16.400> nanoworld<00:03:17.040> that<00:03:17.200> is<00:03:17.360> wrapped<00:03:17.680> up
there's a nanoworld that is wrapped up
there's a nanoworld that is wrapped up
within<00:03:18.080> that<00:03:18.319> and<00:03:18.400> the<00:03:18.480> whole<00:03:19.040> and<00:03:19.200> the<00:03:19.519> and
within that and the whole and the and
within that and the whole and the and
that<00:03:19.920> is<00:03:20.080> the<00:03:20.159> world<00:03:20.879> of<00:03:21.040> molecules<00:03:22.080> and<00:03:22.239> atoms
that is the world of molecules and atoms
that is the world of molecules and atoms
but<00:03:22.959> i<00:03:23.040> want<00:03:23.200> to<00:03:23.280> talk<00:03:23.519> about<00:03:23.760> this<00:03:24.000> larger
but i want to talk about this larger
but i want to talk about this larger
world<00:03:25.680> the<00:03:25.840> world<00:03:26.080> of<00:03:26.159> the<00:03:26.239> micro<00:03:26.640> world<00:03:27.360> so<00:03:27.599> if
world the world of the micro world so if
world the world of the micro world so if
you<00:03:27.840> were<00:03:28.000> a<00:03:28.080> little<00:03:28.400> tiny
you were a little tiny
you were a little tiny
bug<00:03:30.159> living<00:03:30.400> in<00:03:30.560> a<00:03:30.640> flower<00:03:32.000> what<00:03:32.159> would<00:03:32.319> that
bug living in a flower what would that
bug living in a flower what would that
flower<00:03:32.879> look<00:03:33.040> like<00:03:33.280> if<00:03:33.360> the<00:03:33.519> flower<00:03:33.920> was<00:03:34.080> this
flower look like if the flower was this
flower look like if the flower was this
big<00:03:34.879> it<00:03:34.959> wouldn't<00:03:35.280> look<00:03:35.840> or<00:03:36.080> feel<00:03:36.319> like
big it wouldn't look or feel like
big it wouldn't look or feel like
anything<00:03:36.799> that<00:03:36.959> we<00:03:37.120> see<00:03:37.360> when<00:03:37.519> we<00:03:37.599> look<00:03:37.760> at<00:03:37.840> a
anything that we see when we look at a
anything that we see when we look at a
flower
flower
flower
so<00:03:39.120> if<00:03:39.280> you<00:03:39.360> look<00:03:39.519> at<00:03:39.599> this<00:03:39.840> flower<00:03:40.159> here<00:03:40.400> and
so if you look at this flower here and
so if you look at this flower here and
you're<00:03:40.720> a<00:03:40.799> little<00:03:41.040> bug<00:03:41.280> if<00:03:41.440> you're<00:03:41.599> on<00:03:41.760> that
you're a little bug if you're on that
you're a little bug if you're on that
surface<00:03:42.480> of<00:03:42.560> that<00:03:43.200> of<00:03:43.360> that<00:03:43.599> flower
surface of that of that flower
surface of that of that flower
that's<00:03:44.799> what<00:03:44.959> the<00:03:45.120> terrain<00:03:45.440> would<00:03:45.599> look<00:03:45.760> like
that's what the terrain would look like
that's what the terrain would look like
the<00:03:46.640> petal<00:03:46.959> of<00:03:47.040> that<00:03:47.200> flower<00:03:47.599> looks<00:03:47.840> like<00:03:47.920> that
the petal of that flower looks like that
the petal of that flower looks like that
so<00:03:48.239> the<00:03:48.400> ant<00:03:48.640> is<00:03:48.799> kind<00:03:48.959> of<00:03:49.040> crawling<00:03:49.440> over
so the ant is kind of crawling over
so the ant is kind of crawling over
these<00:03:50.319> objects<00:03:50.720> and<00:03:50.879> if<00:03:50.959> you<00:03:51.120> look<00:03:51.519> a<00:03:51.680> little
these objects and if you look a little
these objects and if you look a little
bit<00:03:52.080> closer<00:03:52.560> at<00:03:52.720> this<00:03:53.440> stigma<00:03:53.920> and<00:03:54.000> the<00:03:54.159> stamen
bit closer at this stigma and the stamen
bit closer at this stigma and the stamen
here<00:03:55.120> this<00:03:55.360> is<00:03:55.519> the<00:03:55.680> style<00:03:56.159> of<00:03:56.239> that<00:03:56.480> flower
here this is the style of that flower
here this is the style of that flower
and<00:03:57.360> you<00:03:57.519> notice<00:03:57.760> that<00:03:58.159> it's<00:03:58.319> got<00:03:58.560> these
and you notice that it's got these
and you notice that it's got these
little<00:03:59.360> these<00:03:59.599> are<00:03:59.680> like<00:03:59.840> little<00:04:00.159> jelly-like
little these are like little jelly-like
little these are like little jelly-like
things<00:04:02.000> that<00:04:02.159> are<00:04:02.400> what<00:04:02.560> are<00:04:02.720> called<00:04:03.360> spurs
things that are what are called spurs
things that are what are called spurs
these<00:04:04.000> are<00:04:04.319> these<00:04:04.560> are<00:04:04.799> uh
these are these are uh
these are these are uh
nectar<00:04:06.080> spurs<00:04:06.959> so<00:04:07.519> this<00:04:07.680> little<00:04:08.000> ant<00:04:08.319> that's
nectar spurs so this little ant that's
nectar spurs so this little ant that's
crawling<00:04:08.879> here<00:04:09.040> it's<00:04:09.280> like<00:04:09.519> it's<00:04:09.760> in<00:04:09.840> a<00:04:09.920> little
crawling here it's like it's in a little
crawling here it's like it's in a little
willy<00:04:10.480> wonka<00:04:10.799> land<00:04:11.200> it's<00:04:11.360> like<00:04:11.519> a<00:04:11.599> little
willy wonka land it's like a little
willy wonka land it's like a little
disneyland<00:04:12.400> for<00:04:12.560> them<00:04:13.120> it's<00:04:13.360> not<00:04:13.519> like<00:04:13.680> what
disneyland for them it's not like what
disneyland for them it's not like what
we<00:04:14.159> see
we see
we see
these<00:04:15.519> are<00:04:15.599> little<00:04:15.840> bits<00:04:16.079> of
these are little bits of
these are little bits of
individual<00:04:18.000> grain<00:04:18.320> of<00:04:18.479> pollen<00:04:19.040> there<00:04:19.280> and
individual grain of pollen there and
individual grain of pollen there and
there
there
there
and<00:04:21.600> here<00:04:22.000> is<00:04:22.160> a<00:04:22.639> what<00:04:22.880> you<00:04:23.040> see<00:04:23.280> is<00:04:23.440> one<00:04:23.600> little
and here is a what you see is one little
and here is a what you see is one little
yellow<00:04:24.160> dot<00:04:24.479> of<00:04:24.560> pollen<00:04:24.960> when<00:04:25.120> you<00:04:25.199> look<00:04:25.360> in
yellow dot of pollen when you look in
yellow dot of pollen when you look in
the<00:04:25.520> microscope<00:04:26.080> it's<00:04:26.320> actually<00:04:26.639> made<00:04:27.360> of
the microscope it's actually made of
the microscope it's actually made of
thousands
thousands
thousands
of<00:04:29.199> little<00:04:29.520> grains<00:04:29.840> of<00:04:29.919> pollen<00:04:30.800> so<00:04:31.040> this<00:04:31.199> for
of little grains of pollen so this for
of little grains of pollen so this for
example<00:04:31.759> when<00:04:31.840> you<00:04:32.000> see<00:04:32.240> bees<00:04:32.639> flying<00:04:33.040> around
example when you see bees flying around
example when you see bees flying around
these<00:04:33.919> little<00:04:34.160> plants<00:04:34.479> and<00:04:34.560> they're
these little plants and they're
these little plants and they're
collecting<00:04:35.280> pollen<00:04:35.919> those<00:04:36.240> pollen<00:04:36.639> grains
collecting pollen those pollen grains
collecting pollen those pollen grains
that<00:04:36.960> they're<00:04:37.120> collecting<00:04:37.520> they<00:04:37.680> pack<00:04:38.000> into
that they're collecting they pack into
that they're collecting they pack into
the<00:04:38.560> into<00:04:38.800> their<00:04:38.960> legs<00:04:39.280> and<00:04:39.360> they<00:04:39.520> take<00:04:39.759> it
the into their legs and they take it
the into their legs and they take it
back<00:04:40.000> to<00:04:40.160> the<00:04:40.320> hive<00:04:41.040> and<00:04:41.360> that's<00:04:41.600> what<00:04:41.840> makes
back to the hive and that's what makes
back to the hive and that's what makes
the<00:04:42.720> beehive<00:04:43.520> the<00:04:43.680> wax<00:04:44.000> and<00:04:44.080> the<00:04:44.160> beehive<00:04:44.800> and
the beehive the wax and the beehive and
the beehive the wax and the beehive and
they're<00:04:45.120> also<00:04:45.440> collecting<00:04:46.240> uh<00:04:46.800> nectar<00:04:47.199> and
they're also collecting uh nectar and
they're also collecting uh nectar and
that's<00:04:47.520> what<00:04:47.680> makes<00:04:48.320> the<00:04:48.479> honey<00:04:48.800> that<00:04:48.960> we<00:04:49.120> eat
here's<00:04:52.160> a<00:04:52.240> close-up<00:04:52.720> picture<00:04:53.120> well<00:04:53.280> this<00:04:53.440> is
here's a close-up picture well this is
here's a close-up picture well this is
actually<00:04:53.840> a<00:04:53.919> regular<00:04:54.240> picture<00:04:54.639> of<00:04:54.800> a<00:04:54.960> water
actually a regular picture of a water
actually a regular picture of a water
hyacinth<00:04:55.759> and<00:04:55.919> if<00:04:56.000> you<00:04:56.080> had<00:04:56.240> really<00:04:56.400> really
hyacinth and if you had really really
hyacinth and if you had really really
good<00:04:56.880> vision<00:04:57.520> with<00:04:57.680> your<00:04:57.840> naked<00:04:58.160> eye<00:04:58.320> you'd
good vision with your naked eye you'd
good vision with your naked eye you'd
see<00:04:58.720> it<00:04:58.800> about<00:04:59.040> that<00:04:59.280> well<00:04:59.919> there's<00:05:00.160> the
see it about that well there's the
see it about that well there's the
stamen<00:05:00.720> in<00:05:00.800> the<00:05:00.880> pistol<00:05:01.520> but<00:05:01.680> look<00:05:01.840> what<00:05:02.000> the
stamen in the pistol but look what the
stamen in the pistol but look what the
stamen<00:05:02.479> in<00:05:02.560> the<00:05:02.639> pistol<00:05:03.040> looks<00:05:03.199> like<00:05:03.360> in<00:05:03.440> the
stamen in the pistol looks like in the
stamen in the pistol looks like in the
microscope<00:05:04.080> that's<00:05:04.240> the<00:05:04.400> stamen
microscope that's the stamen
microscope that's the stamen
it's<00:05:05.840> got<00:05:06.080> thousands<00:05:06.560> of<00:05:06.639> little<00:05:06.880> grains<00:05:07.199> of
it's got thousands of little grains of
it's got thousands of little grains of
pollen<00:05:08.080> there<00:05:08.320> and<00:05:08.400> there's<00:05:08.720> the<00:05:09.199> the<00:05:09.360> pistol
pollen there and there's the the pistol
pollen there and there's the the pistol
there<00:05:10.000> and<00:05:10.080> these<00:05:10.240> are<00:05:10.400> the<00:05:10.880> little<00:05:11.280> little
there and these are the little little
there and these are the little little
things<00:05:11.840> called<00:05:12.160> trichomes<00:05:12.720> and<00:05:12.880> that's<00:05:13.039> what
things called trichomes and that's what
things called trichomes and that's what
makes<00:05:13.440> the
makes the
makes the
the<00:05:14.800> flower<00:05:15.280> give<00:05:15.600> a<00:05:15.759> fragrance<00:05:16.800> and
the flower give a fragrance and
the flower give a fragrance and
plants<00:05:18.160> actually<00:05:18.800> uh<00:05:19.039> communicate<00:05:19.520> with<00:05:19.680> one
plants actually uh communicate with one
plants actually uh communicate with one
with<00:05:20.160> one<00:05:20.400> another<00:05:21.039> through<00:05:21.199> their
with one another through their
with one another through their
fragrances
i<00:05:24.880> want<00:05:25.039> to<00:05:25.199> talk<00:05:25.360> about<00:05:25.600> something<00:05:25.840> really
i want to talk about something really
i want to talk about something really
ordinary<00:05:26.960> just<00:05:27.280> ordinary<00:05:27.840> sand
ordinary just ordinary sand
ordinary just ordinary sand
i<00:05:29.120> became<00:05:29.520> interested<00:05:29.840> in<00:05:30.000> sand<00:05:30.240> about<00:05:30.479> 10
i became interested in sand about 10
i became interested in sand about 10
years<00:05:30.960> ago<00:05:31.120> when<00:05:31.280> i<00:05:31.440> first<00:05:31.680> saw<00:05:32.000> sand<00:05:32.320> from
years ago when i first saw sand from
years ago when i first saw sand from
maui
maui
maui
and<00:05:34.000> in<00:05:34.240> fact<00:05:34.479> this<00:05:34.639> is<00:05:34.800> a<00:05:34.880> little<00:05:35.039> bit<00:05:35.199> of<00:05:35.360> sand
and in fact this is a little bit of sand
and in fact this is a little bit of sand
from<00:05:35.840> maui<00:05:36.639> so<00:05:37.199> is<00:05:37.360> about<00:05:38.240> a<00:05:38.400> tenth<00:05:38.639> of<00:05:38.800> a
from maui so is about a tenth of a
from maui so is about a tenth of a
millimeter<00:05:39.360> in<00:05:39.520> size<00:05:39.840> each<00:05:40.080> sand<00:05:40.400> grain<00:05:40.639> is
millimeter in size each sand grain is
millimeter in size each sand grain is
about<00:05:40.880> a<00:05:40.960> 10th<00:05:41.280> millimeter<00:05:41.680> in<00:05:41.840> size<00:05:42.400> but<00:05:42.560> when
about a 10th millimeter in size but when
about a 10th millimeter in size but when
you<00:05:42.880> look<00:05:43.120> closer<00:05:43.520> at<00:05:43.600> this<00:05:44.240> look<00:05:44.479> at<00:05:44.560> what's
you look closer at this look at what's
you look closer at this look at what's
there<00:05:44.960> it's<00:05:45.199> really<00:05:45.440> quite<00:05:45.680> amazing<00:05:46.479> you<00:05:46.639> have
there it's really quite amazing you have
there it's really quite amazing you have
micro<00:05:47.840> shells<00:05:48.240> there<00:05:48.800> you<00:05:48.960> have<00:05:49.120> things<00:05:49.440> like
micro shells there you have things like
micro shells there you have things like
coral<00:05:50.800> you<00:05:50.960> have<00:05:51.520> fragments<00:05:52.080> of<00:05:52.240> other<00:05:52.479> shells
coral you have fragments of other shells
coral you have fragments of other shells
you<00:05:53.039> have<00:05:53.520> olivine<00:05:54.479> you<00:05:54.639> have<00:05:54.800> bits<00:05:55.039> of<00:05:55.440> the
you have olivine you have bits of the
you have olivine you have bits of the
volcano<00:05:56.240> there's<00:05:56.400> a<00:05:56.479> little<00:05:56.639> bit<00:05:56.800> of<00:05:56.880> the
volcano there's a little bit of the
volcano there's a little bit of the
volcano<00:05:57.520> there<00:05:57.680> you<00:05:57.840> have<00:05:58.000> tube<00:05:58.320> worms
volcano there you have tube worms
volcano there you have tube worms
an<00:05:59.919> amazing<00:06:00.639> array<00:06:01.039> of<00:06:01.199> incredible<00:06:01.759> things
an amazing array of incredible things
an amazing array of incredible things
exist<00:06:02.800> in<00:06:02.960> sand
exist in sand
exist in sand
and<00:06:04.000> the<00:06:04.160> reason<00:06:04.479> that<00:06:04.720> is<00:06:04.880> is<00:06:04.960> because<00:06:05.280> in<00:06:05.360> a
and the reason that is is because in a
and the reason that is is because in a
place<00:06:05.680> like<00:06:05.919> this<00:06:06.240> island<00:06:06.639> a<00:06:06.720> lot<00:06:06.880> of<00:06:07.039> the<00:06:07.120> sand
place like this island a lot of the sand
place like this island a lot of the sand
is<00:06:07.520> made<00:06:07.759> of<00:06:07.840> biological<00:06:08.479> material<00:06:09.039> because
is made of biological material because
is made of biological material because
the<00:06:09.840> reefs<00:06:10.240> provide<00:06:10.960> a<00:06:11.120> place<00:06:11.360> where<00:06:11.600> all
the reefs provide a place where all
the reefs provide a place where all
these<00:06:12.080> microscopic<00:06:13.039> animals<00:06:13.520> or
these microscopic animals or
these microscopic animals or
macroscopic<00:06:15.039> animals<00:06:15.440> grow<00:06:15.919> and<00:06:16.000> when<00:06:16.160> they
macroscopic animals grow and when they
macroscopic animals grow and when they
die<00:06:16.960> their<00:06:17.199> shells<00:06:17.600> and<00:06:17.680> their<00:06:17.919> teeth<00:06:18.160> and
die their shells and their teeth and
die their shells and their teeth and
their<00:06:18.400> bones<00:06:18.720> break<00:06:18.960> up<00:06:19.120> and<00:06:19.199> they<00:06:19.280> make
their bones break up and they make
their bones break up and they make
grains<00:06:19.759> of<00:06:19.919> sand<00:06:20.560> things<00:06:20.800> like<00:06:21.120> coral<00:06:21.840> and<00:06:22.000> so
grains of sand things like coral and so
grains of sand things like coral and so
forth
forth
forth
so<00:06:23.680> here's<00:06:24.000> for<00:06:24.160> example<00:06:24.639> a<00:06:24.800> picture<00:06:25.120> of<00:06:25.280> sand
so here's for example a picture of sand
so here's for example a picture of sand
from<00:06:26.560> uh<00:06:26.800> from<00:06:27.039> maui<00:06:27.840> this<00:06:28.080> is<00:06:28.240> from<00:06:28.479> lahaina
from uh from maui this is from lahaina
from uh from maui this is from lahaina
and<00:06:29.759> when<00:06:29.919> we're<00:06:30.160> walking<00:06:30.400> along<00:06:30.720> the<00:06:30.800> beach
and when we're walking along the beach
and when we're walking along the beach
we're<00:06:31.199> actually<00:06:31.520> walking<00:06:31.840> along<00:06:32.160> millions<00:06:32.560> of
we're actually walking along millions of
we're actually walking along millions of
years<00:06:32.960> of<00:06:33.039> biological<00:06:33.840> and<00:06:33.919> geological
years of biological and geological
years of biological and geological
history<00:06:35.199> we<00:06:35.360> don't<00:06:35.520> realize<00:06:35.840> it<00:06:35.919> but<00:06:36.160> it's
history we don't realize it but it's
history we don't realize it but it's
actually<00:06:36.639> a<00:06:36.800> record<00:06:37.600> of<00:06:37.759> that<00:06:38.000> entire<00:06:38.400> ecology
actually a record of that entire ecology
actually a record of that entire ecology
so<00:06:40.240> here<00:06:40.479> we<00:06:40.639> see<00:06:40.800> for<00:06:41.039> example<00:06:41.840> a<00:06:42.000> sponge
so here we see for example a sponge
so here we see for example a sponge
spicule
spicule
spicule
two<00:06:44.000> bits<00:06:44.240> of<00:06:44.400> coral<00:06:44.800> here
two bits of coral here
two bits of coral here
that's<00:06:46.400> a<00:06:46.479> sea<00:06:46.720> urchin<00:06:47.039> spine<00:06:48.080> really<00:06:48.400> some
that's a sea urchin spine really some
that's a sea urchin spine really some
amazing<00:06:49.039> stuff<00:06:49.680> so<00:06:49.840> when<00:06:50.000> i<00:06:50.080> first<00:06:50.319> looked<00:06:50.560> at
amazing stuff so when i first looked at
amazing stuff so when i first looked at
this<00:06:50.960> i<00:06:51.120> was<00:06:51.440> i<00:06:51.600> thought<00:06:51.919> gee<00:06:52.080> there's<00:06:52.319> like<00:06:52.479> a
this i was i thought gee there's like a
this i was i thought gee there's like a
little<00:06:52.880> treasure<00:06:53.280> trove<00:06:53.600> here<00:06:53.759> i<00:06:53.840> couldn't
little treasure trove here i couldn't
little treasure trove here i couldn't
believe<00:06:54.400> it<00:06:54.479> and<00:06:54.560> i<00:06:54.720> go<00:06:54.880> around<00:06:55.440> dissecting
believe it and i go around dissecting
believe it and i go around dissecting
the<00:06:56.080> little<00:06:56.319> bits<00:06:56.639> out<00:06:56.800> and<00:06:57.199> making
the little bits out and making
the little bits out and making
photographs<00:06:58.319> of<00:06:58.400> them<00:06:59.120> here's<00:06:59.360> what<00:06:59.520> most<00:06:59.759> of
photographs of them here's what most of
photographs of them here's what most of
the<00:06:59.919> sand<00:07:00.319> in<00:07:00.479> our<00:07:00.560> world<00:07:00.880> looks<00:07:01.120> like<00:07:01.840> these
the sand in our world looks like these
the sand in our world looks like these
are<00:07:02.240> quartz<00:07:02.560> crystals
are quartz crystals
are quartz crystals
and<00:07:04.000> feldspar<00:07:04.880> so<00:07:05.039> most<00:07:05.280> sand<00:07:05.520> in<00:07:05.599> the<00:07:05.759> world
and feldspar so most sand in the world
and feldspar so most sand in the world
on<00:07:06.400> on<00:07:06.639> the<00:07:06.800> mainland<00:07:07.599> is<00:07:07.759> made<00:07:08.000> of<00:07:08.160> quartz
on on the mainland is made of quartz
on on the mainland is made of quartz
crystal<00:07:08.800> and<00:07:08.880> feldspar<00:07:09.280> it's<00:07:09.440> the<00:07:09.599> erosion<00:07:10.000> of
crystal and feldspar it's the erosion of
crystal and feldspar it's the erosion of
granite<00:07:10.560> rock<00:07:11.360> so<00:07:11.840> mountains<00:07:12.639> are<00:07:12.800> built<00:07:13.120> up
granite rock so mountains are built up
granite rock so mountains are built up
and<00:07:13.680> they<00:07:13.840> erode<00:07:14.160> away<00:07:14.479> by<00:07:14.639> water<00:07:15.520> and<00:07:15.680> rain
and they erode away by water and rain
and they erode away by water and rain
and<00:07:16.400> ice<00:07:16.639> and<00:07:16.800> so<00:07:16.960> forth<00:07:17.440> and<00:07:17.599> they<00:07:17.759> become
and ice and so forth and they become
and ice and so forth and they become
grains<00:07:18.319> of<00:07:18.479> sand<00:07:19.120> there's<00:07:19.840> some<00:07:20.080> stand<00:07:20.400> that's
grains of sand there's some stand that's
grains of sand there's some stand that's
really<00:07:20.800> much<00:07:20.960> more<00:07:21.199> colorful<00:07:21.599> these<00:07:21.840> are<00:07:21.919> sand
really much more colorful these are sand
really much more colorful these are sand
for<00:07:22.319> near<00:07:22.479> the<00:07:22.639> great<00:07:22.880> lakes<00:07:23.520> and<00:07:23.680> you<00:07:23.759> can<00:07:23.919> see
for near the great lakes and you can see
for near the great lakes and you can see
that<00:07:24.240> it's<00:07:24.400> filled<00:07:24.639> with<00:07:24.800> minerals<00:07:25.280> like<00:07:25.759> pink
that it's filled with minerals like pink
that it's filled with minerals like pink
garnet<00:07:26.479> and<00:07:26.560> green<00:07:26.880> epidote<00:07:27.680> all<00:07:27.840> kinds<00:07:28.080> of
garnet and green epidote all kinds of
garnet and green epidote all kinds of
amazing<00:07:28.720> stuff<00:07:28.960> and<00:07:29.039> if<00:07:29.199> you<00:07:29.360> look<00:07:29.840> at
amazing stuff and if you look at
amazing stuff and if you look at
different<00:07:30.319> sands<00:07:30.639> from<00:07:30.800> different<00:07:31.120> places
different sands from different places
different sands from different places
every<00:07:31.919> single<00:07:32.639> beach<00:07:32.960> every<00:07:33.199> single<00:07:33.440> place
every single beach every single place
every single beach every single place
you<00:07:33.919> look<00:07:34.080> at<00:07:34.240> sam<00:07:34.800> it's<00:07:35.120> different
you look at sam it's different
you look at sam it's different
here's<00:07:36.479> from<00:07:36.880> big<00:07:37.199> sur
here's from big sur
here's from big sur
like<00:07:38.479> they're<00:07:38.720> little<00:07:38.960> jewels<00:07:39.680> there<00:07:39.840> are
like they're little jewels there are
like they're little jewels there are
places<00:07:40.319> in<00:07:40.479> africa<00:07:41.120> where<00:07:41.280> they<00:07:41.440> do<00:07:41.599> the
places in africa where they do the
places in africa where they do the
mining<00:07:42.080> of<00:07:42.240> jewels<00:07:42.560> and<00:07:42.720> you<00:07:42.800> go<00:07:42.880> to<00:07:42.960> the<00:07:43.120> sand
mining of jewels and you go to the sand
mining of jewels and you go to the sand
where<00:07:44.880> the<00:07:45.039> rivers
where the rivers
where the rivers
uh<00:07:46.319> have<00:07:46.479> the<00:07:46.639> sand<00:07:46.880> go<00:07:47.120> down<00:07:47.280> to<00:07:47.360> the<00:07:47.520> ocean
uh have the sand go down to the ocean
uh have the sand go down to the ocean
and<00:07:47.840> it's<00:07:48.000> like<00:07:48.240> literally<00:07:48.639> looking<00:07:48.880> at<00:07:49.039> tiny
and it's like literally looking at tiny
and it's like literally looking at tiny
jewels<00:07:50.160> through<00:07:50.319> the<00:07:50.479> microscope
jewels through the microscope
jewels through the microscope
so<00:07:52.240> every<00:07:52.720> grain<00:07:53.039> of<00:07:53.120> sand<00:07:53.360> is<00:07:53.520> unique<00:07:53.919> every
so every grain of sand is unique every
so every grain of sand is unique every
beach<00:07:54.400> is<00:07:54.560> different<00:07:55.199> every<00:07:55.599> single<00:07:55.919> grain<00:07:56.639> is
beach is different every single grain is
beach is different every single grain is
different<00:07:57.039> there<00:07:57.199> are<00:07:57.360> no<00:07:57.599> two<00:07:57.840> grains<00:07:58.160> of
different there are no two grains of
different there are no two grains of
sand<00:07:58.560> alike<00:07:58.879> in<00:07:58.960> the<00:07:59.039> world<00:07:59.759> every<00:08:00.000> grain<00:08:00.240> of
sand alike in the world every grain of
sand alike in the world every grain of
sand<00:08:00.639> is<00:08:00.960> coming<00:08:01.280> somewhere<00:08:02.080> and<00:08:02.240> going
sand is coming somewhere and going
sand is coming somewhere and going
somewhere<00:08:03.199> it's<00:08:03.759> like<00:08:04.000> a<00:08:04.080> snapshot<00:08:04.720> in<00:08:04.879> time
somewhere it's like a snapshot in time
somewhere it's like a snapshot in time
now<00:08:07.599> sand<00:08:08.000> is<00:08:08.160> not<00:08:08.319> only<00:08:08.560> on<00:08:08.720> earth<00:08:09.520> but<00:08:09.759> sand
now sand is not only on earth but sand
now sand is not only on earth but sand
is<00:08:10.560> ubiquitous<00:08:11.280> throughout<00:08:11.520> the<00:08:11.680> universe<00:08:12.160> in
is ubiquitous throughout the universe in
is ubiquitous throughout the universe in
fact<00:08:12.560> outer<00:08:12.879> space<00:08:13.680> is<00:08:13.919> filled<00:08:14.240> with<00:08:14.400> sand
fact outer space is filled with sand
fact outer space is filled with sand
and<00:08:15.520> that<00:08:15.759> sand<00:08:16.080> comes<00:08:16.400> together<00:08:17.039> to<00:08:17.199> make<00:08:17.440> our
and that sand comes together to make our
and that sand comes together to make our
planets<00:08:18.560> and<00:08:18.720> the<00:08:18.800> moon
planets and the moon
planets and the moon
and<00:08:19.840> you<00:08:20.000> can<00:08:20.160> see<00:08:20.400> those<00:08:20.639> in<00:08:20.720> micrometeorites
and you can see those in micrometeorites
and you can see those in micrometeorites
this<00:08:21.759> is<00:08:21.840> the<00:08:22.000> micro<00:08:22.319> meteorites<00:08:22.720> that<00:08:22.800> the
this is the micro meteorites that the
this is the micro meteorites that the
army<00:08:23.280> gave<00:08:23.520> me<00:08:23.919> and<00:08:24.000> they<00:08:24.160> get<00:08:24.400> these<00:08:24.639> out<00:08:24.720> of
army gave me and they get these out of
army gave me and they get these out of
the<00:08:25.039> drinking<00:08:25.360> wells<00:08:25.759> in<00:08:25.840> the<00:08:26.000> south<00:08:26.319> pole
the drinking wells in the south pole
the drinking wells in the south pole
and<00:08:28.000> they're<00:08:28.240> quite<00:08:28.479> amazing<00:08:28.960> looking<00:08:29.199> and
and they're quite amazing looking and
and they're quite amazing looking and
these<00:08:29.520> are<00:08:29.599> the<00:08:30.240> tiny<00:08:30.639> constituents<00:08:31.759> that
these are the tiny constituents that
these are the tiny constituents that
make<00:08:32.240> up<00:08:32.399> the<00:08:32.560> world<00:08:33.360> that<00:08:33.519> we<00:08:33.680> live<00:08:33.919> the
make up the world that we live the
make up the world that we live the
planets<00:08:34.880> and<00:08:35.039> the<00:08:35.120> moon
planets and the moon
planets and the moon
so<00:08:36.640> nasa<00:08:36.959> wanted<00:08:37.279> me<00:08:37.360> to<00:08:37.519> take<00:08:37.680> some<00:08:37.919> pictures
so nasa wanted me to take some pictures
so nasa wanted me to take some pictures
of<00:08:38.399> moon<00:08:38.719> sand<00:08:39.279> so<00:08:39.440> they<00:08:39.599> sent<00:08:39.760> me<00:08:40.000> sand<00:08:40.240> from
of moon sand so they sent me sand from
of moon sand so they sent me sand from
all<00:08:40.640> the<00:08:40.719> different<00:08:41.039> landings
all the different landings
all the different landings
of<00:08:43.680> the<00:08:43.839> apollo<00:08:44.240> mission<00:08:44.560> that<00:08:44.720> happened<00:08:44.959> 40
of the apollo mission that happened 40
of the apollo mission that happened 40
years<00:08:45.519> ago
years ago
years ago
and<00:08:46.480> i<00:08:46.640> started<00:08:46.880> taking<00:08:47.200> pictures<00:08:47.519> with<00:08:47.760> my
and i started taking pictures with my
and i started taking pictures with my
three-dimensional<00:08:48.959> microscopes<00:08:49.760> this<00:08:50.000> was
three-dimensional microscopes this was
three-dimensional microscopes this was
the<00:08:50.240> first<00:08:50.480> picture<00:08:50.800> i<00:08:50.959> took
the first picture i took
the first picture i took
it<00:08:51.760> was<00:08:51.920> kind<00:08:52.000> of<00:08:52.160> amazing<00:08:52.480> i<00:08:52.640> thought<00:08:52.800> it
it was kind of amazing i thought it
it was kind of amazing i thought it
looked<00:08:53.040> kind<00:08:53.200> of<00:08:53.279> a<00:08:53.360> little<00:08:53.519> bit<00:08:53.680> like<00:08:53.920> the
looked kind of a little bit like the
looked kind of a little bit like the
moon
moon
moon
which<00:08:55.279> is<00:08:55.440> sort<00:08:55.600> of<00:08:55.839> interesting<00:08:56.480> now<00:08:56.800> the<00:08:56.880> way
which is sort of interesting now the way
which is sort of interesting now the way
my<00:08:57.279> microscopes<00:08:58.000> work<00:08:58.399> is<00:08:58.800> normally<00:08:59.120> in<00:08:59.200> a
my microscopes work is normally in a
my microscopes work is normally in a
microscope<00:08:59.839> you<00:08:59.920> can<00:09:00.080> see<00:09:00.320> very<00:09:00.480> little<00:09:00.720> at
microscope you can see very little at
microscope you can see very little at
one<00:09:01.120> time<00:09:01.600> so<00:09:01.839> what<00:09:02.000> you<00:09:02.160> have<00:09:02.240> to<00:09:02.320> do<00:09:02.480> is<00:09:02.560> you
one time so what you have to do is you
one time so what you have to do is you
have<00:09:02.800> to<00:09:02.880> refocus<00:09:03.519> the<00:09:03.600> microscope<00:09:04.640> to<00:09:04.959> keep
have to refocus the microscope to keep
have to refocus the microscope to keep
taking<00:09:05.600> pictures<00:09:06.399> and<00:09:06.560> then<00:09:06.959> i<00:09:07.120> have<00:09:07.279> a
taking pictures and then i have a
taking pictures and then i have a
computer<00:09:07.839> program<00:09:08.640> that<00:09:08.800> puts<00:09:09.120> all<00:09:09.279> those
computer program that puts all those
computer program that puts all those
pictures<00:09:10.000> together<00:09:10.800> into<00:09:11.040> one<00:09:11.279> picture<00:09:11.600> so
pictures together into one picture so
pictures together into one picture so
you<00:09:11.920> can<00:09:12.080> see<00:09:12.320> actually<00:09:12.720> what<00:09:12.880> it<00:09:12.959> looks<00:09:13.279> like
you can see actually what it looks like
you can see actually what it looks like
and<00:09:14.080> i<00:09:14.240> do<00:09:14.399> that<00:09:14.640> actually<00:09:14.959> in<00:09:15.120> 3d
and i do that actually in 3d
and i do that actually in 3d
so<00:09:16.320> there<00:09:16.640> you<00:09:16.800> can<00:09:16.959> see<00:09:17.200> the<00:09:17.279> left<00:09:17.600> eye<00:09:17.760> view
so there you can see the left eye view
so there you can see the left eye view
there's<00:09:18.399> a<00:09:18.480> right<00:09:18.720> eye<00:09:18.959> view
there's a right eye view
there's a right eye view
so<00:09:20.240> sort<00:09:20.480> of<00:09:20.640> left<00:09:20.959> eye<00:09:21.120> view<00:09:21.519> right<00:09:21.760> eye<00:09:21.920> view
so sort of left eye view right eye view
so sort of left eye view right eye view
now<00:09:22.560> something's<00:09:22.959> interesting<00:09:23.440> here<00:09:23.839> this
now something's interesting here this
now something's interesting here this
looks<00:09:24.320> very<00:09:24.560> different<00:09:24.800> than<00:09:24.959> any<00:09:25.200> sand<00:09:25.680> on
looks very different than any sand on
looks very different than any sand on
earth<00:09:26.240> that<00:09:26.320> i've<00:09:26.560> ever<00:09:26.720> seen<00:09:27.040> i've
earth that i've ever seen i've
earth that i've ever seen i've
seen<00:09:28.080> a<00:09:28.160> lot<00:09:28.320> of<00:09:28.480> sand<00:09:28.800> on<00:09:28.959> earth<00:09:29.279> believe<00:09:29.600> me
seen a lot of sand on earth believe me
seen a lot of sand on earth believe me
look<00:09:31.519> at<00:09:31.600> this<00:09:31.839> hole<00:09:32.080> in<00:09:32.160> the<00:09:32.320> middle
look at this hole in the middle
look at this hole in the middle
that<00:09:33.360> hole<00:09:33.600> was<00:09:33.760> caused<00:09:34.000> by<00:09:34.160> a<00:09:34.240> micro
that hole was caused by a micro
that hole was caused by a micro
meteorite<00:09:35.519> hitting<00:09:35.839> the<00:09:35.920> moon<00:09:36.160> now<00:09:36.320> the<00:09:36.399> moon
meteorite hitting the moon now the moon
meteorite hitting the moon now the moon
has<00:09:36.800> no<00:09:36.959> atmosphere<00:09:37.440> so<00:09:37.680> micro<00:09:38.000> meteorites
has no atmosphere so micro meteorites
has no atmosphere so micro meteorites
come<00:09:38.640> in<00:09:38.800> continuously<00:09:40.080> and<00:09:40.560> the<00:09:40.800> whole
come in continuously and the whole
come in continuously and the whole
surface<00:09:41.600> of<00:09:41.680> the<00:09:41.760> moon<00:09:42.000> is<00:09:42.080> covered<00:09:42.399> with
surface of the moon is covered with
surface of the moon is covered with
powder<00:09:42.880> now<00:09:43.040> because<00:09:43.360> for<00:09:43.519> four<00:09:43.839> billion
powder now because for four billion
powder now because for four billion
years<00:09:44.720> it's<00:09:44.880> bombarded<00:09:46.000> by<00:09:46.240> micrometeorites
years it's bombarded by micrometeorites
years it's bombarded by micrometeorites
and<00:09:47.519> when<00:09:47.760> micro<00:09:48.160> meteorites<00:09:48.560> come<00:09:48.720> in<00:09:48.880> at
and when micro meteorites come in at
and when micro meteorites come in at
about<00:09:49.839> 20<00:09:50.160> to<00:09:50.399> 60<00:09:50.880> 000<00:09:51.120> miles<00:09:51.440> an<00:09:51.600> hour<00:09:51.839> they
about 20 to 60 000 miles an hour they
about 20 to 60 000 miles an hour they
vaporize<00:09:52.640> on<00:09:52.880> contact<00:09:53.600> and<00:09:53.839> you<00:09:53.920> can<00:09:54.080> see<00:09:54.320> here
vaporize on contact and you can see here
vaporize on contact and you can see here
that<00:09:55.120> that<00:09:55.279> is<00:09:55.440> that<00:09:55.760> sort<00:09:55.920> of<00:09:56.080> vaporized<00:09:56.640> and
that that is that sort of vaporized and
that that is that sort of vaporized and
that<00:09:56.959> material<00:09:57.360> is<00:09:57.519> holding<00:09:57.839> this<00:09:58.000> little
that material is holding this little
that material is holding this little
clump<00:09:58.640> of<00:09:59.040> little<00:09:59.360> sand<00:09:59.680> grains<00:10:00.080> together
clump of little sand grains together
clump of little sand grains together
this<00:10:00.480> is<00:10:00.560> a<00:10:00.720> very<00:10:00.959> small<00:10:01.200> grain<00:10:01.519> of<00:10:01.600> sand<00:10:01.839> this
this is a very small grain of sand this
this is a very small grain of sand this
whole<00:10:02.240> thing
whole thing
whole thing
and<00:10:03.200> that's<00:10:03.440> called<00:10:03.600> the<00:10:03.760> ring<00:10:03.920> of<00:10:04.000> glutinous
and that's called the ring of glutinous
and that's called the ring of glutinous
and
and
and
many<00:10:06.480> of<00:10:06.560> the<00:10:06.959> grains<00:10:07.279> of<00:10:07.360> sand<00:10:07.600> on<00:10:07.680> the<00:10:07.760> moon
many of the grains of sand on the moon
many of the grains of sand on the moon
look<00:10:08.160> like<00:10:08.399> that<00:10:08.800> and<00:10:08.959> you'd<00:10:09.200> never<00:10:09.440> find<00:10:09.680> that
look like that and you'd never find that
look like that and you'd never find that
on<00:10:10.000> earth
most<00:10:12.640> of<00:10:12.800> the<00:10:13.040> uh<00:10:13.440> of<00:10:13.600> the<00:10:13.920> sand<00:10:14.320> on<00:10:14.560> earth<00:10:15.040> on
most of the uh of the sand on earth on
most of the uh of the sand on earth on
the<00:10:15.279> moon<00:10:15.600> especially<00:10:16.320> and<00:10:16.480> you<00:10:16.560> know<00:10:16.640> when
the moon especially and you know when
the moon especially and you know when
you<00:10:16.880> look<00:10:16.959> at<00:10:17.040> the<00:10:17.120> moon<00:10:17.360> there's<00:10:17.519> the<00:10:17.600> dark
you look at the moon there's the dark
you look at the moon there's the dark
areas<00:10:18.240> and<00:10:18.320> the<00:10:18.399> light<00:10:18.640> areas<00:10:18.959> the<00:10:19.120> dark<00:10:19.440> areas
areas and the light areas the dark areas
areas and the light areas the dark areas
are<00:10:20.480> lava<00:10:20.800> flows<00:10:21.200> they're<00:10:21.519> um
are lava flows they're um
are lava flows they're um
basaltic<00:10:23.120> lava<00:10:23.440> flows<00:10:24.079> and<00:10:24.160> that's<00:10:24.399> what<00:10:24.560> this
basaltic lava flows and that's what this
basaltic lava flows and that's what this
sand<00:10:25.040> looks<00:10:25.279> like<00:10:25.600> very<00:10:25.839> similar<00:10:26.160> to<00:10:26.240> the<00:10:26.399> sand
sand looks like very similar to the sand
sand looks like very similar to the sand
that<00:10:26.720> you<00:10:26.800> would<00:10:26.880> look<00:10:27.040> like<00:10:27.279> that<00:10:27.440> you<00:10:27.519> would
that you would look like that you would
that you would look like that you would
see<00:10:27.760> in<00:10:27.920> haleakala
see in haleakala
see in haleakala
other<00:10:30.959> sands<00:10:31.360> when<00:10:31.519> these<00:10:31.760> micro<00:10:32.079> meteorites
other sands when these micro meteorites
other sands when these micro meteorites
come<00:10:32.880> in
come in
come in
they<00:10:34.079> they<00:10:34.720> vaporize<00:10:35.360> and<00:10:35.440> they<00:10:35.680> make<00:10:35.920> these
they they vaporize and they make these
they they vaporize and they make these
fountains<00:10:36.720> these<00:10:36.959> microscopic<00:10:37.680> fountains
fountains these microscopic fountains
fountains these microscopic fountains
that<00:10:38.160> go<00:10:38.399> up<00:10:38.480> into<00:10:38.640> the<00:10:38.880> in<00:10:39.360> not<00:10:39.519> i<00:10:39.680> was<00:10:39.760> going
that go up into the in not i was going
that go up into the in not i was going
to<00:10:39.920> say<00:10:40.079> up<00:10:40.160> into<00:10:40.320> the<00:10:40.399> air<00:10:40.560> but<00:10:40.720> there<00:10:40.800> is<00:10:40.959> no
to say up into the air but there is no
to say up into the air but there is no
air
air
air
sort<00:10:42.480> of<00:10:42.880> goes<00:10:43.360> up<00:10:43.920> and<00:10:44.079> they<00:10:44.399> and<00:10:44.560> these
sort of goes up and they and these
sort of goes up and they and these
microscopic<00:10:45.600> glass<00:10:46.000> beads<00:10:46.320> are<00:10:46.480> formed
microscopic glass beads are formed
microscopic glass beads are formed
instantly<00:10:47.680> and<00:10:47.839> they<00:10:48.000> harden<00:10:48.320> and<00:10:48.399> by<00:10:48.560> the
instantly and they harden and by the
instantly and they harden and by the
time<00:10:48.880> they<00:10:49.040> fall<00:10:49.279> down<00:10:49.760> back<00:10:49.920> to<00:10:50.079> the<00:10:50.240> surface
time they fall down back to the surface
time they fall down back to the surface
of<00:10:51.200> the<00:10:51.360> moon<00:10:52.079> they<00:10:52.240> have<00:10:52.399> these<00:10:52.640> beautiful
of the moon they have these beautiful
of the moon they have these beautiful
colored<00:10:53.600> glass<00:10:53.920> spherules<00:10:54.480> and<00:10:54.640> these<00:10:54.800> are
colored glass spherules and these are
colored glass spherules and these are
actually<00:10:55.519> microscopic<00:10:56.240> you<00:10:56.320> need<00:10:56.480> a
actually microscopic you need a
actually microscopic you need a
microscope<00:10:57.040> to<00:10:57.200> see<00:10:57.440> these
microscope to see these
microscope to see these
now<00:10:59.279> here's<00:10:59.440> a<00:10:59.600> grain<00:10:59.760> of<00:11:00.000> sand
now here's a grain of sand
now here's a grain of sand
that<00:11:01.760> is<00:11:02.079> from<00:11:02.240> the<00:11:02.399> moon<00:11:02.880> and<00:11:03.120> you<00:11:03.200> can<00:11:03.440> see
that is from the moon and you can see
that is from the moon and you can see
that<00:11:03.839> the<00:11:04.000> entire<00:11:05.040> crystal<00:11:05.440> structure<00:11:05.920> is
that the entire crystal structure is
that the entire crystal structure is
still<00:11:06.399> there<00:11:06.959> this<00:11:07.200> this<00:11:07.440> grain<00:11:07.760> of<00:11:07.839> sand<00:11:08.160> is
still there this this grain of sand is
still there this this grain of sand is
probably<00:11:08.959> about<00:11:09.360> three<00:11:09.680> and<00:11:09.839> a<00:11:09.920> half<00:11:10.160> or<00:11:10.240> four
probably about three and a half or four
probably about three and a half or four
billion<00:11:10.959> years<00:11:11.279> old<00:11:11.839> and<00:11:12.000> it's<00:11:12.160> never<00:11:12.399> eroded
billion years old and it's never eroded
billion years old and it's never eroded
away<00:11:13.040> like<00:11:13.279> the<00:11:13.360> way<00:11:13.600> we<00:11:13.760> have<00:11:14.000> sand<00:11:14.240> on<00:11:14.399> earth
away like the way we have sand on earth
away like the way we have sand on earth
erodes<00:11:15.279> away<00:11:15.519> because<00:11:15.760> of<00:11:16.000> water
erodes away because of water
erodes away because of water
and<00:11:17.440> tumbling
and tumbling
and tumbling
air<00:11:19.040> and<00:11:19.200> so<00:11:19.440> forth<00:11:19.920> all<00:11:20.160> you<00:11:20.240> can<00:11:20.399> see<00:11:20.560> is<00:11:20.640> a
air and so forth all you can see is a
air and so forth all you can see is a
little<00:11:20.880> bit<00:11:20.959> of<00:11:21.120> erosion<00:11:21.600> down<00:11:21.920> here
little bit of erosion down here
little bit of erosion down here
by<00:11:23.040> the<00:11:23.279> sun
by the sun
by the sun
has<00:11:24.399> these<00:11:24.640> solar<00:11:24.959> storms<00:11:25.600> and<00:11:25.760> those<00:11:26.240> that
has these solar storms and those that
has these solar storms and those that
that<00:11:27.200> that's<00:11:27.519> erosion<00:11:27.920> by<00:11:28.160> solar<00:11:28.959> radiation
that that's erosion by solar radiation
that that's erosion by solar radiation
so<00:11:31.040> what<00:11:31.200> i've<00:11:31.440> been<00:11:31.600> trying<00:11:31.839> to<00:11:32.000> tell<00:11:32.160> you
so what i've been trying to tell you
so what i've been trying to tell you
today<00:11:32.959> is<00:11:33.600> things<00:11:34.079> even<00:11:34.480> as<00:11:35.120> ordinary<00:11:35.839> as<00:11:36.000> a
today is things even as ordinary as a
today is things even as ordinary as a
grain<00:11:36.320> of<00:11:36.480> sand<00:11:36.800> can<00:11:37.040> be<00:11:37.360> truly<00:11:37.839> extraordinary
grain of sand can be truly extraordinary
grain of sand can be truly extraordinary
if<00:11:39.040> you<00:11:39.200> look<00:11:39.440> closely<00:11:39.839> and<00:11:39.920> if<00:11:40.079> you<00:11:40.160> look<00:11:40.320> from
if you look closely and if you look from
if you look closely and if you look from
a<00:11:40.560> different<00:11:41.120> and<00:11:41.279> a<00:11:41.440> new<00:11:41.600> point<00:11:41.839> of<00:11:41.920> view
a different and a new point of view
a different and a new point of view
i<00:11:43.279> think<00:11:43.440> that<00:11:43.920> this<00:11:44.160> was<00:11:44.399> best<00:11:44.720> put
i think that this was best put
i think that this was best put
by<00:11:45.920> william<00:11:46.320> blake<00:11:46.640> when<00:11:46.800> he<00:11:46.959> said<00:11:47.519> to<00:11:47.680> see<00:11:47.920> a
by william blake when he said to see a
by william blake when he said to see a
world<00:11:48.560> in<00:11:48.720> a<00:11:48.800> grain<00:11:49.040> of<00:11:49.200> sand
world in a grain of sand
world in a grain of sand
in<00:11:50.560> a<00:11:50.640> heaven<00:11:51.040> and<00:11:51.120> a<00:11:51.200> wild<00:11:51.519> flower
in a heaven and a wild flower
in a heaven and a wild flower
hold<00:11:53.200> infinity<00:11:53.760> in<00:11:53.839> the<00:11:53.920> palm<00:11:54.240> of<00:11:54.320> your<00:11:54.480> hand
hold infinity in the palm of your hand
hold infinity in the palm of your hand
in<00:11:55.440> eternity<00:11:56.079> in<00:11:56.240> an<00:11:56.399> hour
in eternity in an hour
in eternity in an hour
thank<00:11:57.680> you
[Music]
Gary Greenberg, TED, TEDx, TED-Ed, TED Ed, TEDEducation, TEDxMaui, Maui, nano, micro, small, photographer
