Why is glass transparent? - Mark Miodownik
Take a look out your window,
put on your glasses if you wear them.
You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too,
or a magnifying lens.
Now, what do you see?
Well, whatever it is,
it's not the multiple layers of glass
right in front of you.
But have you ever wondered
how something so solid can be so invisible?
To understand that,
we have to understand what glass actually is,
and where it comes from.
It all begins in the Earth's crust,
where the two most common elements are
silicon and oxygen.
These react together to form silicon dioxide,
whose molecules arrange themselves
into a regular crystalline form known as quartz.
Quartz is commonly found in sand,
where it often makes up most of the grains
and is the main ingredient in most type of glass.
Of course, you probably noticed that glass
isn't made of multiple tiny bits of quartz,
and for good reason.
For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains
and smaller defects within the crystal structure
reflect and disperse light that hits them.
But when the quartz is heated high enough
the extra energy makes the molecules vibrate
until they break the bonds holding them together
and become a flowing liquid,
the same way that ice melts into water.
Unlike water, though, liquid silicon dioxide
does not reform into a crystal solid when it cools.
Instead, as the molecules lose energy,
they are less and less able
to move into an ordered position,
and the result is what is called an amorphous solid.
A solid material with the chaotic structure of a liquid,
which allows the molecules to freely fill in any gaps.
This makes the surface of glass uniform
on a microscopic level,
allowing light to strike it
without being scattered in different directions.
But this still doesn't explain
why light is able to pass through glass
rather than being absorbed as with most solids.
For that, we need to go all the way down
to the subatomic level.
You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus
with electrons orbiting around it,
but you may be surprised to know
that it's mostly empty space.
In fact, if an atom were the size of a sports stadium,
the nucleus would be like a single pea in the center,
while the electrons would be like grains of sand
in the outer seats.
That should leave plenty of space
for light to pass through
without hitting any of these particles.
So the real question is not
why is glass transparent,
but why aren't all materials transparent?
The answer has to do with the different energy levels
that electrons in an atom can have.
Think of these as different rows of seats
in the stadium stands.
An electron is initially assigned to sit in a certain row,
but it could jump to a better row,
if it only had the energy.
As luck would have it,
absorbing one of those light photons
passing through the atom can provide
just the energy the electron needs.
But there's a catch.
The energy from the photon
has to be the right amount
to get an electron to the next row.
Otherwise, it will just let the photon pass by,
and it just so happens that in glass,
the rows are so far apart
that a photon of visible light
can't provide enough energy for an electron
to jump between them.
Photons from ultraviolet light, on the other hand,
give just the right amount of energy,
and are absorbed,
which is why you can't get a suntan through glass.
This amazing property of being both
solid and transparent has given glass many uses
throughout the centuries.
From windows that let in light
while keeping out the elements,
to lenses that allow us to see both
the vast worlds beyond our planet,
and the tiny ones right around us.
It is hard to imagine
modern civilization without glass.
And yet for such an important material
we rarely think about glass and its impact.
It is precisely because the most important
and useful quality of glass is
being featureless and invisible
that we often forget that it's even there.
