Using nature to grow batteries - Angela Belcher
I<00:00:15.180> thought<00:00:16.180> I<00:00:16.240> would<00:00:16.450> talk<00:00:16.600> a<00:00:16.660> little<00:00:16.900> bit
I thought I would talk a little bit
I thought I would talk a little bit
about<00:00:17.320> how<00:00:17.590> nature<00:00:17.920> makes<00:00:18.220> materials<00:00:18.880> I
about how nature makes materials I
about how nature makes materials I
brought<00:00:19.390> along<00:00:19.540> with<00:00:19.900> me<00:00:20.050> an<00:00:20.140> abalone<00:00:20.650> shell
brought along with me an abalone shell
brought along with me an abalone shell
this<00:00:21.430> abalone<00:00:21.880> shell<00:00:22.060> is<00:00:22.150> a<00:00:22.180> bio<00:00:22.450> composite
this abalone shell is a bio composite
this abalone shell is a bio composite
material<00:00:23.650> that's<00:00:24.130> ninety<00:00:24.520> eight<00:00:24.640> percent<00:00:24.669> by
material that's ninety eight percent by
material that's ninety eight percent by
mass<00:00:25.150> calcium<00:00:25.960> carbonate<00:00:26.529> and<00:00:26.680> two<00:00:27.099> percent
mass calcium carbonate and two percent
mass calcium carbonate and two percent
by<00:00:27.550> mass<00:00:27.960> protein<00:00:28.960> yet<00:00:29.560> it's<00:00:29.710> three<00:00:30.009> thousand
by mass protein yet it's three thousand
by mass protein yet it's three thousand
times<00:00:30.759> tougher<00:00:31.300> than<00:00:31.390> its<00:00:31.540> geological
times tougher than its geological
times tougher than its geological
counterpart<00:00:32.739> and<00:00:32.920> a<00:00:33.340> lot<00:00:33.460> of<00:00:33.550> people<00:00:33.790> might
counterpart and a lot of people might
counterpart and a lot of people might
use<00:00:34.410> structures<00:00:35.410> like<00:00:35.590> abalone<00:00:36.040> shells<00:00:36.340> like
use structures like abalone shells like
use structures like abalone shells like
chalk<00:00:36.880> I've<00:00:37.750> been<00:00:37.930> fascinated<00:00:38.260> by<00:00:38.739> how<00:00:39.160> nature
chalk I've been fascinated by how nature
chalk I've been fascinated by how nature
makes<00:00:39.700> materials<00:00:40.360> and<00:00:40.450> there's<00:00:40.570> a<00:00:40.600> lot<00:00:40.750> of
makes materials and there's a lot of
makes materials and there's a lot of
secrets<00:00:41.350> to<00:00:41.500> how<00:00:41.620> they<00:00:42.040> do<00:00:42.190> such<00:00:42.370> an<00:00:42.520> exquisite
secrets to how they do such an exquisite
secrets to how they do such an exquisite
job<00:00:43.359> part<00:00:44.140> of<00:00:44.260> it<00:00:44.379> is<00:00:44.530> that<00:00:44.559> these<00:00:45.100> materials
job part of it is that these materials
job part of it is that these materials
are<00:00:45.820> or<00:00:46.480> macroscopic<00:00:47.079> and<00:00:47.379> structure<00:00:47.890> but
are or macroscopic and structure but
are or macroscopic and structure but
they're<00:00:48.489> formed<00:00:48.820> at<00:00:48.910> the<00:00:48.999> nano<00:00:49.210> scale<00:00:49.359> the
they're formed at the nano scale the
they're formed at the nano scale the
formed<00:00:50.410> at<00:00:50.499> the<00:00:50.589> nanoscale<00:00:50.769> and<00:00:51.339> they<00:00:51.460> use
formed at the nanoscale and they use
formed at the nanoscale and they use
proteins<00:00:53.079> that<00:00:53.260> are<00:00:53.320> coded<00:00:53.769> by<00:00:53.920> the<00:00:54.309> genetic
proteins that are coded by the genetic
proteins that are coded by the genetic
level<00:00:54.940> that<00:00:55.539> allow<00:00:55.809> them<00:00:56.050> to<00:00:56.260> build<00:00:56.440> these
level that allow them to build these
level that allow them to build these
really<00:00:56.829> exquisite<00:00:57.190> structures<00:00:57.879> so<00:00:58.420> something
really exquisite structures so something
really exquisite structures so something
I<00:00:58.809> think<00:00:58.870> is<00:00:59.079> very<00:00:59.140> fascinating<00:00:59.589> is<00:01:00.249> what<00:01:00.760> if
I think is very fascinating is what if
I think is very fascinating is what if
you<00:01:00.999> could<00:01:01.269> give<00:01:01.929> life<00:01:02.289> to<00:01:02.739> non<00:01:03.550> living
you could give life to non living
you could give life to non living
structures<00:01:04.570> like<00:01:04.960> batteries<00:01:05.620> and<00:01:05.860> like<00:01:05.980> solar
structures like batteries and like solar
structures like batteries and like solar
cells<00:01:06.700> what<00:01:07.120> if<00:01:07.240> they<00:01:07.270> had<00:01:07.510> some<00:01:07.750> of<00:01:07.870> the<00:01:07.960> same
cells what if they had some of the same
cells what if they had some of the same
capabilities<00:01:09.010> that<00:01:09.520> an<00:01:09.610> abalone<00:01:10.090> shell<00:01:10.420> did
capabilities that an abalone shell did
capabilities that an abalone shell did
in<00:01:10.930> terms<00:01:11.380> of<00:01:11.560> being<00:01:11.740> able<00:01:11.830> to<00:01:12.159> build<00:01:12.850> really
in terms of being able to build really
in terms of being able to build really
exquisite<00:01:13.720> structures<00:01:14.470> at<00:01:14.860> room<00:01:15.130> temperature
exquisite structures at room temperature
exquisite structures at room temperature
and<00:01:15.670> room<00:01:15.970> pressure<00:01:16.270> using<00:01:16.930> non<00:01:17.110> toxic
and room pressure using non toxic
and room pressure using non toxic
chemicals<00:01:18.430> and<00:01:18.640> adding<00:01:19.060> no<00:01:19.300> toxic<00:01:19.720> materials
chemicals and adding no toxic materials
chemicals and adding no toxic materials
back<00:01:20.170> into<00:01:20.440> the<00:01:20.530> environment<00:01:20.770> so<00:01:21.400> that's<00:01:21.580> kind
back into the environment so that's kind
back into the environment so that's kind
of<00:01:21.940> the<00:01:22.060> vision<00:01:22.270> that<00:01:22.450> that<00:01:23.290> that<00:01:23.800> I've<00:01:23.950> been
of the vision that that that I've been
of the vision that that that I've been
thinking<00:01:24.250> about<00:01:24.520> and<00:01:24.850> so<00:01:24.970> what<00:01:25.570> if<00:01:25.660> you<00:01:25.750> could
thinking about and so what if you could
thinking about and so what if you could
grow<00:01:26.110> a<00:01:26.140> battery<00:01:26.590> in<00:01:26.740> a<00:01:26.800> petri<00:01:27.040> dish<00:01:27.310> or<00:01:27.490> what
grow a battery in a petri dish or what
grow a battery in a petri dish or what
if<00:01:27.760> you<00:01:27.820> could<00:01:28.000> give<00:01:28.150> genetic<00:01:28.630> information<00:01:28.900> to
if you could give genetic information to
if you could give genetic information to
a<00:01:29.770> battery<00:01:30.040> so<00:01:30.490> that<00:01:30.670> it<00:01:30.790> could<00:01:30.970> actually
a battery so that it could actually
a battery so that it could actually
become<00:01:31.870> better<00:01:32.290> as<00:01:32.530> a<00:01:32.560> function<00:01:32.980> of<00:01:33.070> time<00:01:33.280> and
become better as a function of time and
become better as a function of time and
do<00:01:33.940> so<00:01:34.120> in<00:01:34.150> environmentally<00:01:34.660> friendly<00:01:35.110> way
do so in environmentally friendly way
do so in environmentally friendly way
and<00:01:35.790> so<00:01:36.790> going<00:01:37.690> back<00:01:37.870> to<00:01:37.930> this<00:01:38.050> abalone<00:01:38.650> shell
and so going back to this abalone shell
and so going back to this abalone shell
one<00:01:39.610> thing<00:01:39.790> besides<00:01:40.150> being<00:01:40.420> nanostructured
one thing besides being nanostructured
one thing besides being nanostructured
one<00:01:41.440> thing<00:01:41.590> that's<00:01:41.740> fascinating<00:01:42.370> is<00:01:42.520> when<00:01:42.700> a
one thing that's fascinating is when a
one thing that's fascinating is when a
male<00:01:42.970> and<00:01:43.150> female<00:01:43.480> abalone<00:01:43.990> get<00:01:44.140> together
male and female abalone get together
male and female abalone get together
they<00:01:45.070> pass<00:01:45.340> on<00:01:45.550> the<00:01:45.700> genetic<00:01:45.970> information
they pass on the genetic information
they pass on the genetic information
that<00:01:46.690> says<00:01:46.840> this<00:01:47.290> is<00:01:47.440> how<00:01:47.590> to<00:01:47.650> build<00:01:47.950> an
that says this is how to build an
that says this is how to build an
exquisite<00:01:48.640> material<00:01:49.630> here's<00:01:49.810> how<00:01:49.930> to<00:01:49.990> do<00:01:50.140> it
exquisite material here's how to do it
exquisite material here's how to do it
at<00:01:50.320> room<00:01:50.440> temperature<00:01:50.800> and<00:01:50.890> pressure<00:01:51.100> using
at room temperature and pressure using
at room temperature and pressure using
non-toxic<00:01:52.420> materials<00:01:53.110> same<00:01:53.770> with<00:01:54.010> diatoms
non-toxic materials same with diatoms
non-toxic materials same with diatoms
which<00:01:55.030> is<00:01:55.210> shown<00:01:55.390> right<00:01:55.420> here<00:01:55.630> which<00:01:55.930> are
which is shown right here which are
which is shown right here which are
glassy<00:01:56.530> asst<00:01:56.620> structures<00:01:57.130> every<00:01:57.610> time<00:01:57.790> the
glassy asst structures every time the
glassy asst structures every time the
diatoms<00:01:58.450> replicate<00:01:59.050> they<00:01:59.170> give<00:01:59.350> the<00:01:59.500> genetic
diatoms replicate they give the genetic
diatoms replicate they give the genetic
information<00:02:00.130> that<00:02:00.490> says<00:02:00.610> here's<00:02:01.120> how<00:02:01.270> to
information that says here's how to
information that says here's how to
build<00:02:01.570> glass<00:02:01.900> in<00:02:02.260> the<00:02:02.620> ocean<00:02:02.950> that's
build glass in the ocean that's
build glass in the ocean that's
perfectly<00:02:03.790> nanostructured<00:02:04.630> and<00:02:04.810> you<00:02:05.110> can<00:02:05.260> do
perfectly nanostructured and you can do
perfectly nanostructured and you can do
it<00:02:05.440> the<00:02:05.680> same<00:02:05.920> over<00:02:06.280> and<00:02:06.310> over<00:02:06.460> again<00:02:06.670> so<00:02:07.270> what
it the same over and over again so what
it the same over and over again so what
if<00:02:07.870> you<00:02:07.960> could<00:02:08.110> do<00:02:08.200> the<00:02:08.289> same<00:02:08.500> thing<00:02:08.769> with<00:02:08.920> a
if you could do the same thing with a
if you could do the same thing with a
solar<00:02:09.220> cell<00:02:09.429> or<00:02:09.580> a<00:02:09.670> battery<00:02:10.060> I<00:02:10.360> like<00:02:10.869> to<00:02:10.959> say<00:02:11.080> my
solar cell or a battery I like to say my
solar cell or a battery I like to say my
favorite<00:02:11.370> biomaterials<00:02:12.370> my<00:02:12.550> four-year-old
favorite biomaterials my four-year-old
favorite biomaterials my four-year-old
ma'am<00:02:13.599> but<00:02:14.230> anyone<00:02:14.530> who's<00:02:14.739> ever<00:02:15.340> had<00:02:15.790> or<00:02:16.000> no
ma'am but anyone who's ever had or no
ma'am but anyone who's ever had or no
small<00:02:16.510> children<00:02:16.900> other<00:02:17.019> incredibly<00:02:17.739> complex
small children other incredibly complex
small children other incredibly complex
organisms<00:02:19.030> and<00:02:19.209> so<00:02:19.749> if<00:02:20.290> you<00:02:20.769> wanted<00:02:21.069> to
organisms and so if you wanted to
organisms and so if you wanted to
convince<00:02:21.489> them<00:02:21.700> to<00:02:21.730> do<00:02:21.939> something<00:02:22.299> that<00:02:22.329> they
convince them to do something that they
convince them to do something that they
don't<00:02:22.689> want<00:02:22.719> to<00:02:22.870> do<00:02:22.930> it's<00:02:23.079> very<00:02:23.230> difficult<00:02:23.439> and
don't want to do it's very difficult and
don't want to do it's very difficult and
so<00:02:23.980> when<00:02:24.129> we<00:02:24.280> think<00:02:24.310> of
so when we think of
so when we think of
future<00:02:25.270> technologies<00:02:25.930> we<00:02:26.440> actually<00:02:26.800> think<00:02:26.950> of
future technologies we actually think of
future technologies we actually think of
using<00:02:28.330> bacteria<00:02:28.870> and<00:02:29.110> virus<00:02:29.470> simple
using bacteria and virus simple
using bacteria and virus simple
organisms<00:02:30.640> can<00:02:30.910> you<00:02:31.030> convince<00:02:31.420> them<00:02:31.750> to<00:02:31.780> work
organisms can you convince them to work
organisms can you convince them to work
with<00:02:32.260> a<00:02:32.290> new<00:02:32.500> tool<00:02:32.800> box<00:02:33.160> so<00:02:33.610> that<00:02:33.640> they<00:02:33.880> can
with a new tool box so that they can
with a new tool box so that they can
build<00:02:34.270> a<00:02:34.420> structure<00:02:34.720> that<00:02:34.870> would<00:02:35.080> be
build a structure that would be
build a structure that would be
important<00:02:36.220> to<00:02:36.280> me<00:02:36.430> also<00:02:37.090> we<00:02:37.239> think<00:02:37.450> about
important to me also we think about
important to me also we think about
future<00:02:38.020> technologies<00:02:38.680> we<00:02:39.250> start<00:02:39.580> with<00:02:39.700> the
future technologies we start with the
future technologies we start with the
beginning<00:02:39.910> of<00:02:40.420> earth<00:02:41.050> basically<00:02:41.500> took<00:02:41.800> a
beginning of earth basically took a
beginning of earth basically took a
billion<00:02:42.280> years<00:02:42.520> to<00:02:42.610> have<00:02:42.850> have<00:02:43.360> life<00:02:43.630> on<00:02:44.020> earth
billion years to have have life on earth
billion years to have have life on earth
and<00:02:44.770> very<00:02:45.250> rapidly<00:02:45.760> they<00:02:45.970> became
and very rapidly they became
and very rapidly they became
multicellular<00:02:46.660> they<00:02:47.290> could<00:02:47.470> replicate<00:02:47.950> they
multicellular they could replicate they
multicellular they could replicate they
could<00:02:48.670> use<00:02:48.819> photosynthesis<00:02:49.630> as<00:02:49.780> a<00:02:49.810> way<00:02:49.989> of
could use photosynthesis as a way of
could use photosynthesis as a way of
getting<00:02:50.260> their<00:02:50.530> energy<00:02:51.130> source<00:02:51.430> but<00:02:51.910> it<00:02:52.000> was
getting their energy source but it was
getting their energy source but it was
until<00:02:52.420> about<00:02:52.569> 500<00:02:53.200> million<00:02:53.350> years<00:02:53.620> ago<00:02:53.830> during
until about 500 million years ago during
until about 500 million years ago during
the<00:02:54.250> Cambrian<00:02:54.819> geologic<00:02:55.390> time<00:02:55.599> period<00:02:55.959> that
the Cambrian geologic time period that
the Cambrian geologic time period that
organisms<00:02:56.860> in<00:02:56.980> the<00:02:57.010> ocean<00:02:57.100> started<00:02:58.000> making
organisms in the ocean started making
organisms in the ocean started making
hard<00:02:58.600> materials<00:02:59.200> before<00:02:59.410> that<00:02:59.709> they're<00:02:59.860> all
hard materials before that they're all
hard materials before that they're all
soft<00:03:00.819> fluffy<00:03:01.630> structures<00:03:02.530> and<00:03:02.769> it<00:03:03.100> was<00:03:03.190> during
soft fluffy structures and it was during
soft fluffy structures and it was during
this<00:03:03.489> time<00:03:03.819> that<00:03:03.880> there<00:03:04.120> was<00:03:04.239> increased
this time that there was increased
this time that there was increased
calcium<00:03:04.870> and<00:03:05.380> iron<00:03:05.920> and<00:03:06.220> silicon<00:03:06.580> in<00:03:06.700> the
calcium and iron and silicon in the
calcium and iron and silicon in the
environment<00:03:07.060> and<00:03:07.390> organisms<00:03:08.140> learned<00:03:08.560> how<00:03:08.860> to
environment and organisms learned how to
environment and organisms learned how to
make<00:03:09.220> hard<00:03:09.549> materials<00:03:10.150> and<00:03:10.420> so<00:03:11.019> that's<00:03:11.230> what<00:03:11.440> I
make hard materials and so that's what I
make hard materials and so that's what I
would<00:03:11.620> like<00:03:11.830> to<00:03:11.890> be<00:03:12.100> able<00:03:12.190> to<00:03:12.370> do<00:03:12.489> convince
would like to be able to do convince
would like to be able to do convince
biology<00:03:13.480> to<00:03:13.660> work<00:03:13.900> with<00:03:14.200> the<00:03:14.860> rest<00:03:15.069> of<00:03:15.250> the
biology to work with the rest of the
biology to work with the rest of the
periodic<00:03:15.700> table<00:03:15.880> now<00:03:16.750> if<00:03:16.870> you<00:03:16.989> look<00:03:17.200> at<00:03:17.470> at
periodic table now if you look at at
periodic table now if you look at at
biology<00:03:18.610> there's<00:03:18.970> many<00:03:19.150> structures<00:03:19.630> like<00:03:19.750> DNA
biology there's many structures like DNA
biology there's many structures like DNA
and<00:03:20.500> antibodies<00:03:21.069> and<00:03:21.280> proteins<00:03:21.730> and
and antibodies and proteins and
and antibodies and proteins and
ribosomes<00:03:22.510> that<00:03:22.810> you've<00:03:22.900> heard<00:03:23.080> about<00:03:23.260> that
ribosomes that you've heard about that
ribosomes that you've heard about that
are<00:03:23.739> already<00:03:23.920> nano<00:03:24.310> structured<00:03:24.880> so<00:03:25.030> nature
are already nano structured so nature
are already nano structured so nature
already<00:03:25.989> gives<00:03:26.260> us<00:03:26.380> really<00:03:26.709> exquisite
already gives us really exquisite
already gives us really exquisite
structures<00:03:27.790> on<00:03:27.910> the<00:03:28.000> nanoscale<00:03:28.180> what<00:03:28.989> if<00:03:29.079> we
structures on the nanoscale what if we
structures on the nanoscale what if we
could<00:03:29.290> harness<00:03:29.530> them<00:03:30.070> and<00:03:30.400> convince<00:03:30.640> them<00:03:31.030> to
could harness them and convince them to
could harness them and convince them to
not<00:03:31.420> not<00:03:31.959> you<00:03:32.200> know<00:03:32.290> be<00:03:32.410> an<00:03:32.500> antibody<00:03:32.950> that
not not you know be an antibody that
not not you know be an antibody that
that<00:03:33.640> does<00:03:34.090> something<00:03:34.390> like<00:03:34.420> HIV<00:03:34.959> but<00:03:35.410> what<00:03:35.560> if
that does something like HIV but what if
that does something like HIV but what if
we<00:03:35.680> could<00:03:35.920> convince<00:03:36.100> them<00:03:36.579> to<00:03:36.790> build<00:03:37.209> a<00:03:37.329> solar
we could convince them to build a solar
we could convince them to build a solar
cell<00:03:37.810> for<00:03:38.109> us<00:03:38.230> and<00:03:38.799> so<00:03:39.760> here's<00:03:39.940> some<00:03:40.030> examples
cell for us and so here's some examples
cell for us and so here's some examples
of<00:03:40.510> some<00:03:40.630> natural<00:03:40.870> shells<00:03:41.290> those<00:03:41.650> natural
of some natural shells those natural
of some natural shells those natural
biological<00:03:42.280> materials<00:03:42.910> the<00:03:43.000> abalone<00:03:43.390> shell
biological materials the abalone shell
biological materials the abalone shell
here<00:03:43.959> and<00:03:44.109> if<00:03:44.170> you<00:03:44.200> fracture<00:03:44.709> you<00:03:44.829> can<00:03:44.950> look<00:03:45.100> at
here and if you fracture you can look at
here and if you fracture you can look at
the<00:03:45.549> fact<00:03:45.790> that<00:03:45.880> it's<00:03:46.060> nanostructured
the fact that it's nanostructured
the fact that it's nanostructured
there's<00:03:47.320> diatoms<00:03:47.920> made<00:03:48.250> out<00:03:48.400> of<00:03:48.519> sio2<00:03:49.209> and
there's diatoms made out of sio2 and
there's diatoms made out of sio2 and
they're<00:03:49.989> magnetotactic<00:03:50.620> bacteria<00:03:50.650> that
they're magnetotactic bacteria that
they're magnetotactic bacteria that
makes<00:03:51.730> small<00:03:52.060> single<00:03:52.450> domain<00:03:52.560> magnets<00:03:53.560> used
makes small single domain magnets used
makes small single domain magnets used
for<00:03:53.950> navigation<00:03:54.269> what<00:03:55.269> all<00:03:55.450> these<00:03:55.600> have<00:03:55.810> in
for navigation what all these have in
for navigation what all these have in
common<00:03:55.959> is<00:03:56.500> these<00:03:56.920> materials<00:03:57.549> are<00:03:57.670> structured
common is these materials are structured
common is these materials are structured
at<00:03:58.420> the<00:03:58.510> nanoscale<00:03:58.690> and<00:03:59.290> they<00:03:59.650> have<00:03:59.890> a<00:03:59.920> DNA
at the nanoscale and they have a DNA
at the nanoscale and they have a DNA
sequence<00:04:00.549> that<00:04:01.090> codes<00:04:01.150> for<00:04:01.540> a<00:04:01.660> protein
sequence that codes for a protein
sequence that codes for a protein
sequence<00:04:02.440> that<00:04:02.799> gives<00:04:03.100> them<00:04:03.340> the<00:04:03.489> blueprint
sequence that gives them the blueprint
sequence that gives them the blueprint
to<00:04:04.239> be<00:04:04.329> able<00:04:04.420> to<00:04:04.600> build<00:04:04.810> these<00:04:04.959> really
to be able to build these really
to be able to build these really
wonderful<00:04:05.769> structures<00:04:06.280> now<00:04:07.239> going<00:04:08.109> back<00:04:08.230> to
wonderful structures now going back to
wonderful structures now going back to
the<00:04:08.500> abalone<00:04:08.980> shell<00:04:09.220> the<00:04:09.430> abilene<00:04:09.760> makes<00:04:10.030> the
the abalone shell the abilene makes the
the abalone shell the abilene makes the
shell<00:04:10.510> by<00:04:10.540> having<00:04:11.109> these<00:04:11.200> proteins<00:04:11.739> these
shell by having these proteins these
shell by having these proteins these
proteins<00:04:12.250> are<00:04:12.340> very<00:04:12.489> negatively<00:04:12.910> charged<00:04:13.480> and
proteins are very negatively charged and
proteins are very negatively charged and
you<00:04:13.870> can<00:04:13.989> pull<00:04:14.200> calcium<00:04:14.769> out<00:04:14.859> of<00:04:14.950> the
you can pull calcium out of the
you can pull calcium out of the
environment<00:04:15.579> put<00:04:15.880> down<00:04:15.970> a<00:04:16.030> layer<00:04:16.120> of<00:04:16.359> calcium
environment put down a layer of calcium
environment put down a layer of calcium
and<00:04:17.019> then<00:04:17.109> carbonate<00:04:17.620> calcium<00:04:18.010> and<00:04:18.400> carbonate
and then carbonate calcium and carbonate
and then carbonate calcium and carbonate
it<00:04:19.060> has<00:04:19.510> the<00:04:20.109> chemical<00:04:20.320> sequences<00:04:21.039> of<00:04:21.070> amino
it has the chemical sequences of amino
it has the chemical sequences of amino
acids<00:04:21.910> which<00:04:22.060> says<00:04:22.270> this<00:04:22.780> is<00:04:22.930> how<00:04:23.080> to<00:04:23.139> build
acids which says this is how to build
acids which says this is how to build
the<00:04:23.530> structure<00:04:23.919> here's<00:04:24.280> the<00:04:24.400> DNA<00:04:24.639> sequence
the structure here's the DNA sequence
the structure here's the DNA sequence
here's<00:04:25.450> the<00:04:25.510> protein<00:04:25.960> sequence<00:04:26.380> in<00:04:26.590> order<00:04:27.039> to
here's the protein sequence in order to
here's the protein sequence in order to
do<00:04:27.340> it<00:04:27.520> and<00:04:27.700> so<00:04:28.090> an<00:04:28.210> interesting<00:04:28.570> idea<00:04:28.720> is<00:04:29.139> what
do it and so an interesting idea is what
do it and so an interesting idea is what
if<00:04:29.530> you<00:04:29.590> could<00:04:29.740> take<00:04:29.860> any<00:04:30.160> material<00:04:30.639> that<00:04:30.760> you
if you could take any material that you
if you could take any material that you
wanted<00:04:31.210> or<00:04:31.330> any<00:04:31.510> element<00:04:31.990> on<00:04:32.050> the<00:04:32.080> periodic
wanted or any element on the periodic
wanted or any element on the periodic
table<00:04:32.560> and<00:04:33.070> find<00:04:33.640> its<00:04:33.849> corresponding<00:04:34.240> DNA
table and find its corresponding DNA
table and find its corresponding DNA
sequence<00:04:35.349> the<00:04:35.800> coded<00:04:36.070> for<00:04:36.370> a<00:04:36.430> corresponding
sequence the coded for a corresponding
sequence the coded for a corresponding
protein
protein
protein
sequence<00:04:38.080> to<00:04:38.470> build<00:04:38.650> a<00:04:38.770> structure<00:04:39.070> but<00:04:39.550> not
sequence to build a structure but not
sequence to build a structure but not
build<00:04:40.090> an<00:04:40.270> abalone<00:04:40.660> shell<00:04:40.840> build<00:04:41.110> something
build an abalone shell build something
build an abalone shell build something
that<00:04:41.500> through<00:04:42.360> nature's<00:04:43.360> had<00:04:43.570> never<00:04:43.810> had<00:04:43.960> the
that through nature's had never had the
that through nature's had never had the
opportunity<00:04:44.110> to<00:04:44.560> work<00:04:44.770> with<00:04:44.800> yet<00:04:45.250> and<00:04:45.910> so
opportunity to work with yet and so
opportunity to work with yet and so
here's<00:04:46.900> the<00:04:47.380> periodic<00:04:48.010> table<00:04:48.040> and<00:04:48.490> I
here's the periodic table and I
here's the periodic table and I
absolutely<00:04:48.970> love<00:04:49.419> the<00:04:49.570> periodic<00:04:49.990> table<00:04:50.020> every
absolutely love the periodic table every
absolutely love the periodic table every
year<00:04:50.710> for<00:04:50.860> the<00:04:50.949> incoming<00:04:51.389> freshman<00:04:52.389> class<00:04:52.570> at
year for the incoming freshman class at
year for the incoming freshman class at
MIT<00:04:52.960> I<00:04:53.169> have<00:04:53.410> a<00:04:53.440> periodic<00:04:53.770> table<00:04:54.160> may<00:04:54.280> that
MIT I have a periodic table may that
MIT I have a periodic table may that
says<00:04:54.610> welcome<00:04:55.120> to<00:04:55.300> MIT<00:04:55.600> now<00:04:55.930> you're<00:04:56.139> in<00:04:56.229> your
says welcome to MIT now you're in your
says welcome to MIT now you're in your
element<00:04:56.760> and<00:04:57.760> you<00:04:58.630> flip<00:04:58.840> it<00:04:58.930> over<00:04:59.080> and<00:04:59.229> it's
element and you flip it over and it's
element and you flip it over and it's
the<00:04:59.530> amino<00:04:59.740> acids<00:05:00.250> with<00:05:00.430> with<00:05:00.760> the<00:05:00.850> pH<00:05:01.150> at
the amino acids with with the pH at
the amino acids with with the pH at
which<00:05:01.330> they<00:05:01.690> have<00:05:01.870> different<00:05:02.080> charges<00:05:02.740> and<00:05:02.919> so
which they have different charges and so
which they have different charges and so
do<00:05:03.639> i<00:05:03.970> give<00:05:04.510> us<00:05:04.630> out<00:05:04.780> to<00:05:05.139> thousands<00:05:05.530> of<00:05:05.650> people
do i give us out to thousands of people
do i give us out to thousands of people
and<00:05:06.040> i<00:05:06.070> know<00:05:06.130> it<00:05:06.310> says<00:05:06.460> MIT<00:05:06.699> this<00:05:07.000> is<00:05:07.120> cal<00:05:07.300> tech
and i know it says MIT this is cal tech
and i know it says MIT this is cal tech
but<00:05:07.690> i<00:05:07.720> have<00:05:07.870> a<00:05:07.900> couple<00:05:08.110> extra<00:05:08.320> if<00:05:08.919> people<00:05:09.310> want
but i have a couple extra if people want
but i have a couple extra if people want
it<00:05:09.639> and<00:05:09.910> I<00:05:10.630> was<00:05:10.900> really<00:05:11.020> fortunate<00:05:11.290> to<00:05:11.530> have
it and I was really fortunate to have
it and I was really fortunate to have
president<00:05:12.760> obama<00:05:12.970> visit<00:05:13.389> my<00:05:13.479> lab<00:05:13.690> this<00:05:14.350> year
president obama visit my lab this year
president obama visit my lab this year
and<00:05:14.800> his<00:05:14.889> visit<00:05:15.190> to<00:05:15.220> MIT<00:05:15.790> and<00:05:15.940> i<00:05:16.180> really<00:05:16.450> wanted
and his visit to MIT and i really wanted
and his visit to MIT and i really wanted
to<00:05:16.750> give<00:05:16.870> him<00:05:16.990> a<00:05:17.050> periodic<00:05:17.500> table<00:05:17.860> so<00:05:17.950> i<00:05:18.010> stayed
to give him a periodic table so i stayed
to give him a periodic table so i stayed
up<00:05:18.280> at<00:05:18.460> night<00:05:18.610> and<00:05:18.639> i<00:05:18.820> talked<00:05:19.030> to<00:05:19.090> my<00:05:19.150> husband
up at night and i talked to my husband
up at night and i talked to my husband
how<00:05:19.930> do<00:05:19.990> i<00:05:20.110> you<00:05:20.530> know<00:05:20.560> give<00:05:20.889> President<00:05:21.490> Obama
how do i you know give President Obama
how do i you know give President Obama
periodic<00:05:22.360> table<00:05:22.690> what<00:05:22.810> if<00:05:22.900> he<00:05:22.990> says<00:05:23.200> I<00:05:23.410> already
periodic table what if he says I already
periodic table what if he says I already
have<00:05:24.070> one<00:05:24.100> I've<00:05:24.400> already<00:05:24.610> memorized<00:05:25.090> it<00:05:25.330> and
have one I've already memorized it and
have one I've already memorized it and
so<00:05:26.770> he<00:05:27.760> came<00:05:27.940> to<00:05:28.090> visit<00:05:28.120> lab<00:05:28.570> and<00:05:28.960> then<00:05:29.110> looked
so he came to visit lab and then looked
so he came to visit lab and then looked
around<00:05:29.440> it<00:05:29.680> was<00:05:29.740> a<00:05:29.800> great<00:05:30.039> visit<00:05:30.250> and<00:05:30.550> then
around it was a great visit and then
around it was a great visit and then
afterwards<00:05:31.240> I<00:05:31.330> said<00:05:31.570> sir<00:05:32.289> I<00:05:32.320> want<00:05:32.620> to<00:05:32.770> give<00:05:32.919> you
afterwards I said sir I want to give you
afterwards I said sir I want to give you
the<00:05:33.160> periodic<00:05:33.610> table<00:05:33.780> in<00:05:34.780> case<00:05:34.990> you're<00:05:35.200> ever
the periodic table in case you're ever
the periodic table in case you're ever
in<00:05:35.410> a<00:05:35.470> bind<00:05:35.620> and<00:05:35.889> need<00:05:35.979> to<00:05:36.130> calculate
in a bind and need to calculate
in a bind and need to calculate
molecular<00:05:36.729> weight<00:05:37.560> and<00:05:38.560> I<00:05:39.039> thought<00:05:39.460> molecular
molecular weight and I thought molecular
molecular weight and I thought molecular
weight<00:05:40.060> sounded<00:05:40.419> much<00:05:40.630> less<00:05:40.870> nerdy<00:05:41.139> than
weight sounded much less nerdy than
weight sounded much less nerdy than
molar<00:05:41.740> mass<00:05:42.010> and<00:05:43.050> and<00:05:44.050> so<00:05:44.169> he<00:05:44.260> looked<00:05:44.440> at<00:05:44.560> it
molar mass and and so he looked at it
molar mass and and so he looked at it
and<00:05:44.919> he<00:05:44.979> said<00:05:46.050> thank<00:05:47.050> you<00:05:47.200> i'll<00:05:47.320> look<00:05:47.440> at<00:05:47.590> it
and he said thank you i'll look at it
and he said thank you i'll look at it
periodically<00:05:48.070> and
later<00:05:55.360> in<00:05:55.600> a<00:05:55.919> lecture<00:05:56.919> that<00:05:57.070> he<00:05:57.250> gave<00:05:57.370> on<00:05:57.430> clean
later in a lecture that he gave on clean
later in a lecture that he gave on clean
energy<00:05:57.790> p<00:05:58.270> pulled<00:05:58.449> it<00:05:58.600> out<00:05:58.690> and<00:05:58.720> said<00:05:58.960> look<00:05:59.110> at
energy p pulled it out and said look at
energy p pulled it out and said look at
people<00:05:59.500> at<00:05:59.560> MIT<00:05:59.740> they<00:06:00.010> give<00:06:00.160> out<00:06:00.220> periodic
people at MIT they give out periodic
people at MIT they give out periodic
tables<00:06:01.090> so<00:06:01.410> so<00:06:02.410> basically<00:06:02.860> one<00:06:03.340> what<00:06:03.790> I<00:06:03.820> didn't
tables so so basically one what I didn't
tables so so basically one what I didn't
tell<00:06:04.150> you<00:06:04.389> is<00:06:04.510> that<00:06:04.540> it's<00:06:05.080> about<00:06:05.229> 500<00:06:05.440> million
tell you is that it's about 500 million
tell you is that it's about 500 million
years<00:06:05.979> ago<00:06:06.190> that<00:06:06.340> organism<00:06:06.729> started<00:06:06.970> making
years ago that organism started making
years ago that organism started making
materials<00:06:07.690> but<00:06:07.960> it<00:06:08.080> took<00:06:08.139> him<00:06:08.260> about<00:06:08.350> 50
materials but it took him about 50
materials but it took him about 50
million<00:06:09.070> years<00:06:09.370> to<00:06:09.520> get<00:06:09.610> good<00:06:09.850> at<00:06:10.000> it<00:06:10.030> took
million years to get good at it took
million years to get good at it took
about<00:06:10.690> 50<00:06:11.229> million<00:06:11.410> years<00:06:11.710> to<00:06:11.860> learn<00:06:12.010> how<00:06:12.070> to
about 50 million years to learn how to
about 50 million years to learn how to
perfect<00:06:12.699> how<00:06:12.850> to<00:06:12.910> make<00:06:13.150> that<00:06:13.360> abalone<00:06:13.750> shell
perfect how to make that abalone shell
perfect how to make that abalone shell
that's<00:06:14.229> that's<00:06:14.620> a<00:06:14.710> hard<00:06:14.919> sell<00:06:15.190> to<00:06:15.220> a<00:06:15.400> graduate
that's that's a hard sell to a graduate
that's that's a hard sell to a graduate
student<00:06:16.060> I<00:06:16.150> had<00:06:16.360> this<00:06:16.449> great<00:06:16.630> project<00:06:17.190> 50
student I had this great project 50
student I had this great project 50
million<00:06:18.460> years<00:06:18.850> and<00:06:19.120> so<00:06:19.449> we<00:06:19.630> had<00:06:19.750> to<00:06:19.870> develop<00:06:19.990> a
million years and so we had to develop a
million years and so we had to develop a
way<00:06:20.500> of<00:06:20.740> trying<00:06:21.460> to<00:06:21.550> do<00:06:21.610> this<00:06:21.729> more<00:06:21.910> rapidly
way of trying to do this more rapidly
way of trying to do this more rapidly
and<00:06:22.660> we<00:06:22.960> use<00:06:23.410> a<00:06:23.490> virus<00:06:24.490> that's<00:06:24.520> a<00:06:24.729> non-toxic
and we use a virus that's a non-toxic
and we use a virus that's a non-toxic
virus<00:06:25.720> called<00:06:25.870> m13<00:06:26.380> bacteriophage<00:06:26.889> this<00:06:27.639> job
virus called m13 bacteriophage this job
virus called m13 bacteriophage this job
is<00:06:28.090> to<00:06:28.210> infect<00:06:28.539> bacteria<00:06:28.720> what<00:06:29.650> has<00:06:29.770> a<00:06:29.800> simple
is to infect bacteria what has a simple
is to infect bacteria what has a simple
DNA<00:06:30.520> structure<00:06:30.970> we<00:06:31.090> can<00:06:31.210> go<00:06:31.330> in<00:06:31.510> and<00:06:31.690> cut<00:06:32.229> and
DNA structure we can go in and cut and
DNA structure we can go in and cut and
paste<00:06:32.620> additional<00:06:33.550> DNA<00:06:33.760> sequences<00:06:34.720> into<00:06:34.900> it
paste additional DNA sequences into it
paste additional DNA sequences into it
and<00:06:35.229> by<00:06:35.560> doing<00:06:35.770> that<00:06:36.010> it<00:06:36.070> allows<00:06:36.460> the<00:06:36.699> virus<00:06:37.060> to
and by doing that it allows the virus to
and by doing that it allows the virus to
express<00:06:37.780> random<00:06:38.500> protein<00:06:38.949> sequences<00:06:39.610> and
express random protein sequences and
express random protein sequences and
this<00:06:40.060> is<00:06:40.210> pretty<00:06:40.419> easy<00:06:40.660> biotechnology<00:06:41.590> and
this is pretty easy biotechnology and
this is pretty easy biotechnology and
you<00:06:41.740> can<00:06:41.860> basically<00:06:42.010> do<00:06:42.370> this<00:06:42.520> a<00:06:42.550> billion
you can basically do this a billion
you can basically do this a billion
times<00:06:43.150> and<00:06:43.600> so<00:06:44.020> you<00:06:44.380> can<00:06:44.530> go<00:06:44.650> in<00:06:44.830> and<00:06:44.860> have<00:06:45.100> a
times and so you can go in and have a
times and so you can go in and have a
billion<00:06:45.639> different<00:06:45.760> viruses<00:06:46.389> are<00:06:46.510> all
billion different viruses are all
billion different viruses are all
genetically<00:06:47.139> identical<00:06:47.440> but<00:06:47.919> they<00:06:48.070> differ
genetically identical but they differ
genetically identical but they differ
from<00:06:48.460> each<00:06:48.580> other<00:06:48.729> based<00:06:49.030> on<00:06:49.210> their<00:06:49.419> their
from each other based on their their
from each other based on their their
tips<00:06:50.139> on<00:06:50.380> one<00:06:50.919> sequence<00:06:51.490> that<00:06:52.270> codes<00:06:52.330> for<00:06:52.630> one
tips on one sequence that codes for one
tips on one sequence that codes for one
protein<00:06:53.260> now<00:06:53.710> if<00:06:53.800> you<00:06:53.889> take<00:06:54.130> all<00:06:54.340> billion
protein now if you take all billion
protein now if you take all billion
viruses<00:06:55.389> and<00:06:55.479> you<00:06:55.570> can<00:06:55.690> put<00:06:55.810> them<00:06:55.900> in<00:06:55.990> one<00:06:56.169> drop
viruses and you can put them in one drop
viruses and you can put them in one drop
of<00:06:56.530> liquid<00:06:57.100> you<00:06:57.550> can<00:06:57.669> force<00:06:57.970> them<00:06:58.120> to<00:06:58.180> interact
of liquid you can force them to interact
of liquid you can force them to interact
with<00:06:58.660> anything<00:06:58.960> you<00:06:59.139> want<00:06:59.289> on<00:06:59.349> the<00:06:59.470> periodic
with anything you want on the periodic
with anything you want on the periodic
table<00:06:59.919> and<00:07:00.430> through<00:07:00.760> a<00:07:00.820> process<00:07:01.330> of<00:07:01.419> selection
table and through a process of selection
table and through a process of selection
evolution<00:07:02.260> you<00:07:03.010> can<00:07:03.160> pull<00:07:03.340> one<00:07:03.610> out<00:07:03.849> of<00:07:03.880> a
evolution you can pull one out of a
evolution you can pull one out of a
billion<00:07:04.270> that<00:07:04.510> does<00:07:04.720> something<00:07:05.169> that<00:07:05.349> you'd
billion that does something that you'd
billion that does something that you'd
like<00:07:05.830> you<00:07:05.950> to<00:07:06.039> do<00:07:06.160> like<00:07:06.340> grow<00:07:06.550> a<00:07:06.580> battery<00:07:06.970> or
like you to do like grow a battery or
like you to do like grow a battery or
grow<00:07:07.180> a<00:07:07.210> solar<00:07:07.510> cell<00:07:07.780> and<00:07:07.930> so<00:07:08.020> basically
grow a solar cell and so basically
grow a solar cell and so basically
viruses<00:07:09.430> can't<00:07:09.639> replicate<00:07:09.820> themselves<00:07:10.300> they
viruses can't replicate themselves they
viruses can't replicate themselves they
need<00:07:10.720> a<00:07:10.750> host<00:07:10.990> once<00:07:11.410> you<00:07:11.560> find<00:07:11.830> that<00:07:11.950> one<00:07:12.220> out
need a host once you find that one out
need a host once you find that one out
of<00:07:12.460> a<00:07:12.520> billion<00:07:12.760> you<00:07:13.270> infect<00:07:13.599> into<00:07:13.900> a<00:07:13.930> bacteria
of a billion you infect into a bacteria
of a billion you infect into a bacteria
and<00:07:14.770> you<00:07:14.889> make<00:07:15.039> millions<00:07:15.280> and<00:07:15.580> billions<00:07:15.729> of
and you make millions and billions of
and you make millions and billions of
copies<00:07:16.300> of<00:07:16.510> that<00:07:16.750> particular<00:07:17.229> sequence<00:07:17.860> and
copies of that particular sequence and
copies of that particular sequence and
so<00:07:18.700> the<00:07:18.940> other<00:07:19.090> thing<00:07:19.240> that's<00:07:19.270> beautiful
so the other thing that's beautiful
so the other thing that's beautiful
about<00:07:20.050> biology<00:07:20.229> is<00:07:20.620> that<00:07:20.770> biology<00:07:21.190> gives<00:07:21.340> you
about biology is that biology gives you
about biology is that biology gives you
really<00:07:21.729> exquisite<00:07:22.770> structures<00:07:23.770> nice<00:07:24.099> link
really exquisite structures nice link
really exquisite structures nice link
scales<00:07:24.789> and<00:07:25.030> these<00:07:25.210> viruses<00:07:25.630> are<00:07:25.780> long<00:07:25.960> and
scales and these viruses are long and
scales and these viruses are long and
skinny<00:07:26.440> and<00:07:26.770> we<00:07:27.370> can<00:07:27.550> get<00:07:27.669> them<00:07:27.789> to<00:07:27.820> express
skinny and we can get them to express
skinny and we can get them to express
the<00:07:28.510> ability<00:07:28.840> to<00:07:28.990> grow<00:07:29.289> something<00:07:29.710> like
the ability to grow something like
the ability to grow something like
semiconductors<00:07:30.310> or<00:07:31.440> materials<00:07:32.440> for
semiconductors or materials for
semiconductors or materials for
batteries<00:07:32.979> now<00:07:33.370> this<00:07:33.490> is<00:07:33.639> a<00:07:33.669> high<00:07:33.880> powered
batteries now this is a high powered
batteries now this is a high powered
battery<00:07:34.479> that<00:07:34.810> we<00:07:34.900> grew<00:07:35.080> in<00:07:35.199> my<00:07:35.320> lab<00:07:35.530> we
battery that we grew in my lab we
battery that we grew in my lab we
engineered<00:07:36.340> viruses<00:07:37.120> to<00:07:37.210> pick<00:07:37.330> up<00:07:37.479> carbon
engineered viruses to pick up carbon
engineered viruses to pick up carbon
nanotubes<00:07:38.080> so<00:07:38.560> one<00:07:38.860> part<00:07:39.099> of<00:07:39.130> the<00:07:39.220> virus<00:07:39.460> grabs
nanotubes so one part of the virus grabs
nanotubes so one part of the virus grabs
a<00:07:39.970> carbon<00:07:40.330> nanotube<00:07:40.360> the<00:07:41.199> other<00:07:41.349> part<00:07:41.620> of
a carbon nanotube the other part of
a carbon nanotube the other part of
virus<00:07:42.070> has<00:07:42.280> a<00:07:42.520> sequence<00:07:43.180> that<00:07:43.300> can<00:07:43.449> grow<00:07:43.690> an
virus has a sequence that can grow an
virus has a sequence that can grow an
electrode<00:07:44.620> material<00:07:44.979> for<00:07:45.160> a<00:07:45.190> battery<00:07:45.550> and
electrode material for a battery and
electrode material for a battery and
then<00:07:46.090> it<00:07:46.210> wires<00:07:46.510> itself<00:07:47.080> to<00:07:47.289> the<00:07:47.410> current
then it wires itself to the current
then it wires itself to the current
collector<00:07:48.190> and<00:07:48.430> so<00:07:48.910> through<00:07:49.419> a<00:07:49.449> process<00:07:49.960> of
collector and so through a process of
collector and so through a process of
selection<00:07:50.349> evolution<00:07:50.710> we<00:07:51.190> went<00:07:51.370> from<00:07:51.490> being
selection evolution we went from being
selection evolution we went from being
able<00:07:52.090> to<00:07:52.150> have<00:07:52.240> a<00:07:52.270> virus<00:07:52.510> who<00:07:52.750> made<00:07:52.930> kind<00:07:53.110> of<00:07:53.169> a
able to have a virus who made kind of a
able to have a virus who made kind of a
crummy<00:07:53.500> battery<00:07:53.889> to<00:07:54.160> a<00:07:54.190> virus<00:07:54.490> it<00:07:54.610> made<00:07:54.729> a<00:07:54.760> good
crummy battery to a virus it made a good
crummy battery to a virus it made a good
battery<00:07:55.240> to<00:07:55.720> a<00:07:55.750> virus<00:07:55.930> that<00:07:56.169> made<00:07:56.289> a
battery to a virus that made a
battery to a virus that made a
record-breaking<00:07:57.010> high<00:07:57.580> powered<00:07:58.030> battery
record-breaking high powered battery
record-breaking high powered battery
that's<00:07:58.780> all<00:07:58.990> made<00:07:59.199> at<00:07:59.320> room<00:07:59.440> temperature
that's all made at room temperature
that's all made at room temperature
basically<00:08:01.030> at<00:08:01.300> the<00:08:01.449> bench<00:08:01.660> top<00:08:01.930> and<00:08:02.139> that
basically at the bench top and that
basically at the bench top and that
battery<00:08:02.590> went<00:08:02.860> to<00:08:02.950> the<00:08:03.039> White<00:08:03.159> House<00:08:03.430> for<00:08:04.270> a
battery went to the White House for a
battery went to the White House for a
press<00:08:04.539> conference<00:08:04.900> and<00:08:05.200> I<00:08:05.530> brought<00:08:06.190> it<00:08:06.310> here
press conference and I brought it here
press conference and I brought it here
you<00:08:06.820> can<00:08:06.849> see<00:08:07.090> it<00:08:07.180> in<00:08:07.240> this<00:08:07.360> case
you can see it in this case
you can see it in this case
that's<00:08:08.440> lighting<00:08:08.710> this<00:08:08.949> LED<00:08:09.100> now<00:08:09.610> if<00:08:09.730> we<00:08:09.880> could
that's lighting this LED now if we could
that's lighting this LED now if we could
scale<00:08:10.360> this<00:08:11.040> you<00:08:12.040> could<00:08:12.190> you<00:08:12.340> actually<00:08:12.520> use<00:08:12.790> it
scale this you could you actually use it
scale this you could you actually use it
to<00:08:13.090> to<00:08:13.660> drive<00:08:14.110> your<00:08:14.230> run<00:08:15.220> your<00:08:15.370> Prius<00:08:15.669> which<00:08:15.850> is
to to drive your run your Prius which is
to to drive your run your Prius which is
kind<00:08:16.120> of<00:08:16.150> my<00:08:16.270> dream<00:08:16.479> to<00:08:16.600> be<00:08:16.690> able<00:08:16.750> to<00:08:16.900> drive<00:08:16.990> a
kind of my dream to be able to drive a
kind of my dream to be able to drive a
virus<00:08:17.770> powered<00:08:18.130> car<00:08:19.290> but<00:08:20.290> it's<00:08:20.410> basically
virus powered car but it's basically
virus powered car but it's basically
where<00:08:21.430> you<00:08:21.669> would<00:08:21.820> basically<00:08:22.000> even<00:08:22.479> you<00:08:22.960> can
where you would basically even you can
where you would basically even you can
pull<00:08:24.160> one<00:08:24.400> out<00:08:24.520> of<00:08:24.639> a<00:08:24.699> billion<00:08:24.910> you<00:08:25.150> can<00:08:25.270> make
pull one out of a billion you can make
pull one out of a billion you can make
lots<00:08:25.690> of<00:08:25.840> amplifications<00:08:26.680> to<00:08:26.860> it<00:08:26.979> basically
lots of amplifications to it basically
lots of amplifications to it basically
you<00:08:27.490> make<00:08:27.639> an<00:08:27.760> amplification<00:08:28.090> in<00:08:28.449> the<00:08:28.540> lab<00:08:28.720> and
you make an amplification in the lab and
you make an amplification in the lab and
then<00:08:29.380> you<00:08:29.710> get<00:08:29.860> it<00:08:29.949> to<00:08:30.040> self-assemble<00:08:30.520> into<00:08:30.699> a
then you get it to self-assemble into a
then you get it to self-assemble into a
structure<00:08:31.120> like<00:08:31.240> a<00:08:31.360> battery<00:08:31.810> we're<00:08:32.740> able<00:08:32.890> to
structure like a battery we're able to
structure like a battery we're able to
do<00:08:33.159> this<00:08:33.279> also<00:08:33.520> with<00:08:33.700> catalysis<00:08:34.539> this<00:08:35.260> is<00:08:35.409> the
do this also with catalysis this is the
do this also with catalysis this is the
example<00:08:36.099> of<00:08:36.339> photocatalytic<00:08:37.270> splitting<00:08:38.020> of
example of photocatalytic splitting of
example of photocatalytic splitting of
water<00:08:38.409> and<00:08:38.740> what<00:08:39.279> we've<00:08:39.400> been<00:08:39.490> able<00:08:39.640> to<00:08:39.880> do<00:08:40.060> is
water and what we've been able to do is
water and what we've been able to do is
engineer<00:08:40.990> a<00:08:41.229> virus<00:08:41.830> to<00:08:41.860> basically<00:08:42.580> take<00:08:42.849> die
engineer a virus to basically take die
engineer a virus to basically take die
absorbing<00:08:43.570> molecules<00:08:43.990> and<00:08:44.229> line<00:08:44.650> them<00:08:44.800> up<00:08:44.950> on
absorbing molecules and line them up on
absorbing molecules and line them up on
the<00:08:45.220> surface<00:08:45.550> of<00:08:45.670> the<00:08:45.760> virus<00:08:45.910> acts<00:08:46.540> as<00:08:46.690> an
the surface of the virus acts as an
the surface of the virus acts as an
antenna<00:08:47.200> and<00:08:47.529> you<00:08:47.800> get<00:08:47.950> a<00:08:47.980> energy<00:08:48.700> transfer
antenna and you get a energy transfer
antenna and you get a energy transfer
across<00:08:49.420> the<00:08:49.660> virus<00:08:50.050> and<00:08:50.260> then<00:08:50.529> we<00:08:50.620> give<00:08:50.740> it<00:08:50.830> a
across the virus and then we give it a
across the virus and then we give it a
second<00:08:51.310> gene<00:08:51.550> to<00:08:51.730> grow<00:08:51.910> an<00:08:52.150> inorganic
second gene to grow an inorganic
second gene to grow an inorganic
material<00:08:53.380> that<00:08:53.770> can<00:08:53.890> be<00:08:54.010> used<00:08:54.190> to<00:08:54.339> split<00:08:54.760> water
material that can be used to split water
material that can be used to split water
into<00:08:55.900> oxygen<00:08:56.170> and<00:08:56.830> hydrogen<00:08:57.100> that<00:08:57.790> could<00:08:57.940> be
into oxygen and hydrogen that could be
into oxygen and hydrogen that could be
used<00:08:58.210> for<00:08:58.360> for<00:08:58.900> clean<00:08:59.080> fuels<00:08:59.560> and<00:08:59.800> I<00:08:59.830> brought
used for for clean fuels and I brought
used for for clean fuels and I brought
an<00:09:00.220> example<00:09:00.670> with<00:09:00.820> me<00:09:01.000> that<00:09:01.510> today<00:09:01.690> my
an example with me that today my
an example with me that today my
students<00:09:02.320> promised<00:09:02.680> me<00:09:02.860> it<00:09:02.950> would<00:09:02.980> work<00:09:03.310> these
students promised me it would work these
students promised me it would work these
are<00:09:04.240> virus<00:09:04.540> assembled<00:09:05.050> nanowires<00:09:05.830> when<00:09:06.430> you
are virus assembled nanowires when you
are virus assembled nanowires when you
shine<00:09:06.820> light<00:09:07.120> on<00:09:07.150> them<00:09:07.510> you<00:09:07.810> can<00:09:07.960> start<00:09:08.170> seeing
shine light on them you can start seeing
shine light on them you can start seeing
them<00:09:08.500> bubbling<00:09:08.920> in<00:09:09.070> this<00:09:09.190> case<00:09:09.460> you're<00:09:10.240> seeing
them bubbling in this case you're seeing
them bubbling in this case you're seeing
oxygen<00:09:11.170> bubbles<00:09:11.589> come<00:09:11.830> out<00:09:11.920> and<00:09:12.690> basically<00:09:13.890> by
oxygen bubbles come out and basically by
oxygen bubbles come out and basically by
controlling<00:09:15.400> the<00:09:15.610> jeans<00:09:15.850> you<00:09:16.060> can<00:09:16.089> control
controlling the jeans you can control
controlling the jeans you can control
multiple<00:09:16.750> materials<00:09:17.140> to<00:09:17.680> improve<00:09:17.980> your
multiple materials to improve your
multiple materials to improve your
device<00:09:18.370> performance<00:09:18.940> the<00:09:19.360> last<00:09:19.600> example<00:09:19.779> our
device performance the last example our
device performance the last example our
solar<00:09:20.620> cells<00:09:21.010> you<00:09:21.250> can<00:09:21.279> also<00:09:21.550> do<00:09:21.760> this<00:09:21.880> with
solar cells you can also do this with
solar cells you can also do this with
solar<00:09:22.300> cells<00:09:22.630> we've<00:09:23.080> been<00:09:23.200> able<00:09:23.350> to<00:09:23.500> engineer
solar cells we've been able to engineer
solar cells we've been able to engineer
viruses<00:09:24.550> to<00:09:24.670> pick<00:09:24.850> up<00:09:25.000> carbon<00:09:25.480> nanotubes<00:09:25.750> and
viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and
viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and
then<00:09:26.529> grow<00:09:26.860> titanium<00:09:27.640> dioxide<00:09:28.170> around<00:09:29.170> them
then grow titanium dioxide around them
then grow titanium dioxide around them
basically<00:09:30.100> and<00:09:30.400> use<00:09:30.670> as<00:09:31.000> a<00:09:31.230> way<00:09:32.230> of<00:09:32.260> getting
basically and use as a way of getting
basically and use as a way of getting
electrons<00:09:33.220> through<00:09:33.520> the<00:09:33.700> device<00:09:33.970> and<00:09:34.450> what<00:09:34.690> we
electrons through the device and what we
electrons through the device and what we
found<00:09:35.020> is<00:09:35.290> through<00:09:35.470> genetic<00:09:35.860> engineering<00:09:35.950> we
found is through genetic engineering we
found is through genetic engineering we
can<00:09:37.029> actually<00:09:37.450> increase<00:09:37.779> the<00:09:38.940> efficiencies
can actually increase the efficiencies
can actually increase the efficiencies
of<00:09:39.970> these<00:09:40.180> solar<00:09:40.390> cells<00:09:40.950> to<00:09:41.950> to<00:09:42.520> record
of these solar cells to to record
of these solar cells to to record
numbers<00:09:43.690> for<00:09:43.930> these<00:09:44.050> types<00:09:44.320> of
numbers for these types of
numbers for these types of
dye-sensitized<00:09:45.870> systems<00:09:46.870> and<00:09:47.050> I<00:09:47.290> brought<00:09:47.500> one
dye-sensitized systems and I brought one
dye-sensitized systems and I brought one
of<00:09:47.800> those<00:09:48.010> as<00:09:48.310> well<00:09:48.760> that<00:09:49.150> that<00:09:49.959> you<00:09:50.170> can<00:09:50.380> play
of those as well that that you can play
of those as well that that you can play
around<00:09:51.040> with<00:09:51.400> outside<00:09:51.790> afterwards<00:09:52.270> so<00:09:52.450> this
around with outside afterwards so this
around with outside afterwards so this
is<00:09:52.690> a<00:09:52.720> virus<00:09:53.170> based<00:09:53.589> solar<00:09:53.800> cell<00:09:54.070> through
is a virus based solar cell through
is a virus based solar cell through
evolution<00:09:55.120> and<00:09:55.240> selection<00:09:55.750> we<00:09:56.140> took<00:09:56.500> it<00:09:56.680> from
evolution and selection we took it from
evolution and selection we took it from
basically<00:09:57.670> an<00:09:57.820> eight<00:09:58.390> percent<00:09:58.690> efficiency
basically an eight percent efficiency
basically an eight percent efficiency
solar<00:09:59.290> cell<00:09:59.560> to<00:09:59.709> eleven<00:10:00.400> percent<00:10:00.640> efficiency
solar cell to eleven percent efficiency
solar cell to eleven percent efficiency
solar<00:10:01.270> cell<00:10:01.540> so<00:10:01.900> I<00:10:01.930> hope<00:10:02.200> that<00:10:02.500> I've<00:10:02.830> convinced
solar cell so I hope that I've convinced
solar cell so I hope that I've convinced
you<00:10:03.370> that<00:10:03.459> that<00:10:04.360> there's<00:10:04.540> a<00:10:04.600> lot<00:10:04.720> of<00:10:04.779> great
you that that there's a lot of great
you that that there's a lot of great
interesting<00:10:06.550> things<00:10:06.910> to<00:10:07.029> be<00:10:07.120> learned<00:10:07.270> about
interesting things to be learned about
interesting things to be learned about
how<00:10:07.630> nature<00:10:08.020> makes<00:10:08.260> materials<00:10:08.890> and<00:10:09.070> taking<00:10:09.580> it
how nature makes materials and taking it
how nature makes materials and taking it
the<00:10:09.790> next<00:10:10.089> step<00:10:10.330> to<00:10:10.630> see<00:10:10.810> if<00:10:10.900> you<00:10:10.990> can<00:10:11.170> you<00:10:11.650> can
the next step to see if you can you can
the next step to see if you can you can
force<00:10:12.490> or<00:10:12.730> whether<00:10:13.060> you<00:10:13.150> can<00:10:13.240> take<00:10:13.420> advantage
force or whether you can take advantage
force or whether you can take advantage
of<00:10:14.020> how<00:10:14.170> nature<00:10:14.410> makes<00:10:14.620> materials<00:10:15.040> to<00:10:15.339> make
of how nature makes materials to make
of how nature makes materials to make
things<00:10:15.700> that<00:10:15.790> that<00:10:16.180> nature<00:10:16.480> hasn't<00:10:16.660> yet
things that that nature hasn't yet
things that that nature hasn't yet
dreamed<00:10:17.230> of<00:10:17.380> making<00:10:17.500> thank<00:10:17.980> you
dreamed of making thank you
dreamed of making thank you
you
Angela Belcher, TED, TEDx, TEDxCaltech, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation, batteries, innovation, virus, hydrogen
