The rise of human-computer cooperation - Shyam Sankar
I'd<00:00:16.080> like<00:00:16.290> to<00:00:16.410> tell<00:00:16.560> you<00:00:16.650> about<00:00:16.740> two<00:00:17.040> games<00:00:17.280> of
I'd like to tell you about two games of
I'd like to tell you about two games of
chess<00:00:18.230> the<00:00:19.230> first<00:00:19.470> happened<00:00:19.860> in<00:00:19.920> 1997<00:00:20.640> which
chess the first happened in 1997 which
chess the first happened in 1997 which
Garry<00:00:21.510> Kasparov<00:00:22.050> a<00:00:22.350> human<00:00:22.800> lost<00:00:23.490> a<00:00:23.670> deep-blue
Garry Kasparov a human lost a deep-blue
Garry Kasparov a human lost a deep-blue
a<00:00:24.360> machine<00:00:25.250> to<00:00:26.250> many<00:00:26.460> this<00:00:26.670> was<00:00:26.850> the<00:00:26.970> dawn<00:00:27.150> of<00:00:27.180> a
a machine to many this was the dawn of a
a machine to many this was the dawn of a
new<00:00:27.450> era<00:00:27.630> one<00:00:28.320> where<00:00:28.470> man<00:00:28.680> would<00:00:28.860> be<00:00:28.980> dominated
new era one where man would be dominated
new era one where man would be dominated
by<00:00:29.580> machine<00:00:30.029> but<00:00:31.160> here<00:00:32.160> we<00:00:32.250> are<00:00:32.279> 20<00:00:32.940> years<00:00:33.090> on
by machine but here we are 20 years on
by machine but here we are 20 years on
and<00:00:33.570> the<00:00:34.079> greatest<00:00:34.410> change<00:00:34.650> in<00:00:34.800> how<00:00:34.890> we<00:00:34.920> relate
and the greatest change in how we relate
and the greatest change in how we relate
to<00:00:35.280> computers<00:00:35.850> is<00:00:36.030> the<00:00:36.090> iPad<00:00:36.630> not<00:00:37.380> how<00:00:38.570> the
to computers is the iPad not how the
to computers is the iPad not how the
second<00:00:39.930> game<00:00:40.079> was<00:00:40.230> a<00:00:40.290> freestyle<00:00:40.800> chess
second game was a freestyle chess
second game was a freestyle chess
tournament<00:00:41.579> in<00:00:41.750> 2005<00:00:42.750> and<00:00:43.170> which<00:00:43.289> man<00:00:43.559> and
tournament in 2005 and which man and
tournament in 2005 and which man and
machine<00:00:44.070> could<00:00:44.309> enter<00:00:44.550> together<00:00:44.730> as<00:00:45.090> partners
machine could enter together as partners
machine could enter together as partners
rather<00:00:46.079> than<00:00:46.350> adversaries<00:00:47.010> if<00:00:47.340> they<00:00:47.760> so<00:00:47.940> chose
rather than adversaries if they so chose
rather than adversaries if they so chose
at<00:00:49.469> first<00:00:49.769> the<00:00:49.920> results<00:00:50.280> were<00:00:50.370> predictable
at first the results were predictable
at first the results were predictable
even<00:00:51.600> a<00:00:51.750> supercomputer<00:00:52.140> was<00:00:52.440> beaten<00:00:52.800> by<00:00:52.920> a
even a supercomputer was beaten by a
even a supercomputer was beaten by a
grandmaster<00:00:53.430> with<00:00:53.760> a<00:00:53.789> relatively<00:00:54.300> weak
grandmaster with a relatively weak
grandmaster with a relatively weak
laptop<00:00:55.280> the<00:00:56.280> surprise<00:00:56.670> came<00:00:56.969> at<00:00:57.120> the<00:00:57.239> end<00:00:57.269> who
laptop the surprise came at the end who
laptop the surprise came at the end who
won<00:00:58.789> not<00:00:59.789> a<00:01:00.179> grandmaster<00:01:00.600> with<00:01:00.899> the
won not a grandmaster with the
won not a grandmaster with the
supercomputer<00:01:01.590> but<00:01:01.980> actually<00:01:02.309> two<00:01:02.519> American
supercomputer but actually two American
supercomputer but actually two American
amateurs<00:01:03.480> using<00:01:03.870> three<00:01:04.170> relatively<00:01:04.920> weak
amateurs using three relatively weak
amateurs using three relatively weak
laptops<00:01:06.380> their<00:01:07.380> ability<00:01:07.890> to<00:01:08.010> coach<00:01:08.280> and
laptops their ability to coach and
laptops their ability to coach and
manipulate<00:01:09.030> their<00:01:09.180> computers<00:01:09.540> to<00:01:09.780> deeply
manipulate their computers to deeply
manipulate their computers to deeply
explore<00:01:10.350> specific<00:01:11.220> positions<00:01:11.750> effectively
explore specific positions effectively
explore specific positions effectively
counteracted<00:01:13.530> the<00:01:13.560> superior<00:01:14.100> chess
counteracted the superior chess
counteracted the superior chess
knowledge<00:01:14.640> of<00:01:14.760> the<00:01:14.850> grandmasters<00:01:15.509> in<00:01:15.930> the
knowledge of the grandmasters in the
knowledge of the grandmasters in the
superior<00:01:16.470> computational<00:01:17.159> power<00:01:17.310> of<00:01:17.400> other
superior computational power of other
superior computational power of other
adversaries<00:01:18.470> this<00:01:19.470> is<00:01:19.619> an<00:01:19.710> astonishing
adversaries this is an astonishing
adversaries this is an astonishing
result<00:01:20.600> average<00:01:21.600> men<00:01:21.840> average<00:01:22.320> machines
result average men average machines
result average men average machines
beating<00:01:23.159> the<00:01:23.250> best<00:01:23.460> man<00:01:23.729> the<00:01:24.030> best<00:01:24.420> machine
beating the best man the best machine
beating the best man the best machine
and<00:01:25.700> anyways<00:01:26.700> isn't<00:01:26.880> it<00:01:27.030> supposed<00:01:27.240> to<00:01:27.390> be<00:01:27.509> man
and anyways isn't it supposed to be man
and anyways isn't it supposed to be man
versus<00:01:28.110> machine<00:01:28.640> instead<00:01:29.640> it's<00:01:29.820> about
versus machine instead it's about
versus machine instead it's about
cooperation<00:01:30.600> and<00:01:30.780> the<00:01:31.110> right<00:01:31.290> type<00:01:31.560> of
cooperation and the right type of
cooperation and the right type of
cooperation<00:01:32.930> we've<00:01:33.930> been<00:01:34.049> paying<00:01:34.259> a<00:01:34.380> lot<00:01:34.409> of
cooperation we've been paying a lot of
cooperation we've been paying a lot of
attention<00:01:34.860> to<00:01:35.579> Marvin<00:01:35.880> Minsky's<00:01:36.240> vision<00:01:36.659> for
attention to Marvin Minsky's vision for
attention to Marvin Minsky's vision for
artificial<00:01:37.290> intelligence<00:01:37.409> over<00:01:38.070> the<00:01:38.159> last<00:01:38.310> 50
artificial intelligence over the last 50
artificial intelligence over the last 50
years<00:01:38.780> it's<00:01:39.780> a<00:01:39.930> sexy<00:01:40.320> vision<00:01:40.590> for<00:01:40.770> sure<00:01:40.890> many
years it's a sexy vision for sure many
years it's a sexy vision for sure many
of<00:01:41.340> embraces<00:01:41.790> become<00:01:42.060> the<00:01:42.149> dominant<00:01:42.600> school
of embraces become the dominant school
of embraces become the dominant school
of<00:01:42.930> thought<00:01:43.110> computer<00:01:43.530> science<00:01:44.060> but<00:01:45.060> as<00:01:45.210> we
of thought computer science but as we
of thought computer science but as we
enter<00:01:45.420> the<00:01:45.780> era<00:01:45.960> of<00:01:46.110> big<00:01:46.290> data<00:01:46.500> of<00:01:46.829> network
enter the era of big data of network
enter the era of big data of network
systems<00:01:47.880> of<00:01:48.119> open<00:01:48.450> platforms<00:01:48.899> and<00:01:49.049> embedded
systems of open platforms and embedded
systems of open platforms and embedded
technology<00:01:49.890> I'd<00:01:50.880> like<00:01:51.119> to<00:01:51.240> suggest<00:01:51.390> it's<00:01:51.750> time
technology I'd like to suggest it's time
technology I'd like to suggest it's time
to<00:01:52.140> reevaluate<00:01:52.409> an<00:01:52.920> alternative<00:01:53.520> vision<00:01:53.640> that
to reevaluate an alternative vision that
to reevaluate an alternative vision that
was<00:01:54.270> actually<00:01:54.630> developed<00:01:54.780> around<00:01:55.170> the<00:01:55.320> same
was actually developed around the same
was actually developed around the same
time<00:01:55.770> I'm<00:01:56.700> talking<00:01:57.570> about<00:01:57.600> JCR<00:01:58.229> Licklider<00:01:58.259> z'
time I'm talking about JCR Licklider z'
time I'm talking about JCR Licklider z'
human-computer<00:01:59.280> symbiosis<00:01:59.570> perhaps<00:02:00.570> better
human-computer symbiosis perhaps better
human-computer symbiosis perhaps better
termed<00:02:01.110> intelligence<00:02:01.710> augmentation<00:02:01.829> I<00:02:02.549> a
termed intelligence augmentation I a
termed intelligence augmentation I a
wick<00:02:04.289> lighter<00:02:04.500> was<00:02:04.680> a<00:02:04.710> computer<00:02:05.100> science
wick lighter was a computer science
wick lighter was a computer science
Titan<00:02:05.759> who<00:02:05.850> had<00:02:05.939> a<00:02:06.000> profound<00:02:06.329> effect<00:02:06.750> on<00:02:06.869> the
Titan who had a profound effect on the
Titan who had a profound effect on the
development<00:02:07.439> of<00:02:07.530> technology<00:02:08.009> in<00:02:08.100> the
development of technology in the
development of technology in the
Internet<00:02:08.600> his<00:02:09.600> vision<00:02:10.080> was<00:02:10.229> to<00:02:10.500> enable<00:02:10.979> man
Internet his vision was to enable man
Internet his vision was to enable man
and<00:02:11.580> machine<00:02:11.910> to<00:02:12.180> cooperate<00:02:12.750> in<00:02:12.900> making
and machine to cooperate in making
and machine to cooperate in making
decisions<00:02:13.830> in<00:02:14.250> controlling<00:02:14.670> complex
decisions in controlling complex
decisions in controlling complex
situations<00:02:15.750> without<00:02:16.470> the<00:02:16.620> inflexible
situations without the inflexible
situations without the inflexible
dependence<00:02:17.850> on<00:02:18.060> predetermined<00:02:18.660> programs
dependence on predetermined programs
dependence on predetermined programs
note<00:02:20.519> that<00:02:20.700> word<00:02:20.940> cooperate<00:02:22.160> Lickliter
note that word cooperate Lickliter
note that word cooperate Lickliter
encourages<00:02:23.879> us
encourages us
encourages us
to<00:02:24.660> take<00:02:24.870> a<00:02:25.140> toaster<00:02:25.740> and<00:02:25.920> make<00:02:26.160> it<00:02:26.280> data<00:02:26.490> from
to take a toaster and make it data from
to take a toaster and make it data from
Star<00:02:26.940> Trek<00:02:27.180> but<00:02:27.900> to<00:02:28.020> take<00:02:28.170> a<00:02:28.200> human<00:02:28.530> and<00:02:28.830> make
Star Trek but to take a human and make
Star Trek but to take a human and make
her<00:02:29.430> more<00:02:29.640> capable<00:02:30.680> humans<00:02:31.680> are<00:02:31.770> so<00:02:31.890> amazing
her more capable humans are so amazing
her more capable humans are so amazing
how<00:02:32.490> we<00:02:32.550> think<00:02:32.850> our<00:02:33.210> nonlinear<00:02:33.930> approaches
how we think our nonlinear approaches
how we think our nonlinear approaches
our<00:02:34.680> creativity<00:02:35.100> iterative<00:02:36.030> hypotheses<00:02:36.570> all
our creativity iterative hypotheses all
our creativity iterative hypotheses all
very<00:02:36.930> difficult<00:02:37.380> if<00:02:37.470> possible<00:02:37.860> all<00:02:38.040> for
very difficult if possible all for
very difficult if possible all for
computers<00:02:38.580> to<00:02:38.640> do<00:02:38.910> Lickliter<00:02:39.720> intuitively
computers to do Lickliter intuitively
computers to do Lickliter intuitively
realized<00:02:40.680> this<00:02:40.800> contemplating<00:02:41.400> humans
realized this contemplating humans
realized this contemplating humans
setting<00:02:42.330> the<00:02:42.420> goals<00:02:42.630> formulating<00:02:43.290> the
setting the goals formulating the
setting the goals formulating the
hypotheses<00:02:43.890> determining<00:02:44.790> the<00:02:44.880> criteria<00:02:45.360> and
hypotheses determining the criteria and
hypotheses determining the criteria and
performing<00:02:45.840> the<00:02:45.930> evaluation<00:02:46.500> of<00:02:46.730> course<00:02:47.730> in
performing the evaluation of course in
performing the evaluation of course in
other<00:02:47.970> ways<00:02:48.180> humans<00:02:48.990> are<00:02:49.080> so<00:02:49.170> limited<00:02:49.530> were
other ways humans are so limited were
other ways humans are so limited were
terrible<00:02:50.130> at<00:02:50.220> scale<00:02:50.520> computation<00:02:50.970> and<00:02:51.330> volume
terrible at scale computation and volume
terrible at scale computation and volume
we<00:02:52.740> require<00:02:53.070> high-end<00:02:53.490> talent<00:02:53.850> management<00:02:54.120> to
we require high-end talent management to
we require high-end talent management to
keep<00:02:54.450> the<00:02:54.600> rock<00:02:54.750> band<00:02:55.020> together<00:02:55.290> and<00:02:55.470> playing
keep the rock band together and playing
keep the rock band together and playing
Licklider<00:02:56.760> for<00:02:57.000> saw<00:02:57.090> computers<00:02:57.480> doing<00:02:57.660> all<00:02:57.810> of
Licklider for saw computers doing all of
Licklider for saw computers doing all of
the<00:02:58.050> routinize<00:02:58.410> herbal<00:02:58.710> work<00:02:58.800> that<00:02:58.980> was
the routinize herbal work that was
the routinize herbal work that was
required<00:02:59.370> to<00:02:59.700> prepare<00:02:59.820> the<00:03:00.090> way<00:03:00.180> for<00:03:00.210> insights
required to prepare the way for insights
required to prepare the way for insights
and<00:03:00.870> decision-making<00:03:01.850> silently<00:03:02.850> without
and decision-making silently without
and decision-making silently without
much<00:03:03.420> fanfare<00:03:03.600> this<00:03:04.320> approach<00:03:04.680> has<00:03:04.830> been
much fanfare this approach has been
much fanfare this approach has been
compiling<00:03:05.310> victories<00:03:05.820> beyond<00:03:06.150> chess<00:03:06.800> protein
compiling victories beyond chess protein
compiling victories beyond chess protein
folding<00:03:08.100> a<00:03:08.160> topic<00:03:08.520> that<00:03:08.670> shares<00:03:08.940> the
folding a topic that shares the
folding a topic that shares the
incredible<00:03:09.870> expansiveness<00:03:10.350> of<00:03:10.650> chess<00:03:10.860> there
incredible expansiveness of chess there
incredible expansiveness of chess there
are<00:03:11.250> more<00:03:11.430> ways<00:03:11.580> of<00:03:11.790> folding<00:03:11.940> a<00:03:12.120> protein<00:03:12.450> than
are more ways of folding a protein than
are more ways of folding a protein than
there<00:03:12.690> are<00:03:12.720> atoms<00:03:12.930> in<00:03:13.170> the<00:03:13.230> universe<00:03:13.470> this<00:03:13.950> is
there are atoms in the universe this is
there are atoms in the universe this is
a<00:03:14.130> world-changing<00:03:14.790> problem<00:03:15.180> with<00:03:15.300> huge
a world-changing problem with huge
a world-changing problem with huge
implications<00:03:16.170> for<00:03:16.260> our<00:03:16.320> ability<00:03:16.440> to
implications for our ability to
implications for our ability to
understand<00:03:17.190> and<00:03:17.310> treat<00:03:17.459> disease<00:03:17.820> and<00:03:18.120> for
understand and treat disease and for
understand and treat disease and for
this<00:03:19.200> task<00:03:19.550> supercomputer<00:03:20.550> fueled<00:03:20.760> brute
this task supercomputer fueled brute
this task supercomputer fueled brute
force<00:03:21.120> simply<00:03:21.450> isn't<00:03:21.600> enough<00:03:22.160> fully<00:03:23.160> a<00:03:23.490> game
force simply isn't enough fully a game
force simply isn't enough fully a game
created<00:03:24.180> by<00:03:24.240> computer<00:03:24.720> scientists
created by computer scientists
created by computer scientists
illustrates<00:03:25.650> the<00:03:25.770> value<00:03:25.800> of<00:03:26.220> the<00:03:26.340> approach
illustrates the value of the approach
illustrates the value of the approach
non<00:03:28.110> technical<00:03:28.590> non<00:03:29.010> biologists<00:03:29.640> amateurs
non technical non biologists amateurs
non technical non biologists amateurs
play<00:03:30.239> a<00:03:30.269> video<00:03:30.570> game<00:03:30.780> in<00:03:30.870> which<00:03:30.900> they<00:03:31.110> visually
play a video game in which they visually
play a video game in which they visually
arranged<00:03:31.830> the<00:03:31.890> structure<00:03:32.220> of<00:03:32.310> the<00:03:32.400> protein
arranged the structure of the protein
arranged the structure of the protein
allowing<00:03:34.050> the<00:03:34.110> computer<00:03:34.440> to<00:03:34.560> manage<00:03:34.800> the
allowing the computer to manage the
allowing the computer to manage the
atomic<00:03:35.250> forces<00:03:35.489> and<00:03:35.730> interactions<00:03:36.209> and
atomic forces and interactions and
atomic forces and interactions and
identify<00:03:36.720> structural<00:03:37.170> issues<00:03:37.470> this<00:03:38.400> approach
identify structural issues this approach
identify structural issues this approach
beats<00:03:39.090> supercomputers<00:03:39.690> 50%<00:03:40.260> of<00:03:40.320> the<00:03:40.410> time<00:03:40.590> and
beats supercomputers 50% of the time and
beats supercomputers 50% of the time and
tied<00:03:41.550> 30%<00:03:42.209> of<00:03:42.269> the<00:03:42.360> time<00:03:43.220> folded<00:03:44.220> recently
tied 30% of the time folded recently
tied 30% of the time folded recently
made<00:03:44.730> a<00:03:44.760> notable<00:03:45.239> and<00:03:45.420> major<00:03:45.630> scientific
made a notable and major scientific
made a notable and major scientific
discovery<00:03:46.550> by<00:03:47.550> deciphering<00:03:48.030> the<00:03:48.150> structure
discovery by deciphering the structure
discovery by deciphering the structure
of<00:03:48.720> the<00:03:48.810> Mason<00:03:49.080> Fischer<00:03:49.260> monkey<00:03:49.620> virus<00:03:49.950> a
of the Mason Fischer monkey virus a
of the Mason Fischer monkey virus a
protease<00:03:50.489> that<00:03:50.580> had<00:03:50.790> eluded<00:03:51.000> determination
protease that had eluded determination
protease that had eluded determination
for<00:03:51.870> ever<00:03:52.019> 10<00:03:52.380> years<00:03:52.769> was<00:03:53.310> solved<00:03:53.610> by<00:03:53.730> three
for ever 10 years was solved by three
for ever 10 years was solved by three
players<00:03:54.300> in<00:03:54.450> a<00:03:54.750> matter<00:03:54.959> of<00:03:55.050> days<00:03:55.290> perhaps<00:03:56.280> the
players in a matter of days perhaps the
players in a matter of days perhaps the
first<00:03:56.760> major<00:03:57.060> scientific<00:03:57.630> advance<00:03:57.900> to<00:03:58.080> come
first major scientific advance to come
first major scientific advance to come
from<00:03:58.290> playing<00:03:58.590> the<00:03:58.709> video<00:03:58.830> game<00:03:59.420> last<00:04:00.420> year<00:04:00.600> on
from playing the video game last year on
from playing the video game last year on
the<00:04:01.530> side<00:04:01.680> of<00:04:01.800> the<00:04:01.860> twin<00:04:02.040> towers<00:04:02.070> a<00:04:02.459> 9/11
the side of the twin towers a 9/11
the side of the twin towers a 9/11
memorial<00:04:03.360> opened<00:04:03.720> it<00:04:04.230> displays<00:04:04.650> the<00:04:04.830> names<00:04:05.040> of
memorial opened it displays the names of
memorial opened it displays the names of
the<00:04:05.280> thousands<00:04:05.790> of<00:04:05.880> victims<00:04:06.090> using<00:04:06.900> a
the thousands of victims using a
the thousands of victims using a
beautiful<00:04:07.440> concept<00:04:07.830> called<00:04:07.950> meaningful
beautiful concept called meaningful
beautiful concept called meaningful
adjacency<00:04:09.030> places<00:04:09.989> the<00:04:10.080> names<00:04:10.260> and<00:04:10.440> next<00:04:10.620> to
adjacency places the names and next to
adjacency places the names and next to
each<00:04:10.800> other<00:04:10.980> based<00:04:11.580> on<00:04:11.700> the<00:04:11.820> relationships<00:04:12.450> to
each other based on the relationships to
each other based on the relationships to
one<00:04:12.660> another<00:04:12.720> friends<00:04:13.410> families<00:04:14.010> co-workers
one another friends families co-workers
one another friends families co-workers
when<00:04:15.450> you<00:04:15.570> put<00:04:15.750> it<00:04:15.840> all<00:04:15.900> together<00:04:16.080> it's<00:04:16.410> quite
when you put it all together it's quite
when you put it all together it's quite
a<00:04:16.620> computational<00:04:17.310> challenge<00:04:17.840> 3,500<00:04:18.840> victims
a computational challenge 3,500 victims
a computational challenge 3,500 victims
1,800<00:04:20.070> to<00:04:20.130> JCCC<00:04:20.430> requests<00:04:21.000> the<00:04:21.390> importance<00:04:21.840> of
1,800 to JCCC requests the importance of
1,800 to JCCC requests the importance of
the<00:04:22.500> overall<00:04:22.890> physical<00:04:23.340> specifications<00:04:24.210> in
the overall physical specifications in
the overall physical specifications in
the<00:04:24.479> final<00:04:24.870> aesthetics<00:04:25.460> when<00:04:26.460> first<00:04:26.700> reported
the final aesthetics when first reported
the final aesthetics when first reported
by<00:04:27.120> the<00:04:27.270> media
by the media
by the media
full<00:04:28.200> credit<00:04:28.380> for<00:04:28.590> such<00:04:28.860> a<00:04:28.890> feat<00:04:29.130> was<00:04:29.310> given<00:04:29.610> to
full credit for such a feat was given to
full credit for such a feat was given to
an<00:04:29.820> algorithm<00:04:30.330> from<00:04:30.390> the<00:04:30.570> New<00:04:30.660> York<00:04:30.840> City
an algorithm from the New York City
an algorithm from the New York City
design<00:04:31.350> firm<00:04:31.590> local<00:04:31.919> projects<00:04:32.430> the<00:04:33.210> truth<00:04:33.450> is
design firm local projects the truth is
design firm local projects the truth is
a<00:04:33.630> bit<00:04:33.840> more<00:04:34.020> nuanced<00:04:34.440> while<00:04:35.130> an<00:04:35.250> algorithm
a bit more nuanced while an algorithm
a bit more nuanced while an algorithm
was<00:04:35.880> used<00:04:36.090> to<00:04:36.210> develop<00:04:36.390> the<00:04:36.720> underlying
was used to develop the underlying
was used to develop the underlying
framework<00:04:37.630> humans<00:04:38.170> use<00:04:38.410> that<00:04:38.620> framework<00:04:39.010> to
framework humans use that framework to
framework humans use that framework to
design<00:04:39.310> the<00:04:39.640> final<00:04:39.790> result<00:04:40.270> so<00:04:40.960> in<00:04:41.080> this<00:04:41.200> case
design the final result so in this case
design the final result so in this case
a<00:04:41.680> computer<00:04:42.100> I've<00:04:42.220> evaluated<00:04:42.700> millions<00:04:43.090> of
a computer I've evaluated millions of
a computer I've evaluated millions of
possible<00:04:43.600> layouts<00:04:43.830> manage<00:04:44.830> a<00:04:44.920> complex
possible layouts manage a complex
possible layouts manage a complex
relational<00:04:45.820> system<00:04:46.150> and<00:04:46.360> kept<00:04:46.750> track<00:04:46.930> of<00:04:47.080> a
relational system and kept track of a
relational system and kept track of a
very<00:04:47.320> large<00:04:47.650> set<00:04:47.980> of<00:04:48.010> measurements<00:04:48.790> and
very large set of measurements and
very large set of measurements and
variables<00:04:49.530> allowing<00:04:50.530> the<00:04:50.620> humans<00:04:50.980> to<00:04:51.100> focus
variables allowing the humans to focus
variables allowing the humans to focus
on<00:04:51.550> design<00:04:51.880> and<00:04:51.910> compositional<00:04:52.660> choices<00:04:53.110> so
on design and compositional choices so
on design and compositional choices so
the<00:04:54.190> more<00:04:54.370> you<00:04:54.460> look<00:04:54.580> around<00:04:54.880> you<00:04:55.090> the<00:04:55.210> more
the more you look around you the more
the more you look around you the more
you<00:04:55.480> see<00:04:55.630> Licklider<00:04:55.990> vision<00:04:56.380> everywhere
you see Licklider vision everywhere
you see Licklider vision everywhere
whether<00:04:57.550> it's<00:04:57.760> augmented<00:04:57.910> reality<00:04:58.240> in<00:04:58.690> your
whether it's augmented reality in your
whether it's augmented reality in your
iPhone<00:04:59.170> or<00:04:59.350> GPS<00:04:59.710> in<00:04:59.860> your<00:04:59.890> car<00:05:00.010> or
iPhone or GPS in your car or
iPhone or GPS in your car or
human-computer<00:05:00.670> symbiosis<00:05:00.880> is<00:05:01.510> making<00:05:01.870> us
human-computer symbiosis is making us
human-computer symbiosis is making us
more<00:05:02.110> capable<00:05:02.590> so<00:05:03.430> if<00:05:03.520> you<00:05:03.610> want<00:05:03.850> to<00:05:03.940> improve
more capable so if you want to improve
more capable so if you want to improve
human-computer<00:05:04.600> symbiosis<00:05:04.810> what<00:05:05.410> can<00:05:05.560> you<00:05:05.650> do
human-computer symbiosis what can you do
human-computer symbiosis what can you do
you<00:05:06.010> can<00:05:06.460> start<00:05:06.730> by<00:05:06.880> designing<00:05:07.300> the<00:05:07.510> human
you can start by designing the human
you can start by designing the human
into<00:05:07.990> the<00:05:08.080> process<00:05:08.500> instead<00:05:09.160> of<00:05:09.430> thinking
into the process instead of thinking
into the process instead of thinking
about<00:05:09.730> what<00:05:09.970> a<00:05:10.000> computer<00:05:10.270> will<00:05:10.480> do<00:05:10.570> to<00:05:10.690> solve
about what a computer will do to solve
about what a computer will do to solve
the<00:05:10.990> problem<00:05:11.020> design<00:05:11.590> the<00:05:11.770> solution<00:05:12.190> around
the problem design the solution around
the problem design the solution around
what<00:05:12.490> the<00:05:12.580> human<00:05:12.880> will<00:05:13.000> do<00:05:13.120> as<00:05:13.270> well<00:05:14.040> when<00:05:15.040> you
what the human will do as well when you
what the human will do as well when you
do<00:05:15.310> this<00:05:15.460> you'll<00:05:15.670> quickly<00:05:15.850> realize<00:05:16.030> that<00:05:16.360> you
do this you'll quickly realize that you
do this you'll quickly realize that you
spend<00:05:16.750> all<00:05:16.900> of<00:05:16.990> your<00:05:17.170> time<00:05:17.290> on<00:05:17.500> the<00:05:17.710> interface
spend all of your time on the interface
spend all of your time on the interface
between<00:05:18.340> man<00:05:18.730> and<00:05:18.910> machine<00:05:19.290> specifically<00:05:20.290> on
between man and machine specifically on
between man and machine specifically on
designing<00:05:20.980> away<00:05:21.130> the<00:05:21.280> friction<00:05:21.640> in<00:05:21.730> the
designing away the friction in the
designing away the friction in the
interaction<00:05:22.350> in<00:05:23.350> fact<00:05:23.620> this<00:05:23.800> friction<00:05:24.250> is
interaction in fact this friction is
interaction in fact this friction is
more<00:05:24.610> important<00:05:25.000> than<00:05:25.090> the<00:05:25.210> power<00:05:25.360> of<00:05:25.480> the<00:05:25.600> man
more important than the power of the man
more important than the power of the man
or<00:05:26.170> the<00:05:26.350> power<00:05:26.530> of<00:05:26.710> the<00:05:26.800> machine<00:05:27.160> in
or the power of the machine in
or the power of the machine in
determining<00:05:27.880> overall<00:05:28.300> capability<00:05:28.870> that's
determining overall capability that's
determining overall capability that's
why<00:05:29.650> two<00:05:29.710> amateurs<00:05:30.430> with<00:05:30.610> a<00:05:30.640> few<00:05:30.820> laptops
why two amateurs with a few laptops
why two amateurs with a few laptops
handily<00:05:31.840> beat<00:05:31.990> a<00:05:32.170> supercomputer<00:05:32.770> and<00:05:32.860> a
handily beat a supercomputer and a
handily beat a supercomputer and a
grandmaster<00:05:33.310> what<00:05:34.150> Kasparov<00:05:34.690> calls
grandmaster what Kasparov calls
grandmaster what Kasparov calls
processes<00:05:35.620> a<00:05:35.650> byproduct<00:05:36.070> of<00:05:36.310> friction<00:05:36.700> the
processes a byproduct of friction the
processes a byproduct of friction the
better<00:05:37.330> the<00:05:37.510> process<00:05:37.690> the<00:05:38.050> less<00:05:38.170> the<00:05:38.350> friction
better the process the less the friction
better the process the less the friction
and<00:05:39.720> minimizing<00:05:40.720> friction<00:05:40.840> turns<00:05:41.230> out<00:05:41.350> to<00:05:41.470> be
and minimizing friction turns out to be
and minimizing friction turns out to be
this<00:05:41.740> isof<00:05:42.160> variable<00:05:42.840> or<00:05:43.840> take<00:05:44.050> another
this isof variable or take another
this isof variable or take another
example<00:05:44.650> Big<00:05:45.040> Data<00:05:45.270> every<00:05:46.270> interaction<00:05:46.510> we
example Big Data every interaction we
example Big Data every interaction we
have<00:05:47.110> in<00:05:47.230> the<00:05:47.320> world<00:05:47.440> is<00:05:47.590> recorded<00:05:48.010> by<00:05:48.100> an
have in the world is recorded by an
have in the world is recorded by an
ever-growing<00:05:48.610> array<00:05:48.970> of<00:05:49.090> sensors<00:05:49.300> your<00:05:50.080> phone
ever-growing array of sensors your phone
ever-growing array of sensors your phone
credit<00:05:51.010> card<00:05:51.220> computer<00:05:51.790> the<00:05:52.120> result<00:05:52.510> is<00:05:52.660> big
credit card computer the result is big
credit card computer the result is big
data<00:05:53.050> and<00:05:53.590> it<00:05:53.740> actually<00:05:53.860> presents<00:05:54.160> us<00:05:54.430> with<00:05:54.490> an
data and it actually presents us with an
data and it actually presents us with an
opportunity<00:05:54.880> to<00:05:55.180> more<00:05:55.360> deeply<00:05:55.720> understand
opportunity to more deeply understand
opportunity to more deeply understand
the<00:05:56.200> human<00:05:56.470> condition<00:05:56.500> the<00:05:57.010> major<00:05:57.820> emphasis
the human condition the major emphasis
the human condition the major emphasis
of<00:05:58.510> most<00:05:58.810> approaches<00:05:59.320> to<00:05:59.440> big<00:05:59.560> data<00:05:59.740> focus<00:06:00.130> on
of most approaches to big data focus on
of most approaches to big data focus on
how<00:06:00.790> do<00:06:00.850> I<00:06:00.910> store<00:06:01.270> this<00:06:01.450> data<00:06:01.510> how<00:06:01.810> do<00:06:01.870> I<00:06:01.960> search
how do I store this data how do I search
how do I store this data how do I search
this<00:06:02.410> data<00:06:02.590> how<00:06:02.680> do<00:06:02.740> i<00:06:02.830> process<00:06:03.250> this<00:06:03.340> data
this data how do i process this data
this data how do i process this data
these<00:06:04.510> are<00:06:04.660> necessary<00:06:05.200> but<00:06:05.380> insufficient
these are necessary but insufficient
these are necessary but insufficient
questions<00:06:06.400> the<00:06:06.700> imperative<00:06:07.240> is<00:06:07.330> not<00:06:07.510> to
questions the imperative is not to
questions the imperative is not to
figure<00:06:07.750> out<00:06:07.930> how<00:06:08.110> to<00:06:08.170> compute<00:06:08.620> but<00:06:09.130> what<00:06:09.430> to
figure out how to compute but what to
figure out how to compute but what to
compute<00:06:09.850> how<00:06:10.000> do<00:06:10.060> you<00:06:10.180> impose<00:06:10.480> human
compute how do you impose human
compute how do you impose human
intuition<00:06:11.350> on<00:06:11.470> data<00:06:11.710> at<00:06:11.830> this<00:06:12.010> scale<00:06:12.360> again<00:06:13.360> we
intuition on data at this scale again we
intuition on data at this scale again we
start<00:06:13.720> by<00:06:13.870> designing<00:06:14.020> the<00:06:14.320> human<00:06:14.620> to<00:06:14.800> the
start by designing the human to the
start by designing the human to the
process<00:06:16.290> when<00:06:17.290> PayPal<00:06:17.650> was<00:06:17.770> first<00:06:18.010> starting
process when PayPal was first starting
process when PayPal was first starting
as<00:06:18.400> a<00:06:18.430> business<00:06:18.850> their<00:06:19.270> biggest<00:06:19.600> challenge
as a business their biggest challenge
as a business their biggest challenge
was<00:06:20.170> not<00:06:20.230> how<00:06:20.800> do<00:06:20.860> I<00:06:20.980> send<00:06:21.190> money<00:06:21.430> back<00:06:21.640> and
was not how do I send money back and
was not how do I send money back and
forth<00:06:22.000> online<00:06:22.360> it<00:06:22.570> was<00:06:22.690> how<00:06:22.900> do<00:06:22.960> I<00:06:23.050> do<00:06:23.140> that
forth online it was how do I do that
forth online it was how do I do that
without<00:06:23.410> being<00:06:23.740> defrauded<00:06:24.010> by<00:06:24.250> organized
without being defrauded by organized
without being defrauded by organized
crime<00:06:25.170> why<00:06:26.170> so<00:06:26.350> challenging<00:06:26.830> because<00:06:27.100> while
crime why so challenging because while
crime why so challenging because while
computers<00:06:27.670> can<00:06:27.820> learn<00:06:28.030> to<00:06:28.300> detect<00:06:28.630> and
computers can learn to detect and
computers can learn to detect and
identify<00:06:28.830> fraud<00:06:29.830> based<00:06:30.520> on<00:06:30.730> patterns<00:06:31.150> they
identify fraud based on patterns they
identify fraud based on patterns they
can't<00:06:31.810> learn<00:06:31.990> to<00:06:32.050> do<00:06:32.290> that<00:06:32.380> based<00:06:32.560> on<00:06:32.680> patterns
can't learn to do that based on patterns
can't learn to do that based on patterns
they've<00:06:33.100> never<00:06:33.250> seen<00:06:33.490> before<00:06:33.550> an<00:06:34.510> organized
they've never seen before an organized
they've never seen before an organized
crime<00:06:35.140> has<00:06:35.320> a<00:06:35.350> lot<00:06:35.560> in<00:06:35.680> common<00:06:35.860> with<00:06:36.070> this
crime has a lot in common with this
crime has a lot in common with this
audience<00:06:36.490> brilliant<00:06:37.300> people<00:06:37.450> relentlessly
audience brilliant people relentlessly
audience brilliant people relentlessly
resourceful<00:06:38.680> entrepreneurial<00:06:39.580> spirit<00:06:40.060> and
resourceful entrepreneurial spirit and
resourceful entrepreneurial spirit and
one<00:06:41.560> huge<00:06:41.920> and<00:06:42.190> important<00:06:42.520> difference
one huge and important difference
one huge and important difference
purpose<00:06:43.180> and<00:06:43.650> so<00:06:44.650> while<00:06:44.800> computers<00:06:45.220> alone<00:06:45.460> can
purpose and so while computers alone can
purpose and so while computers alone can
catch<00:06:45.880> all<00:06:46.090> about<00:06:46.300> the<00:06:46.390> cleverest<00:06:46.750> fraudsters
catch all about the cleverest fraudsters
catch all about the cleverest fraudsters
catching<00:06:48.070> the<00:06:48.220> cleverest<00:06:48.580> it's<00:06:48.790> the
catching the cleverest it's the
catching the cleverest it's the
difference<00:06:49.120> between<00:06:49.150> success<00:06:49.690> and<00:06:49.720> failure
difference between success and failure
difference between success and failure
there's<00:06:51.670> a<00:06:51.730> whole<00:06:52.000> class<00:06:52.330> of<00:06:52.540> problems<00:06:52.690> like
there's a whole class of problems like
there's a whole class of problems like
this<00:06:53.110> ones<00:06:53.650> with<00:06:53.800> adaptive<00:06:54.280> adversaries<00:06:54.880> they
this ones with adaptive adversaries they
this ones with adaptive adversaries they
rarely<00:06:55.630> if<00:06:55.810> ever<00:06:55.990> present<00:06:56.500> with<00:06:56.620> the
rarely if ever present with the
rarely if ever present with the
repeatable<00:06:57.190> pattern<00:06:57.490> that's<00:06:57.610> discernable<00:06:58.090> to
repeatable pattern that's discernable to
repeatable pattern that's discernable to
computers<00:06:58.860> instead<00:06:59.860> there's<00:07:00.070> some<00:07:00.190> inherent
computers instead there's some inherent
computers instead there's some inherent
component<00:07:00.790> of<00:07:01.060> innovation<00:07:01.840> or<00:07:01.960> disruption
component of innovation or disruption
component of innovation or disruption
and<00:07:02.590> increasingly<00:07:03.340> these<00:07:03.520> problems<00:07:03.880> are
and increasingly these problems are
and increasingly these problems are
buried<00:07:04.210> in<00:07:04.300> big<00:07:04.450> data<00:07:04.690> for<00:07:05.220> example<00:07:06.220> terrorism
buried in big data for example terrorism
buried in big data for example terrorism
terrorists<00:07:07.330> are<00:07:07.390> always<00:07:07.720> adapting<00:07:07.870> in<00:07:08.290> minor
terrorists are always adapting in minor
terrorists are always adapting in minor
and<00:07:08.710> major<00:07:08.800> ways<00:07:09.100> to<00:07:09.250> new<00:07:09.370> circumstances
and major ways to new circumstances
and major ways to new circumstances
and<00:07:10.210> despite<00:07:10.900> what<00:07:11.020> you<00:07:11.080> might<00:07:11.260> see<00:07:11.410> on<00:07:11.530> TV
and despite what you might see on TV
and despite what you might see on TV
these<00:07:12.550> adaptations<00:07:12.760> and<00:07:13.540> the<00:07:13.720> detection<00:07:14.050> of
these adaptations and the detection of
these adaptations and the detection of
them<00:07:14.410> are<00:07:14.590> fundamentally<00:07:15.280> human<00:07:15.660> computers
them are fundamentally human computers
them are fundamentally human computers
don't<00:07:16.960> detect<00:07:17.260> novel<00:07:17.620> patterns<00:07:17.950> or<00:07:18.070> new
don't detect novel patterns or new
don't detect novel patterns or new
behaviors<00:07:18.580> or<00:07:19.030> humans<00:07:19.390> do<00:07:19.570> humans<00:07:20.140> using
behaviors or humans do humans using
behaviors or humans do humans using
technology<00:07:21.310> testing<00:07:21.730> hypotheses<00:07:22.360> searching
technology testing hypotheses searching
technology testing hypotheses searching
for<00:07:23.230> insight<00:07:23.620> by<00:07:24.010> asking<00:07:24.460> machines<00:07:24.760> to<00:07:24.940> do
for insight by asking machines to do
for insight by asking machines to do
things<00:07:25.330> for<00:07:25.480> them<00:07:26.010> Osama<00:07:27.010> bin<00:07:27.250> Laden<00:07:27.490> was<00:07:27.580> not
things for them Osama bin Laden was not
things for them Osama bin Laden was not
caught<00:07:28.000> by<00:07:28.030> artificial<00:07:28.570> intelligence<00:07:28.720> he<00:07:29.440> was
caught by artificial intelligence he was
caught by artificial intelligence he was
caught<00:07:29.680> by<00:07:29.710> dedicated<00:07:30.400> resourceful
caught by dedicated resourceful
caught by dedicated resourceful
brilliant<00:07:31.420> people<00:07:31.600> in<00:07:31.870> partnerships<00:07:32.710> with
brilliant people in partnerships with
brilliant people in partnerships with
various<00:07:32.830> technologies<00:07:33.930> as<00:07:36.000> appealing<00:07:37.000> as<00:07:37.180> it
various technologies as appealing as it
various technologies as appealing as it
might<00:07:37.480> sound<00:07:37.690> you<00:07:37.960> cannot<00:07:38.230> algorithmically
might sound you cannot algorithmically
might sound you cannot algorithmically
data-mine<00:07:39.430> your<00:07:39.580> way<00:07:39.700> to<00:07:39.760> the<00:07:40.000> answer<00:07:40.450> there
data-mine your way to the answer there
data-mine your way to the answer there
is<00:07:40.810> no<00:07:41.020> find<00:07:41.320> terrorists<00:07:41.740> button<00:07:42.040> and<00:07:42.190> the
is no find terrorists button and the
is no find terrorists button and the
more<00:07:43.030> data<00:07:43.210> we<00:07:43.360> integrate<00:07:43.780> from<00:07:43.960> a<00:07:44.050> vast
more data we integrate from a vast
more data we integrate from a vast
variety<00:07:44.530> of<00:07:44.800> sources<00:07:45.160> across<00:07:45.610> a<00:07:45.730> wide<00:07:46.030> variety
variety of sources across a wide variety
variety of sources across a wide variety
of<00:07:46.420> data<00:07:46.600> formats<00:07:47.140> from<00:07:47.350> very<00:07:47.560> disparate
of data formats from very disparate
of data formats from very disparate
systems<00:07:48.010> the<00:07:48.310> less<00:07:48.490> effective<00:07:48.820> data<00:07:49.240> mining
systems the less effective data mining
systems the less effective data mining
can<00:07:49.720> be<00:07:50.040> instead<00:07:51.040> people<00:07:51.310> will<00:07:51.550> have<00:07:51.670> to<00:07:51.790> look
can be instead people will have to look
can be instead people will have to look
at<00:07:52.090> data<00:07:52.270> and<00:07:52.480> search<00:07:53.260> for<00:07:53.410> insight<00:07:53.800> and<00:07:54.100> as
at data and search for insight and as
at data and search for insight and as
Licklider<00:07:55.120> foresaw<00:07:55.540> long<00:07:55.810> ago<00:07:56.110> the<00:07:56.440> key<00:07:56.620> to
Licklider foresaw long ago the key to
Licklider foresaw long ago the key to
great<00:07:56.890> results<00:07:57.040> here<00:07:57.460> is<00:07:57.550> the<00:07:57.640> right<00:07:57.850> type<00:07:58.060> of
great results here is the right type of
great results here is the right type of
cooperation<00:07:58.870> and<00:07:59.320> as<00:07:59.470> Kasparov<00:08:00.010> realized
cooperation and as Kasparov realized
cooperation and as Kasparov realized
that<00:08:00.700> means<00:08:00.880> minimizing<00:08:01.300> friction<00:08:01.630> at<00:08:01.930> the
that means minimizing friction at the
that means minimizing friction at the
interface<00:08:03.420> now<00:08:04.420> this<00:08:04.690> approach<00:08:04.930> makes
interface now this approach makes
interface now this approach makes
possible<00:08:05.500> things<00:08:05.950> like<00:08:06.190> combing<00:08:06.700> through<00:08:06.820> all
possible things like combing through all
possible things like combing through all
available<00:08:07.330> data<00:08:07.690> from<00:08:08.290> very<00:08:08.530> different
available data from very different
available data from very different
sources<00:08:09.240> identifying<00:08:10.240> key<00:08:10.450> relationships
sources identifying key relationships
sources identifying key relationships
and<00:08:11.170> putting<00:08:11.380> of<00:08:11.500> that<00:08:11.620> in<00:08:11.770> one<00:08:12.040> place
and putting of that in one place
and putting of that in one place
something<00:08:12.640> that's<00:08:12.850> been<00:08:12.940> nearly<00:08:13.150> impossible
something that's been nearly impossible
something that's been nearly impossible
to<00:08:13.840> do<00:08:13.960> before<00:08:14.610> the<00:08:15.610> salm<00:08:15.850> this<00:08:16.030> has
to do before the salm this has
to do before the salm this has
terrifying<00:08:16.690> privacy<00:08:17.140> and<00:08:17.230> civil<00:08:17.350> liberties
terrifying privacy and civil liberties
terrifying privacy and civil liberties
implications<00:08:18.250> to<00:08:19.060> others<00:08:19.360> it<00:08:19.570> foretells<00:08:19.900> of
implications to others it foretells of
implications to others it foretells of
an<00:08:20.230> era<00:08:20.380> of<00:08:20.560> greater<00:08:20.830> privacy<00:08:21.340> and<00:08:21.460> civil
an era of greater privacy and civil
an era of greater privacy and civil
liberties<00:08:21.700> protections<00:08:22.200> but<00:08:23.200> privacy<00:08:24.010> and
liberties protections but privacy and
liberties protections but privacy and
civil<00:08:24.220> liberties<00:08:24.640> are<00:08:24.670> of<00:08:24.910> fundamental
civil liberties are of fundamental
civil liberties are of fundamental
importance<00:08:25.780> that<00:08:25.930> must<00:08:26.110> be<00:08:26.200> acknowledged<00:08:26.620> and
importance that must be acknowledged and
importance that must be acknowledged and
they<00:08:26.800> can't<00:08:27.040> be<00:08:27.160> swept<00:08:27.400> aside<00:08:27.520> even<00:08:27.850> with<00:08:28.030> the
they can't be swept aside even with the
they can't be swept aside even with the
best<00:08:28.330> of<00:08:28.480> intense<00:08:29.550> so<00:08:30.550> let's<00:08:30.730> explore<00:08:31.150> through
best of intense so let's explore through
best of intense so let's explore through
a<00:08:31.480> couple<00:08:31.630> of<00:08:31.810> examples<00:08:31.900> the<00:08:32.500> impact<00:08:33.010> that
a couple of examples the impact that
a couple of examples the impact that
technologies<00:08:33.820> built<00:08:34.060> to<00:08:34.180> drive
technologies built to drive
technologies built to drive
human-computer<00:08:34.780> symbiosis<00:08:35.050> have<00:08:35.650> had<00:08:35.860> in
human-computer symbiosis have had in
human-computer symbiosis have had in
recent<00:08:36.670> time<00:08:37.979> in<00:08:38.979> October<00:08:39.100> 2007<00:08:39.910> US<00:08:40.420> and
recent time in October 2007 US and
recent time in October 2007 US and
coalition<00:08:40.960> forces<00:08:41.500> raided<00:08:41.830> an<00:08:42.040> al<00:08:42.220> Qaeda<00:08:42.430> safe
coalition forces raided an al Qaeda safe
coalition forces raided an al Qaeda safe
house<00:08:42.910> in<00:08:43.090> the<00:08:43.180> city<00:08:43.300> of<00:08:43.479> Sinjar<00:08:43.720> on<00:08:44.110> the
house in the city of Sinjar on the
house in the city of Sinjar on the
Syrian<00:08:44.950> border<00:08:44.980> of<00:08:45.310> Iraq<00:08:45.450> they<00:08:46.450> found<00:08:46.660> a
Syrian border of Iraq they found a
Syrian border of Iraq they found a
treasure<00:08:46.900> trove<00:08:47.290> of<00:08:47.410> documents<00:08:47.830> 700
treasure trove of documents 700
treasure trove of documents 700
biographical<00:08:49.300> sketches<00:08:49.540> of<00:08:49.780> foreign
biographical sketches of foreign
biographical sketches of foreign
fighters<00:08:50.170> these<00:08:50.950> foreign<00:08:51.250> fighters<00:08:51.610> had<00:08:51.790> left
fighters these foreign fighters had left
fighters these foreign fighters had left
their<00:08:52.180> families<00:08:52.660> in<00:08:52.870> the<00:08:52.960> Gulf<00:08:53.200> the<00:08:53.320> Levant<00:08:53.740> in
their families in the Gulf the Levant in
their families in the Gulf the Levant in
North<00:08:54.070> Africa
North Africa
North Africa
to<00:08:54.590> join<00:08:54.770> al-qaeda<00:08:54.980> in<00:08:55.310> Iraq<00:08:55.550> these<00:08:56.540> records
to join al-qaeda in Iraq these records
to join al-qaeda in Iraq these records
were<00:08:57.170> human<00:08:57.470> resource<00:08:57.830> forms<00:08:58.130> the<00:08:58.340> foreign
were human resource forms the foreign
were human resource forms the foreign
fighters<00:08:58.880> filled<00:08:59.120> them<00:08:59.240> out<00:08:59.360> as<00:08:59.510> they<00:08:59.630> joined
fighters filled them out as they joined
fighters filled them out as they joined
the<00:08:59.990> organization<00:09:00.560> it<00:09:00.950> turns<00:09:01.190> out<00:09:01.340> that
the organization it turns out that
the organization it turns out that
al-qaeda<00:09:01.850> too<00:09:02.090> is<00:09:02.240> not<00:09:02.420> without<00:09:02.570> its
al-qaeda too is not without its
al-qaeda too is not without its
bureaucracy<00:09:03.820> they<00:09:04.820> answered<00:09:05.150> questions<00:09:05.570> like
bureaucracy they answered questions like
bureaucracy they answered questions like
who<00:09:06.200> recruited<00:09:06.560> you<00:09:06.680> what's<00:09:07.190> your<00:09:07.340> hometown
who recruited you what's your hometown
who recruited you what's your hometown
what<00:09:08.360> occupation<00:09:08.750> do<00:09:08.990> you<00:09:09.080> seek<00:09:09.370> and<00:09:10.370> that
what occupation do you seek and that
what occupation do you seek and that
last<00:09:10.760> question<00:09:11.000> a<00:09:11.210> surprising<00:09:11.750> insight<00:09:12.080> was
last question a surprising insight was
last question a surprising insight was
revealed<00:09:12.590> the<00:09:13.250> vast<00:09:13.520> majority<00:09:14.060> of<00:09:14.240> foreign
revealed the vast majority of foreign
revealed the vast majority of foreign
fighters<00:09:14.930> were<00:09:15.560> seeking<00:09:15.950> to<00:09:16.040> become<00:09:16.190> suicide
fighters were seeking to become suicide
fighters were seeking to become suicide
bombers<00:09:17.150> for<00:09:17.510> martyrdom<00:09:18.310> hugely<00:09:19.310> important
bombers for martyrdom hugely important
bombers for martyrdom hugely important
since<00:09:19.880> between<00:09:20.150> 2003<00:09:20.690> and<00:09:20.720> 2007<00:09:21.320> Iraq<00:09:22.130> had
since between 2003 and 2007 Iraq had
since between 2003 and 2007 Iraq had
thirteen<00:09:22.700> hundred<00:09:22.970> and<00:09:23.000> eighty<00:09:23.180> two<00:09:23.360> suicide
thirteen hundred and eighty two suicide
thirteen hundred and eighty two suicide
bombings<00:09:24.140> a<00:09:24.230> major<00:09:24.470> source<00:09:24.830> of<00:09:24.950> instability
bombings a major source of instability
bombings a major source of instability
analyzing<00:09:26.690> this<00:09:26.780> data<00:09:26.840> was<00:09:27.170> hard<00:09:27.380> the
analyzing this data was hard the
analyzing this data was hard the
originals<00:09:27.980> were<00:09:28.070> sheets<00:09:28.280> of<00:09:28.430> paper<00:09:28.670> in<00:09:28.850> Arabic
originals were sheets of paper in Arabic
originals were sheets of paper in Arabic
that<00:09:29.300> had<00:09:29.420> to<00:09:29.480> be<00:09:29.600> scanned<00:09:29.930> and<00:09:30.170> translated
that had to be scanned and translated
that had to be scanned and translated
the<00:09:31.250> friction<00:09:31.700> in<00:09:31.790> the<00:09:31.880> process<00:09:32.330> did<00:09:32.540> not
the friction in the process did not
the friction in the process did not
allow<00:09:32.960> for<00:09:32.990> meaningful<00:09:33.590> results<00:09:33.980> in<00:09:34.100> an
allow for meaningful results in an
allow for meaningful results in an
operational<00:09:34.760> timeframe<00:09:35.330> using<00:09:35.990> humans<00:09:36.350> PDFs
operational timeframe using humans PDFs
operational timeframe using humans PDFs
and<00:09:36.980> tenacity<00:09:37.430> alone<00:09:37.810> the<00:09:38.810> researchers<00:09:39.290> had
and tenacity alone the researchers had
and tenacity alone the researchers had
to<00:09:39.560> lever<00:09:39.770> up<00:09:39.950> their<00:09:40.100> human<00:09:40.370> minds<00:09:40.550> with
to lever up their human minds with
to lever up their human minds with
technology<00:09:41.270> to<00:09:41.750> dive<00:09:41.930> deeper<00:09:42.320> to<00:09:42.470> explore
technology to dive deeper to explore
technology to dive deeper to explore
non-obvious<00:09:43.190> hypotheses<00:09:44.030> and<00:09:44.300> in<00:09:44.870> fact
non-obvious hypotheses and in fact
non-obvious hypotheses and in fact
insights<00:09:45.500> emerged<00:09:46.180> 20%<00:09:47.180> of<00:09:47.240> the<00:09:47.300> foreign
insights emerged 20% of the foreign
insights emerged 20% of the foreign
fighters<00:09:47.900> were<00:09:48.050> from<00:09:48.230> Libya<00:09:48.670> 50%<00:09:49.670> of<00:09:49.760> those
fighters were from Libya 50% of those
fighters were from Libya 50% of those
from<00:09:50.120> a<00:09:50.150> single<00:09:50.450> town<00:09:50.720> in<00:09:50.930> Libya<00:09:51.250> hugely
from a single town in Libya hugely
from a single town in Libya hugely
important<00:09:52.730> since<00:09:52.850> prior<00:09:53.090> statistics<00:09:53.600> but
important since prior statistics but
important since prior statistics but
that<00:09:53.900> figure<00:09:54.170> at<00:09:54.260> 3%<00:09:54.620> it<00:09:55.550> also<00:09:55.790> helped<00:09:56.060> to<00:09:56.090> hone
that figure at 3% it also helped to hone
that figure at 3% it also helped to hone
in<00:09:56.450> on<00:09:56.540> a<00:09:56.600> figure<00:09:56.870> of<00:09:56.900> rising<00:09:57.350> importance<00:09:57.710> in
in on a figure of rising importance in
in on a figure of rising importance in
Al<00:09:57.920> Quaida<00:09:58.160> Abu<00:09:58.340> Yahya<00:09:58.880> al-libi<00:09:59.150> a<00:09:59.720> senior
Al Quaida Abu Yahya al-libi a senior
Al Quaida Abu Yahya al-libi a senior
cleric<00:10:00.410> in<00:10:00.500> the<00:10:00.590> Libyan<00:10:00.830> Islamic<00:10:01.010> fighting
cleric in the Libyan Islamic fighting
cleric in the Libyan Islamic fighting
group<00:10:01.610> in<00:10:02.030> March<00:10:02.870> of<00:10:02.990> 2007<00:10:03.590> he<00:10:03.650> gave<00:10:03.770> a<00:10:03.800> speech
group in March of 2007 he gave a speech
group in March of 2007 he gave a speech
after<00:10:04.400> worship<00:10:04.730> was<00:10:04.820> a<00:10:04.880> surge<00:10:05.180> and
after worship was a surge and
after worship was a surge and
participation<00:10:05.930> amongst<00:10:06.290> Libyan<00:10:06.620> foreign
participation amongst Libyan foreign
participation amongst Libyan foreign
fighters<00:10:07.720> perhaps<00:10:08.720> most<00:10:09.020> clever<00:10:09.290> of<00:10:09.440> all
fighters perhaps most clever of all
fighters perhaps most clever of all
though<00:10:09.830> and<00:10:10.100> least<00:10:11.000> obvious<00:10:11.210> by<00:10:11.810> flipping<00:10:12.140> the
though and least obvious by flipping the
though and least obvious by flipping the
data<00:10:12.590> on<00:10:12.770> its<00:10:12.950> head<00:10:13.130> the<00:10:13.400> researchers<00:10:13.820> were
data on its head the researchers were
data on its head the researchers were
able<00:10:13.970> to<00:10:14.180> deeply<00:10:14.720> explore<00:10:15.020> the<00:10:15.230> coordination
able to deeply explore the coordination
able to deeply explore the coordination
networks<00:10:16.100> in<00:10:16.280> Syria<00:10:16.640> that<00:10:17.150> were<00:10:17.240> ultimately
networks in Syria that were ultimately
networks in Syria that were ultimately
responsible<00:10:17.900> for<00:10:18.320> receiving<00:10:18.710> and
responsible for receiving and
responsible for receiving and
transporting<00:10:19.550> the<00:10:19.640> foreign<00:10:19.880> fighters<00:10:20.180> to<00:10:20.210> the
transporting the foreign fighters to the
transporting the foreign fighters to the
border<00:10:20.720> these<00:10:21.710> were<00:10:21.860> networks<00:10:22.040> of
border these were networks of
border these were networks of
mercenaries<00:10:23.000> not<00:10:23.210> ideologues<00:10:23.840> who<00:10:24.080> were<00:10:24.470> in
mercenaries not ideologues who were in
mercenaries not ideologues who were in
the<00:10:24.650> coordination<00:10:25.010> business<00:10:25.460> for<00:10:25.610> profit<00:10:25.840> for
the coordination business for profit for
the coordination business for profit for
example<00:10:27.230> they<00:10:27.380> charged<00:10:27.710> Saudi<00:10:27.980> foreign
example they charged Saudi foreign
example they charged Saudi foreign
fighters<00:10:28.640> substantially<00:10:29.300> more<00:10:29.450> than<00:10:29.510> Libyans
fighters substantially more than Libyans
fighters substantially more than Libyans
money<00:10:30.440> that<00:10:30.590> would<00:10:30.680> have<00:10:30.710> otherwise<00:10:30.890> gone<00:10:31.310> to
money that would have otherwise gone to
money that would have otherwise gone to
al<00:10:31.730> Qaeda
al Qaeda
al Qaeda
perhaps<00:10:33.380> the<00:10:33.530> adversary<00:10:33.950> would<00:10:34.070> disrupt
perhaps the adversary would disrupt
perhaps the adversary would disrupt
their<00:10:34.430> own<00:10:34.580> network<00:10:34.940> if<00:10:35.090> they<00:10:35.180> knew<00:10:35.300> they<00:10:35.450> were
their own network if they knew they were
their own network if they knew they were
cheating<00:10:35.840> would-be<00:10:36.110> jihadists<00:10:36.680> in<00:10:37.330> January
cheating would-be jihadists in January
cheating would-be jihadists in January
2010<00:10:38.990> a<00:10:39.230> devastating<00:10:40.100> 7.0<00:10:40.610> earthquake<00:10:40.730> struck
2010 a devastating 7.0 earthquake struck
2010 a devastating 7.0 earthquake struck
Haiti<00:10:41.680> third<00:10:42.680> deadliest<00:10:43.190> earthquake<00:10:43.490> of<00:10:43.610> all
Haiti third deadliest earthquake of all
Haiti third deadliest earthquake of all
time<00:10:43.910> left<00:10:44.120> 1<00:10:44.300> million<00:10:44.630> people<00:10:44.930> 10%<00:10:45.380> of<00:10:45.470> the
time left 1 million people 10% of the
time left 1 million people 10% of the
population<00:10:45.620> homeless<00:10:47.080> one<00:10:48.080> seemingly<00:10:48.530> small
population homeless one seemingly small
population homeless one seemingly small
aspect<00:10:49.370> of<00:10:49.460> the<00:10:49.610> overall<00:10:49.880> relief<00:10:50.240> ever<00:10:50.450> became
aspect of the overall relief ever became
aspect of the overall relief ever became
increasingly<00:10:51.080> important<00:10:51.740> as<00:10:51.860> the<00:10:51.980> delivery
increasingly important as the delivery
increasingly important as the delivery
of<00:10:52.370> food<00:10:52.640> and<00:10:52.760> water<00:10:52.850> soccer<00:10:53.180> rolling<00:10:54.339> January
of food and water soccer rolling January
of food and water soccer rolling January
and<00:10:55.430> February<00:10:55.460> the<00:10:55.940> dry<00:10:56.120> months<00:10:56.390> in<00:10:56.480> Haiti<00:10:56.630> yet
and February the dry months in Haiti yet
and February the dry months in Haiti yet
many<00:10:56.990> of<00:10:57.110> the<00:10:57.230> camps<00:10:57.530> had<00:10:57.620> developed<00:10:57.980> standing
many of the camps had developed standing
many of the camps had developed standing
water<00:10:58.660> the<00:10:59.660> only<00:10:59.930> institution<00:11:00.470> with<00:11:00.560> detailed
water the only institution with detailed
water the only institution with detailed
knowledge<00:11:01.070> of<00:11:01.280> Haiti's<00:11:01.550> floodplains
knowledge of Haiti's floodplains
knowledge of Haiti's floodplains
had<00:11:02.450> been<00:11:02.600> leveled<00:11:02.750> in<00:11:03.020> the<00:11:03.110> earthquake
had been leveled in the earthquake
had been leveled in the earthquake
leadership<00:11:03.980> inside<00:11:05.589> so<00:11:06.589> the<00:11:06.710> question<00:11:07.070> is
leadership inside so the question is
leadership inside so the question is
which<00:11:07.520> camps<00:11:07.820> are<00:11:07.910> at<00:11:08.030> risk
which camps are at risk
which camps are at risk
how<00:11:08.510> many<00:11:08.690> people<00:11:09.020> in<00:11:09.110> these<00:11:09.230> camps<00:11:09.620> what's
how many people in these camps what's
how many people in these camps what's
the<00:11:10.190> timeline<00:11:10.460> for<00:11:10.880> flooding<00:11:11.180> and<00:11:11.300> give<00:11:11.750> it
the timeline for flooding and give it
the timeline for flooding and give it
very<00:11:12.110> limited<00:11:12.620> resources<00:11:12.980> infrastructure
very limited resources infrastructure
very limited resources infrastructure
how<00:11:13.760> do<00:11:13.820> we<00:11:13.940> prioritize<00:11:14.150> the<00:11:14.750> relocation<00:11:15.370> the
how do we prioritize the relocation the
how do we prioritize the relocation the
data<00:11:16.610> was<00:11:16.760> incredibly<00:11:17.240> disparate<00:11:17.660> US<00:11:18.230> Army
data was incredibly disparate US Army
data was incredibly disparate US Army
had<00:11:18.620> detailed<00:11:19.040> knowledge<00:11:19.340> for<00:11:19.490> only<00:11:19.610> a<00:11:19.700> small
had detailed knowledge for only a small
had detailed knowledge for only a small
section<00:11:20.180> of<00:11:20.390> the<00:11:20.510> country<00:11:20.840> there<00:11:21.290> was<00:11:21.410> data
section of the country there was data
section of the country there was data
online<00:11:21.830> from<00:11:22.340> a<00:11:22.370> 2006<00:11:22.970> environmental<00:11:23.540> risk
online from a 2006 environmental risk
online from a 2006 environmental risk
conference<00:11:24.110> others<00:11:24.440> geospatial<00:11:25.190> data<00:11:25.340> not
conference others geospatial data not
conference others geospatial data not
have<00:11:25.670> been<00:11:25.760> integrated<00:11:26.530> the<00:11:27.530> human<00:11:27.890> goal<00:11:28.040> here
have been integrated the human goal here
have been integrated the human goal here
was<00:11:28.400> to<00:11:28.520> identify<00:11:28.610> camps<00:11:29.270> for<00:11:29.390> relocation
was to identify camps for relocation
was to identify camps for relocation
based<00:11:30.110> on<00:11:30.260> priority<00:11:30.710> need<00:11:30.970> the<00:11:31.970> computer<00:11:32.390> had
based on priority need the computer had
based on priority need the computer had
to<00:11:32.630> integrate<00:11:32.900> a<00:11:32.930> vast<00:11:33.200> amount<00:11:33.620> of<00:11:33.710> geospatial
to integrate a vast amount of geospatial
to integrate a vast amount of geospatial
information<00:11:34.520> social<00:11:35.420> media<00:11:35.690> data<00:11:35.930> and<00:11:36.200> relief
information social media data and relief
information social media data and relief
organization<00:11:37.070> information<00:11:37.600> to<00:11:38.600> answer<00:11:38.900> this
organization information to answer this
organization information to answer this
question<00:11:39.340> by<00:11:40.340> implementing<00:11:40.760> a<00:11:40.970> superior
question by implementing a superior
question by implementing a superior
process<00:11:41.780> what<00:11:42.290> was<00:11:42.380> otherwise<00:11:42.500> a<00:11:42.740> task<00:11:43.130> for<00:11:43.400> 40
process what was otherwise a task for 40
process what was otherwise a task for 40
people<00:11:43.880> over<00:11:44.210> three<00:11:44.420> months<00:11:44.570> became<00:11:45.320> a<00:11:45.500> simple
people over three months became a simple
people over three months became a simple
job<00:11:46.160> for<00:11:46.580> three<00:11:46.700> people<00:11:47.030> in<00:11:47.120> 40<00:11:47.420> hours<00:11:47.450> all
job for three people in 40 hours all
job for three people in 40 hours all
victories<00:11:49.190> for<00:11:49.370> human-computer<00:11:49.730> symbiosis
victories for human-computer symbiosis
victories for human-computer symbiosis
were<00:11:51.470> more<00:11:51.650> than<00:11:51.800> 50<00:11:52.130> years<00:11:52.400> into<00:11:52.640> lick
were more than 50 years into lick
were more than 50 years into lick
lighters<00:11:53.120> vision<00:11:53.420> for<00:11:53.570> the<00:11:53.630> future<00:11:53.660> and<00:11:54.410> the
lighters vision for the future and the
lighters vision for the future and the
data<00:11:54.680> suggest<00:11:55.130> that<00:11:55.220> we<00:11:55.340> should<00:11:55.490> be<00:11:55.550> quite
data suggest that we should be quite
data suggest that we should be quite
excited<00:11:56.210> about<00:11:56.270> tackling<00:11:56.600> this<00:11:56.990> century's
excited about tackling this century's
excited about tackling this century's
hardest<00:11:57.680> problems<00:11:58.070> man<00:11:58.700> and<00:11:58.880> machine<00:11:59.180> in
hardest problems man and machine in
hardest problems man and machine in
cooperation<00:12:00.170> together<00:12:00.410> thank<00:12:01.370> you
computer computation computer creativity, creativity, TED, TED-Ed, TEDEducation, TED, Ed, Shyam, Sankar
