India's invisible innovation - Nirmalya Kumar
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over<00:00:15.839> the<00:00:15.839> last<00:00:16.160> two<00:00:16.320> decades<00:00:17.199> india<00:00:17.520> has
over the last two decades india has
over the last two decades india has
become<00:00:18.400> a<00:00:18.560> global<00:00:19.039> hub<00:00:19.760> for<00:00:20.400> software
become a global hub for software
become a global hub for software
development<00:00:21.840> and
development and
development and
offshoring<00:00:23.279> of<00:00:23.439> back<00:00:24.080> office<00:00:24.800> services<00:00:25.359> as<00:00:25.439> we
offshoring of back office services as we
offshoring of back office services as we
call<00:00:25.840> it
call it
call it
and
and
and
what<00:00:27.920> we<00:00:28.080> were<00:00:28.320> interested<00:00:28.800> in<00:00:29.119> finding<00:00:29.519> out
what we were interested in finding out
what we were interested in finding out
was
was
was
that
that
that
because<00:00:32.000> of<00:00:32.160> this<00:00:32.719> huge
because of this huge
because of this huge
industry<00:00:34.079> that<00:00:34.239> has<00:00:34.399> started<00:00:34.719> over<00:00:34.960> the<00:00:35.120> last
industry that has started over the last
industry that has started over the last
two<00:00:35.440> decades<00:00:35.840> in<00:00:36.000> india<00:00:36.480> offshoring<00:00:37.040> software
two decades in india offshoring software
two decades in india offshoring software
development<00:00:38.000> and<00:00:38.399> back<00:00:38.640> office<00:00:38.879> services
development and back office services
development and back office services
there's<00:00:39.920> been<00:00:40.079> a<00:00:40.239> flight<00:00:40.719> of<00:00:40.960> white<00:00:41.200> collar
there's been a flight of white collar
there's been a flight of white collar
jobs<00:00:42.079> from<00:00:42.239> the<00:00:42.399> developed<00:00:42.879> world<00:00:43.280> to<00:00:43.520> india
when<00:00:46.239> this<00:00:46.480> is<00:00:46.559> combined<00:00:47.360> with<00:00:47.520> the<00:00:47.680> loss<00:00:47.920> of
when this is combined with the loss of
when this is combined with the loss of
manufacturing<00:00:48.719> jobs<00:00:48.960> to<00:00:49.200> china<00:00:49.840> it<00:00:50.000> has
manufacturing jobs to china it has
manufacturing jobs to china it has
you<00:00:50.879> know<00:00:51.120> led<00:00:51.280> to<00:00:51.440> considerable<00:00:52.160> angst
you know led to considerable angst
you know led to considerable angst
amongst<00:00:53.600> the<00:00:53.760> western<00:00:54.160> populations
amongst the western populations
amongst the western populations
in<00:00:56.320> fact<00:00:56.559> if<00:00:56.719> you<00:00:56.800> look<00:00:56.960> at<00:00:57.199> polls<00:00:57.760> they<00:00:58.000> show<00:00:58.160> a
in fact if you look at polls they show a
in fact if you look at polls they show a
declining
declining
declining
trend<00:01:00.399> for<00:01:00.719> support<00:01:01.199> for<00:01:01.359> free<00:01:01.680> trade<00:01:02.320> in<00:01:02.480> the
trend for support for free trade in the
trend for support for free trade in the
west
west
west
uh<00:01:04.799> now<00:01:05.040> the<00:01:05.199> western<00:01:05.680> elites<00:01:06.320> however<00:01:06.720> have
uh now the western elites however have
uh now the western elites however have
said<00:01:07.119> this<00:01:07.280> fear<00:01:07.600> is<00:01:07.760> misplaced<00:01:08.720> for<00:01:08.960> example
said this fear is misplaced for example
said this fear is misplaced for example
if<00:01:10.000> you<00:01:10.159> have<00:01:10.320> read<00:01:10.560> i<00:01:10.799> suspect<00:01:11.119> many<00:01:11.439> of<00:01:11.600> you
if you have read i suspect many of you
if you have read i suspect many of you
have<00:01:12.080> done<00:01:12.320> so<00:01:12.880> read<00:01:13.200> the<00:01:13.360> book<00:01:13.840> by<00:01:14.080> thomas
have done so read the book by thomas
have done so read the book by thomas
friedman<00:01:14.799> called<00:01:14.960> the<00:01:15.040> world<00:01:15.360> is<00:01:15.439> flat
friedman called the world is flat
friedman called the world is flat
he<00:01:16.880> said<00:01:17.200> basically<00:01:17.680> in<00:01:17.759> his<00:01:17.920> book<00:01:18.400> that<00:01:18.640> you
he said basically in his book that you
he said basically in his book that you
know<00:01:18.880> this<00:01:19.119> fear<00:01:19.439> for<00:01:19.680> free<00:01:20.000> trade<00:01:20.560> is
know this fear for free trade is
know this fear for free trade is
wrong<00:01:22.240> because<00:01:22.479> it<00:01:22.720> assumes<00:01:23.439> is<00:01:23.600> based<00:01:23.920> on<00:01:24.000> a
wrong because it assumes is based on a
wrong because it assumes is based on a
mistaken<00:01:24.640> assumption<00:01:25.280> that<00:01:25.600> everything<00:01:25.920> that
mistaken assumption that everything that
mistaken assumption that everything that
can<00:01:26.400> be<00:01:26.560> invented<00:01:27.280> has<00:01:27.520> been<00:01:27.759> invented
can be invented has been invented
can be invented has been invented
in<00:01:29.040> fact<00:01:29.280> he<00:01:29.520> says<00:01:29.920> it's<00:01:30.240> innovation<00:01:30.799> that
in fact he says it's innovation that
in fact he says it's innovation that
will<00:01:31.119> keep<00:01:31.280> the<00:01:31.360> west<00:01:31.680> ahead<00:01:31.920> of<00:01:32.000> the
will keep the west ahead of the
will keep the west ahead of the
developing<00:01:32.720> world<00:01:33.280> with<00:01:33.439> the
developing world with the
developing world with the
more<00:01:34.479> sophisticated<00:01:35.520> innovative<00:01:36.079> tasks
more sophisticated innovative tasks
more sophisticated innovative tasks
being<00:01:36.640> done<00:01:36.880> in<00:01:36.960> the<00:01:37.040> developed<00:01:37.439> world<00:01:37.920> and
being done in the developed world and
being done in the developed world and
the<00:01:38.240> less<00:01:38.479> sophisticated<00:01:39.439> uh<00:01:39.680> shall<00:01:39.840> we<00:01:40.000> say
the less sophisticated uh shall we say
the less sophisticated uh shall we say
drudge<00:01:40.560> work<00:01:40.799> being<00:01:40.960> done<00:01:41.200> in<00:01:41.280> the<00:01:41.439> developing
drudge work being done in the developing
drudge work being done in the developing
world
now<00:01:44.960> what<00:01:45.200> we<00:01:45.360> were<00:01:45.520> trying<00:01:45.759> to<00:01:45.920> understand
now what we were trying to understand
now what we were trying to understand
was
is<00:01:48.960> this<00:01:49.200> true
is this true
is this true
could<00:01:50.560> india<00:01:50.960> become
could india become
could india become
a<00:01:52.479> source<00:01:53.040> or<00:01:53.200> a<00:01:53.280> global<00:01:53.680> hub<00:01:54.240> of<00:01:54.479> innovation
a source or a global hub of innovation
a source or a global hub of innovation
just<00:01:55.680> like<00:01:55.920> it's<00:01:56.079> become<00:01:56.640> a<00:01:56.799> global<00:01:57.280> hub<00:01:57.840> for
just like it's become a global hub for
just like it's become a global hub for
back<00:01:58.560> office<00:01:58.799> services<00:01:59.280> and<00:01:59.439> software
back office services and software
back office services and software
development
development
development
and<00:02:02.000> for<00:02:02.159> the<00:02:02.320> last<00:02:02.640> four<00:02:02.799> years<00:02:03.360> my<00:02:03.520> co-author
and for the last four years my co-author
and for the last four years my co-author
fanish<00:02:04.320> puranam<00:02:04.799> and<00:02:04.960> i<00:02:05.360> spent<00:02:05.920> investigating
fanish puranam and i spent investigating
fanish puranam and i spent investigating
this<00:02:06.719> topic
this topic
this topic
initially
initially
initially
or<00:02:10.319> you<00:02:10.479> know<00:02:10.720> as<00:02:11.039> people<00:02:11.360> would<00:02:11.599> say<00:02:12.000> you<00:02:12.080> know
or you know as people would say you know
or you know as people would say you know
in<00:02:12.560> fact<00:02:12.720> the<00:02:12.879> more<00:02:13.120> aggressive<00:02:13.599> people<00:02:13.920> who
in fact the more aggressive people who
in fact the more aggressive people who
are<00:02:14.319> supporting<00:02:14.720> the<00:02:14.959> western<00:02:15.360> innovative
are supporting the western innovative
are supporting the western innovative
model<00:02:16.400> say<00:02:16.800> where<00:02:17.120> are<00:02:17.200> the<00:02:17.360> indian<00:02:17.680> googles
model say where are the indian googles
model say where are the indian googles
ipods<00:02:18.480> and<00:02:18.560> viagras
ipods and viagras
ipods and viagras
if<00:02:20.160> the<00:02:20.319> indians<00:02:20.720> are<00:02:20.800> so<00:02:20.959> bloody<00:02:21.360> smart
if the indians are so bloody smart
if the indians are so bloody smart
so<00:02:24.080> initially<00:02:24.560> when<00:02:24.720> we<00:02:24.879> started<00:02:25.200> our
so initially when we started our
so initially when we started our
research<00:02:25.680> we<00:02:25.840> went<00:02:26.080> and<00:02:26.160> met<00:02:26.400> several
research we went and met several
research we went and met several
executives<00:02:27.200> and<00:02:27.280> we<00:02:27.440> asked<00:02:27.680> them<00:02:28.000> what<00:02:28.160> do<00:02:28.239> you
executives and we asked them what do you
executives and we asked them what do you
think
think
think
will<00:02:29.440> india<00:02:29.680> go<00:02:29.920> from<00:02:30.080> being<00:02:30.239> a<00:02:30.400> favorite
will india go from being a favorite
will india go from being a favorite
destination<00:02:31.280> for<00:02:31.520> software<00:02:31.920> services<00:02:32.400> and
destination for software services and
destination for software services and
back<00:02:32.959> office<00:02:33.200> services<00:02:33.840> to<00:02:34.080> a
back office services to a
back office services to a
destination<00:02:35.440> for<00:02:35.599> innovation
destination for innovation
destination for innovation
they<00:02:36.720> laughed<00:02:37.280> they<00:02:37.440> dismissed<00:02:38.000> us<00:02:38.400> they<00:02:38.560> said
they laughed they dismissed us they said
they laughed they dismissed us they said
you<00:02:38.879> know<00:02:38.959> what<00:02:39.360> indians<00:02:39.760> don't<00:02:39.920> do
you know what indians don't do
you know what indians don't do
innovation
innovation
innovation
the<00:02:41.680> more<00:02:41.920> polite<00:02:42.400> ones<00:02:42.640> said<00:02:43.360> well<00:02:43.599> you<00:02:43.760> know
the more polite ones said well you know
the more polite ones said well you know
indians<00:02:44.239> make<00:02:44.480> good<00:02:44.720> software<00:02:45.200> programmers
indians make good software programmers
indians make good software programmers
and<00:02:46.000> accountants<00:02:46.800> but<00:02:46.959> they<00:02:47.040> can't<00:02:47.280> do<00:02:47.440> the
and accountants but they can't do the
and accountants but they can't do the
creative<00:02:47.920> stuff
creative stuff
creative stuff
sometimes<00:02:50.400> it<00:02:50.560> took<00:02:50.800> a<00:02:50.879> more
sometimes it took a more
sometimes it took a more
took<00:02:51.840> a<00:02:51.920> veneer<00:02:52.319> of<00:02:52.480> sophistication
took a veneer of sophistication
took a veneer of sophistication
and<00:02:54.319> people<00:02:54.560> said<00:02:54.720> you<00:02:54.800> know<00:02:54.959> it's<00:02:55.040> nothing<00:02:55.280> to
and people said you know it's nothing to
and people said you know it's nothing to
do<00:02:55.519> with<00:02:55.680> indians<00:02:56.319> it's<00:02:56.560> really<00:02:57.280> the
do with indians it's really the
do with indians it's really the
road-based<00:02:58.640> regimented<00:02:59.440> education<00:03:00.000> system
road-based regimented education system
road-based regimented education system
in<00:03:00.560> india<00:03:01.040> that<00:03:01.280> is<00:03:01.360> responsible<00:03:02.000> for<00:03:02.159> killing
in india that is responsible for killing
in india that is responsible for killing
all<00:03:02.879> creativity
all creativity
all creativity
they<00:03:05.040> said<00:03:05.360> instead<00:03:05.680> if<00:03:05.760> you<00:03:05.840> want<00:03:06.080> to<00:03:06.159> see
they said instead if you want to see
they said instead if you want to see
real<00:03:06.560> creativity<00:03:07.040> go<00:03:07.200> to<00:03:07.280> silicon<00:03:07.680> valley<00:03:08.159> and
real creativity go to silicon valley and
real creativity go to silicon valley and
look<00:03:08.560> at<00:03:08.640> companies<00:03:09.040> like<00:03:09.280> google<00:03:09.760> microsoft
look at companies like google microsoft
look at companies like google microsoft
intel
intel
intel
so<00:03:12.000> we<00:03:12.159> started<00:03:12.560> examining<00:03:13.040> the<00:03:13.200> r<00:03:13.440> d<00:03:13.680> and
so we started examining the r d and
so we started examining the r d and
innovation<00:03:14.239> labs
innovation labs
innovation labs
of<00:03:15.440> silicon<00:03:15.840> valley
of silicon valley
of silicon valley
well<00:03:17.280> interestingly<00:03:17.760> what<00:03:17.920> you<00:03:18.080> find<00:03:18.400> there
well interestingly what you find there
well interestingly what you find there
is<00:03:19.120> usually<00:03:19.519> your<00:03:19.760> head<00:03:20.080> introduced<00:03:20.480> to<00:03:20.640> the
is usually your head introduced to the
is usually your head introduced to the
head<00:03:20.879> of<00:03:20.959> the<00:03:21.040> innovation<00:03:21.519> lab<00:03:21.760> or<00:03:21.920> the<00:03:22.000> r<00:03:22.239> d
head of the innovation lab or the r d
head of the innovation lab or the r d
center<00:03:22.640> as<00:03:22.800> they<00:03:22.879> may<00:03:23.040> call<00:03:23.280> it<00:03:23.760> and<00:03:23.920> more
center as they may call it and more
center as they may call it and more
often<00:03:24.400> than<00:03:24.560> not<00:03:24.959> it's<00:03:25.120> an<00:03:25.280> indian
so<00:03:28.319> i<00:03:28.640> immediately<00:03:29.200> said<00:03:29.599> well<00:03:29.840> but<00:03:30.000> you<00:03:30.080> could
so i immediately said well but you could
so i immediately said well but you could
not<00:03:30.400> have<00:03:30.480> been<00:03:30.720> educated<00:03:31.280> in<00:03:31.440> india<00:03:31.680> right
not have been educated in india right
not have been educated in india right
you<00:03:32.000> must<00:03:32.159> have<00:03:32.239> gotten<00:03:32.480> your<00:03:32.640> education<00:03:33.040> here
you must have gotten your education here
you must have gotten your education here
it<00:03:34.000> turned<00:03:34.319> out<00:03:34.720> in<00:03:35.200> every<00:03:35.840> single<00:03:36.319> case
it turned out in every single case
it turned out in every single case
they<00:03:37.440> came<00:03:37.760> out<00:03:37.840> of<00:03:38.000> the<00:03:38.159> indian<00:03:38.560> educational
they came out of the indian educational
they came out of the indian educational
system
system
system
so<00:03:41.519> we<00:03:41.680> realized<00:03:42.319> that<00:03:42.480> maybe<00:03:42.799> we<00:03:42.959> have<00:03:43.120> the
so we realized that maybe we have the
so we realized that maybe we have the
wrong<00:03:43.519> question<00:03:44.080> and<00:03:44.159> the<00:03:44.319> right<00:03:44.640> question<00:03:45.040> is
wrong question and the right question is
wrong question and the right question is
really<00:03:46.080> can<00:03:46.400> indians<00:03:47.280> based<00:03:47.680> out<00:03:47.840> of<00:03:48.159> india
really can indians based out of india
really can indians based out of india
do<00:03:49.440> innovative<00:03:49.920> work<00:03:50.560> so<00:03:50.720> off<00:03:50.959> we<00:03:51.120> went<00:03:51.280> to
do innovative work so off we went to
do innovative work so off we went to
india<00:03:52.000> we<00:03:52.159> made<00:03:52.640> i<00:03:52.720> think<00:03:52.879> about<00:03:53.200> a<00:03:53.280> dozen
india we made i think about a dozen
india we made i think about a dozen
trips<00:03:54.000> to<00:03:54.159> bangalore<00:03:54.799> mumbai<00:03:55.360> gurgaon<00:03:56.080> delhi
trips to bangalore mumbai gurgaon delhi
trips to bangalore mumbai gurgaon delhi
hyderabad<00:03:57.519> you<00:03:57.680> name<00:03:57.920> it<00:03:58.080> to<00:03:58.239> examine<00:03:58.799> what<00:03:59.040> is
hyderabad you name it to examine what is
hyderabad you name it to examine what is
the<00:03:59.680> level<00:04:00.159> of<00:04:00.319> corporate<00:04:00.720> innovation<00:04:01.360> in
the level of corporate innovation in
the level of corporate innovation in
this<00:04:01.680> country<00:04:02.319> in<00:04:02.480> these<00:04:02.720> cities
this country in these cities
this country in these cities
and<00:04:03.840> what<00:04:04.000> we<00:04:04.239> found<00:04:04.480> was<00:04:04.720> as<00:04:04.879> we<00:04:05.040> progressed
and what we found was as we progressed
and what we found was as we progressed
in<00:04:05.599> our<00:04:05.680> research<00:04:06.159> was
in our research was
in our research was
that<00:04:07.200> we<00:04:07.360> were<00:04:07.519> asking<00:04:07.920> really<00:04:08.239> the<00:04:08.319> wrong
that we were asking really the wrong
that we were asking really the wrong
question<00:04:08.959> when<00:04:09.200> you<00:04:09.360> ask<00:04:09.599> where<00:04:09.920> are<00:04:10.000> the
question when you ask where are the
question when you ask where are the
indian<00:04:10.560> googles<00:04:11.200> ipods<00:04:11.599> and
indian googles ipods and
indian googles ipods and
viagras<00:04:14.000> you<00:04:14.239> are<00:04:14.319> taking<00:04:14.640> a<00:04:14.720> particular
viagras you are taking a particular
viagras you are taking a particular
perspective<00:04:15.760> on<00:04:15.920> innovation<00:04:16.639> which<00:04:16.880> is
perspective on innovation which is
perspective on innovation which is
innovation<00:04:17.600> for<00:04:17.840> end<00:04:18.160> users
innovation for end users
innovation for end users
visible<00:04:19.759> innovation
visible innovation
visible innovation
instead<00:04:22.000> innovation<00:04:22.720> if<00:04:22.800> you<00:04:23.120> remember<00:04:23.840> uh
instead innovation if you remember uh
instead innovation if you remember uh
some<00:04:24.240> of<00:04:24.400> you<00:04:24.479> may<00:04:24.639> have<00:04:24.800> read<00:04:25.199> the<00:04:25.360> famous
some of you may have read the famous
some of you may have read the famous
economist<00:04:26.160> shampeter<00:04:26.880> he<00:04:27.040> said<00:04:27.280> innovation
economist shampeter he said innovation
economist shampeter he said innovation
is<00:04:28.400> novelty<00:04:29.199> in<00:04:29.360> how<00:04:29.600> value<00:04:30.000> is<00:04:30.160> created<00:04:30.639> and
is novelty in how value is created and
is novelty in how value is created and
distributed
distributed
distributed
it<00:04:32.720> could<00:04:32.880> be<00:04:33.040> new<00:04:33.280> products<00:04:33.600> and<00:04:33.759> services
it could be new products and services
it could be new products and services
but<00:04:34.720> it<00:04:34.880> could<00:04:35.120> also<00:04:35.360> be<00:04:35.520> new<00:04:35.680> ways<00:04:35.919> of
but it could also be new ways of
but it could also be new ways of
producing<00:04:36.479> products<00:04:37.120> it<00:04:37.199> could<00:04:37.440> also<00:04:37.680> be
producing products it could also be
producing products it could also be
novel<00:04:38.160> ways<00:04:38.400> of<00:04:38.560> organizing<00:04:39.120> firms<00:04:39.520> and
novel ways of organizing firms and
novel ways of organizing firms and
industries
industries
industries
once<00:04:41.520> you<00:04:41.680> take<00:04:41.919> this<00:04:42.320> there's<00:04:42.560> no<00:04:42.720> reason<00:04:43.040> to
once you take this there's no reason to
once you take this there's no reason to
restrict<00:04:43.680> innovation<00:04:44.560> the<00:04:44.720> beneficiaries<00:04:45.440> of
restrict innovation the beneficiaries of
restrict innovation the beneficiaries of
innovation<00:04:46.240> just<00:04:46.479> to<00:04:46.639> end<00:04:46.800> users
innovation just to end users
innovation just to end users
when<00:04:48.240> you<00:04:48.400> take<00:04:48.560> this<00:04:48.800> broader
when you take this broader
when you take this broader
conceptualization<00:04:50.080> of<00:04:50.240> innovation<00:04:51.040> what<00:04:51.280> we
conceptualization of innovation what we
conceptualization of innovation what we
found<00:04:51.759> was<00:04:52.320> india<00:04:52.639> is<00:04:52.720> well<00:04:52.960> represented<00:04:53.840> in
found was india is well represented in
found was india is well represented in
innovation<00:04:54.960> but<00:04:55.600> the<00:04:55.840> innovation<00:04:56.320> that<00:04:56.479> is
innovation but the innovation that is
innovation but the innovation that is
being<00:04:56.800> done<00:04:57.040> in<00:04:57.199> india<00:04:57.680> is<00:04:57.840> of<00:04:58.000> a<00:04:58.080> form<00:04:58.320> we<00:04:58.400> did
being done in india is of a form we did
being done in india is of a form we did
not<00:04:58.800> anticipate<00:04:59.600> and<00:04:59.759> what<00:05:00.000> we<00:05:00.240> did<00:05:00.479> was<00:05:00.639> we
not anticipate and what we did was we
not anticipate and what we did was we
called<00:05:01.040> it<00:05:01.199> invisible<00:05:01.759> innovation
called it invisible innovation
called it invisible innovation
and<00:05:03.520> specifically<00:05:04.479> there<00:05:04.639> are<00:05:04.720> four<00:05:05.040> types<00:05:05.280> of
and specifically there are four types of
and specifically there are four types of
invisible<00:05:06.000> innovation<00:05:06.400> that<00:05:06.560> are<00:05:06.639> coming<00:05:06.960> out
invisible innovation that are coming out
invisible innovation that are coming out
of<00:05:07.199> india
of india
of india
the<00:05:08.560> first<00:05:08.880> type<00:05:09.120> of<00:05:09.280> invisible<00:05:09.680> innovation
the first type of invisible innovation
the first type of invisible innovation
out<00:05:10.240> of<00:05:10.400> india<00:05:10.880> is<00:05:10.960> what<00:05:11.120> we<00:05:11.280> call<00:05:11.759> innovation
out of india is what we call innovation
out of india is what we call innovation
for<00:05:12.479> business<00:05:12.880> customers<00:05:13.680> which<00:05:13.919> is<00:05:14.000> led<00:05:14.240> by
for business customers which is led by
for business customers which is led by
the<00:05:14.479> multinational<00:05:15.120> corporations
the multinational corporations
the multinational corporations
which<00:05:16.800> have<00:05:17.280> in<00:05:17.440> the<00:05:17.680> last<00:05:18.000> two<00:05:18.240> decades<00:05:19.120> there
which have in the last two decades there
which have in the last two decades there
have<00:05:19.520> been
have been
have been
750<00:05:21.919> r<00:05:22.240> d<00:05:22.560> centers<00:05:23.039> set<00:05:23.280> up<00:05:23.759> in<00:05:24.080> india<00:05:24.800> by
750 r d centers set up in india by
750 r d centers set up in india by
multinational<00:05:25.680> companies<00:05:26.400> employing<00:05:27.199> more
multinational companies employing more
multinational companies employing more
than<00:05:27.600> 400<00:05:28.160> 000<00:05:28.400> professionals
now<00:05:31.440> when<00:05:31.600> you<00:05:31.759> consider<00:05:32.240> the<00:05:32.400> fact<00:05:33.199> that
now when you consider the fact that
now when you consider the fact that
historically
historically
historically
the<00:05:35.199> r<00:05:35.520> d<00:05:35.680> center<00:05:36.160> of<00:05:36.320> a<00:05:36.400> multinational
the r d center of a multinational
the r d center of a multinational
company<00:05:37.680> was<00:05:38.000> always<00:05:38.479> in<00:05:38.560> the<00:05:38.720> headquarters
company was always in the headquarters
company was always in the headquarters
or<00:05:40.720> in<00:05:40.880> the<00:05:40.960> country<00:05:41.280> of<00:05:41.360> origin<00:05:42.080> of<00:05:42.240> that
or in the country of origin of that
or in the country of origin of that
multinational<00:05:42.960> company<00:05:43.520> to<00:05:43.759> have<00:05:44.000> 750<00:05:45.360> r<00:05:45.680> d
multinational company to have 750 r d
multinational company to have 750 r d
centers<00:05:46.160> of<00:05:46.240> multinational<00:05:46.880> corporations<00:05:47.600> in
centers of multinational corporations in
centers of multinational corporations in
india
india
india
is<00:05:48.880> truly<00:05:49.360> a<00:05:49.520> remarkable<00:05:50.080> figure<00:05:50.800> when<00:05:50.960> we
is truly a remarkable figure when we
is truly a remarkable figure when we
went<00:05:51.360> and<00:05:51.440> talked<00:05:51.680> to<00:05:51.759> the<00:05:51.919> people<00:05:52.160> in<00:05:52.240> that<00:05:52.560> in
went and talked to the people in that in
went and talked to the people in that in
those<00:05:52.880> innovation<00:05:53.280> centers<00:05:53.600> and<00:05:53.759> asked<00:05:53.919> them
those innovation centers and asked them
those innovation centers and asked them
what<00:05:54.160> are<00:05:54.240> they<00:05:54.400> working<00:05:54.720> on
what are they working on
what are they working on
they<00:05:56.000> said<00:05:56.160> we<00:05:56.320> are<00:05:56.479> working<00:05:56.720> on<00:05:56.880> global
they said we are working on global
they said we are working on global
products<00:05:57.840> they<00:05:58.000> were<00:05:58.160> not<00:05:58.400> working<00:05:58.720> on
products they were not working on
products they were not working on
localizing<00:05:59.840> global<00:06:00.320> products<00:06:00.639> for<00:06:00.800> india
localizing global products for india
localizing global products for india
which<00:06:01.680> is<00:06:01.759> the<00:06:01.919> usual<00:06:02.800> role<00:06:03.039> of<00:06:03.199> a<00:06:03.280> local<00:06:04.000> r<00:06:04.319> d
which is the usual role of a local r d
which is the usual role of a local r d
they<00:06:04.880> were<00:06:05.039> working<00:06:05.440> on<00:06:05.600> truly<00:06:05.919> global
they were working on truly global
they were working on truly global
products<00:06:07.039> and<00:06:07.199> companies<00:06:07.680> like<00:06:07.919> microsoft
products and companies like microsoft
products and companies like microsoft
google<00:06:09.759> astrazeneca<00:06:11.039> general<00:06:11.440> electric
google astrazeneca general electric
google astrazeneca general electric
philips<00:06:12.720> have<00:06:12.960> already<00:06:13.360> asked<00:06:13.759> answered<00:06:14.240> in
philips have already asked answered in
philips have already asked answered in
the<00:06:14.479> affirmative<00:06:15.039> the<00:06:15.199> question<00:06:15.840> that<00:06:16.080> from
the affirmative the question that from
the affirmative the question that from
their<00:06:16.639> bangalore<00:06:17.280> and<00:06:17.440> hyderabad
their bangalore and hyderabad
their bangalore and hyderabad
r<00:06:19.280> d<00:06:19.440> centers<00:06:20.000> they<00:06:20.160> are<00:06:20.319> able<00:06:20.560> to<00:06:20.720> produce
r d centers they are able to produce
r d centers they are able to produce
products<00:06:21.759> and<00:06:21.919> services<00:06:22.639> for<00:06:22.800> the<00:06:22.880> world
products and services for the world
products and services for the world
but<00:06:24.160> of<00:06:24.319> course<00:06:24.880> as<00:06:25.039> an<00:06:25.199> end<00:06:25.360> user<00:06:25.680> you<00:06:25.840> don't
but of course as an end user you don't
but of course as an end user you don't
see<00:06:26.240> that<00:06:26.560> because<00:06:26.800> you<00:06:26.960> only<00:06:27.120> see<00:06:27.280> the<00:06:27.360> name
see that because you only see the name
see that because you only see the name
of<00:06:27.600> the<00:06:27.759> company<00:06:28.319> not<00:06:28.720> where<00:06:29.039> it<00:06:29.120> was
of the company not where it was
of the company not where it was
developed
the<00:06:32.479> other<00:06:32.639> thing<00:06:32.800> we<00:06:32.960> were<00:06:33.120> told<00:06:33.360> then<00:06:33.600> was
the other thing we were told then was
the other thing we were told then was
yes<00:06:34.160> but<00:06:34.400> you<00:06:34.479> know<00:06:34.639> the<00:06:34.800> kind<00:06:35.039> of<00:06:35.120> work<00:06:35.360> that
yes but you know the kind of work that
yes but you know the kind of work that
is<00:06:35.600> coming<00:06:35.840> out<00:06:35.919> of<00:06:36.000> the<00:06:36.160> indian<00:06:36.400> r<00:06:36.639> d<00:06:36.720> center
is coming out of the indian r d center
is coming out of the indian r d center
cannot<00:06:37.280> be<00:06:37.440> compared<00:06:37.759> to<00:06:37.919> the<00:06:38.000> kind<00:06:38.240> of<00:06:38.319> work
cannot be compared to the kind of work
cannot be compared to the kind of work
that<00:06:38.720> is<00:06:38.800> coming<00:06:39.039> out<00:06:39.199> of<00:06:39.280> the<00:06:39.759> u.s<00:06:40.080> r<00:06:40.319> d
that is coming out of the u.s r d
that is coming out of the u.s r d
sentence<00:06:41.199> so<00:06:41.360> my<00:06:41.520> co-author<00:06:42.000> fanish<00:06:42.319> puranam
sentence so my co-author fanish puranam
sentence so my co-author fanish puranam
who<00:06:42.960> happens<00:06:43.199> to<00:06:43.360> be<00:06:43.440> one<00:06:43.600> of<00:06:43.680> the<00:06:43.759> smartest
who happens to be one of the smartest
who happens to be one of the smartest
people<00:06:44.479> i<00:06:44.639> know<00:06:45.280> said<00:06:45.919> he's<00:06:46.160> going<00:06:46.240> to<00:06:46.319> do<00:06:46.479> a
people i know said he's going to do a
people i know said he's going to do a
study<00:06:46.960> what<00:06:47.120> he<00:06:47.280> did<00:06:47.440> was<00:06:48.000> he<00:06:48.240> looked<00:06:48.479> at<00:06:48.639> those
study what he did was he looked at those
study what he did was he looked at those
companies<00:06:49.280> that<00:06:49.440> had<00:06:49.600> an<00:06:49.759> r<00:06:50.000> d<00:06:50.160> center<00:06:50.479> in<00:06:50.639> usa
companies that had an r d center in usa
companies that had an r d center in usa
and<00:06:51.600> in<00:06:51.759> india
and in india
and in india
and<00:06:53.520> then<00:06:53.759> he<00:06:53.919> looked<00:06:54.160> at<00:06:54.319> a<00:06:54.400> patent<00:06:54.800> that<00:06:54.960> was
and then he looked at a patent that was
and then he looked at a patent that was
filed<00:06:55.600> out<00:06:55.759> of<00:06:55.840> the<00:06:56.000> u.s<00:06:56.720> and<00:06:56.880> a<00:06:57.039> similar
filed out of the u.s and a similar
filed out of the u.s and a similar
patent<00:06:57.840> filed<00:06:58.240> out<00:06:58.400> of<00:06:58.479> the<00:06:58.639> same<00:06:58.960> company's
patent filed out of the same company's
patent filed out of the same company's
subsidiary<00:07:00.000> in<00:07:00.160> india<00:07:00.880> so<00:07:01.120> he<00:07:01.199> is<00:07:01.280> now
subsidiary in india so he is now
subsidiary in india so he is now
comparing<00:07:02.000> the<00:07:02.160> patents<00:07:02.880> of<00:07:03.280> r<00:07:03.599> d<00:07:03.759> centers<00:07:04.400> in
comparing the patents of r d centers in
comparing the patents of r d centers in
the<00:07:04.639> u.s<00:07:05.280> with<00:07:05.520> r<00:07:05.759> d<00:07:05.919> centers<00:07:06.240> in<00:07:06.400> india<00:07:06.800> of<00:07:06.880> the
the u.s with r d centers in india of the
the u.s with r d centers in india of the
same<00:07:07.280> company<00:07:08.080> to<00:07:08.240> find<00:07:08.479> out<00:07:08.560> what<00:07:08.720> is<00:07:08.880> the
same company to find out what is the
same company to find out what is the
quality<00:07:09.360> of<00:07:09.440> the<00:07:09.599> patents<00:07:10.000> filed<00:07:10.319> out<00:07:10.400> of<00:07:10.479> the
quality of the patents filed out of the
quality of the patents filed out of the
indian<00:07:10.880> centers<00:07:11.440> and<00:07:11.520> how<00:07:11.680> do<00:07:11.840> they<00:07:12.000> compare
indian centers and how do they compare
indian centers and how do they compare
with<00:07:12.479> the<00:07:12.560> quality<00:07:12.880> of<00:07:12.960> the<00:07:13.039> patents<00:07:13.440> filed
with the quality of the patents filed
with the quality of the patents filed
out<00:07:13.840> of<00:07:13.919> the<00:07:14.000> u.s<00:07:14.240> centers
out of the u.s centers
out of the u.s centers
interestingly
interestingly
interestingly
what<00:07:16.720> he<00:07:16.880> finds<00:07:17.199> is<00:07:17.520> and<00:07:17.680> by<00:07:17.840> the<00:07:17.919> way<00:07:18.080> the<00:07:18.240> way
what he finds is and by the way the way
what he finds is and by the way the way
we<00:07:18.880> look<00:07:19.120> at<00:07:19.199> the<00:07:19.360> quality<00:07:19.680> of<00:07:19.840> a<00:07:19.919> patent<00:07:20.400> is
we look at the quality of a patent is
we look at the quality of a patent is
what<00:07:20.800> we<00:07:20.960> call<00:07:21.199> forward<00:07:21.599> citations<00:07:22.560> how<00:07:22.720> many
what we call forward citations how many
what we call forward citations how many
times<00:07:23.280> does<00:07:23.599> a<00:07:23.759> future<00:07:24.160> patent<00:07:25.039> reference<00:07:25.440> the
times does a future patent reference the
times does a future patent reference the
older<00:07:26.000> patent
older patent
older patent
he<00:07:27.280> finds<00:07:27.599> something<00:07:27.840> very<00:07:28.080> interesting
he finds something very interesting
he finds something very interesting
what<00:07:29.599> we<00:07:29.759> find<00:07:30.160> is
what we find is
what we find is
that<00:07:31.039> the<00:07:31.199> data<00:07:31.680> says<00:07:32.400> that<00:07:32.560> the<00:07:32.720> number<00:07:33.039> of
that the data says that the number of
that the data says that the number of
forward<00:07:33.599> citations<00:07:34.560> of<00:07:34.720> a<00:07:34.800> patent<00:07:35.199> filed<00:07:35.440> out
forward citations of a patent filed out
forward citations of a patent filed out
of<00:07:35.680> the<00:07:35.840> u.s<00:07:36.160> r<00:07:36.400> d<00:07:36.560> subsidiary<00:07:37.360> is<00:07:37.520> identical
of the u.s r d subsidiary is identical
of the u.s r d subsidiary is identical
to<00:07:38.319> the<00:07:38.400> number<00:07:38.720> of<00:07:39.120> forward<00:07:39.440> citations<00:07:40.240> of<00:07:40.400> a
to the number of forward citations of a
to the number of forward citations of a
patent<00:07:40.880> filed<00:07:41.360> by<00:07:41.599> an<00:07:41.759> indian<00:07:42.080> subsidy<00:07:42.720> of<00:07:42.800> the
patent filed by an indian subsidy of the
patent filed by an indian subsidy of the
same<00:07:43.199> company<00:07:43.599> within<00:07:43.919> that<00:07:44.080> company<00:07:44.960> so
same company within that company so
same company within that company so
within<00:07:45.520> the<00:07:45.680> company<00:07:46.240> there's<00:07:46.479> no<00:07:46.720> difference
within the company there's no difference
within the company there's no difference
in<00:07:47.520> the<00:07:47.680> forward<00:07:48.000> citation<00:07:48.479> rates<00:07:48.880> of<00:07:48.960> the
in the forward citation rates of the
in the forward citation rates of the
indian<00:07:49.440> subsidiaries<00:07:50.080> versus<00:07:50.400> the<00:07:50.479> u.s
indian subsidiaries versus the u.s
indian subsidiaries versus the u.s
subsidiaries<00:07:51.520> so<00:07:51.680> that's<00:07:51.919> the<00:07:52.000> first<00:07:52.319> kind<00:07:52.560> of
subsidiaries so that's the first kind of
subsidiaries so that's the first kind of
invisible<00:07:53.360> innovation<00:07:53.759> coming<00:07:54.000> out<00:07:54.080> of<00:07:54.240> india
invisible innovation coming out of india
invisible innovation coming out of india
second<00:07:55.199> kind<00:07:55.360> of<00:07:55.520> innovative<00:07:56.479> innovation
second kind of innovative innovation
second kind of innovative innovation
coming<00:07:57.039> out<00:07:57.199> of<00:07:57.280> india<00:07:57.440> is<00:07:57.599> what<00:07:57.680> we<00:07:57.759> call
coming out of india is what we call
coming out of india is what we call
outsourcing<00:07:58.800> innovation<00:07:59.599> to<00:07:59.840> indian
outsourcing innovation to indian
outsourcing innovation to indian
companies
companies
companies
where
where
where
many<00:08:02.560> companies<00:08:02.960> today<00:08:03.680> are<00:08:04.000> contracting
many companies today are contracting
many companies today are contracting
indian<00:08:05.360> companies<00:08:06.080> to<00:08:06.240> do<00:08:06.639> a<00:08:06.800> major<00:08:07.280> part<00:08:07.840> of
indian companies to do a major part of
indian companies to do a major part of
the<00:08:08.160> product<00:08:08.479> development<00:08:09.120> work
the product development work
the product development work
for<00:08:10.960> their<00:08:11.599> global<00:08:12.080> products<00:08:12.400> which<00:08:12.560> are
for their global products which are
for their global products which are
going<00:08:12.800> to<00:08:12.879> be<00:08:13.039> sold<00:08:13.280> to<00:08:13.440> the<00:08:13.840> entire<00:08:14.160> world<00:08:14.879> for
going to be sold to the entire world for
going to be sold to the entire world for
example<00:08:15.440> in<00:08:15.520> the<00:08:15.680> pharma<00:08:16.000> industry<00:08:16.400> a<00:08:16.479> lot<00:08:16.639> of
example in the pharma industry a lot of
example in the pharma industry a lot of
the<00:08:16.800> molecules<00:08:17.280> are<00:08:17.360> being<00:08:17.520> developed<00:08:18.080> but
the molecules are being developed but
the molecules are being developed but
you<00:08:18.400> see<00:08:18.560> a<00:08:18.800> major<00:08:19.120> part<00:08:19.360> of<00:08:19.440> that<00:08:19.599> work<00:08:20.000> is
you see a major part of that work is
you see a major part of that work is
being<00:08:20.720> given<00:08:21.120> sent<00:08:21.360> to<00:08:21.520> india
being given sent to india
being given sent to india
for<00:08:22.879> example<00:08:23.520> hcl
for example hcl
for example hcl
technologies<00:08:26.000> they<00:08:26.240> developed<00:08:26.639> two<00:08:26.800> of<00:08:26.960> the
technologies they developed two of the
technologies they developed two of the
mission<00:08:27.360> control<00:08:27.840> critical<00:08:28.319> systems<00:08:28.720> for<00:08:28.879> the
mission control critical systems for the
mission control critical systems for the
new<00:08:29.280> boeing<00:08:29.919> 787<00:08:30.639> dreamliner<00:08:31.520> one<00:08:31.759> to<00:08:31.919> avoid
new boeing 787 dreamliner one to avoid
new boeing 787 dreamliner one to avoid
collisions<00:08:33.519> in<00:08:33.599> the<00:08:33.680> sky<00:08:34.240> and<00:08:34.479> another<00:08:34.880> to
collisions in the sky and another to
collisions in the sky and another to
allow<00:08:35.360> landing<00:08:35.839> in<00:08:36.000> zero<00:08:36.240> visibility<00:08:37.440> but<00:08:37.599> of
allow landing in zero visibility but of
allow landing in zero visibility but of
course<00:08:37.919> when<00:08:38.080> you<00:08:38.399> climb<00:08:38.800> onto<00:08:39.039> the<00:08:39.120> boeing
course when you climb onto the boeing
course when you climb onto the boeing
787<00:08:40.320> you're<00:08:40.560> not<00:08:40.719> going<00:08:40.880> to<00:08:40.959> know<00:08:41.279> that<00:08:41.519> this
787 you're not going to know that this
787 you're not going to know that this
is<00:08:41.919> invisible<00:08:42.399> innovation<00:08:42.880> out<00:08:42.959> of<00:08:43.120> india
is invisible innovation out of india
is invisible innovation out of india
the<00:08:44.240> third<00:08:44.560> kind<00:08:44.720> of<00:08:44.880> invisible<00:08:45.360> innovation
the third kind of invisible innovation
the third kind of invisible innovation
coming<00:08:46.320> out<00:08:46.399> of<00:08:46.560> india<00:08:46.720> is<00:08:46.800> what<00:08:46.959> we<00:08:47.120> call
coming out of india is what we call
coming out of india is what we call
process<00:08:48.000> innovations<00:08:48.560> because<00:08:48.880> of<00:08:49.040> an
process innovations because of an
process innovations because of an
injection<00:08:50.160> of<00:08:50.480> intelligence<00:08:51.120> by<00:08:51.360> indian
injection of intelligence by indian
injection of intelligence by indian
firms<00:08:53.920> only<00:08:54.480> process<00:08:54.880> innovation<00:08:55.360> is
firms only process innovation is
firms only process innovation is
different<00:08:55.760> from<00:08:55.920> product<00:08:56.240> innovation<00:08:56.959> it's
different from product innovation it's
different from product innovation it's
about<00:08:57.600> how<00:08:57.760> do<00:08:57.920> you<00:08:58.480> create<00:08:58.800> a<00:08:58.959> new<00:08:59.200> product<00:08:59.519> or
about how do you create a new product or
about how do you create a new product or
develop<00:09:00.080> a<00:09:00.160> new<00:09:00.399> product<00:09:00.640> or<00:09:00.800> manufacture<00:09:01.360> a
develop a new product or manufacture a
develop a new product or manufacture a
new<00:09:01.600> product<00:09:01.839> but<00:09:01.920> not<00:09:02.080> a<00:09:02.160> new<00:09:02.399> product<00:09:02.720> itself
new product but not a new product itself
new product but not a new product itself
only<00:09:05.279> in<00:09:05.440> india
only in india
only in india
do<00:09:06.959> millions<00:09:07.440> of<00:09:07.600> young<00:09:07.920> people
do millions of young people
do millions of young people
dream
dream
dream
of<00:09:10.080> working<00:09:10.399> in<00:09:10.560> a<00:09:10.640> call<00:09:10.880> center
what<00:09:14.000> happens<00:09:14.880> you<00:09:15.040> know<00:09:15.200> it's<00:09:15.360> a<00:09:15.440> dead-end
what happens you know it's a dead-end
what happens you know it's a dead-end
job<00:09:16.000> in<00:09:16.080> the<00:09:16.240> west<00:09:16.720> where<00:09:16.880> high<00:09:17.040> school
job in the west where high school
job in the west where high school
droppers<00:09:17.760> do
droppers do
droppers do
what<00:09:18.720> happens<00:09:19.120> when<00:09:19.279> you<00:09:19.519> put
what happens when you put
what happens when you put
hundreds<00:09:21.040> of<00:09:21.279> thousands<00:09:22.080> of<00:09:22.480> smart
hundreds of thousands of smart
hundreds of thousands of smart
young<00:09:24.240> ambitious<00:09:24.959> kids<00:09:25.519> on<00:09:25.680> a<00:09:25.760> call<00:09:26.000> center
young ambitious kids on a call center
young ambitious kids on a call center
job
job
job
very<00:09:27.440> quickly<00:09:28.080> they<00:09:28.240> get<00:09:28.480> bored
very quickly they get bored
very quickly they get bored
and<00:09:29.680> they<00:09:29.920> start<00:09:30.640> innovating
and they start innovating
and they start innovating
and<00:09:32.560> they<00:09:32.800> start<00:09:33.040> telling<00:09:33.440> the<00:09:33.600> boss<00:09:33.920> how<00:09:34.080> to
and they start telling the boss how to
and they start telling the boss how to
do<00:09:34.320> this<00:09:34.480> job<00:09:34.720> better<00:09:35.279> and<00:09:35.600> out<00:09:35.839> of<00:09:35.920> this
do this job better and out of this
do this job better and out of this
process<00:09:36.560> innovation<00:09:37.040> comes<00:09:37.360> product
process innovation comes product
process innovation comes product
innovations<00:09:38.399> which<00:09:38.640> are<00:09:38.800> then<00:09:39.040> marketed
innovations which are then marketed
innovations which are then marketed
around<00:09:39.839> the<00:09:39.920> world<00:09:40.480> for<00:09:40.640> example<00:09:41.120> 24<00:09:41.600> 7
around the world for example 24 7
around the world for example 24 7
customer<00:09:42.560> traditional<00:09:43.120> call<00:09:43.279> center<00:09:43.600> company
customer traditional call center company
customer traditional call center company
used<00:09:44.399> to<00:09:44.560> be<00:09:44.640> a<00:09:44.720> traditional<00:09:45.120> call<00:09:45.279> center
used to be a traditional call center
used to be a traditional call center
company<00:09:46.080> today<00:09:46.399> they're<00:09:46.560> developing
company today they're developing
company today they're developing
analytical<00:09:47.680> tools<00:09:48.000> to<00:09:48.160> do<00:09:48.320> predictive
analytical tools to do predictive
analytical tools to do predictive
modeling<00:09:49.279> so<00:09:49.519> that<00:09:49.760> before<00:09:50.480> you<00:09:50.720> pick<00:09:50.959> up<00:09:51.040> the
modeling so that before you pick up the
modeling so that before you pick up the
phone
phone
phone
you<00:09:52.160> can
you can
you can
guess<00:09:53.760> or<00:09:54.000> predict
guess or predict
guess or predict
what<00:09:55.360> this<00:09:55.519> phone<00:09:55.760> call<00:09:56.000> is<00:09:56.080> about
is<00:10:00.080> because<00:10:00.640> of<00:10:00.880> an<00:10:01.040> injection<00:10:01.440> of
is because of an injection of
is because of an injection of
intelligence<00:10:02.160> into<00:10:02.320> a<00:10:02.480> process<00:10:02.800> which<00:10:02.959> is
intelligence into a process which is
intelligence into a process which is
considered<00:10:03.519> dead<00:10:03.680> for<00:10:03.920> a<00:10:04.000> long<00:10:04.240> time<00:10:04.480> in<00:10:04.560> the
considered dead for a long time in the
considered dead for a long time in the
west<00:10:05.440> and<00:10:05.600> the<00:10:05.680> last<00:10:05.920> kind<00:10:06.080> of<00:10:06.240> innovation
west and the last kind of innovation
west and the last kind of innovation
innovation<00:10:07.519> coming<00:10:07.760> up<00:10:07.920> invisible
innovation coming up invisible
innovation coming up invisible
innovation<00:10:08.720> coming<00:10:08.880> out<00:10:08.959> of<00:10:09.120> india<00:10:09.279> is<00:10:09.440> what
innovation coming out of india is what
innovation coming out of india is what
we<00:10:09.680> call<00:10:10.160> management<00:10:10.720> innovation<00:10:11.279> it's<00:10:11.519> not<00:10:11.680> a
we call management innovation it's not a
we call management innovation it's not a
new<00:10:12.000> product<00:10:12.320> or<00:10:12.399> a<00:10:12.480> new<00:10:12.720> process<00:10:12.959> but<00:10:13.120> a<00:10:13.200> new
new product or a new process but a new
new product or a new process but a new
way<00:10:13.600> to<00:10:13.760> organize<00:10:14.240> work
way to organize work
way to organize work
and<00:10:15.680> the<00:10:15.839> most<00:10:16.079> significant<00:10:16.720> management
and the most significant management
and the most significant management
innovation<00:10:17.680> to<00:10:17.839> come
innovation to come
innovation to come
out<00:10:18.880> of<00:10:19.040> india
out of india
out of india
invented<00:10:20.399> by<00:10:20.560> the<00:10:20.640> indian<00:10:20.880> offshoring
invented by the indian offshoring
invented by the indian offshoring
industry<00:10:21.600> is<00:10:21.680> what<00:10:21.839> we<00:10:21.920> call<00:10:22.079> the<00:10:22.240> global
industry is what we call the global
industry is what we call the global
delivery<00:10:22.959> model
delivery model
delivery model
what<00:10:24.000> the<00:10:24.079> global<00:10:24.399> delivery<00:10:24.800> model<00:10:25.120> allows<00:10:25.440> it
what the global delivery model allows it
what the global delivery model allows it
it<00:10:26.000> allows<00:10:26.320> you<00:10:26.480> to<00:10:26.640> take<00:10:26.959> previously
it allows you to take previously
it allows you to take previously
geographically<00:10:28.640> co-located<00:10:29.360> tasks<00:10:30.079> break
geographically co-located tasks break
geographically co-located tasks break
them<00:10:30.560> up<00:10:30.720> into<00:10:30.959> parts<00:10:31.920> send<00:10:32.160> them<00:10:32.320> around<00:10:32.560> the
them up into parts send them around the
them up into parts send them around the
world<00:10:32.880> where<00:10:33.040> the<00:10:33.200> expertise<00:10:33.760> and<00:10:33.920> the<00:10:34.000> cost
world where the expertise and the cost
world where the expertise and the cost
structure<00:10:34.640> exist<00:10:35.120> and<00:10:35.279> then<00:10:35.519> specify<00:10:36.000> the
structure exist and then specify the
structure exist and then specify the
means<00:10:36.320> for<00:10:36.480> reintegrating<00:10:37.120> them<00:10:37.760> without
means for reintegrating them without
means for reintegrating them without
that<00:10:38.320> you<00:10:38.480> could<00:10:38.640> not<00:10:38.800> have<00:10:39.040> any<00:10:39.279> of<00:10:39.360> the<00:10:39.440> other
that you could not have any of the other
that you could not have any of the other
invisible<00:10:40.160> innovations<00:10:40.640> today
invisible innovations today
invisible innovations today
so<00:10:42.720> what<00:10:42.880> i'm<00:10:43.040> trying<00:10:43.279> to<00:10:43.440> say<00:10:43.680> is<00:10:44.079> what<00:10:44.240> we're
so what i'm trying to say is what we're
so what i'm trying to say is what we're
finding<00:10:44.720> in<00:10:44.880> our<00:10:45.040> research<00:10:45.440> is<00:10:46.000> that<00:10:46.399> if
finding in our research is that if
finding in our research is that if
products<00:10:48.079> for<00:10:48.320> end<00:10:48.560> users
products for end users
products for end users
is<00:10:49.920> the<00:10:50.079> visible<00:10:50.640> tip<00:10:51.120> of<00:10:51.200> the<00:10:51.360> innovation
is the visible tip of the innovation
is the visible tip of the innovation
iceberg
iceberg
iceberg
india<00:10:53.360> is<00:10:53.519> well<00:10:53.760> represented<00:10:54.640> in<00:10:54.800> the
india is well represented in the
india is well represented in the
invisible<00:10:56.079> large
invisible large
invisible large
submerged<00:10:57.600> portion<00:10:58.160> of<00:10:58.320> the<00:10:58.480> innovation
submerged portion of the innovation
submerged portion of the innovation
iceberg
iceberg
iceberg
now
now
now
this<00:11:03.360> has<00:11:03.680> of<00:11:03.760> course<00:11:04.240> some<00:11:04.560> implications
this has of course some implications
this has of course some implications
and<00:11:07.519> so<00:11:07.760> we<00:11:08.000> developed<00:11:08.480> three<00:11:08.720> implications
and so we developed three implications
and so we developed three implications
of<00:11:09.760> this<00:11:10.240> research<00:11:11.120> the<00:11:11.279> first<00:11:11.600> is<00:11:11.680> what<00:11:11.839> we
of this research the first is what we
of this research the first is what we
call<00:11:12.480> sinking<00:11:12.880> skill<00:11:13.200> lager<00:11:14.079> and<00:11:14.240> now<00:11:14.399> i'm
call sinking skill lager and now i'm
call sinking skill lager and now i'm
going<00:11:14.720> to<00:11:14.880> go<00:11:15.120> back<00:11:15.760> to<00:11:15.920> the<00:11:16.079> cup<00:11:16.240> where<00:11:16.480> i
going to go back to the cup where i
going to go back to the cup where i
started<00:11:16.959> my<00:11:17.120> conversation<00:11:17.760> with<00:11:17.920> you<00:11:18.240> which
started my conversation with you which
started my conversation with you which
was<00:11:18.640> about<00:11:18.880> the<00:11:18.959> flight<00:11:19.279> of<00:11:19.440> jobs
was about the flight of jobs
was about the flight of jobs
now<00:11:20.720> of<00:11:20.880> course<00:11:21.200> when<00:11:21.440> we<00:11:21.680> first<00:11:22.160> as<00:11:22.320> a
now of course when we first as a
now of course when we first as a
multinational<00:11:23.120> company<00:11:23.839> decide<00:11:24.240> to
multinational company decide to
multinational company decide to
outsource<00:11:24.959> jobs<00:11:25.200> to<00:11:25.360> india<00:11:25.600> in<00:11:25.680> the<00:11:25.760> r<00:11:26.000> d
outsource jobs to india in the r d
outsource jobs to india in the r d
what<00:11:27.360> we<00:11:27.519> are<00:11:27.600> going<00:11:27.760> to<00:11:27.920> do<00:11:28.320> is<00:11:28.480> we<00:11:28.560> are<00:11:28.640> going
what we are going to do is we are going
what we are going to do is we are going
to<00:11:28.880> outsource<00:11:29.360> the<00:11:29.519> bottom<00:11:29.920> rung<00:11:30.160> of<00:11:30.240> the
to outsource the bottom rung of the
to outsource the bottom rung of the
ladder<00:11:30.720> to<00:11:30.880> india<00:11:31.200> the<00:11:31.360> least<00:11:31.600> sophisticated
ladder to india the least sophisticated
ladder to india the least sophisticated
jobs<00:11:32.880> just<00:11:33.120> like<00:11:33.360> tom<00:11:33.600> friedman<00:11:33.920> would
jobs just like tom friedman would
jobs just like tom friedman would
predict
predict
predict
now<00:11:36.480> what<00:11:36.640> happens<00:11:37.040> is<00:11:37.360> when<00:11:37.600> you<00:11:37.760> outsource
now what happens is when you outsource
now what happens is when you outsource
the<00:11:38.320> bottom<00:11:38.720> rung<00:11:39.040> of<00:11:39.200> the<00:11:39.360> ladder<00:11:39.680> to<00:11:40.320> india
the bottom rung of the ladder to india
the bottom rung of the ladder to india
for<00:11:41.760> innovation<00:11:42.320> and<00:11:42.480> for<00:11:42.720> r<00:11:42.959> d<00:11:43.120> work<00:11:43.839> at<00:11:44.079> some
for innovation and for r d work at some
for innovation and for r d work at some
stage<00:11:44.959> in<00:11:45.120> the<00:11:45.279> very<00:11:45.519> near<00:11:45.839> future<00:11:46.240> you're
stage in the very near future you're
stage in the very near future you're
gonna<00:11:46.640> have<00:11:46.720> to<00:11:46.800> confront<00:11:47.279> a<00:11:47.360> problem
gonna have to confront a problem
gonna have to confront a problem
which<00:11:48.959> is<00:11:49.120> where<00:11:49.360> does<00:11:49.600> the<00:11:49.760> next<00:11:50.000> step
which is where does the next step
which is where does the next step
of<00:11:51.040> the<00:11:51.200> ladder<00:11:51.600> people<00:11:51.920> come<00:11:52.160> from<00:11:52.320> within
of the ladder people come from within
of the ladder people come from within
your<00:11:52.720> company
your company
your company
so<00:11:55.279> you<00:11:55.440> have<00:11:55.519> two<00:11:55.760> choices<00:11:56.160> then
so you have two choices then
so you have two choices then
either<00:11:57.519> you<00:11:57.760> bring<00:11:58.000> the<00:11:58.079> people<00:11:58.320> from<00:11:58.560> india
either you bring the people from india
either you bring the people from india
into<00:11:59.040> the<00:11:59.200> developed<00:11:59.600> world
into the developed world
into the developed world
to<00:12:00.640> take<00:12:00.880> positions<00:12:01.600> in<00:12:01.680> the<00:12:01.760> next<00:12:02.000> step<00:12:02.240> of
to take positions in the next step of
to take positions in the next step of
the<00:12:02.399> ladder<00:12:03.040> immigration
the ladder immigration
the ladder immigration
or<00:12:05.360> you<00:12:05.600> say<00:12:05.760> there's<00:12:05.920> so<00:12:06.079> many<00:12:06.320> people<00:12:06.639> in<00:12:06.800> the
or you say there's so many people in the
or you say there's so many people in the
bottom<00:12:07.200> step<00:12:07.440> of<00:12:07.519> the<00:12:07.600> ladder<00:12:07.920> waiting<00:12:08.160> to
bottom step of the ladder waiting to
bottom step of the ladder waiting to
take<00:12:08.480> the<00:12:08.560> next<00:12:08.800> position<00:12:09.200> in<00:12:09.360> india<00:12:09.920> why
take the next position in india why
take the next position in india why
don't<00:12:10.240> we<00:12:10.399> move<00:12:10.639> the<00:12:10.720> next<00:12:10.959> step<00:12:11.279> to
don't we move the next step to
don't we move the next step to
india
india
india
what<00:12:14.160> we<00:12:14.240> are<00:12:14.399> trying<00:12:14.639> to<00:12:14.800> say<00:12:15.040> is
what we are trying to say is
what we are trying to say is
that<00:12:16.079> once<00:12:16.399> you<00:12:16.560> outsource<00:12:17.120> the<00:12:17.279> bottom<00:12:17.839> end
that once you outsource the bottom end
that once you outsource the bottom end
of<00:12:18.160> the<00:12:18.320> ladder
of the ladder
of the ladder
you
you
you
it's<00:12:21.120> a<00:12:21.200> self-perpetuating<00:12:22.160> act<00:12:22.399> because<00:12:22.639> of
it's a self-perpetuating act because of
it's a self-perpetuating act because of
the<00:12:22.880> sinking<00:12:23.279> skill<00:12:23.519> ladder<00:12:24.079> and<00:12:24.240> a<00:12:24.320> sinking
the sinking skill ladder and a sinking
the sinking skill ladder and a sinking
skill<00:12:24.880> ladder<00:12:25.200> is<00:12:25.680> simply<00:12:26.000> the<00:12:26.240> point<00:12:26.560> that
skill ladder is simply the point that
skill ladder is simply the point that
you<00:12:27.360> can't<00:12:27.680> be<00:12:27.839> an<00:12:28.000> investment<00:12:28.480> banker
you can't be an investment banker
you can't be an investment banker
without<00:12:29.120> having<00:12:29.279> been<00:12:29.519> an<00:12:29.680> analyst<00:12:30.160> once<00:12:30.639> you
without having been an analyst once you
without having been an analyst once you
can't<00:12:31.120> be<00:12:31.279> a<00:12:31.360> professor<00:12:31.760> without<00:12:32.000> having<00:12:32.240> been
can't be a professor without having been
can't be a professor without having been
a<00:12:32.560> student<00:12:33.120> you<00:12:33.360> can't<00:12:33.600> be<00:12:33.760> a<00:12:33.839> consultant
a student you can't be a consultant
a student you can't be a consultant
without<00:12:34.560> having<00:12:34.800> been<00:12:34.959> a<00:12:35.040> research<00:12:35.440> associate
without having been a research associate
without having been a research associate
so<00:12:36.320> if<00:12:36.480> you<00:12:36.639> outsource<00:12:37.120> the<00:12:37.200> least
so if you outsource the least
so if you outsource the least
sophisticated<00:12:38.160> jobs<00:12:38.639> at<00:12:38.800> some<00:12:39.040> stage<00:12:39.600> the
sophisticated jobs at some stage the
sophisticated jobs at some stage the
next<00:12:40.399> step<00:12:40.639> of<00:12:40.720> the<00:12:40.880> ladder<00:12:41.279> has<00:12:41.519> to<00:12:41.600> follow
next step of the ladder has to follow
next step of the ladder has to follow
the<00:12:42.880> second<00:12:43.200> thing<00:12:43.360> we<00:12:43.440> bring<00:12:43.680> up<00:12:43.839> is<00:12:43.920> what<00:12:44.079> we
the second thing we bring up is what we
the second thing we bring up is what we
call<00:12:44.639> the<00:12:44.880> browning<00:12:45.279> of<00:12:45.360> the<00:12:45.760> tmt<00:12:46.399> the<00:12:46.560> top
call the browning of the tmt the top
call the browning of the tmt the top
management<00:12:47.279> teams<00:12:47.920> if<00:12:48.560> the<00:12:48.720> r<00:12:49.040> d<00:12:49.279> talent<00:12:49.600> is
management teams if the r d talent is
management teams if the r d talent is
going<00:12:49.839> to<00:12:49.920> be<00:12:50.079> based<00:12:50.320> out<00:12:50.480> of<00:12:50.560> india<00:12:50.880> and<00:12:50.959> china
going to be based out of india and china
going to be based out of india and china
and<00:12:51.600> the<00:12:51.839> largest<00:12:52.240> growth<00:12:52.560> markets<00:12:53.200> are<00:12:53.360> going
and the largest growth markets are going
and the largest growth markets are going
to<00:12:53.600> be<00:12:53.680> based<00:12:54.000> out<00:12:54.079> of<00:12:54.240> india<00:12:54.480> and<00:12:54.560> china<00:12:55.200> you
to be based out of india and china you
to be based out of india and china you
have<00:12:55.519> to<00:12:55.680> confront<00:12:56.079> the<00:12:56.160> problem<00:12:56.720> that<00:12:56.880> your
have to confront the problem that your
have to confront the problem that your
top<00:12:57.279> management<00:12:57.760> of<00:12:57.839> the<00:12:57.920> future<00:12:58.480> is<00:12:58.639> going<00:12:58.800> to
top management of the future is going to
top management of the future is going to
have<00:12:59.040> to<00:12:59.120> come<00:12:59.360> out<00:12:59.440> of<00:12:59.600> india<00:12:59.839> and<00:12:59.920> china
have to come out of india and china
have to come out of india and china
because<00:13:01.440> that's<00:13:01.600> where<00:13:01.760> the<00:13:01.920> product
because that's where the product
because that's where the product
leadership<00:13:02.720> is<00:13:03.040> that's<00:13:03.200> where<00:13:03.360> the<00:13:03.600> important
leadership is that's where the important
leadership is that's where the important
market<00:13:04.320> leadership<00:13:04.880> is<00:13:05.839> right<00:13:06.320> and<00:13:06.480> the<00:13:06.560> last
market leadership is right and the last
market leadership is right and the last
thing<00:13:07.360> we<00:13:07.600> point<00:13:07.839> out<00:13:07.920> in<00:13:08.000> this<00:13:08.160> slide<00:13:08.399> which
thing we point out in this slide which
thing we point out in this slide which
is<00:13:08.800> you<00:13:08.880> know<00:13:09.279> the<00:13:09.519> to<00:13:09.680> the<00:13:09.839> story<00:13:10.160> there's<00:13:10.399> one
is you know the to the story there's one
is you know the to the story there's one
caveat
caveat
caveat
india<00:13:12.000> has<00:13:12.160> the<00:13:12.399> youngest<00:13:12.880> growing
india has the youngest growing
india has the youngest growing
population<00:13:13.839> in<00:13:13.920> the<00:13:14.000> world
population in the world
population in the world
this<00:13:16.000> demographic<00:13:16.959> dividend<00:13:17.519> is<00:13:17.760> incredible
this demographic dividend is incredible
this demographic dividend is incredible
but<00:13:18.959> paradoxically<00:13:20.079> there's<00:13:20.320> also<00:13:20.560> the
but paradoxically there's also the
but paradoxically there's also the
mirage<00:13:21.040> of<00:13:21.120> mighty<00:13:21.440> liverpools
mirage of mighty liverpools
mirage of mighty liverpools
indian<00:13:23.120> institutes<00:13:23.920> and<00:13:24.160> educational<00:13:24.800> system
indian institutes and educational system
indian institutes and educational system
with<00:13:25.600> a<00:13:25.680> few<00:13:25.920> exceptions<00:13:26.720> are<00:13:26.959> incapable<00:13:27.680> of
with a few exceptions are incapable of
with a few exceptions are incapable of
producing<00:13:28.240> students<00:13:28.880> in<00:13:29.040> the<00:13:29.279> quantity<00:13:29.760> and
producing students in the quantity and
producing students in the quantity and
quality<00:13:30.320> needed<00:13:30.880> to<00:13:31.040> keep<00:13:31.279> this<00:13:31.440> innovation
quality needed to keep this innovation
quality needed to keep this innovation
engine<00:13:32.240> going
engine going
engine going
so<00:13:33.519> companies<00:13:34.000> are<00:13:34.079> finding<00:13:34.560> innovative<00:13:35.040> ways
so companies are finding innovative ways
so companies are finding innovative ways
to<00:13:35.360> overcome<00:13:35.839> this<00:13:36.399> but<00:13:36.639> in<00:13:36.720> the<00:13:36.880> end<00:13:37.040> it<00:13:37.200> does
to overcome this but in the end it does
to overcome this but in the end it does
not<00:13:37.600> absolve<00:13:38.320> the<00:13:38.639> government<00:13:39.040> of<00:13:39.120> the
not absolve the government of the
not absolve the government of the
responsibility<00:13:40.000> for<00:13:40.160> creating<00:13:40.480> this
responsibility for creating this
responsibility for creating this
educational<00:13:41.120> structure
so<00:13:43.839> finally<00:13:44.399> i<00:13:44.560> want<00:13:44.720> to<00:13:44.880> conclude
so finally i want to conclude
so finally i want to conclude
by<00:13:47.120> showing<00:13:47.440> you
by showing you
by showing you
the<00:13:48.560> profile<00:13:49.040> of<00:13:49.120> one<00:13:49.360> company<00:13:49.680> ibm<00:13:50.560> as<00:13:50.800> many
the profile of one company ibm as many
the profile of one company ibm as many
of<00:13:51.200> you<00:13:51.279> know<00:13:51.519> ibm<00:13:51.920> has<00:13:52.079> always<00:13:52.320> been
of you know ibm has always been
of you know ibm has always been
considered<00:13:52.880> for<00:13:53.040> the<00:13:53.120> last<00:13:53.360> hundred<00:13:53.600> years<00:13:53.839> to
considered for the last hundred years to
considered for the last hundred years to
be<00:13:54.079> one<00:13:54.240> of<00:13:54.320> the<00:13:54.399> most<00:13:54.639> innovative<00:13:55.120> companies
be one of the most innovative companies
be one of the most innovative companies
in<00:13:56.000> fact<00:13:56.320> if<00:13:56.399> you<00:13:56.480> look<00:13:56.639> at<00:13:56.800> the<00:13:56.880> number<00:13:57.120> of
in fact if you look at the number of
in fact if you look at the number of
patents<00:13:57.519> filed<00:13:57.839> over<00:13:58.000> history<00:13:58.560> i<00:13:58.720> think<00:13:58.880> they
patents filed over history i think they
patents filed over history i think they
are<00:13:59.199> in<00:13:59.279> the<00:13:59.440> top<00:13:59.680> of<00:13:59.760> the<00:13:59.920> top<00:14:00.160> two<00:14:00.399> or<00:14:00.560> three
are in the top of the top two or three
are in the top of the top two or three
companies<00:14:01.199> in<00:14:01.279> the<00:14:01.360> world<00:14:01.839> of<00:14:02.160> all<00:14:02.560> patents
companies in the world of all patents
companies in the world of all patents
filed<00:14:03.199> in<00:14:03.279> the<00:14:03.360> usa<00:14:03.760> as<00:14:03.920> a<00:14:04.000> private<00:14:04.320> company
filed in the usa as a private company
filed in the usa as a private company
here<00:14:05.680> is<00:14:05.760> the<00:14:06.000> profile<00:14:06.480> of<00:14:06.720> employees<00:14:07.199> of<00:14:07.760> um
here is the profile of employees of um
here is the profile of employees of um
ibm<00:14:09.839> over<00:14:10.000> the<00:14:10.079> last<00:14:10.399> decade<00:14:11.040> in<00:14:11.279> 2003<00:14:12.399> they
ibm over the last decade in 2003 they
ibm over the last decade in 2003 they
had<00:14:12.639> 300<00:14:13.199> 000<00:14:13.519> employees<00:14:13.839> or<00:14:13.920> 32<00:14:14.880> 30<00:14:15.199> 000
had 300 000 employees or 32 30 000
had 300 000 employees or 32 30 000
employees<00:14:16.000> out<00:14:16.240> of<00:14:16.320> which<00:14:16.480> 135<00:14:17.519> 000<00:14:18.079> were<00:14:18.320> in
employees out of which 135 000 were in
employees out of which 135 000 were in
america<00:14:19.279> 9<00:14:19.680> 000<00:14:20.160> were<00:14:20.399> in<00:14:20.560> india
america 9 000 were in india
america 9 000 were in india
in<00:14:21.839> 2000<00:14:22.399> and<00:14:22.880> in<00:14:23.040> 2009<00:14:24.240> they<00:14:24.399> had<00:14:24.560> 400<00:14:25.040> 000
in 2000 and in 2009 they had 400 000
in 2000 and in 2009 they had 400 000
employees<00:14:25.839> by<00:14:26.000> which<00:14:26.320> time<00:14:26.560> the<00:14:26.959> u.s
employees by which time the u.s
employees by which time the u.s
employees<00:14:27.680> had<00:14:27.760> moved<00:14:27.920> to<00:14:28.079> 105<00:14:28.880> 000<00:14:29.360> whereas
employees had moved to 105 000 whereas
employees had moved to 105 000 whereas
the<00:14:29.760> indian<00:14:30.160> employees<00:14:30.720> had<00:14:30.880> gone<00:14:31.120> to<00:14:31.360> a
the indian employees had gone to a
the indian employees had gone to a
hundred<00:14:31.760> thousand
hundred thousand
hundred thousand
well<00:14:32.959> in<00:14:33.040> 2010<00:14:33.920> they<00:14:34.079> decided<00:14:34.720> they're<00:14:34.959> not
well in 2010 they decided they're not
well in 2010 they decided they're not
going<00:14:35.360> to<00:14:35.440> reveal<00:14:35.760> this<00:14:35.920> data<00:14:36.240> anymore<00:14:36.800> so<00:14:36.959> i
going to reveal this data anymore so i
going to reveal this data anymore so i
had<00:14:37.199> to<00:14:37.279> make<00:14:37.440> some<00:14:37.680> estimates<00:14:38.240> based<00:14:38.480> on
had to make some estimates based on
had to make some estimates based on
various<00:14:38.959> sources<00:14:39.519> here<00:14:39.760> are<00:14:39.920> my<00:14:40.079> best<00:14:40.320> guesses
various sources here are my best guesses
various sources here are my best guesses
okay<00:14:40.959> i'm<00:14:41.120> not<00:14:41.199> saying<00:14:41.440> this<00:14:41.600> is<00:14:41.680> the<00:14:41.760> exact
okay i'm not saying this is the exact
okay i'm not saying this is the exact
number<00:14:42.560> it's<00:14:42.800> my<00:14:42.959> best<00:14:43.199> guess<00:14:43.440> it<00:14:43.519> gives<00:14:43.760> you<00:14:43.839> a
number it's my best guess it gives you a
number it's my best guess it gives you a
sense<00:14:44.160> of<00:14:44.240> the<00:14:44.399> trend<00:14:44.959> there<00:14:45.120> are<00:14:45.199> 433<00:14:46.320> 000
sense of the trend there are 433 000
sense of the trend there are 433 000
people<00:14:46.800> now<00:14:46.959> at<00:14:47.120> ibm
people now at ibm
people now at ibm
out<00:14:48.880> of<00:14:48.959> which
out of which
out of which
98<00:14:50.480> 000<00:14:50.720> are<00:14:50.800> remaining<00:14:51.279> in<00:14:51.360> the<00:14:51.440> us<00:14:52.320> and<00:14:52.480> 150
98 000 are remaining in the us and 150
98 000 are remaining in the us and 150
000<00:14:53.839> are<00:14:54.079> in<00:14:54.240> india
000 are in india
000 are in india
so<00:14:55.680> you<00:14:55.920> tell<00:14:56.160> me<00:14:56.720> is<00:14:56.959> ibn<00:14:57.440> an<00:14:57.680> american
so you tell me is ibn an american
so you tell me is ibn an american
company<00:14:58.560> or<00:14:58.720> an<00:14:58.880> indian<00:14:59.199> company
ladies<00:15:04.000> and<00:15:04.079> gentlemen<00:15:04.720> thank<00:15:04.880> you<00:15:05.040> very<00:15:05.279> much
Nirmalya Kumar, India, India, innovation, invisible, manufacturing, jobs, career, management, TED, TEDx, TEDxLondonBusinessSchool, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
