Earth's mass extinction - Peter Ward
[Music]
so<00:00:15.599> I<00:00:15.679> want<00:00:15.799> to<00:00:16.000> start<00:00:16.199> out<00:00:16.480> with<00:00:17.039> this
so I want to start out with this
so I want to start out with this
beautiful<00:00:17.920> picture<00:00:18.240> from<00:00:18.400> my<00:00:18.600> childhood<00:00:19.039> I
beautiful picture from my childhood I
beautiful picture from my childhood I
love<00:00:19.320> the<00:00:19.439> science<00:00:19.760> fiction<00:00:20.039> movies<00:00:20.560> here<00:00:20.680> it
love the science fiction movies here it
love the science fiction movies here it
is<00:00:21.080> this<00:00:21.320> island<00:00:21.760> Earth<00:00:22.560> and<00:00:22.760> leave<00:00:22.960> it<00:00:23.080> to
is this island Earth and leave it to
is this island Earth and leave it to
Hollywood<00:00:23.680> to<00:00:23.800> get<00:00:23.880> it<00:00:24.080> just<00:00:24.480> right<00:00:25.039> 2<00:00:25.279> and<00:00:25.400> A2
Hollywood to get it just right 2 and A2
Hollywood to get it just right 2 and A2
years<00:00:25.960> in<00:00:26.119> the<00:00:26.279> making
I<00:00:30.400> mean<00:00:30.560> even<00:00:30.720> the<00:00:30.920> creationists<00:00:31.679> give<00:00:31.840> us
I mean even the creationists give us
I mean even the creationists give us
6,000<00:00:33.160> but<00:00:33.559> Hollywood<00:00:34.079> goes<00:00:34.360> to<00:00:34.520> the<00:00:34.680> Chase
6,000 but Hollywood goes to the Chase
6,000 but Hollywood goes to the Chase
and<00:00:35.280> in<00:00:35.480> this<00:00:35.640> movie<00:00:36.040> we<00:00:36.160> see<00:00:36.559> what<00:00:36.719> we<00:00:36.960> think
and in this movie we see what we think
and in this movie we see what we think
is<00:00:37.520> out<00:00:38.000> there<00:00:39.000> flying<00:00:39.600> saucers<00:00:40.600> and<00:00:41.120> Aliens
is out there flying saucers and Aliens
is out there flying saucers and Aliens
every<00:00:42.320> world<00:00:42.640> has<00:00:42.760> an<00:00:42.920> alien<00:00:43.360> and<00:00:43.520> every<00:00:43.719> alien
every world has an alien and every alien
every world has an alien and every alien
world<00:00:44.360> has<00:00:44.480> a<00:00:44.600> flying<00:00:44.920> saucer<00:00:45.320> and<00:00:45.440> they<00:00:45.559> move
world has a flying saucer and they move
world has a flying saucer and they move
about<00:00:46.160> with<00:00:46.360> great<00:00:47.079> speed
about with great speed
about with great speed
aliens<00:00:50.399> well<00:00:50.600> Don<00:00:50.840> browny<00:00:51.280> my<00:00:51.399> friend<00:00:51.559> and<00:00:51.760> I
aliens well Don browny my friend and I
aliens well Don browny my friend and I
finally<00:00:52.760> got<00:00:52.920> to<00:00:53.079> the<00:00:53.239> point<00:00:53.600> where<00:00:53.960> we<00:00:54.160> got
finally got to the point where we got
finally got to the point where we got
tired<00:00:54.680> of<00:00:54.800> turning<00:00:55.079> on<00:00:55.239> the<00:00:55.399> TV<00:00:56.160> and<00:00:56.280> seeing
tired of turning on the TV and seeing
tired of turning on the TV and seeing
the<00:00:56.760> spaceships<00:00:57.440> and<00:00:57.520> seeing<00:00:57.840> the<00:00:57.960> aliens
the spaceships and seeing the aliens
the spaceships and seeing the aliens
every<00:00:58.760> night<00:00:59.440> and<00:00:59.559> tried<00:00:59.800> to<00:01:00.120> write<00:01:00.359> a
every night and tried to write a
every night and tried to write a
counterargument<00:01:01.399> to<00:01:01.600> it<00:01:02.199> and<00:01:02.399> put<00:01:02.600> out<00:01:03.120> what
counterargument to it and put out what
counterargument to it and put out what
does<00:01:03.480> it<00:01:03.680> really<00:01:04.000> take<00:01:04.479> for<00:01:04.640> an<00:01:04.760> earth<00:01:04.960> to<00:01:05.080> be
does it really take for an earth to be
does it really take for an earth to be
habitable<00:01:05.840> for<00:01:06.040> a<00:01:06.159> planet<00:01:06.479> to<00:01:06.600> be<00:01:06.760> an<00:01:06.920> earth<00:01:07.280> to
habitable for a planet to be an earth to
habitable for a planet to be an earth to
have<00:01:07.600> a<00:01:07.759> place<00:01:08.040> where<00:01:08.200> you<00:01:08.280> could<00:01:08.520> probably
have a place where you could probably
have a place where you could probably
get<00:01:09.159> not<00:01:09.360> just<00:01:09.600> life<00:01:10.320> but<00:01:10.560> complexity<00:01:11.280> which
get not just life but complexity which
get not just life but complexity which
requires<00:01:11.799> a<00:01:11.920> huge<00:01:12.200> amount<00:01:12.400> of<00:01:12.600> evolution<00:01:13.439> and
requires a huge amount of evolution and
requires a huge amount of evolution and
therefore<00:01:13.960> a<00:01:14.159> constancy<00:01:14.680> of<00:01:15.040> conditions<00:01:16.000> so
therefore a constancy of conditions so
therefore a constancy of conditions so
in<00:01:16.280> 2000<00:01:16.720> we<00:01:16.840> wrote<00:01:17.080> Rare<00:01:17.280> Earth<00:01:17.520> in<00:01:17.880> 2003<00:01:18.439> we
in 2000 we wrote Rare Earth in 2003 we
in 2000 we wrote Rare Earth in 2003 we
then<00:01:18.799> asked<00:01:19.400> let's<00:01:19.600> not<00:01:19.799> think<00:01:20.000> about<00:01:20.280> where
then asked let's not think about where
then asked let's not think about where
Earths<00:01:20.799> are<00:01:20.960> in<00:01:21.200> space<00:01:21.640> but<00:01:21.799> how<00:01:21.920> long<00:01:22.119> has
Earths are in space but how long has
Earths are in space but how long has
Earth<00:01:22.560> been<00:01:23.119> Earth<00:01:24.119> if<00:01:24.240> you<00:01:24.360> go<00:01:24.520> back<00:01:24.720> 2
Earth been Earth if you go back 2
Earth been Earth if you go back 2
billion<00:01:25.320> years<00:01:25.920> you're<00:01:26.119> not<00:01:26.320> on<00:01:26.479> an<00:01:26.600> earthlike
billion years you're not on an earthlike
billion years you're not on an earthlike
planet<00:01:27.479> anymore<00:01:28.159> what<00:01:28.280> we<00:01:28.400> call<00:01:28.560> an<00:01:28.680> earthlike
planet anymore what we call an earthlike
planet anymore what we call an earthlike
planet<00:01:29.400> is<00:01:29.560> actually<00:01:29.759> a<00:01:29.920> a<00:01:30.040> very<00:01:30.240> short
planet is actually a a very short
planet is actually a a very short
interval<00:01:30.920> of<00:01:31.280> time<00:01:32.280> well<00:01:32.439> Rare<00:01:32.720> Earth
interval of time well Rare Earth
interval of time well Rare Earth
actually<00:01:34.000> taught<00:01:34.240> me<00:01:34.360> an<00:01:34.479> awful<00:01:34.759> lot<00:01:35.040> about
actually taught me an awful lot about
actually taught me an awful lot about
meeting<00:01:36.000> the<00:01:36.240> public<00:01:36.880> right<00:01:37.079> after<00:01:37.439> I<00:01:37.520> got<00:01:37.640> an
meeting the public right after I got an
meeting the public right after I got an
invitation<00:01:38.240> to<00:01:38.360> go<00:01:38.520> to<00:01:38.680> science<00:01:38.960> fiction
invitation to go to science fiction
invitation to go to science fiction
convention<00:01:40.520> and<00:01:40.680> with<00:01:40.840> all<00:01:41.040> great
convention and with all great
convention and with all great
earnestness<00:01:41.960> walked<00:01:42.280> in<00:01:42.960> David<00:01:43.320> brenn<00:01:43.759> was
earnestness walked in David brenn was
earnestness walked in David brenn was
going<00:01:44.000> to<00:01:44.159> debate<00:01:44.439> me<00:01:44.600> on<00:01:44.840> this<00:01:45.000> and<00:01:45.159> as<00:01:45.280> I
going to debate me on this and as I
going to debate me on this and as I
walked<00:01:45.680> in<00:01:45.880> the<00:01:46.000> crowd<00:01:46.240> of<00:01:46.360> a<00:01:46.479> hundred<00:01:46.759> started
walked in the crowd of a hundred started
walked in the crowd of a hundred started
booing
booing
booing
lustily<00:01:49.360> and<00:01:49.520> a<00:01:49.640> girl<00:01:49.920> came<00:01:50.119> up<00:01:50.280> and<00:01:50.399> said<00:01:50.640> my
lustily and a girl came up and said my
lustily and a girl came up and said my
dad<00:01:51.119> says<00:01:51.399> you're<00:01:51.640> the<00:01:52.280> devil<00:01:53.280> you<00:01:53.479> cannot
dad says you're the devil you cannot
dad says you're the devil you cannot
take<00:01:54.240> people's<00:01:54.719> aliens<00:01:55.320> away<00:01:55.560> from<00:01:55.799> them<00:01:56.759> and
take people's aliens away from them and
take people's aliens away from them and
expect<00:01:57.280> to<00:01:57.399> be<00:01:57.640> anybody's<00:01:58.280> friends
expect to be anybody's friends
expect to be anybody's friends
well<00:02:00.280> the<00:02:00.439> second<00:02:00.719> part<00:02:00.880> of<00:02:01.039> that<00:02:01.200> soon<00:02:01.520> after
well the second part of that soon after
well the second part of that soon after
and<00:02:02.479> I<00:02:02.600> was<00:02:02.880> talking<00:02:03.159> to<00:02:03.320> Paul<00:02:03.520> Allen<00:02:03.799> and<00:02:03.880> I
and I was talking to Paul Allen and I
and I was talking to Paul Allen and I
saw<00:02:04.119> him<00:02:04.200> in<00:02:04.320> the<00:02:04.439> audience<00:02:04.799> and<00:02:04.920> I<00:02:05.039> handed<00:02:05.320> him
saw him in the audience and I handed him
saw him in the audience and I handed him
a<00:02:05.719> copy<00:02:06.039> of<00:02:06.200> rare<00:02:06.680> earth<00:02:07.680> and<00:02:08.200> Jill<00:02:08.520> tartar<00:02:08.959> was
a copy of rare earth and Jill tartar was
a copy of rare earth and Jill tartar was
there<00:02:10.039> and<00:02:10.160> she<00:02:10.319> turned<00:02:10.599> to<00:02:10.759> me<00:02:11.160> and<00:02:11.239> she
there and she turned to me and she
there and she turned to me and she
looked<00:02:11.640> at<00:02:11.760> me<00:02:12.000> just<00:02:12.160> like<00:02:12.480> that<00:02:12.640> girl<00:02:12.800> in<00:02:12.920> The
looked at me just like that girl in The
looked at me just like that girl in The
Exorcist<00:02:13.680> it<00:02:13.800> was<00:02:14.120> it<00:02:14.319> burns<00:02:15.040> it<00:02:15.280> burns
Exorcist it was it burns it burns
Exorcist it was it burns it burns
because<00:02:16.519> SEI<00:02:16.920> doesn't<00:02:17.160> want<00:02:17.280> to<00:02:17.480> hear<00:02:17.760> this
because SEI doesn't want to hear this
because SEI doesn't want to hear this
SEI<00:02:19.000> wants<00:02:19.319> there<00:02:19.440> to<00:02:19.599> be<00:02:19.840> stuff<00:02:20.160> out<00:02:20.440> there<00:02:21.040> I
SEI wants there to be stuff out there I
SEI wants there to be stuff out there I
really<00:02:21.480> applaud<00:02:21.840> the<00:02:21.920> seti<00:02:22.319> efforts<00:02:22.800> but<00:02:22.920> we
really applaud the seti efforts but we
really applaud the seti efforts but we
have<00:02:23.120> not<00:02:23.239> heard<00:02:23.480> anything<00:02:23.879> yet<00:02:24.160> and<00:02:24.280> I<00:02:24.440> really
have not heard anything yet and I really
have not heard anything yet and I really
do<00:02:24.760> think<00:02:24.959> we<00:02:25.120> have<00:02:25.239> to<00:02:25.360> start<00:02:25.599> thinking<00:02:25.959> about
do think we have to start thinking about
do think we have to start thinking about
what's<00:02:27.120> a<00:02:27.319> good<00:02:27.560> planet<00:02:27.959> and<00:02:28.120> what<00:02:28.319> isn't<00:02:29.120> now
what's a good planet and what isn't now
what's a good planet and what isn't now
I<00:02:29.360> throw<00:02:29.519> this<00:02:29.920> light<00:02:30.160> up<00:02:30.560> because<00:02:30.879> it
I throw this light up because it
I throw this light up because it
indicates<00:02:31.519> to<00:02:31.680> me<00:02:31.920> that<00:02:32.120> even<00:02:32.319> if<00:02:32.480> STI<00:02:33.000> does
indicates to me that even if STI does
indicates to me that even if STI does
hear<00:02:33.680> something<00:02:34.480> can<00:02:34.640> we<00:02:34.800> figure<00:02:35.080> out<00:02:35.280> what
hear something can we figure out what
hear something can we figure out what
they<00:02:35.599> said<00:02:36.040> because<00:02:36.280> this<00:02:36.400> is<00:02:36.480> a<00:02:36.680> slide<00:02:37.040> that
they said because this is a slide that
they said because this is a slide that
was<00:02:37.360> passed<00:02:37.680> between<00:02:38.000> the<00:02:38.120> two<00:02:38.360> major
was passed between the two major
was passed between the two major
intelligences<00:02:39.480> on<00:02:39.680> earth<00:02:40.440> a<00:02:40.599> Mac<00:02:40.840> to<00:02:41.000> a
intelligences on earth a Mac to a
intelligences on earth a Mac to a
PC<00:02:42.959> and<00:02:43.080> it<00:02:43.239> can't<00:02:43.480> even<00:02:43.720> get<00:02:43.879> the<00:02:44.000> letters
PC and it can't even get the letters
PC and it can't even get the letters
right<00:02:46.400> so<00:02:46.640> how<00:02:46.800> are<00:02:46.920> we<00:02:47.040> going<00:02:47.120> to<00:02:47.280> talk<00:02:47.480> to<00:02:47.640> the
right so how are we going to talk to the
right so how are we going to talk to the
aliens<00:02:48.920> and<00:02:49.040> if<00:02:49.159> they're<00:02:49.360> 50<00:02:49.680> light<00:02:49.959> years
aliens and if they're 50 light years
aliens and if they're 50 light years
away<00:02:50.840> and<00:02:50.959> we<00:02:51.159> call<00:02:51.440> them<00:02:51.640> up<00:02:51.879> and<00:02:52.040> you<00:02:52.280> blah
away and we call them up and you blah
away and we call them up and you blah
and<00:02:53.239> then<00:02:53.360> 50<00:02:53.640> years<00:02:53.879> later<00:02:54.239> comes<00:02:54.599> back<00:02:54.840> and
and then 50 years later comes back and
and then 50 years later comes back and
they<00:02:55.159> say<00:02:56.040> please<00:02:56.840> repeat<00:02:57.840> I<00:02:57.920> mean<00:02:58.120> there<00:02:58.280> we
they say please repeat I mean there we
they say please repeat I mean there we
are<00:02:59.519> our<00:02:59.879> planet<00:03:00.120> is<00:03:00.239> a<00:03:00.400> good<00:03:00.599> Planet<00:03:00.920> because
are our planet is a good Planet because
are our planet is a good Planet because
it<00:03:01.200> can<00:03:01.319> keep<00:03:01.599> water<00:03:02.280> Mars<00:03:02.599> is<00:03:02.760> a<00:03:02.959> Bad<00:03:03.280> Planet
it can keep water Mars is a Bad Planet
it can keep water Mars is a Bad Planet
but<00:03:03.720> it's<00:03:03.879> still<00:03:04.120> good<00:03:04.360> enough<00:03:04.760> for<00:03:04.959> us<00:03:05.080> to<00:03:05.280> go
but it's still good enough for us to go
but it's still good enough for us to go
there<00:03:06.080> and<00:03:06.200> to<00:03:06.319> live<00:03:06.519> on<00:03:06.680> its<00:03:06.879> surface<00:03:07.319> if
there and to live on its surface if
there and to live on its surface if
we're<00:03:07.680> protected<00:03:08.519> but<00:03:08.720> Venus<00:03:09.080> is<00:03:09.200> a<00:03:09.480> very<00:03:09.799> bad
we're protected but Venus is a very bad
we're protected but Venus is a very bad
the<00:03:10.239> worst<00:03:10.599> Planet<00:03:11.560> even<00:03:11.799> though<00:03:11.920> it's
the worst Planet even though it's
the worst Planet even though it's
earthlike<00:03:12.519> and<00:03:12.799> even<00:03:13.000> though<00:03:13.159> early<00:03:13.440> in<00:03:13.560> its
earthlike and even though early in its
earthlike and even though early in its
history<00:03:14.080> it<00:03:14.200> may<00:03:14.480> very<00:03:14.720> well<00:03:14.959> have<00:03:15.120> harbored
history it may very well have harbored
history it may very well have harbored
earthlike<00:03:16.319> life<00:03:17.319> it<00:03:17.519> soon<00:03:17.840> succumbed<00:03:18.360> to
earthlike life it soon succumbed to
earthlike life it soon succumbed to
runaway<00:03:19.200> greenhouse<00:03:19.879> that's<00:03:20.040> an<00:03:20.200> 800°
runaway greenhouse that's an 800°
runaway greenhouse that's an 800°
Centigrade<00:03:21.519> surface<00:03:22.319> because<00:03:22.599> of<00:03:22.920> rampant
Centigrade surface because of rampant
Centigrade surface because of rampant
carbon
carbon
carbon
dioxide<00:03:25.400> well<00:03:25.560> we<00:03:25.680> know<00:03:25.799> from<00:03:26.280> astrobiology
dioxide well we know from astrobiology
dioxide well we know from astrobiology
that<00:03:27.599> we<00:03:27.799> can<00:03:28.000> really<00:03:28.280> now<00:03:28.560> predict<00:03:28.920> what's
that we can really now predict what's
that we can really now predict what's
going<00:03:29.239> to<00:03:29.360> happen<00:03:29.799> to<00:03:29.920> our<00:03:30.080> particular<00:03:30.519> planet
going to happen to our particular planet
going to happen to our particular planet
we<00:03:31.519> are<00:03:31.799> right<00:03:32.000> now<00:03:32.360> in<00:03:32.519> the<00:03:32.680> beautiful<00:03:33.200> Oreo
we are right now in the beautiful Oreo
we are right now in the beautiful Oreo
of<00:03:34.159> existence<00:03:34.840> of<00:03:35.000> at<00:03:35.120> least<00:03:35.360> life<00:03:35.560> on<00:03:35.760> planet
of existence of at least life on planet
of existence of at least life on planet
Earth<00:03:37.120> following<00:03:37.560> the<00:03:37.840> first<00:03:38.280> horrible
Earth following the first horrible
Earth following the first horrible
microbial<00:03:39.720> age<00:03:40.640> in<00:03:40.799> the<00:03:40.920> caraban<00:03:41.439> explosion
microbial age in the caraban explosion
microbial age in the caraban explosion
life<00:03:42.319> emerged<00:03:42.720> from<00:03:42.879> the<00:03:43.000> swamps<00:03:43.560> complexity
life emerged from the swamps complexity
life emerged from the swamps complexity
arose<00:03:45.120> and<00:03:45.239> from<00:03:45.439> what<00:03:45.560> we<00:03:45.680> can<00:03:45.879> tell<00:03:46.080> we're
arose and from what we can tell we're
arose and from what we can tell we're
halfway<00:03:46.760> through<00:03:47.760> we<00:03:47.920> have<00:03:48.080> as<00:03:48.239> much<00:03:48.560> time<00:03:48.879> for
halfway through we have as much time for
halfway through we have as much time for
animals<00:03:49.560> to<00:03:49.760> exist<00:03:50.080> on<00:03:50.360> this<00:03:50.840> planet<00:03:51.840> as<00:03:52.079> they
animals to exist on this planet as they
animals to exist on this planet as they
have<00:03:52.519> been<00:03:52.840> here<00:03:53.120> now<00:03:53.799> till<00:03:54.000> we<00:03:54.159> hit<00:03:54.319> the
have been here now till we hit the
have been here now till we hit the
second<00:03:54.879> microbial<00:03:55.519> age<00:03:55.760> and<00:03:55.920> that<00:03:56.000> will
second microbial age and that will
second microbial age and that will
happen<00:03:56.560> paradoxically<00:03:57.319> everything<00:03:57.560> you<00:03:57.680> hear
happen paradoxically everything you hear
happen paradoxically everything you hear
about<00:03:57.959> global<00:03:58.239> warming<00:03:59.200> when<00:03:59.360> we<00:03:59.519> hit<00:03:59.840> CO2
about global warming when we hit CO2
about global warming when we hit CO2
down<00:04:00.519> to<00:04:00.680> 10<00:04:00.920> parts<00:04:01.159> per<00:04:01.319> million<00:04:02.079> we<00:04:02.280> are<00:04:02.599> no
down to 10 parts per million we are no
down to 10 parts per million we are no
longer<00:04:03.159> going<00:04:03.280> to<00:04:03.439> have<00:04:03.560> to<00:04:03.680> have<00:04:03.840> plants<00:04:04.200> or
longer going to have to have plants or
longer going to have to have plants or
allowed<00:04:04.879> to<00:04:04.959> have<00:04:05.079> any<00:04:05.239> photosynthesis<00:04:06.000> and
allowed to have any photosynthesis and
allowed to have any photosynthesis and
there<00:04:06.319> go<00:04:06.799> animals<00:04:07.799> so<00:04:08.000> after<00:04:08.239> that<00:04:08.400> we
there go animals so after that we
there go animals so after that we
probably<00:04:08.799> have<00:04:08.959> 7<00:04:09.239> billion<00:04:09.599> years<00:04:10.319> the<00:04:10.480> sun
probably have 7 billion years the sun
probably have 7 billion years the sun
increases<00:04:11.560> in<00:04:11.760> its<00:04:12.000> intensity<00:04:12.519> and<00:04:12.680> its
increases in its intensity and its
increases in its intensity and its
brightness<00:04:13.680> and<00:04:13.920> finally<00:04:14.560> at<00:04:14.840> about<00:04:15.159> 12
brightness and finally at about 12
brightness and finally at about 12
billion<00:04:16.000> years<00:04:16.320> after<00:04:16.600> it<00:04:16.759> first<00:04:17.000> started<00:04:17.720> the
billion years after it first started the
billion years after it first started the
Earth<00:04:18.120> is<00:04:18.440> consumed<00:04:19.440> by<00:04:19.919> a<00:04:20.120> large<00:04:20.799> sun<00:04:21.799> and
Earth is consumed by a large sun and
Earth is consumed by a large sun and
this<00:04:22.320> is<00:04:22.520> what's<00:04:23.199> left<00:04:24.199> so<00:04:24.360> our<00:04:24.639> planet<00:04:25.240> like
this is what's left so our planet like
this is what's left so our planet like
us<00:04:26.240> is<00:04:26.400> going<00:04:26.560> to<00:04:26.720> have<00:04:26.880> an<00:04:27.080> age<00:04:27.560> and<00:04:27.720> an<00:04:27.880> old
us is going to have an age and an old
us is going to have an age and an old
age<00:04:28.600> and<00:04:28.720> we<00:04:28.840> are<00:04:28.960> in<00:04:29.120> its<00:04:29.720> golden<00:04:30.160> summer<00:04:30.560> age
age and we are in its golden summer age
age and we are in its golden summer age
right<00:04:31.320> now<00:04:32.320> but<00:04:32.479> there's<00:04:32.639> two<00:04:32.840> Fates<00:04:33.160> to
right now but there's two Fates to
right now but there's two Fates to
everything<00:04:33.720> isn't<00:04:34.080> there<00:04:34.759> now<00:04:34.919> a<00:04:35.039> lot<00:04:35.160> of<00:04:35.240> you
everything isn't there now a lot of you
everything isn't there now a lot of you
are<00:04:35.440> going<00:04:35.560> to<00:04:35.680> die<00:04:35.800> of<00:04:35.960> old<00:04:36.199> age<00:04:36.840> but<00:04:37.000> some<00:04:37.160> of
are going to die of old age but some of
are going to die of old age but some of
you<00:04:37.759> horribly<00:04:38.240> enough<00:04:38.520> are<00:04:38.639> going<00:04:38.759> to<00:04:38.880> die<00:04:39.039> in
you horribly enough are going to die in
you horribly enough are going to die in
an<00:04:39.400> accident<00:04:39.880> and<00:04:40.000> that's<00:04:40.120> the<00:04:40.240> fate<00:04:40.440> of<00:04:40.560> a
an accident and that's the fate of a
an accident and that's the fate of a
Planet<00:04:41.039> Too<00:04:42.039> Earth<00:04:42.560> if<00:04:42.680> we're<00:04:42.919> lucky<00:04:43.320> enough
Planet Too Earth if we're lucky enough
Planet Too Earth if we're lucky enough
if<00:04:43.960> it<00:04:44.080> doesn't<00:04:44.320> get<00:04:44.520> hit<00:04:44.720> by<00:04:44.840> a<00:04:45.039> pale<00:04:45.360> Bop<00:04:46.240> or
if it doesn't get hit by a pale Bop or
if it doesn't get hit by a pale Bop or
gets<00:04:47.120> blasted<00:04:47.840> by<00:04:48.080> some<00:04:48.639> Supernova<00:04:49.400> nearby<00:04:50.120> in
gets blasted by some Supernova nearby in
gets blasted by some Supernova nearby in
the<00:04:50.400> next<00:04:50.560> s<00:04:50.840> billion<00:04:51.199> years<00:04:51.520> will<00:04:51.759> finally<00:04:52.080> be
the next s billion years will finally be
the next s billion years will finally be
your<00:04:52.400> fate<00:04:53.120> but<00:04:53.280> what<00:04:53.400> about<00:04:53.680> accidental
your fate but what about accidental
your fate but what about accidental
death<00:04:55.400> well<00:04:55.600> paleontologist<00:04:56.360> for<00:04:56.479> the<00:04:56.600> last
death well paleontologist for the last
death well paleontologist for the last
200<00:04:57.120> years<00:04:57.360> have<00:04:57.479> been<00:04:57.600> charting<00:04:58.160> death
200 years have been charting death
200 years have been charting death
strange<00:04:59.160> Extinction<00:04:59.800> as<00:04:59.919> a<00:05:00.120> concept<00:05:00.600> wasn't
strange Extinction as a concept wasn't
strange Extinction as a concept wasn't
even<00:05:01.199> thought<00:05:01.479> about<00:05:02.240> until<00:05:02.720> Baron<00:05:03.080> kuier<00:05:03.639> in
even thought about until Baron kuier in
even thought about until Baron kuier in
France<00:05:04.240> found<00:05:04.520> this<00:05:04.680> first<00:05:04.919> Mastadon<00:05:05.600> he
France found this first Mastadon he
France found this first Mastadon he
couldn't<00:05:05.919> match<00:05:06.160> it<00:05:06.280> up<00:05:06.400> to<00:05:06.520> any<00:05:06.680> bones<00:05:06.960> on<00:05:07.080> the
couldn't match it up to any bones on the
couldn't match it up to any bones on the
planet<00:05:07.520> and<00:05:07.600> he<00:05:07.720> said<00:05:07.919> aha<00:05:08.240> it's<00:05:08.400> extinct<00:05:09.360> and
planet and he said aha it's extinct and
planet and he said aha it's extinct and
very<00:05:09.680> soon<00:05:09.960> after<00:05:10.240> the<00:05:10.400> fossil<00:05:10.720> record
very soon after the fossil record
very soon after the fossil record
started<00:05:11.360> yielding<00:05:11.840> a<00:05:12.080> very<00:05:12.320> good<00:05:12.600> idea<00:05:13.240> of<00:05:13.400> how
started yielding a very good idea of how
started yielding a very good idea of how
many<00:05:13.759> plants<00:05:14.080> and<00:05:14.280> animals<00:05:14.639> there<00:05:14.840> have<00:05:15.000> been
many plants and animals there have been
many plants and animals there have been
since<00:05:15.960> complex<00:05:16.400> life<00:05:16.639> really<00:05:16.919> began<00:05:17.160> to<00:05:17.280> leave
since complex life really began to leave
since complex life really began to leave
a<00:05:17.720> very<00:05:18.120> interesting<00:05:18.560> fossil
a very interesting fossil
a very interesting fossil
record<00:05:20.759> in<00:05:21.039> that<00:05:21.440> complex<00:05:22.000> record<00:05:22.360> of<00:05:22.600> fossils
record in that complex record of fossils
record in that complex record of fossils
there<00:05:23.240> were<00:05:23.479> times<00:05:23.919> when<00:05:24.120> lots<00:05:24.319> of<00:05:24.479> stuff<00:05:24.720> seem
there were times when lots of stuff seem
there were times when lots of stuff seem
to<00:05:25.039> be<00:05:25.199> dying<00:05:25.479> out<00:05:25.680> very<00:05:25.919> quickly<00:05:26.919> and<00:05:27.160> the
to be dying out very quickly and the
to be dying out very quickly and the
father<00:05:28.039> mother<00:05:28.440> geologist<00:05:29.160> called<00:05:29.440> these
father mother geologist called these
father mother geologist called these
mass<00:05:30.360> extinctions<00:05:31.360> all<00:05:31.560> along<00:05:31.880> it<00:05:31.960> was
mass extinctions all along it was
mass extinctions all along it was
thought<00:05:32.280> to<00:05:32.360> be<00:05:32.479> either<00:05:32.639> an<00:05:32.759> act<00:05:32.919> of<00:05:33.120> God<00:05:33.479> or
thought to be either an act of God or
thought to be either an act of God or
perhaps<00:05:34.000> long<00:05:34.199> SL<00:05:34.639> climate<00:05:34.960> change<00:05:35.360> and<00:05:35.479> that
perhaps long SL climate change and that
perhaps long SL climate change and that
really<00:05:36.120> changed<00:05:36.560> in<00:05:36.880> 1980<00:05:37.880> in<00:05:38.080> this<00:05:38.360> Rocky
really changed in 1980 in this Rocky
really changed in 1980 in this Rocky
outcrop<00:05:39.440> near<00:05:39.720> gubbio<00:05:40.720> where<00:05:40.919> Walder<00:05:41.280> Alvarez
outcrop near gubbio where Walder Alvarez
outcrop near gubbio where Walder Alvarez
trying<00:05:42.240> to<00:05:42.400> figure<00:05:42.680> out<00:05:43.319> what<00:05:43.479> was<00:05:43.639> the<00:05:43.800> time
trying to figure out what was the time
trying to figure out what was the time
difference<00:05:44.560> between<00:05:44.880> these<00:05:45.120> white<00:05:45.319> rocks
difference between these white rocks
difference between these white rocks
which<00:05:45.919> held<00:05:46.120> creatures<00:05:46.479> of<00:05:46.639> the<00:05:46.759> Cretaceous
which held creatures of the Cretaceous
which held creatures of the Cretaceous
Period<00:05:47.639> and<00:05:47.800> the<00:05:47.919> pink<00:05:48.120> rocks<00:05:48.479> above<00:05:49.120> which
Period and the pink rocks above which
Period and the pink rocks above which
held<00:05:49.520> tertiary<00:05:50.000> fossils<00:05:50.479> how<00:05:50.639> long<00:05:50.800> did<00:05:50.960> it
held tertiary fossils how long did it
held tertiary fossils how long did it
take<00:05:51.319> to<00:05:51.520> go<00:05:51.759> from<00:05:52.440> one<00:05:53.120> system<00:05:53.560> to<00:05:53.800> the<00:05:54.000> next
take to go from one system to the next
take to go from one system to the next
and<00:05:54.840> what<00:05:54.960> they<00:05:55.080> found<00:05:55.319> was<00:05:55.479> something
and what they found was something
and what they found was something
unexpected<00:05:56.479> they<00:05:56.600> found<00:05:56.919> in<00:05:57.160> this<00:05:57.400> Gap<00:05:57.680> in
unexpected they found in this Gap in
unexpected they found in this Gap in
between<00:05:58.240> a<00:05:58.400> very<00:05:58.600> thin<00:05:58.840> clay<00:05:59.120> layer<00:05:59.400> and<00:05:59.680> that
between a very thin clay layer and that
between a very thin clay layer and that
clay<00:06:00.039> layer<00:06:00.400> This<00:06:00.600> Very<00:06:00.840> Thin<00:06:01.039> Red<00:06:01.240> layer<00:06:01.680> here
clay layer This Very Thin Red layer here
clay layer This Very Thin Red layer here
is<00:06:02.840> filled<00:06:03.240> with<00:06:03.440> aridium<00:06:04.160> and<00:06:04.280> not<00:06:04.479> just
is filled with aridium and not just
is filled with aridium and not just
idium<00:06:05.120> is<00:06:05.280> filled<00:06:05.720> with<00:06:05.919> glassy<00:06:06.360> ferals<00:06:07.240> and
idium is filled with glassy ferals and
idium is filled with glassy ferals and
it's<00:06:07.599> fill<00:06:07.840> the<00:06:07.960> quartz<00:06:08.319> grains<00:06:08.759> that<00:06:08.919> have
it's fill the quartz grains that have
it's fill the quartz grains that have
been<00:06:09.280> subjected<00:06:09.720> to<00:06:09.960> enormous<00:06:10.880> pressure
been subjected to enormous pressure
been subjected to enormous pressure
shock<00:06:12.280> quartz<00:06:13.280> now<00:06:13.440> in<00:06:13.560> this<00:06:13.720> Slide<00:06:14.120> the<00:06:14.280> white
shock quartz now in this Slide the white
shock quartz now in this Slide the white
is<00:06:14.680> chalk<00:06:15.319> and<00:06:15.479> this<00:06:15.680> chalk<00:06:15.960> was<00:06:16.160> deposited<00:06:16.680> in
is chalk and this chalk was deposited in
is chalk and this chalk was deposited in
a<00:06:16.960> warm<00:06:17.680> ocean<00:06:18.400> the<00:06:18.520> chalk<00:06:18.840> itself<00:06:19.160> is
a warm ocean the chalk itself is
a warm ocean the chalk itself is
composed<00:06:19.800> by<00:06:19.960> Plankton<00:06:20.479> which<00:06:20.599> has<00:06:20.759> fallen
composed by Plankton which has fallen
composed by Plankton which has fallen
down<00:06:21.520> from<00:06:21.720> the<00:06:21.840> sea<00:06:22.160> surface<00:06:22.479> onto<00:06:22.759> the<00:06:22.840> sea
down from the sea surface onto the sea
down from the sea surface onto the sea
floor<00:06:23.960> so<00:06:24.199> that<00:06:24.360> 90%<00:06:24.960> of<00:06:25.080> the<00:06:25.199> sediment<00:06:25.720> here
floor so that 90% of the sediment here
floor so that 90% of the sediment here
is<00:06:26.080> skeleton<00:06:26.880> of<00:06:27.039> living<00:06:27.360> stuff<00:06:27.720> and<00:06:27.840> then<00:06:27.960> you
is skeleton of living stuff and then you
is skeleton of living stuff and then you
have<00:06:28.199> that<00:06:28.360> millimeter<00:06:28.840> thick<00:06:29.080> red<00:06:29.240> layer<00:06:29.800> and
have that millimeter thick red layer and
have that millimeter thick red layer and
then<00:06:30.000> you<00:06:30.080> have<00:06:30.280> black<00:06:30.599> rock<00:06:31.319> and<00:06:31.440> the<00:06:31.599> black
then you have black rock and the black
then you have black rock and the black
rock<00:06:32.160> is<00:06:32.280> the<00:06:32.479> sediment<00:06:33.000> on<00:06:33.199> that<00:06:33.360> seab<00:06:33.639> bottom
rock is the sediment on that seab bottom
rock is the sediment on that seab bottom
in<00:06:34.520> the<00:06:34.759> absence<00:06:35.160> of<00:06:35.319> Plankton<00:06:36.000> and<00:06:36.160> that's
in the absence of Plankton and that's
in the absence of Plankton and that's
what<00:06:36.520> happens<00:06:37.400> in<00:06:38.000> an<00:06:38.240> asteroid<00:06:38.960> catastrophe
what happens in an asteroid catastrophe
what happens in an asteroid catastrophe
because<00:06:39.880> that's<00:06:40.080> what<00:06:40.280> this<00:06:40.440> was<00:06:40.680> of<00:06:40.840> course
because that's what this was of course
because that's what this was of course
this<00:06:41.280> is<00:06:41.400> the<00:06:41.560> famous<00:06:41.919> KT<00:06:42.840> a<00:06:43.000> 10<00:06:43.280> km<00:06:43.720> Body<00:06:44.039> Hit
this is the famous KT a 10 km Body Hit
this is the famous KT a 10 km Body Hit
the<00:06:44.440> planet<00:06:45.440> the<00:06:45.639> effects<00:06:45.880> of<00:06:46.039> it<00:06:46.199> spread<00:06:46.680> this
the planet the effects of it spread this
the planet the effects of it spread this
very<00:06:47.120> thin<00:06:47.400> impact<00:06:47.800> layer<00:06:48.160> all<00:06:48.360> over<00:06:48.599> the
very thin impact layer all over the
very thin impact layer all over the
planet<00:06:49.560> and<00:06:49.720> we<00:06:49.919> had<00:06:50.319> very<00:06:50.639> quickly<00:06:51.039> the<00:06:51.160> death
planet and we had very quickly the death
planet and we had very quickly the death
of<00:06:51.479> the<00:06:51.639> Dinosaurs<00:06:52.639> the<00:06:52.759> death<00:06:52.960> of<00:06:53.080> these
of the Dinosaurs the death of these
of the Dinosaurs the death of these
beautiful<00:06:53.639> ammonites<00:06:54.120> lenos<00:06:55.000> here<00:06:55.199> eneros
beautiful ammonites lenos here eneros
beautiful ammonites lenos here eneros
over<00:06:56.240> here<00:06:56.960> and<00:06:57.080> so<00:06:57.319> much<00:06:57.680> else<00:06:58.680> I<00:06:58.759> mean<00:06:58.879> it
over here and so much else I mean it
over here and so much else I mean it
must<00:06:59.160> be<00:06:59.280> true<00:06:59.680> because<00:06:59.879> we've<00:07:00.039> had<00:07:00.160> two
must be true because we've had two
must be true because we've had two
Hollywood<00:07:00.960> Blockbusters<00:07:01.960> since<00:07:02.280> that<00:07:02.599> time
Hollywood Blockbusters since that time
Hollywood Blockbusters since that time
and<00:07:03.800> this<00:07:04.039> Paradigm<00:07:04.560> from<00:07:04.720> 1980<00:07:05.360> to<00:07:05.560> about
and this Paradigm from 1980 to about
and this Paradigm from 1980 to about
2000<00:07:06.680> totally<00:07:07.120> changed<00:07:07.680> how<00:07:07.840> we<00:07:08.080> geologists
2000 totally changed how we geologists
2000 totally changed how we geologists
thought<00:07:09.039> about
thought about
thought about
catastrophes<00:07:10.879> prior<00:07:11.160> to<00:07:11.280> that
catastrophes prior to that
catastrophes prior to that
uniformitarianism<00:07:12.599> was<00:07:12.720> the<00:07:12.919> dominant
uniformitarianism was the dominant
uniformitarianism was the dominant
Paradigm<00:07:13.919> the<00:07:14.039> fact<00:07:14.280> that<00:07:14.720> if<00:07:14.919> anything
Paradigm the fact that if anything
Paradigm the fact that if anything
happens<00:07:15.800> on<00:07:16.000> the<00:07:16.160> planet<00:07:16.479> in<00:07:16.599> the<00:07:16.879> past<00:07:17.440> there
happens on the planet in the past there
happens on the planet in the past there
are<00:07:17.800> present<00:07:18.120> day<00:07:18.360> processes<00:07:18.879> that<00:07:19.000> will
are present day processes that will
are present day processes that will
explain<00:07:19.960> it<00:07:20.960> but<00:07:21.120> we<00:07:21.280> haven't<00:07:21.560> witnessed<00:07:21.960> a
explain it but we haven't witnessed a
explain it but we haven't witnessed a
big<00:07:22.479> asteroid<00:07:23.080> impact<00:07:24.080> so<00:07:24.240> this<00:07:24.360> is<00:07:24.479> a<00:07:24.680> type<00:07:24.879> of
big asteroid impact so this is a type of
big asteroid impact so this is a type of
neoc<00:07:25.520> catastrophism<00:07:26.400> and<00:07:26.520> it<00:07:26.639> took<00:07:26.800> about<00:07:27.000> 20
neoc catastrophism and it took about 20
neoc catastrophism and it took about 20
years<00:07:27.639> for<00:07:27.840> the<00:07:27.960> scientific<00:07:28.479> establishment
years for the scientific establishment
years for the scientific establishment
to<00:07:29.560> finally<00:07:29.840> come<00:07:29.960> to<00:07:30.120> grips<00:07:30.440> that<00:07:30.680> yes<00:07:30.840> we
to finally come to grips that yes we
to finally come to grips that yes we
were<00:07:31.160> hit<00:07:31.639> and<00:07:31.840> yes<00:07:32.039> the<00:07:32.240> effects<00:07:32.520> of<00:07:32.680> that<00:07:32.840> hit
were hit and yes the effects of that hit
were hit and yes the effects of that hit
caused<00:07:33.599> a<00:07:33.759> major<00:07:34.039> mass
caused a major mass
caused a major mass
extinction<00:07:36.400> well<00:07:36.560> there<00:07:36.639> are<00:07:36.879> five<00:07:37.120> major
extinction well there are five major
extinction well there are five major
mass<00:07:37.759> extinctions<00:07:38.319> the<00:07:38.440> last<00:07:38.639> 500<00:07:38.960> million
mass extinctions the last 500 million
mass extinctions the last 500 million
years<00:07:39.560> called<00:07:39.759> the<00:07:39.879> big<00:07:40.319> five<00:07:41.319> they<00:07:41.599> range
years called the big five they range
years called the big five they range
from<00:07:42.759> 450<00:07:43.599> million<00:07:43.919> years<00:07:44.120> ago<00:07:44.479> to<00:07:44.639> the<00:07:44.800> last
from 450 million years ago to the last
from 450 million years ago to the last
the<00:07:45.280> KT<00:07:45.800> number<00:07:46.080> four<00:07:46.440> but<00:07:46.560> the<00:07:46.680> biggest<00:07:46.960> of
the KT number four but the biggest of
the KT number four but the biggest of
all<00:07:47.759> was<00:07:47.919> the<00:07:48.080> P<00:07:48.360> or<00:07:48.479> the<00:07:48.599> peran<00:07:49.080> extinction
all was the P or the peran extinction
all was the P or the peran extinction
sometimes<00:07:50.159> calls<00:07:50.440> the<00:07:50.560> mother<00:07:50.759> of<00:07:50.879> all<00:07:51.039> mass
sometimes calls the mother of all mass
sometimes calls the mother of all mass
extinctions<00:07:52.520> and<00:07:52.680> every<00:07:52.879> one<00:07:53.039> of<00:07:53.199> these<00:07:53.560> has
extinctions and every one of these has
extinctions and every one of these has
been<00:07:54.159> subsequently<00:07:54.879> blamed<00:07:55.520> on<00:07:55.720> large<00:07:56.080> body
been subsequently blamed on large body
been subsequently blamed on large body
impact<00:07:58.080> but<00:07:58.240> is<00:07:58.400> this<00:07:58.639> true
impact but is this true
impact but is this true
the<00:08:00.520> most<00:08:00.720> recent<00:08:01.080> the<00:08:01.199> peran<00:08:01.800> was<00:08:01.960> thought<00:08:02.120> to
the most recent the peran was thought to
the most recent the peran was thought to
have<00:08:02.360> been<00:08:02.520> impact<00:08:03.039> because<00:08:03.400> of<00:08:03.680> this
have been impact because of this
have been impact because of this
beautiful<00:08:04.360> structure<00:08:04.680> on<00:08:04.840> the<00:08:05.000> right<00:08:05.319> this<00:08:05.440> is
beautiful structure on the right this is
beautiful structure on the right this is
a<00:08:05.720> Buckminster<00:08:06.319> ferine<00:08:06.960> a<00:08:07.120> carbon<00:08:07.560> 60<00:08:08.440> because
a Buckminster ferine a carbon 60 because
a Buckminster ferine a carbon 60 because
it<00:08:08.800> looks<00:08:09.120> like<00:08:09.520> those<00:08:09.759> terrible<00:08:10.159> geodesic
it looks like those terrible geodesic
it looks like those terrible geodesic
domes<00:08:11.319> of<00:08:11.560> my<00:08:12.000> late<00:08:12.280> beloved<00:08:12.759> 60s<00:08:13.520> they're
domes of my late beloved 60s they're
domes of my late beloved 60s they're
called<00:08:13.919> Bucky<00:08:14.280> Balls<00:08:15.199> this<00:08:15.479> evidence<00:08:15.800> was
called Bucky Balls this evidence was
called Bucky Balls this evidence was
used<00:08:16.199> to<00:08:16.440> suggest<00:08:16.919> at<00:08:17.080> the<00:08:17.199> end<00:08:17.319> of<00:08:17.400> the<00:08:17.520> peran
used to suggest at the end of the peran
used to suggest at the end of the peran
250<00:08:18.599> million<00:08:18.919> years<00:08:19.120> ago<00:08:19.639> a<00:08:19.840> comet<00:08:20.159> hit<00:08:20.360> us<00:08:20.680> and
250 million years ago a comet hit us and
250 million years ago a comet hit us and
when<00:08:20.919> the<00:08:21.080> comet<00:08:21.479> hits<00:08:22.080> the<00:08:22.240> pressure
when the comet hits the pressure
when the comet hits the pressure
produces<00:08:23.080> the<00:08:23.199> Bucky<00:08:23.560> Balls<00:08:24.120> and<00:08:24.240> it<00:08:24.479> captures
produces the Bucky Balls and it captures
produces the Bucky Balls and it captures
bits<00:08:25.159> of<00:08:25.319> the<00:08:25.479> Comet<00:08:25.840> helium<00:08:26.199> 3<00:08:26.960> very<00:08:27.199> rare<00:08:27.400> on
bits of the Comet helium 3 very rare on
bits of the Comet helium 3 very rare on
the<00:08:27.680> surface<00:08:28.000> of<00:08:28.159> the<00:08:28.280> Earth<00:08:28.759> very<00:08:28.960> common<00:08:29.240> in
the surface of the Earth very common in
the surface of the Earth very common in
space<00:08:31.879> but<00:08:32.000> is<00:08:32.159> this<00:08:32.399> true<00:08:33.080> in<00:08:33.479> 1990<00:08:34.479> working
space but is this true in 1990 working
space but is this true in 1990 working
on<00:08:35.039> the<00:08:35.200> KT<00:08:35.800> Extinction<00:08:36.279> for<00:08:36.479> 10<00:08:36.719> years<00:08:37.000> I
on the KT Extinction for 10 years I
on the KT Extinction for 10 years I
moved<00:08:37.320> to<00:08:37.479> South<00:08:37.800> Africa<00:08:38.440> to<00:08:38.599> Begin<00:08:38.880> work
moved to South Africa to Begin work
moved to South Africa to Begin work
twice<00:08:39.440> a<00:08:39.599> year<00:08:40.080> in<00:08:40.200> the<00:08:40.320> great<00:08:40.560> Karu<00:08:40.919> desert<00:08:41.680> I
twice a year in the great Karu desert I
twice a year in the great Karu desert I
was<00:08:41.919> so<00:08:42.080> lucky<00:08:42.360> to<00:08:42.519> watch<00:08:42.719> the<00:08:42.880> change<00:08:43.320> of<00:08:43.599> that
was so lucky to watch the change of that
was so lucky to watch the change of that
South<00:08:44.200> Africa<00:08:44.880> into<00:08:45.200> the<00:08:45.320> new<00:08:45.600> South<00:08:45.959> Africa
South Africa into the new South Africa
South Africa into the new South Africa
as<00:08:46.440> I<00:08:46.600> went<00:08:46.800> year<00:08:47.000> by<00:08:47.240> year<00:08:47.839> and<00:08:47.959> I<00:08:48.080> worked<00:08:48.320> on
as I went year by year and I worked on
as I went year by year and I worked on
this<00:08:48.600> perent<00:08:49.040> Extinction<00:08:49.839> camping<00:08:50.240> by<00:08:50.440> this
this perent Extinction camping by this
this perent Extinction camping by this
bore<00:08:50.959> graveyard<00:08:51.519> for<00:08:51.720> months<00:08:51.959> at<00:08:52.080> a<00:08:52.399> time<00:08:53.399> and
bore graveyard for months at a time and
bore graveyard for months at a time and
the<00:08:53.680> fossils<00:08:54.040> are<00:08:54.640> extraordinary<00:08:55.640> you<00:08:55.760> know
the fossils are extraordinary you know
the fossils are extraordinary you know
gazee<00:08:56.480> upon<00:08:56.720> your<00:08:56.959> very<00:08:57.240> distant<00:08:57.720> ancestors
gazee upon your very distant ancestors
gazee upon your very distant ancestors
these<00:08:58.560> are<00:08:58.720> mammal<00:08:59.079> like<00:08:59.200> rep<00:08:59.440> reptiles<00:08:59.839> they
these are mammal like rep reptiles they
these are mammal like rep reptiles they
are<00:09:00.200> culturally<00:09:00.800> invisible<00:09:01.440> we<00:09:01.560> do<00:09:01.720> not<00:09:01.920> make
are culturally invisible we do not make
are culturally invisible we do not make
movies<00:09:02.560> about<00:09:02.920> these<00:09:03.680> this<00:09:03.760> is<00:09:03.880> a
movies about these this is a
movies about these this is a
gorgonopsian<00:09:04.880> or<00:09:05.120> gorgian<00:09:06.120> that's<00:09:06.360> an<00:09:06.600> 18in
gorgonopsian or gorgian that's an 18in
gorgonopsian or gorgian that's an 18in
long<00:09:07.959> skull<00:09:08.440> of<00:09:08.560> an<00:09:08.760> animal<00:09:09.160> that<00:09:09.279> was
long skull of an animal that was
long skull of an animal that was
probably<00:09:10.320> seven<00:09:10.600> or8<00:09:11.000> feet<00:09:11.760> sprawled<00:09:12.279> like<00:09:12.399> a
probably seven or8 feet sprawled like a
probably seven or8 feet sprawled like a
lizard<00:09:13.120> probably<00:09:13.399> had<00:09:13.519> a<00:09:13.680> head<00:09:13.880> like<00:09:14.000> a<00:09:14.160> lion
lizard probably had a head like a lion
lizard probably had a head like a lion
this<00:09:14.880> is<00:09:15.040> the<00:09:15.200> top<00:09:15.480> carnivore<00:09:16.000> the<00:09:16.079> T-Rex<00:09:16.480> of
this is the top carnivore the T-Rex of
this is the top carnivore the T-Rex of
his<00:09:16.839> time<00:09:17.680> but<00:09:17.800> there's<00:09:18.040> lots<00:09:18.240> of<00:09:18.440> stuff<00:09:18.880> this
his time but there's lots of stuff this
his time but there's lots of stuff this
is<00:09:19.200> my<00:09:19.399> poor<00:09:19.640> son
is my poor son
is my poor son
Patrick<00:09:22.600> this<00:09:22.720> is<00:09:22.880> called<00:09:23.160> paleontological
Patrick this is called paleontological
Patrick this is called paleontological
child<00:09:24.839> abuse<00:09:25.839> hold<00:09:26.160> still<00:09:26.560> you're<00:09:26.760> the<00:09:26.959> scale
there<00:09:34.240> was<00:09:34.519> big<00:09:34.839> stuff<00:09:35.320> back<00:09:35.640> then<00:09:36.160> 55<00:09:36.920> species
there was big stuff back then 55 species
there was big stuff back then 55 species
of<00:09:37.640> mammal<00:09:38.079> like<00:09:38.360> reptiles<00:09:39.040> the<00:09:39.160> age<00:09:39.399> of
of mammal like reptiles the age of
of mammal like reptiles the age of
mammals<00:09:40.120> had<00:09:40.399> well<00:09:40.720> and<00:09:40.959> truly<00:09:41.440> started<00:09:42.000> 250
mammals had well and truly started 250
mammals had well and truly started 250
million<00:09:43.040> years<00:09:43.600> ago<00:09:44.600> and<00:09:44.720> then<00:09:44.880> a<00:09:45.079> catastrophe
million years ago and then a catastrophe
million years ago and then a catastrophe
happened<00:09:46.800> and<00:09:46.959> what<00:09:47.079> happens<00:09:47.399> next<00:09:47.600> is<00:09:47.760> the
happened and what happens next is the
happened and what happens next is the
Asia<00:09:48.240> dinosaurs<00:09:48.880> it<00:09:49.000> was<00:09:49.200> all<00:09:49.360> a<00:09:49.560> mistake<00:09:50.079> it
Asia dinosaurs it was all a mistake it
Asia dinosaurs it was all a mistake it
should<00:09:50.360> have<00:09:50.600> never<00:09:51.360> happened<00:09:52.200> but<00:09:52.320> it<00:09:52.560> did
should have never happened but it did
should have never happened but it did
now<00:09:54.079> luckily<00:09:55.079> this<00:09:55.480> thrinaxodon<00:09:56.440> the<00:09:56.600> size<00:09:56.800> of
now luckily this thrinaxodon the size of
now luckily this thrinaxodon the size of
a<00:09:57.040> robin<00:09:57.399> egg<00:09:57.720> here<00:09:58.040> this<00:09:58.120> is<00:09:58.240> a<00:09:58.360> skull<00:09:58.720> I've
a robin egg here this is a skull I've
a robin egg here this is a skull I've
discovered
discovered
discovered
just<00:10:00.440> before<00:10:00.720> taking<00:10:01.000> this<00:10:01.160> picture<00:10:01.480> there's
just before taking this picture there's
just before taking this picture there's
a<00:10:01.760> pen<00:10:01.959> for<00:10:02.160> scale<00:10:02.440> it's<00:10:02.680> really<00:10:02.959> tiny<00:10:03.360> this<00:10:03.480> is
a pen for scale it's really tiny this is
a pen for scale it's really tiny this is
in<00:10:03.720> the<00:10:03.839> lowest<00:10:04.160> Triassic<00:10:05.160> after<00:10:05.360> the<00:10:05.480> mass
in the lowest Triassic after the mass
in the lowest Triassic after the mass
extinction<00:10:06.160> is<00:10:06.399> finished<00:10:07.399> you<00:10:07.519> can<00:10:07.640> see<00:10:07.839> the
extinction is finished you can see the
extinction is finished you can see the
eye<00:10:08.320> socket<00:10:08.720> you<00:10:08.800> can<00:10:08.920> see<00:10:09.040> the<00:10:09.160> little<00:10:09.320> teeth
eye socket you can see the little teeth
eye socket you can see the little teeth
in<00:10:09.640> the<00:10:09.800> front<00:10:10.519> if<00:10:10.760> that<00:10:10.959> does<00:10:11.240> not<00:10:11.519> survive
in the front if that does not survive
in the front if that does not survive
I'm<00:10:12.560> not<00:10:12.800> the<00:10:12.959> thing<00:10:13.279> giving<00:10:13.640> this<00:10:13.920> talk
I'm not the thing giving this talk
I'm not the thing giving this talk
something<00:10:15.200> else<00:10:15.680> is<00:10:16.040> because<00:10:16.240> if<00:10:16.399> that
something else is because if that
something else is because if that
doesn't<00:10:16.839> survive<00:10:17.519> we<00:10:17.800> are<00:10:18.000> not<00:10:18.279> here<00:10:18.640> there
doesn't survive we are not here there
doesn't survive we are not here there
are<00:10:18.959> no<00:10:19.120> mammals<00:10:20.120> is<00:10:20.360> that<00:10:20.560> close<00:10:20.959> one<00:10:21.200> species
are no mammals is that close one species
are no mammals is that close one species
eats<00:10:22.360> through<00:10:23.360> well<00:10:23.519> can<00:10:23.640> we<00:10:23.760> say<00:10:23.920> anything
eats through well can we say anything
eats through well can we say anything
about<00:10:24.320> the<00:10:24.519> pattern<00:10:24.800> of<00:10:24.920> who<00:10:25.079> survives<00:10:25.480> and
about the pattern of who survives and
about the pattern of who survives and
who<00:10:25.839> doesn't<00:10:26.240> here's<00:10:26.440> sort<00:10:26.600> of<00:10:26.720> the<00:10:26.839> end<00:10:27.040> of
who doesn't here's sort of the end of
who doesn't here's sort of the end of
that<00:10:27.320> 10<00:10:27.560> years<00:10:27.720> of<00:10:27.920> work<00:10:28.160> the<00:10:28.240> ranges<00:10:28.680> of
that 10 years of work the ranges of
that 10 years of work the ranges of
stuff<00:10:29.079> the<00:10:29.320> red<00:10:29.519> line<00:10:29.760> is<00:10:29.880> the<00:10:30.079> mass
stuff the red line is the mass
stuff the red line is the mass
extinction<00:10:31.440> but<00:10:31.600> we've<00:10:31.800> got<00:10:32.000> survivors<00:10:32.560> and
extinction but we've got survivors and
extinction but we've got survivors and
things<00:10:32.920> to<00:10:33.160> get<00:10:33.360> through<00:10:34.000> and<00:10:34.120> it<00:10:34.240> turns<00:10:34.440> out
things to get through and it turns out
things to get through and it turns out
the<00:10:34.800> things<00:10:34.959> that<00:10:35.160> get<00:10:35.320> through
the things that get through
the things that get through
preferentially<00:10:36.200> are<00:10:36.399> cold<00:10:36.639> Bloods
preferentially are cold Bloods
preferentially are cold Bloods
warm-blooded<00:10:38.560> animals<00:10:39.040> take<00:10:39.240> a<00:10:39.480> huge<00:10:39.880> hit<00:10:40.079> at
warm-blooded animals take a huge hit at
warm-blooded animals take a huge hit at
this
this
this
time<00:10:42.120> the<00:10:42.279> survivors<00:10:42.920> that<00:10:43.079> do<00:10:43.320> get<00:10:43.519> through
time the survivors that do get through
time the survivors that do get through
produce<00:10:44.440> this<00:10:44.639> world<00:10:45.040> of<00:10:45.360> crocodile<00:10:45.959> like
produce this world of crocodile like
produce this world of crocodile like
creatures<00:10:46.720> there's<00:10:46.920> no<00:10:47.200> dinosaurs<00:10:47.880> yet<00:10:48.160> it's
creatures there's no dinosaurs yet it's
creatures there's no dinosaurs yet it's
just<00:10:48.480> a<00:10:48.720> slow<00:10:49.320> soran<00:10:50.040> scaly<00:10:50.760> nasty<00:10:51.480> swampy
just a slow soran scaly nasty swampy
just a slow soran scaly nasty swampy
place<00:10:53.360> with<00:10:53.519> a<00:10:53.680> couple<00:10:53.920> of<00:10:54.120> tiny<00:10:54.440> mammals
place with a couple of tiny mammals
place with a couple of tiny mammals
hiding<00:10:55.560> in<00:10:55.680> the<00:10:55.800> fringes<00:10:56.399> and<00:10:56.560> there<00:10:56.760> they
hiding in the fringes and there they
hiding in the fringes and there they
would<00:10:57.240> hide<00:10:57.839> for<00:10:58.399> 160<00:10:58.720> million<00:10:59.000> years<00:10:59.480> until
would hide for 160 million years until
would hide for 160 million years until
liberated<00:11:00.360> by<00:11:00.519> that<00:11:00.680> KT
liberated by that KT
liberated by that KT
asteroid<00:11:03.000> so<00:11:03.320> not<00:11:03.560> impact<00:11:04.000> what<00:11:04.480> and<00:11:04.639> the<00:11:04.839> what
asteroid so not impact what and the what
asteroid so not impact what and the what
I<00:11:05.360> think<00:11:05.800> is<00:11:05.920> that<00:11:06.079> we<00:11:06.399> returned<00:11:07.279> over<00:11:07.440> and
I think is that we returned over and
I think is that we returned over and
over<00:11:07.760> and<00:11:07.920> over<00:11:08.200> again<00:11:08.880> to<00:11:09.040> the<00:11:09.200> Precambrian
over and over again to the Precambrian
over and over again to the Precambrian
world<00:11:10.360> that<00:11:10.519> first<00:11:10.839> microbial<00:11:11.560> age<00:11:11.959> and<00:11:12.079> the
world that first microbial age and the
world that first microbial age and the
microbes<00:11:12.639> are<00:11:12.800> still<00:11:13.079> out<00:11:13.320> there<00:11:13.560> they<00:11:13.800> hate
microbes are still out there they hate
microbes are still out there they hate
we<00:11:14.279> animals<00:11:15.279> they<00:11:15.519> really<00:11:15.760> want<00:11:16.000> their<00:11:16.200> world
we animals they really want their world
we animals they really want their world
back<00:11:17.200> and<00:11:17.360> they've<00:11:17.560> tried<00:11:18.040> over<00:11:18.320> and<00:11:18.560> over<00:11:18.839> and
back and they've tried over and over and
back and they've tried over and over and
over<00:11:19.839> again<00:11:20.839> has<00:11:21.000> suggest<00:11:21.360> to<00:11:21.480> me<00:11:21.600> that<00:11:21.800> life
over again has suggest to me that life
over again has suggest to me that life
causing<00:11:23.079> these<00:11:23.320> mass<00:11:23.639> extinctions<00:11:24.200> because
causing these mass extinctions because
causing these mass extinctions because
it<00:11:24.600> did<00:11:24.839> is<00:11:25.079> inherently<00:11:26.200> anti-an<00:11:27.200> this<00:11:27.360> whole
it did is inherently anti-an this whole
it did is inherently anti-an this whole
Gaia<00:11:28.120> idea<00:11:28.959> the<00:11:29.360> life<00:11:29.600> makes<00:11:29.839> the<00:11:29.959> world
Gaia idea the life makes the world
Gaia idea the life makes the world
better<00:11:30.519> for
better for
better for
itself<00:11:32.440> anybody<00:11:32.800> been<00:11:32.920> on<00:11:33.040> a<00:11:33.160> freeway<00:11:33.760> on<00:11:33.880> a
itself anybody been on a freeway on a
itself anybody been on a freeway on a
Friday<00:11:34.399> afternoon<00:11:34.959> Los<00:11:35.240> Angeles<00:11:35.760> believing
Friday afternoon Los Angeles believing
Friday afternoon Los Angeles believing
in<00:11:36.279> the<00:11:36.440> Gaia<00:11:36.800> Theory<00:11:37.720> no<00:11:38.600> so<00:11:39.000> I<00:11:39.160> really
in the Gaia Theory no so I really
in the Gaia Theory no so I really
suspect<00:11:39.959> there's<00:11:40.120> an<00:11:40.279> alternative<00:11:40.839> and<00:11:41.000> that
suspect there's an alternative and that
suspect there's an alternative and that
life<00:11:41.440> does<00:11:42.040> actually<00:11:42.360> try<00:11:42.519> to<00:11:42.639> do<00:11:42.880> itself<00:11:43.200> in
life does actually try to do itself in
life does actually try to do itself in
not<00:11:43.639> consciously<00:11:44.279> but<00:11:44.440> just<00:11:44.680> because<00:11:44.920> it<00:11:45.040> does
not consciously but just because it does
not consciously but just because it does
and<00:11:45.880> here's<00:11:46.079> the<00:11:46.240> weapon<00:11:46.560> it<00:11:46.720> seems<00:11:47.079> that<00:11:47.200> it
and here's the weapon it seems that it
and here's the weapon it seems that it
did<00:11:47.519> so<00:11:47.720> over<00:11:47.880> the<00:11:48.000> last<00:11:48.200> 500<00:11:48.560> million<00:11:48.920> years
did so over the last 500 million years
did so over the last 500 million years
there<00:11:50.000> are<00:11:50.240> microbes<00:11:50.920> which<00:11:51.079> through<00:11:51.360> the
there are microbes which through the
there are microbes which through the
metabolism<00:11:52.519> produce<00:11:52.880> hydrogen<00:11:53.320> sulfide<00:11:54.320> and
metabolism produce hydrogen sulfide and
metabolism produce hydrogen sulfide and
they<00:11:54.600> do<00:11:54.760> so<00:11:55.360> in<00:11:55.639> large<00:11:56.399> amounts<00:11:57.399> hydrogen
they do so in large amounts hydrogen
they do so in large amounts hydrogen
sulfide<00:11:58.720> is<00:11:58.920> very<00:11:59.279> fatal<00:11:59.560> to<00:11:59.639> we<00:11:59.839> humans<00:12:00.560> as
sulfide is very fatal to we humans as
sulfide is very fatal to we humans as
small<00:12:01.320> as<00:12:01.800> 200<00:12:02.160> parts<00:12:02.760> per<00:12:03.000> million<00:12:03.440> will<00:12:03.680> kill
small as 200 parts per million will kill
small as 200 parts per million will kill
you<00:12:06.000> you<00:12:06.120> only<00:12:06.399> have<00:12:06.480> to<00:12:06.560> go<00:12:06.680> to<00:12:06.800> the<00:12:06.920> Black<00:12:07.240> Sea
you you only have to go to the Black Sea
you you only have to go to the Black Sea
and<00:12:07.880> a<00:12:07.959> few<00:12:08.200> other<00:12:08.440> places<00:12:09.120> some<00:12:09.360> lakes<00:12:10.320> and
and a few other places some lakes and
and a few other places some lakes and
get<00:12:10.800> down<00:12:11.720> and<00:12:11.839> you'll<00:12:12.040> find<00:12:12.360> that<00:12:12.600> the<00:12:12.920> water
get down and you'll find that the water
get down and you'll find that the water
itself<00:12:13.560> turns<00:12:13.920> purple<00:12:14.240> it<00:12:14.360> turns<00:12:14.639> purple<00:12:14.920> from
itself turns purple it turns purple from
itself turns purple it turns purple from
the<00:12:15.360> presence<00:12:15.680> of<00:12:15.920> numerous<00:12:16.480> microbes<00:12:17.199> which
the presence of numerous microbes which
the presence of numerous microbes which
have<00:12:17.560> to<00:12:17.720> have<00:12:17.920> sunlight<00:12:18.440> and<00:12:18.639> have<00:12:18.800> to<00:12:18.920> have
have to have sunlight and have to have
have to have sunlight and have to have
hydrogen<00:12:19.639> sulfide<00:12:20.639> and<00:12:20.839> we<00:12:21.079> can<00:12:21.720> detect<00:12:22.160> their
hydrogen sulfide and we can detect their
hydrogen sulfide and we can detect their
presence<00:12:22.760> today<00:12:23.320> we<00:12:23.399> can<00:12:23.560> see<00:12:23.800> them<00:12:24.240> but<00:12:24.399> we
presence today we can see them but we
presence today we can see them but we
can<00:12:24.680> also<00:12:24.959> detect<00:12:25.320> their<00:12:25.519> presence<00:12:25.839> in<00:12:26.000> the
can also detect their presence in the
can also detect their presence in the
past<00:12:26.880> and<00:12:27.000> the<00:12:27.160> last<00:12:27.360> 3<00:12:27.560> years<00:12:27.800> have<00:12:27.959> seen<00:12:28.160> an
past and the last 3 years have seen an
past and the last 3 years have seen an
enormous<00:12:28.680> breakthrough<00:12:29.480> in<00:12:29.600> a<00:12:29.760> brand<00:12:30.040> new
enormous breakthrough in a brand new
enormous breakthrough in a brand new
field<00:12:31.680> I<00:12:31.800> am<00:12:32.000> almost<00:12:32.399> extinct<00:12:33.279> I'm<00:12:33.360> a
field I am almost extinct I'm a
field I am almost extinct I'm a
paleontologist<00:12:34.360> who<00:12:34.519> collects<00:12:34.880> fossils<00:12:35.720> but
paleontologist who collects fossils but
paleontologist who collects fossils but
the<00:12:35.959> new<00:12:36.160> wave<00:12:36.360> of<00:12:36.560> paleontologist<00:12:37.360> my
the new wave of paleontologist my
the new wave of paleontologist my
graduate<00:12:38.040> students<00:12:38.720> collect
graduate students collect
graduate students collect
biomarkers<00:12:40.600> they<00:12:40.760> take<00:12:40.959> the<00:12:41.079> sediment<00:12:41.560> itself
biomarkers they take the sediment itself
biomarkers they take the sediment itself
they<00:12:42.160> extract<00:12:42.600> the<00:12:42.720> oil<00:12:43.120> from<00:12:43.279> it<00:12:43.760> and<00:12:43.920> from
they extract the oil from it and from
they extract the oil from it and from
that<00:12:44.399> they<00:12:44.519> can<00:12:44.680> produce<00:12:45.160> compounds<00:12:45.720> which
that they can produce compounds which
that they can produce compounds which
turn<00:12:46.079> out<00:12:46.240> to<00:12:46.360> be<00:12:46.560> very<00:12:46.839> specific<00:12:47.600> to
turn out to be very specific to
turn out to be very specific to
particular<00:12:48.360> microbial<00:12:49.040> groups<00:12:49.800> it's<00:12:49.880> is
particular microbial groups it's is
particular microbial groups it's is
because<00:12:50.360> lipids<00:12:50.760> are<00:12:50.959> so<00:12:51.240> tough<00:12:51.920> they<00:12:52.040> can<00:12:52.199> get
because lipids are so tough they can get
because lipids are so tough they can get
preserved<00:12:53.000> in<00:12:53.279> sediment<00:12:54.279> and<00:12:54.519> last<00:12:54.839> the
preserved in sediment and last the
preserved in sediment and last the
hundreds<00:12:55.279> of<00:12:55.440> millions<00:12:55.800> of<00:12:55.959> years<00:12:56.320> necessary
hundreds of millions of years necessary
hundreds of millions of years necessary
and<00:12:56.959> be<00:12:57.240> extracted<00:12:57.800> and<00:12:58.000> tell<00:12:58.240> us<00:12:58.440> who<00:12:58.600> is
and be extracted and tell us who is
and be extracted and tell us who is
there<00:12:59.399> and<00:12:59.519> we<00:12:59.639> know<00:12:59.880> who<00:13:00.040> was<00:13:00.360> there<00:13:00.920> at<00:13:01.000> the
there and we know who was there at the
there and we know who was there at the
end<00:13:01.240> of<00:13:01.360> the<00:13:01.480> peran<00:13:02.279> at<00:13:02.480> many<00:13:02.680> of<00:13:02.839> these<00:13:03.000> mass
end of the peran at many of these mass
end of the peran at many of these mass
extinction<00:13:03.720> boundaries<00:13:04.279> this<00:13:04.360> is<00:13:04.519> what<00:13:04.639> we
extinction boundaries this is what we
extinction boundaries this is what we
find<00:13:05.120> ISO<00:13:05.519> neritan<00:13:06.519> it's<00:13:06.800> very<00:13:07.199> specific<00:13:08.040> it
find ISO neritan it's very specific it
find ISO neritan it's very specific it
can<00:13:08.360> only<00:13:08.720> occur<00:13:09.079> if<00:13:09.240> the<00:13:09.440> surface<00:13:09.800> of<00:13:09.959> the
can only occur if the surface of the
can only occur if the surface of the
ocean<00:13:10.519> has<00:13:10.800> no<00:13:11.160> oxygen<00:13:12.040> and<00:13:12.160> is<00:13:12.480> totally
ocean has no oxygen and is totally
ocean has no oxygen and is totally
saturated<00:13:13.800> with<00:13:14.000> hydrogen<00:13:14.440> sulfide<00:13:15.079> enough
saturated with hydrogen sulfide enough
saturated with hydrogen sulfide enough
for<00:13:15.519> instance<00:13:16.120> to<00:13:16.320> come<00:13:16.480> out<00:13:16.639> of
for instance to come out of
for instance to come out of
solution<00:13:18.480> this<00:13:18.600> led<00:13:18.839> Lee<00:13:19.199> c<00:13:20.199> and<00:13:20.399> others<00:13:20.600> from
solution this led Lee c and others from
solution this led Lee c and others from
Penn<00:13:21.120> State<00:13:21.519> and<00:13:21.680> my<00:13:21.880> group<00:13:22.120> to<00:13:22.320> propose<00:13:22.839> what
Penn State and my group to propose what
Penn State and my group to propose what
I<00:13:23.160> call<00:13:23.360> the<00:13:23.480> comp<00:13:23.800> hypothesis<00:13:24.720> many<00:13:24.920> of<00:13:25.000> the
I call the comp hypothesis many of the
I call the comp hypothesis many of the
mass<00:13:25.399> extinctions<00:13:25.880> were<00:13:26.120> caused<00:13:26.680> by<00:13:26.839> lowering
mass extinctions were caused by lowering
mass extinctions were caused by lowering
Oxygen<00:13:28.360> by<00:13:28.560> high<00:13:28.720> CO<00:13:29.240> 2<00:13:30.000> and<00:13:30.199> the<00:13:30.360> worst<00:13:30.720> effect
Oxygen by high CO 2 and the worst effect
Oxygen by high CO 2 and the worst effect
of<00:13:31.160> global<00:13:31.440> warming<00:13:31.839> it<00:13:31.959> turns<00:13:32.279> out<00:13:32.839> hydrogen
of global warming it turns out hydrogen
of global warming it turns out hydrogen
sulfide<00:13:33.880> being<00:13:34.120> produced<00:13:34.480> out<00:13:34.600> of<00:13:34.720> the
sulfide being produced out of the
sulfide being produced out of the
oceans<00:13:36.399> well<00:13:36.519> what's<00:13:36.680> the<00:13:36.800> source<00:13:37.079> of<00:13:37.320> this<00:13:37.600> in
oceans well what's the source of this in
oceans well what's the source of this in
this<00:13:37.880> particular<00:13:38.279> case<00:13:38.519> the<00:13:38.680> source<00:13:39.120> over<00:13:39.279> and
this particular case the source over and
this particular case the source over and
over<00:13:39.680> have<00:13:39.800> been<00:13:39.959> flood<00:13:40.320> basals<00:13:41.320> this<00:13:41.440> is<00:13:41.519> a
over have been flood basals this is a
over have been flood basals this is a
view<00:13:41.880> of<00:13:42.000> the<00:13:42.120> earth<00:13:42.399> now<00:13:42.680> if<00:13:42.800> we<00:13:43.040> extract<00:13:43.560> a
view of the earth now if we extract a
view of the earth now if we extract a
lot<00:13:43.839> of<00:13:43.959> it<00:13:44.320> in<00:13:44.480> each<00:13:44.680> of<00:13:44.839> these<00:13:45.160> looks<00:13:45.320> like<00:13:45.440> a
lot of it in each of these looks like a
lot of it in each of these looks like a
hydrogen<00:13:45.959> bomb<00:13:46.399> actually<00:13:46.639> the<00:13:46.760> effects<00:13:47.000> are
hydrogen bomb actually the effects are
hydrogen bomb actually the effects are
even<00:13:47.399> worse<00:13:48.160> this<00:13:48.279> is<00:13:48.440> when<00:13:48.760> deep<00:13:49.040> Earth
even worse this is when deep Earth
even worse this is when deep Earth
material<00:13:49.839> comes<00:13:50.040> to<00:13:50.240> the<00:13:50.399> surface<00:13:50.839> spreads
material comes to the surface spreads
material comes to the surface spreads
out<00:13:51.480> over<00:13:51.720> the<00:13:52.079> surface<00:13:52.399> of<00:13:52.560> the<00:13:52.720> planet<00:13:53.519> well
out over the surface of the planet well
out over the surface of the planet well
it's<00:13:53.800> not<00:13:53.959> the<00:13:54.120> lava<00:13:54.440> that<00:13:54.560> kills<00:13:54.920> anything
it's not the lava that kills anything
it's not the lava that kills anything
it's<00:13:55.880> the<00:13:56.040> carbon<00:13:56.399> dioxide<00:13:56.839> that<00:13:57.000> comes<00:13:57.199> out
it's the carbon dioxide that comes out
it's the carbon dioxide that comes out
with<00:13:57.639> it<00:13:57.959> this<00:13:58.160> is<00:13:58.279> inv<00:13:58.480> Volvo<00:13:59.279> this<00:13:59.399> is
with it this is inv Volvo this is
with it this is inv Volvo this is
volcanoes<00:14:00.920> but<00:14:01.160> carbon<00:14:01.480> dioxide<00:14:02.000> is<00:14:02.199> carbon
volcanoes but carbon dioxide is carbon
volcanoes but carbon dioxide is carbon
dioxide<00:14:04.480> so<00:14:04.639> these<00:14:04.759> are<00:14:04.920> new<00:14:05.120> data<00:14:05.440> Bob<00:14:05.639> burner
dioxide so these are new data Bob burner
dioxide so these are new data Bob burner
and<00:14:06.040> I<00:14:06.199> from<00:14:06.360> Yale<00:14:06.680> have<00:14:06.800> put<00:14:07.079> together<00:14:07.320> and
and I from Yale have put together and
and I from Yale have put together and
what<00:14:07.519> we<00:14:07.680> try<00:14:07.839> to<00:14:08.000> do<00:14:08.240> now<00:14:08.440> is<00:14:08.680> track<00:14:09.639> the
what we try to do now is track the
what we try to do now is track the
amount<00:14:10.000> of<00:14:10.160> carbon<00:14:10.480> dioxide<00:14:10.920> in<00:14:11.000> the<00:14:11.120> entire
amount of carbon dioxide in the entire
amount of carbon dioxide in the entire
Rock<00:14:11.680> record<00:14:12.120> we<00:14:12.240> can<00:14:12.399> do<00:14:12.680> this<00:14:13.199> from<00:14:13.440> a
Rock record we can do this from a
Rock record we can do this from a
variety<00:14:14.040> of<00:14:14.199> means<00:14:15.120> and<00:14:15.320> put<00:14:15.480> on<00:14:15.680> the<00:14:15.839> red
variety of means and put on the red
variety of means and put on the red
lines<00:14:16.519> here<00:14:16.880> when<00:14:17.199> these<00:14:17.480> what<00:14:17.600> I<00:14:17.720> call
lines here when these what I call
lines here when these what I call
Greenhouse<00:14:18.480> mass<00:14:18.759> extinctions<00:14:19.279> took<00:14:19.600> place
Greenhouse mass extinctions took place
Greenhouse mass extinctions took place
and<00:14:20.360> there's<00:14:20.560> two<00:14:20.720> things<00:14:20.920> that<00:14:21.000> are<00:14:21.120> really
and there's two things that are really
and there's two things that are really
evident<00:14:21.720> here<00:14:21.839> to<00:14:22.000> me<00:14:22.199> is<00:14:22.360> that<00:14:22.680> these
evident here to me is that these
evident here to me is that these
extinctions<00:14:23.480> take<00:14:23.759> place<00:14:23.959> when<00:14:24.120> CO2<00:14:24.560> is<00:14:24.720> going
extinctions take place when CO2 is going
extinctions take place when CO2 is going
up<00:14:25.639> but<00:14:25.759> the<00:14:25.920> second<00:14:26.240> thing<00:14:26.440> that's<00:14:26.639> not<00:14:26.839> shown
up but the second thing that's not shown
up but the second thing that's not shown
on<00:14:27.519> here<00:14:28.279> the<00:14:28.440> Earth<00:14:28.680> has<00:14:29.160> never<00:14:29.399> had<00:14:29.680> any<00:14:30.040> ice
on here the Earth has never had any ice
on here the Earth has never had any ice
on<00:14:30.560> it<00:14:30.880> when<00:14:31.040> we've<00:14:31.279> had<00:14:31.440> a<00:14:31.639> th000<00:14:32.519> parts<00:14:32.839> per
on it when we've had a th000 parts per
on it when we've had a th000 parts per
million
million
million
CO2<00:14:35.639> we<00:14:35.759> are<00:14:35.920> at<00:14:36.079> 380<00:14:36.560> in<00:14:36.759> climbing<00:14:37.360> we<00:14:37.480> should
CO2 we are at 380 in climbing we should
CO2 we are at 380 in climbing we should
be<00:14:37.800> up<00:14:37.920> to<00:14:38.079> a<00:14:38.240> thousand<00:14:39.160> in<00:14:39.320> three<00:14:39.560> centuries
be up to a thousand in three centuries
be up to a thousand in three centuries
at<00:14:40.160> the<00:14:40.279> most<00:14:40.680> but<00:14:40.839> my<00:14:40.959> friend<00:14:41.160> David<00:14:41.440> batiti
at the most but my friend David batiti
at the most but my friend David batiti
in<00:14:42.079> Seattle<00:14:42.560> says<00:14:42.800> he<00:14:42.959> thinks<00:14:43.639> 100<00:14:43.920> years<00:14:44.920> so
in Seattle says he thinks 100 years so
in Seattle says he thinks 100 years so
there<00:14:45.279> goes<00:14:45.440> the<00:14:45.560> ice<00:14:45.839> caps<00:14:46.560> and<00:14:46.759> there<00:14:46.920> comes
there goes the ice caps and there comes
there goes the ice caps and there comes
240<00:14:48.320> ft<00:14:48.959> of<00:14:49.120> sea<00:14:49.360> level<00:14:49.680> rise<00:14:50.680> I<00:14:50.800> live<00:14:50.959> in<00:14:51.079> a
240 ft of sea level rise I live in a
240 ft of sea level rise I live in a
view<00:14:51.560> house<00:14:51.839> now<00:14:52.600> I'm<00:14:52.720> going<00:14:52.800> to<00:14:52.920> have
view house now I'm going to have
view house now I'm going to have
Waterfront<00:14:55.399> all<00:14:55.519> right<00:14:55.680> what's<00:14:55.839> the
Waterfront all right what's the
Waterfront all right what's the
consequence<00:14:56.480> the<00:14:56.560> oceans<00:14:56.959> probably<00:14:57.199> turn
consequence the oceans probably turn
consequence the oceans probably turn
purple<00:14:58.519> and<00:14:58.639> we<00:14:58.759> think<00:14:59.079> this<00:14:59.160> is<00:14:59.279> the<00:14:59.440> reason
purple and we think this is the reason
purple and we think this is the reason
the<00:14:59.920> complexity<00:15:00.480> took<00:15:00.759> so<00:15:01.079> long<00:15:01.320> to<00:15:01.519> take
the complexity took so long to take
the complexity took so long to take
place<00:15:01.959> on<00:15:02.160> planet<00:15:02.480> Earth<00:15:02.800> we<00:15:02.959> had<00:15:03.120> these
place on planet Earth we had these
place on planet Earth we had these
hydrogen<00:15:03.720> sulfide<00:15:04.160> oceans<00:15:04.759> for<00:15:04.920> a<00:15:05.040> very<00:15:05.199> great
hydrogen sulfide oceans for a very great
hydrogen sulfide oceans for a very great
long<00:15:05.720> period<00:15:06.639> they<00:15:07.000> stop<00:15:07.639> complex<00:15:08.160> life<00:15:08.680> from
long period they stop complex life from
long period they stop complex life from
existing<00:15:10.560> we<00:15:10.680> know<00:15:10.880> hydrogen<00:15:11.279> sulfide<00:15:11.720> is
existing we know hydrogen sulfide is
existing we know hydrogen sulfide is
erupting<00:15:12.360> presently<00:15:12.839> a<00:15:12.920> few<00:15:13.160> places<00:15:13.399> on<00:15:13.560> the
erupting presently a few places on the
erupting presently a few places on the
planet<00:15:16.199> and<00:15:16.320> I<00:15:16.440> throw<00:15:16.680> this<00:15:16.839> slide<00:15:17.120> in<00:15:17.360> this<00:15:17.440> is
planet and I throw this slide in this is
planet and I throw this slide in this is
me<00:15:17.880> actually<00:15:18.279> two<00:15:18.480> months<00:15:18.759> ago<00:15:19.759> I<00:15:19.880> throw<00:15:20.160> this
me actually two months ago I throw this
me actually two months ago I throw this
slide<00:15:20.560> in<00:15:20.800> because<00:15:21.079> here<00:15:21.240> is<00:15:21.399> my<00:15:21.560> favorite
slide in because here is my favorite
slide in because here is my favorite
animal<00:15:22.240> chambered<00:15:22.639> nautilus<00:15:23.160> it's<00:15:23.320> been<00:15:23.440> on
animal chambered nautilus it's been on
animal chambered nautilus it's been on
this<00:15:23.800> planet<00:15:24.160> since<00:15:24.399> animals<00:15:24.800> first<00:15:25.040> started
this planet since animals first started
this planet since animals first started
500<00:15:26.160> million
500 million
500 million
years<00:15:28.240> this<00:15:28.360> is<00:15:28.480> a<00:15:28.600> track<00:15:29.160> experiment<00:15:29.639> any<00:15:29.800> of
years this is a track experiment any of
years this is a track experiment any of
you<00:15:30.000> scuba<00:15:30.360> divers<00:15:30.680> you<00:15:30.800> want<00:15:30.880> to<00:15:31.000> get
you scuba divers you want to get
you scuba divers you want to get
involved<00:15:31.480> one<00:15:31.600> of<00:15:31.680> the<00:15:31.759> coolest<00:15:32.160> projects
involved one of the coolest projects
involved one of the coolest projects
ever<00:15:33.079> this<00:15:33.240> is<00:15:33.360> off<00:15:33.480> the<00:15:33.600> Great<00:15:33.800> Barrier<00:15:34.160> Reef
ever this is off the Great Barrier Reef
ever this is off the Great Barrier Reef
and<00:15:35.000> as<00:15:35.120> we<00:15:35.279> speak<00:15:35.639> now<00:15:36.040> these<00:15:36.319> Nautilus<00:15:36.959> are
and as we speak now these Nautilus are
and as we speak now these Nautilus are
tracking<00:15:37.759> out<00:15:38.040> their<00:15:38.319> behaviors<00:15:38.880> to<00:15:39.480> us<00:15:40.480> but
tracking out their behaviors to us but
tracking out their behaviors to us but
the<00:15:40.720> thing<00:15:40.920> about<00:15:41.240> this<00:15:41.440> is<00:15:41.639> that<00:15:42.000> every<00:15:42.199> once
the thing about this is that every once
the thing about this is that every once
in<00:15:42.480> a<00:15:42.600> while<00:15:43.199> we<00:15:43.480> divers<00:15:44.160> can<00:15:44.319> run<00:15:44.519> into
in a while we divers can run into
in a while we divers can run into
trouble<00:15:45.199> so<00:15:45.319> I'm<00:15:45.399> going<00:15:45.480> to<00:15:45.560> do<00:15:45.639> a<00:15:45.680> little
trouble so I'm going to do a little
trouble so I'm going to do a little
thought<00:15:46.120> experiment<00:15:46.639> here<00:15:47.000> this<00:15:47.120> is<00:15:47.199> a<00:15:47.319> great
thought experiment here this is a great
thought experiment here this is a great
white<00:15:47.720> shark<00:15:48.040> that<00:15:48.199> ate<00:15:48.399> some<00:15:48.560> of<00:15:48.720> my<00:15:48.920> traps
white shark that ate some of my traps
white shark that ate some of my traps
and<00:15:49.720> we<00:15:49.839> pulled<00:15:50.079> it<00:15:50.199> up<00:15:50.399> up<00:15:50.600> it<00:15:50.800> comes<00:15:51.360> so<00:15:51.560> it's
and we pulled it up up it comes so it's
and we pulled it up up it comes so it's
out<00:15:51.880> there<00:15:52.040> with<00:15:52.160> me<00:15:52.319> at<00:15:52.519> night<00:15:53.000> so<00:15:53.160> I'm
out there with me at night so I'm
out there with me at night so I'm
swimming<00:15:53.680> along<00:15:54.279> and<00:15:54.399> it<00:15:54.560> takes<00:15:54.839> off<00:15:55.120> my<00:15:55.600> leg
swimming along and it takes off my leg
swimming along and it takes off my leg
I'm<00:15:56.720> 80<00:15:57.040> miles<00:15:57.319> from<00:15:57.480> Shore<00:15:57.800> what's<00:15:57.959> going<00:15:58.040> to
I'm 80 miles from Shore what's going to
I'm 80 miles from Shore what's going to
happen<00:15:58.399> to<00:15:58.560> me<00:15:59.319> well<00:15:59.519> now<00:15:59.759> I<00:15:59.959> die<00:16:00.959> 5<00:16:01.199> years<00:16:01.360> from
happen to me well now I die 5 years from
happen to me well now I die 5 years from
now<00:16:01.839> this<00:16:01.920> is<00:16:02.040> what<00:16:02.160> I<00:16:02.279> hope<00:16:02.519> happens<00:16:02.800> to<00:16:02.959> me
now this is what I hope happens to me
now this is what I hope happens to me
I'm<00:16:03.240> taken<00:16:03.519> back<00:16:03.639> to<00:16:03.800> the<00:16:03.880> boat<00:16:04.519> I'm<00:16:04.720> given<00:16:05.319> a
I'm taken back to the boat I'm given a
I'm taken back to the boat I'm given a
gas<00:16:05.880> mask<00:16:06.600> 80<00:16:07.000> parts<00:16:07.240> per<00:16:07.399> million<00:16:07.759> hydrogen
gas mask 80 parts per million hydrogen
gas mask 80 parts per million hydrogen
sulfide<00:16:09.560> I'm<00:16:09.680> then<00:16:09.800> thrown<00:16:10.160> an<00:16:10.319> Ice<00:16:10.519> Pond<00:16:10.959> I'm
sulfide I'm then thrown an Ice Pond I'm
sulfide I'm then thrown an Ice Pond I'm
cooled<00:16:11.639> 15<00:16:12.079> degrees<00:16:12.839> lower<00:16:13.839> and<00:16:13.959> I<00:16:14.079> can<00:16:14.199> be
cooled 15 degrees lower and I can be
cooled 15 degrees lower and I can be
taken<00:16:15.000> to<00:16:15.160> a<00:16:15.240> critical<00:16:15.639> care<00:16:16.040> hospital<00:16:17.040> and
taken to a critical care hospital and
taken to a critical care hospital and
the<00:16:17.240> reason<00:16:17.519> I<00:16:17.600> can<00:16:17.759> do<00:16:18.000> that<00:16:18.199> is<00:16:18.360> because<00:16:18.600> we
the reason I can do that is because we
the reason I can do that is because we
mammals<00:16:19.279> have<00:16:19.440> gone<00:16:19.639> through<00:16:19.880> a<00:16:20.040> series<00:16:20.639> of
mammals have gone through a series of
mammals have gone through a series of
these<00:16:20.959> hydrogen<00:16:21.360> sulfide<00:16:21.839> events<00:16:22.160> that<00:16:22.279> our
these hydrogen sulfide events that our
these hydrogen sulfide events that our
bodies<00:16:22.720> have<00:16:22.959> adapted<00:16:23.759> and<00:16:23.880> we<00:16:24.000> can<00:16:24.120> now<00:16:24.360> use
bodies have adapted and we can now use
bodies have adapted and we can now use
this<00:16:24.800> as<00:16:25.000> what<00:16:25.120> I<00:16:25.240> think<00:16:25.399> will<00:16:25.519> be<00:16:25.639> a<00:16:25.759> major
this as what I think will be a major
this as what I think will be a major
medical
medical
medical
breakthrough<00:16:28.240> this<00:16:28.360> is<00:16:28.480> Mark<00:16:28.680> Ross<00:16:29.199> he<00:16:29.319> was
breakthrough this is Mark Ross he was
breakthrough this is Mark Ross he was
funded<00:16:29.759> by<00:16:29.880> DARPA<00:16:30.319> try<00:16:30.480> to<00:16:30.639> figure<00:16:30.880> out<00:16:31.440> how<00:16:31.680> to
funded by DARPA try to figure out how to
funded by DARPA try to figure out how to
save<00:16:32.360> Americans<00:16:33.319> after<00:16:33.639> Battlefield
save Americans after Battlefield
save Americans after Battlefield
injuries<00:16:34.759> he<00:16:34.920> bleeds<00:16:35.279> out<00:16:35.600> pigs<00:16:36.120> he<00:16:36.319> puts<00:16:36.519> in
injuries he bleeds out pigs he puts in
injuries he bleeds out pigs he puts in
80<00:16:37.240> parts<00:16:37.519> per<00:16:37.720> million<00:16:38.079> hydrogen<00:16:38.519> sulfide
80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide
80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide
the<00:16:39.480> same<00:16:39.759> stuff<00:16:40.279> that<00:16:40.480> survived<00:16:40.880> these<00:16:41.040> past
the same stuff that survived these past
the same stuff that survived these past
mass<00:16:41.560> extinctions<00:16:42.360> and<00:16:42.480> he<00:16:42.600> turns<00:16:42.839> a<00:16:43.000> mammal
mass extinctions and he turns a mammal
mass extinctions and he turns a mammal
into<00:16:43.720> a<00:16:44.240> reptile<00:16:45.240> I<00:16:45.319> believe<00:16:45.560> we<00:16:45.680> are<00:16:45.800> seeing
into a reptile I believe we are seeing
into a reptile I believe we are seeing
in<00:16:46.279> this<00:16:46.480> response<00:16:46.839> the<00:16:47.000> result<00:16:47.240> of<00:16:47.360> mammals
in this response the result of mammals
in this response the result of mammals
and<00:16:47.880> reptiles<00:16:48.360> having<00:16:48.560> undergone<00:16:48.959> a<00:16:49.120> series
and reptiles having undergone a series
and reptiles having undergone a series
of<00:16:49.519> exposures<00:16:50.000> to<00:16:50.160> H2S<00:16:50.839> I<00:16:50.959> got<00:16:51.120> this<00:16:51.480> email
of exposures to H2S I got this email
of exposures to H2S I got this email
from<00:16:52.040> him<00:16:52.199> two<00:16:52.399> years<00:16:52.600> ago<00:16:53.279> he<00:16:53.399> said<00:16:53.639> I<00:16:53.759> think<00:16:53.880> I
from him two years ago he said I think I
from him two years ago he said I think I
got<00:16:54.160> an<00:16:54.319> answer<00:16:54.560> to<00:16:54.720> some<00:16:54.839> of<00:16:54.959> your<00:16:55.560> questions
got an answer to some of your questions
got an answer to some of your questions
so<00:16:56.759> he<00:16:56.920> now<00:16:57.079> has<00:16:57.240> taken<00:16:57.519> mice<00:16:57.959> down<00:16:58.319> for<00:16:58.959> as
so he now has taken mice down for as
so he now has taken mice down for as
many<00:16:59.319> as<00:16:59.480> 4<00:16:59.759> hours<00:17:00.480> sometimes<00:17:00.759> 6<00:17:01.040> hours<00:17:01.800> and
many as 4 hours sometimes 6 hours and
many as 4 hours sometimes 6 hours and
these<00:17:02.040> are<00:17:02.199> brand<00:17:02.399> new<00:17:02.560> data<00:17:02.880> he<00:17:03.040> sent<00:17:03.199> me<00:17:03.319> on
these are brand new data he sent me on
these are brand new data he sent me on
the<00:17:03.560> way<00:17:03.720> over<00:17:03.959> here<00:17:04.439> on<00:17:04.559> the<00:17:04.760> top<00:17:05.079> now<00:17:05.480> that<00:17:05.640> is
the way over here on the top now that is
the way over here on the top now that is
a<00:17:05.959> temperature<00:17:06.439> record<00:17:06.720> of<00:17:06.880> a<00:17:07.439> mouse<00:17:08.439> who<00:17:08.600> has
a temperature record of a mouse who has
a temperature record of a mouse who has
gone<00:17:09.079> through<00:17:09.520> the<00:17:09.679> dotted<00:17:10.120> line<00:17:10.480> of
gone through the dotted line of
gone through the dotted line of
temperature<00:17:11.160> so<00:17:11.319> the<00:17:11.439> temperature<00:17:11.839> starts<00:17:12.120> at
temperature so the temperature starts at
temperature so the temperature starts at
25<00:17:12.720> centigrade<00:17:13.280> and<00:17:13.400> down<00:17:13.559> it<00:17:13.720> goes<00:17:13.959> down<00:17:14.120> it
25 centigrade and down it goes down it
25 centigrade and down it goes down it
goes<00:17:14.520> 6<00:17:14.760> hours<00:17:15.120> later<00:17:15.439> up<00:17:15.640> goes<00:17:15.799> the
goes 6 hours later up goes the
goes 6 hours later up goes the
temperature<00:17:17.400> now<00:17:17.559> the<00:17:17.720> same<00:17:18.000> Mouse<00:17:18.319> is<00:17:18.520> given
temperature now the same Mouse is given
temperature now the same Mouse is given
80<00:17:19.280> parts<00:17:19.600> per<00:17:19.760> million<00:17:20.520> hydrogen<00:17:21.000> sulfide<00:17:21.720> in
80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide in
80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide in
this<00:17:22.400> solid<00:17:22.959> graph<00:17:23.839> and<00:17:24.000> look<00:17:24.160> what<00:17:24.280> happens
this solid graph and look what happens
this solid graph and look what happens
to<00:17:24.640> its<00:17:24.839> temperature<00:17:25.760> it<00:17:26.039> temperature<00:17:26.520> drops
to its temperature it temperature drops
to its temperature it temperature drops
it<00:17:27.760> goes<00:17:28.120> down<00:17:28.400> to<00:17:28.880> 15°<00:17:29.440> Centigrade<00:17:29.960> from
it goes down to 15° Centigrade from
it goes down to 15° Centigrade from
35<00:17:31.919> and<00:17:32.120> comes<00:17:32.440> out<00:17:32.600> of<00:17:32.840> this<00:17:33.320> perfectly<00:17:33.919> fine
35 and comes out of this perfectly fine
35 and comes out of this perfectly fine
here's<00:17:34.840> the<00:17:35.120> way<00:17:35.600> we<00:17:35.720> can<00:17:35.919> get<00:17:36.120> people<00:17:36.400> to
here's the way we can get people to
here's the way we can get people to
Critical<00:17:37.160> Care<00:17:37.679> here's<00:17:37.919> how<00:17:38.080> we<00:17:38.200> can<00:17:38.360> bring
Critical Care here's how we can bring
Critical Care here's how we can bring
people<00:17:39.039> cold<00:17:39.440> enough<00:17:39.960> to<00:17:40.200> last<00:17:40.520> till<00:17:40.720> we<00:17:40.880> get
people cold enough to last till we get
people cold enough to last till we get
critical
critical
critical
care<00:17:43.120> now<00:17:43.520> you're<00:17:43.720> all<00:17:44.280> thinking<00:17:45.280> yeah<00:17:45.520> what
care now you're all thinking yeah what
care now you're all thinking yeah what
about<00:17:45.880> the<00:17:46.000> brain<00:17:46.720> tissue<00:17:47.720> and<00:17:47.840> so<00:17:48.039> this<00:17:48.120> is
about the brain tissue and so this is
about the brain tissue and so this is
one<00:17:48.360> of<00:17:48.440> the<00:17:48.559> great<00:17:48.799> challenges<00:17:49.320> is<00:17:49.440> going<00:17:49.559> to
one of the great challenges is going to
one of the great challenges is going to
happen<00:17:50.200> you're<00:17:50.400> in<00:17:50.520> an<00:17:50.760> accident<00:17:51.120> you<00:17:51.240> got<00:17:51.400> two
happen you're in an accident you got two
happen you're in an accident you got two
choices<00:17:52.559> you're<00:17:52.799> going<00:17:52.960> to<00:17:53.120> die<00:17:53.679> or<00:17:53.799> you're
choices you're going to die or you're
choices you're going to die or you're
going<00:17:54.039> to<00:17:54.120> take<00:17:54.280> the<00:17:54.400> hydrogen<00:17:54.799> sulfide<00:17:55.760> and
going to take the hydrogen sulfide and
going to take the hydrogen sulfide and
say<00:17:56.120> 75%<00:17:56.919> of<00:17:57.080> you<00:17:57.679> is<00:17:57.880> saved<00:17:58.320> mentally<00:17:59.000> what
say 75% of you is saved mentally what
say 75% of you is saved mentally what
are<00:17:59.200> you<00:17:59.280> going<00:17:59.400> to<00:17:59.559> do<00:18:00.280> do<00:18:00.440> we<00:18:00.600> all<00:18:00.720> have<00:18:00.840> to
are you going to do do we all have to
are you going to do do we all have to
have<00:18:01.000> a<00:18:01.120> little<00:18:01.280> button<00:18:01.720> say<00:18:02.039> let<00:18:02.200> me
have a little button say let me
have a little button say let me
die<00:18:04.039> this<00:18:04.159> is<00:18:04.360> coming<00:18:04.679> towards<00:18:05.039> us<00:18:05.320> and<00:18:05.440> I
die this is coming towards us and I
die this is coming towards us and I
think<00:18:05.679> this<00:18:05.799> is<00:18:05.919> going<00:18:06.000> to<00:18:06.120> be<00:18:06.200> a<00:18:06.360> revolution
think this is going to be a revolution
think this is going to be a revolution
we're<00:18:07.120> going<00:18:07.200> to<00:18:07.360> save<00:18:07.720> lives<00:18:08.320> but<00:18:08.440> there's
we're going to save lives but there's
we're going to save lives but there's
going<00:18:08.720> to<00:18:08.799> be<00:18:08.880> a<00:18:09.039> cost<00:18:09.320> to<00:18:09.520> it<00:18:10.039> the<00:18:10.159> new<00:18:10.360> view<00:18:10.520> of
going to be a cost to it the new view of
going to be a cost to it the new view of
mass<00:18:10.880> extinction<00:18:11.320> say<00:18:11.559> yes<00:18:11.720> we<00:18:11.799> are<00:18:12.000> hit<00:18:12.280> and
mass extinction say yes we are hit and
mass extinction say yes we are hit and
yes<00:18:12.600> we<00:18:12.760> have<00:18:12.880> to<00:18:13.039> think<00:18:13.200> about<00:18:13.360> the<00:18:13.520> long<00:18:13.799> term
yes we have to think about the long term
yes we have to think about the long term
because<00:18:14.559> we<00:18:14.720> will<00:18:14.919> get<00:18:15.080> hit<00:18:15.360> again<00:18:15.840> but
because we will get hit again but
because we will get hit again but
there's<00:18:16.120> a<00:18:16.320> far<00:18:16.520> worse<00:18:16.799> danger<00:18:17.240> confronting
there's a far worse danger confronting
there's a far worse danger confronting
us<00:18:18.720> we<00:18:18.880> can<00:18:19.120> easily<00:18:19.559> go<00:18:19.799> back<00:18:20.240> to<00:18:20.400> the<00:18:20.559> hydrogen
us we can easily go back to the hydrogen
us we can easily go back to the hydrogen
sulfide<00:18:21.559> world<00:18:22.440> give<00:18:22.600> us<00:18:22.799> a<00:18:22.880> few<00:18:23.080> Millennia
sulfide world give us a few Millennia
sulfide world give us a few Millennia
and<00:18:23.679> we<00:18:23.799> humans<00:18:24.080> should<00:18:24.360> last<00:18:24.600> those<00:18:24.760> few
and we humans should last those few
and we humans should last those few
Millennia<00:18:25.799> will<00:18:26.000> it<00:18:26.159> happen<00:18:26.440> again<00:18:26.679> if<00:18:26.799> we
Millennia will it happen again if we
Millennia will it happen again if we
continue<00:18:27.320> it'll<00:18:27.600> happen<00:18:27.880> again<00:18:29.039> how<00:18:29.159> many<00:18:29.360> of
continue it'll happen again how many of
continue it'll happen again how many of
us<00:18:29.600> flew
us flew
us flew
here<00:18:31.760> how<00:18:31.880> many<00:18:32.039> of<00:18:32.159> us<00:18:32.320> have<00:18:32.480> gone<00:18:32.760> through
here how many of us have gone through
here how many of us have gone through
our<00:18:33.280> entire<00:18:34.039> Kyoto<00:18:35.039> quota<00:18:35.960> just<00:18:36.159> for<00:18:36.360> flying
our entire Kyoto quota just for flying
our entire Kyoto quota just for flying
this<00:18:37.480> year<00:18:37.840> how<00:18:37.919> many<00:18:38.080> of<00:18:38.159> you<00:18:38.280> have<00:18:38.440> exceeded
this year how many of you have exceeded
this year how many of you have exceeded
it<00:18:39.559> yeah<00:18:39.799> I've<00:18:39.960> certainly<00:18:40.320> exceeded<00:18:40.720> it<00:18:41.080> we
it yeah I've certainly exceeded it we
it yeah I've certainly exceeded it we
have<00:18:41.400> a<00:18:41.600> huge<00:18:42.080> problem<00:18:42.440> facing<00:18:42.799> us<00:18:43.240> as<00:18:43.360> a
have a huge problem facing us as a
have a huge problem facing us as a
species<00:18:44.960> we<00:18:45.200> have<00:18:45.360> to<00:18:45.520> beat<00:18:46.280> this<00:18:47.280> I<00:18:47.360> want<00:18:47.480> to
species we have to beat this I want to
species we have to beat this I want to
be<00:18:47.679> able<00:18:47.840> to<00:18:47.960> go<00:18:48.080> back<00:18:48.200> to<00:18:48.360> this<00:18:48.600> Reef<00:18:49.600> thank
you<00:18:55.919> just<00:18:56.080> got<00:18:56.240> one<00:18:56.440> question<00:18:56.640> for<00:18:56.799> you<00:18:56.960> Peter
you just got one question for you Peter
you just got one question for you Peter
so<00:18:57.720> am<00:18:57.840> I<00:18:58.240> understanding<00:18:58.440> you<00:18:58.559> right<00:18:58.880> that
so am I understanding you right that
so am I understanding you right that
what<00:18:59.159> you're<00:18:59.720> saying<00:19:00.039> here<00:19:00.240> is<00:19:00.400> that<00:19:00.559> we<00:19:00.760> have
what you're saying here is that we have
what you're saying here is that we have
in<00:19:01.559> our<00:19:01.720> own<00:19:01.919> bodies<00:19:02.440> a<00:19:02.760> biochemical<00:19:03.840> response
in our own bodies a biochemical response
in our own bodies a biochemical response
to<00:19:05.080> hydrogen<00:19:05.520> sulfide<00:19:06.000> that<00:19:06.120> in<00:19:06.240> your<00:19:06.400> mind
to hydrogen sulfide that in your mind
to hydrogen sulfide that in your mind
proves<00:19:07.919> that<00:19:08.159> there<00:19:08.280> have<00:19:08.440> been<00:19:08.760> past<00:19:09.120> mass
proves that there have been past mass
proves that there have been past mass
extinctions<00:19:09.880> due<00:19:10.080> to<00:19:10.240> climate<00:19:10.559> change<00:19:11.360> yeah
extinctions due to climate change yeah
extinctions due to climate change yeah
every<00:19:11.760> single<00:19:12.039> cell<00:19:12.360> in<00:19:12.520> us<00:19:12.880> can<00:19:13.080> produce
every single cell in us can produce
every single cell in us can produce
minute<00:19:13.919> quantities<00:19:14.320> of<00:19:14.440> hydrogen<00:19:14.880> sulfide<00:19:15.600> in
minute quantities of hydrogen sulfide in
minute quantities of hydrogen sulfide in
great<00:19:16.120> crisis<00:19:16.799> this<00:19:16.919> is<00:19:17.039> what<00:19:17.159> Roth<00:19:17.480> has<00:19:17.600> found
great crisis this is what Roth has found
great crisis this is what Roth has found
out<00:19:18.080> so<00:19:18.240> what<00:19:18.360> we're<00:19:18.559> looking<00:19:18.799> at<00:19:19.039> now<00:19:19.520> does<00:19:19.679> it
out so what we're looking at now does it
out so what we're looking at now does it
leave<00:19:19.960> a<00:19:20.120> signal<00:19:20.640> does<00:19:20.799> it<00:19:20.919> leave<00:19:21.080> a<00:19:21.200> signal<00:19:21.440> in
leave a signal does it leave a signal in
leave a signal does it leave a signal in
bone<00:19:21.919> or<00:19:22.080> in<00:19:22.280> plant<00:19:22.679> we<00:19:22.840> go<00:19:22.960> back<00:19:23.039> to<00:19:23.120> the
bone or in plant we go back to the
bone or in plant we go back to the
fossil<00:19:23.559> record<00:19:23.880> and<00:19:24.039> we<00:19:24.120> can<00:19:24.240> try<00:19:24.400> to<00:19:24.559> detect
fossil record and we can try to detect
fossil record and we can try to detect
how<00:19:25.640> many<00:19:25.880> of<00:19:26.039> these<00:19:26.200> have<00:19:26.360> happened<00:19:26.640> in<00:19:26.760> the
how many of these have happened in the
how many of these have happened in the
past<00:19:27.799> is<00:19:27.960> simultaneously
past is simultaneously
past is simultaneously
an<00:19:29.440> incredible<00:19:29.880> medical<00:19:30.400> technique<00:19:30.799> but<00:19:30.919> also
an incredible medical technique but also
an incredible medical technique but also
a<00:19:31.280> terrifying<00:19:32.080> blessing<00:19:32.400> and<00:19:32.600> curse
Peter Ward, Medea, Hyptothesis, Media, Hypothesis, Peter, Ward, asteroid, Earth, mass, extinction, bacteria, hydrogen, sulfide
