Experiments that hint of longer lives - Cynthia Kenyon
have<00:00:16.540> you<00:00:16.720> ever<00:00:16.869> wanted<00:00:17.260> to<00:00:17.320> stay<00:00:18.040> young<00:00:18.369> a
have you ever wanted to stay young a
have you ever wanted to stay young a
little<00:00:18.940> longer<00:00:19.180> and<00:00:19.689> put<00:00:20.020> off<00:00:20.140> aging<00:00:20.680> this<00:00:21.430> is
little longer and put off aging this is
little longer and put off aging this is
a<00:00:21.610> dream<00:00:22.000> of<00:00:22.270> the<00:00:22.420> ages<00:00:22.840> but<00:00:23.439> scientists<00:00:24.160> have
a dream of the ages but scientists have
a dream of the ages but scientists have
for<00:00:25.270> a<00:00:25.300> long<00:00:25.420> time<00:00:25.630> thought<00:00:25.869> this<00:00:26.080> was<00:00:26.290> just
for a long time thought this was just
for a long time thought this was just
never<00:00:26.560> going<00:00:26.800> to<00:00:26.890> be<00:00:26.950> possible<00:00:27.160> they<00:00:27.970> thought
never going to be possible they thought
never going to be possible they thought
you<00:00:28.690> know<00:00:28.810> you<00:00:28.869> just<00:00:29.109> wear<00:00:29.320> out<00:00:29.529> something<00:00:30.100> you
you know you just wear out something you
you know you just wear out something you
can<00:00:30.310> do<00:00:30.430> about<00:00:30.550> it<00:00:30.699> kind<00:00:31.240> of<00:00:31.270> like<00:00:31.420> an<00:00:31.570> old<00:00:31.720> shoe
can do about it kind of like an old shoe
can do about it kind of like an old shoe
but<00:00:33.370> if<00:00:33.460> you<00:00:33.520> look<00:00:33.640> at<00:00:33.820> nature<00:00:34.059> you<00:00:34.629> see<00:00:34.780> that
but if you look at nature you see that
but if you look at nature you see that
different<00:00:35.260> kinds<00:00:35.620> of<00:00:35.710> animals<00:00:36.190> can<00:00:36.670> have
different kinds of animals can have
different kinds of animals can have
really<00:00:37.150> different<00:00:37.269> lifespans<00:00:38.250> now<00:00:39.250> these
really different lifespans now these
really different lifespans now these
animals<00:00:39.850> are<00:00:39.910> different<00:00:40.269> from<00:00:40.360> one<00:00:40.570> another
animals are different from one another
animals are different from one another
because<00:00:41.290> they<00:00:41.530> have<00:00:41.710> different<00:00:41.739> genes<00:00:42.340> so
because they have different genes so
because they have different genes so
that<00:00:43.480> suggests<00:00:43.870> that<00:00:44.350> somewhere<00:00:44.800> in<00:00:44.980> this
that suggests that somewhere in this
that suggests that somewhere in this
gene<00:00:45.430> somewhere<00:00:45.820> in<00:00:45.880> the<00:00:45.969> DNA<00:00:46.210> our<00:00:46.540> genes<00:00:47.140> for
gene somewhere in the DNA our genes for
gene somewhere in the DNA our genes for
aging<00:00:47.890> genes<00:00:48.520> that<00:00:48.610> allow<00:00:48.850> them<00:00:49.059> to<00:00:49.149> have
aging genes that allow them to have
aging genes that allow them to have
different<00:00:49.629> lifespans<00:00:50.250> so<00:00:51.250> if<00:00:51.399> there<00:00:51.579> are
different lifespans so if there are
different lifespans so if there are
genes<00:00:52.239> like<00:00:52.450> that<00:00:52.690> then<00:00:53.290> you<00:00:53.440> can<00:00:53.469> imagine
genes like that then you can imagine
genes like that then you can imagine
that<00:00:53.980> if<00:00:54.100> you<00:00:54.219> could<00:00:54.670> change<00:00:54.910> one<00:00:55.059> of<00:00:55.239> the
that if you could change one of the
that if you could change one of the
genes<00:00:55.629> in<00:00:55.960> an<00:00:56.289> experiment<00:00:56.920> an<00:00:57.070> aging<00:00:57.910> gene
genes in an experiment an aging gene
genes in an experiment an aging gene
maybe<00:00:58.750> you<00:00:58.870> could<00:00:59.050> slow<00:00:59.379> down<00:00:59.620> aging<00:00:59.980> and
maybe you could slow down aging and
maybe you could slow down aging and
extend<00:01:01.090> lifespan<00:01:01.360> and<00:01:01.960> if<00:01:02.680> you<00:01:02.770> could<00:01:02.890> do<00:01:03.039> that
extend lifespan and if you could do that
extend lifespan and if you could do that
then<00:01:03.309> you<00:01:03.399> could<00:01:03.550> find<00:01:03.850> the<00:01:03.969> genes<00:01:04.180> for<00:01:04.270> aging
then you could find the genes for aging
then you could find the genes for aging
and<00:01:05.170> if<00:01:05.289> they<00:01:05.440> exist<00:01:05.830> and<00:01:06.009> you<00:01:06.070> can<00:01:06.220> find<00:01:06.369> them
and if they exist and you can find them
and if they exist and you can find them
then<00:01:06.759> maybe<00:01:07.000> one<00:01:07.660> could<00:01:07.869> eventually<00:01:08.080> do
then maybe one could eventually do
then maybe one could eventually do
something<00:01:08.440> about<00:01:08.860> it<00:01:09.600> so<00:01:10.600> we<00:01:10.780> set<00:01:11.020> out<00:01:11.140> to<00:01:11.320> look
something about it so we set out to look
something about it so we set out to look
for<00:01:11.500> genes<00:01:11.979> that<00:01:12.280> control<00:01:12.640> aging<00:01:13.090> and<00:01:13.539> we
for genes that control aging and we
for genes that control aging and we
didn't<00:01:13.899> study<00:01:14.080> any<00:01:14.320> of<00:01:14.470> these<00:01:14.590> animals
didn't study any of these animals
didn't study any of these animals
instead<00:01:15.880> we<00:01:16.060> studied<00:01:16.390> a<00:01:16.479> little<00:01:16.630> tiny
instead we studied a little tiny
instead we studied a little tiny
roundworm<00:01:17.740> called<00:01:18.010> C<00:01:18.310> elegans<00:01:18.520> which<00:01:19.420> is<00:01:19.570> just
roundworm called C elegans which is just
roundworm called C elegans which is just
about<00:01:19.900> the<00:01:20.049> size<00:01:20.229> of<00:01:20.409> a<00:01:20.530> comma<00:01:20.799> in<00:01:20.920> a<00:01:21.130> sentence
about the size of a comma in a sentence
about the size of a comma in a sentence
and<00:01:22.510> we<00:01:22.630> were<00:01:22.689> really<00:01:22.780> optimistic<00:01:23.290> that<00:01:24.100> we
and we were really optimistic that we
and we were really optimistic that we
could<00:01:24.400> find<00:01:24.430> something<00:01:24.820> because<00:01:25.060> there<00:01:25.390> had
could find something because there had
could find something because there had
been<00:01:25.689> a<00:01:25.720> report<00:01:26.170> of<00:01:26.260> a<00:01:26.380> long-lived<00:01:26.740> mutant<00:01:27.360> so
been a report of a long-lived mutant so
been a report of a long-lived mutant so
we<00:01:28.450> started<00:01:28.750> to<00:01:28.869> change<00:01:29.110> jeans<00:01:29.409> at<00:01:29.590> random
we started to change jeans at random
we started to change jeans at random
looking<00:01:30.520> for<00:01:30.729> long-lived<00:01:31.240> animals<00:01:31.630> and<00:01:31.780> we
looking for long-lived animals and we
looking for long-lived animals and we
were<00:01:31.930> very<00:01:32.080> lucky<00:01:32.229> to<00:01:32.619> find<00:01:32.830> that<00:01:33.340> mutations
were very lucky to find that mutations
were very lucky to find that mutations
that<00:01:34.360> damaged<00:01:35.110> one<00:01:35.380> single<00:01:35.830> gene<00:01:36.130> called<00:01:36.939> daph
that damaged one single gene called daph
that damaged one single gene called daph
to<00:01:37.770> double<00:01:38.770> the<00:01:38.920> lifespan<00:01:39.159> of<00:01:39.460> the<00:01:39.729> little
to double the lifespan of the little
to double the lifespan of the little
worm<00:01:40.360> so<00:01:41.170> you<00:01:41.259> can<00:01:41.409> see<00:01:41.560> in<00:01:41.650> black<00:01:41.939> after<00:01:42.939> a
worm so you can see in black after a
worm so you can see in black after a
month<00:01:43.240> they're<00:01:43.509> very<00:01:43.659> short-lived<00:01:43.930> that's
month they're very short-lived that's
month they're very short-lived that's
why<00:01:44.409> we<00:01:44.530> like<00:01:44.650> to<00:01:44.770> study<00:01:44.979> them<00:01:45.189> for<00:01:45.400> studies<00:01:45.640> of
why we like to study them for studies of
why we like to study them for studies of
Aging<00:01:46.119> in<00:01:46.210> black<00:01:46.869> after<00:01:47.619> a<00:01:47.650> month<00:01:47.860> the<00:01:48.250> normal
Aging in black after a month the normal
Aging in black after a month the normal
worms<00:01:48.670> are<00:01:48.820> all<00:01:48.939> dead<00:01:49.210> but<00:01:49.900> at<00:01:49.990> that<00:01:50.020> time<00:01:50.170> most
worms are all dead but at that time most
worms are all dead but at that time most
of<00:01:51.310> the<00:01:51.490> mutant<00:01:51.759> worms<00:01:52.000> are<00:01:52.450> still<00:01:53.380> alive<00:01:53.680> and
of the mutant worms are still alive and
of the mutant worms are still alive and
it<00:01:54.880> isn't<00:01:55.299> until<00:01:55.540> twice<00:01:55.780> as<00:01:55.990> long<00:01:56.170> that
it isn't until twice as long that
it isn't until twice as long that
they're<00:01:56.979> all<00:01:57.009> dead<00:01:57.369> and<00:01:57.610> now<00:01:58.149> I<00:01:58.210> want<00:01:58.450> to<00:01:58.479> show
they're all dead and now I want to show
they're all dead and now I want to show
you<00:01:58.689> what<00:01:58.930> they<00:01:59.049> actually<00:01:59.200> look<00:01:59.560> like<00:01:59.590> in<00:02:00.009> this
you what they actually look like in this
you what they actually look like in this
movie<00:02:00.430> here<00:02:00.780> so<00:02:01.780> the<00:02:01.869> first<00:02:02.049> thing<00:02:02.110> you're
movie here so the first thing you're
movie here so the first thing you're
going<00:02:02.409> to<00:02:02.500> see<00:02:02.710> is<00:02:02.920> the<00:02:03.340> normal<00:02:03.729> worm<00:02:03.939> when
going to see is the normal worm when
going to see is the normal worm when
it's<00:02:04.600> about<00:02:04.840> a<00:02:04.869> college<00:02:05.409> student<00:02:05.799> age<00:02:05.920> a<00:02:05.950> young
it's about a college student age a young
it's about a college student age a young
adult<00:02:06.549> it's<00:02:07.540> quite<00:02:07.810> a<00:02:07.840> cute<00:02:08.470> little<00:02:08.560> fellow
adult it's quite a cute little fellow
adult it's quite a cute little fellow
next<00:02:11.590> you're<00:02:11.739> going<00:02:11.860> to<00:02:11.950> see<00:02:12.160> the<00:02:12.579> long<00:02:12.790> live
next you're going to see the long live
next you're going to see the long live
mutant<00:02:13.420> when<00:02:13.570> its<00:02:13.720> young<00:02:13.810> so<00:02:14.350> this<00:02:14.530> animal<00:02:14.860> is
mutant when its young so this animal is
mutant when its young so this animal is
going<00:02:15.040> to<00:02:15.100> live<00:02:15.220> twice<00:02:15.459> as<00:02:15.670> long<00:02:15.850> is<00:02:16.060> it
going to live twice as long is it
going to live twice as long is it
miserable<00:02:16.630> it<00:02:17.079> doesn't<00:02:17.320> seem<00:02:17.440> to<00:02:17.560> be<00:02:17.680> it's
miserable it doesn't seem to be it's
miserable it doesn't seem to be it's
very<00:02:18.579> active<00:02:18.790> you<00:02:19.450> can't<00:02:19.690> tell<00:02:19.870> the
very active you can't tell the
very active you can't tell the
difference<00:02:20.140> really<00:02:20.470> and<00:02:20.800> they<00:02:21.400> can<00:02:21.550> be
difference really and they can be
difference really and they can be
completely<00:02:22.030> fertile<00:02:22.420> have<00:02:22.540> the<00:02:22.599> same<00:02:22.959> number
completely fertile have the same number
completely fertile have the same number
of<00:02:23.260> progeny
of progeny
of progeny
the<00:02:24.110> normal<00:02:24.380> worms<00:02:24.560> do<00:02:24.820> now<00:02:25.820> get<00:02:26.030> out<00:02:26.150> your
the normal worms do now get out your
the normal worms do now get out your
handkerchiefs<00:02:26.480> here<00:02:27.050> you're<00:02:27.170> going<00:02:27.260> to<00:02:27.320> see
handkerchiefs here you're going to see
handkerchiefs here you're going to see
in<00:02:28.040> just<00:02:28.250> two<00:02:28.490> weeks<00:02:28.520> the<00:02:29.090> normal<00:02:29.360> worms<00:02:29.510> are
in just two weeks the normal worms are
in just two weeks the normal worms are
old<00:02:29.900> you<00:02:30.890> can<00:02:31.010> see<00:02:31.100> the<00:02:31.190> little<00:02:31.310> head<00:02:31.580> moving
old you can see the little head moving
old you can see the little head moving
down<00:02:32.510> at<00:02:32.720> the<00:02:32.810> bottom<00:02:32.960> there<00:02:33.290> but<00:02:34.010> everything
down at the bottom there but everything
down at the bottom there but everything
else<00:02:34.790> is<00:02:34.910> just<00:02:34.970> lying<00:02:35.390> there<00:02:35.510> the<00:02:35.900> animals
else is just lying there the animals
else is just lying there the animals
clearly<00:02:36.470> in<00:02:36.590> the<00:02:36.650> nursing<00:02:36.950> home<00:02:36.980> and<00:02:37.310> if<00:02:37.580> you
clearly in the nursing home and if you
clearly in the nursing home and if you
look<00:02:37.880> at<00:02:38.240> the<00:02:38.390> tissues<00:02:38.720> of<00:02:38.870> the<00:02:38.900> animal
look at the tissues of the animal
look at the tissues of the animal
they're<00:02:39.470> starting<00:02:39.770> to<00:02:39.800> deteriorate<00:02:40.360> you<00:02:41.360> know
they're starting to deteriorate you know
they're starting to deteriorate you know
even<00:02:41.720> if<00:02:41.810> you've<00:02:41.960> never<00:02:41.990> seen<00:02:42.470> one<00:02:42.590> of<00:02:42.710> these
even if you've never seen one of these
even if you've never seen one of these
little<00:02:42.980> C<00:02:43.220> elegans<00:02:43.370> probably<00:02:44.360> most<00:02:44.480> of<00:02:44.570> you
little C elegans probably most of you
little C elegans probably most of you
haven't<00:02:44.900> seen<00:02:45.140> one<00:02:45.290> you<00:02:45.710> can<00:02:45.860> tell<00:02:46.010> they're
haven't seen one you can tell they're
haven't seen one you can tell they're
old<00:02:46.370> isn't<00:02:46.940> that<00:02:46.970> interesting<00:02:47.480> so<00:02:47.630> there's
old isn't that interesting so there's
old isn't that interesting so there's
something<00:02:48.110> about<00:02:48.490> aging<00:02:49.490> that's<00:02:49.640> kind<00:02:49.880> of
something about aging that's kind of
something about aging that's kind of
universal<00:02:50.360> and<00:02:50.750> now<00:02:51.290> here<00:02:51.800> is<00:02:51.920> the<00:02:51.980> Deaf<00:02:52.310> two
universal and now here is the Deaf two
universal and now here is the Deaf two
mutants<00:02:53.030> one<00:02:53.810> gene<00:02:54.050> is<00:02:54.200> changed<00:02:54.530> out<00:02:54.590> of
mutants one gene is changed out of
mutants one gene is changed out of
20,000<00:02:55.370> and<00:02:55.490> look<00:02:55.580> at<00:02:55.670> it<00:02:55.760> it's<00:02:55.970> the<00:02:56.030> same<00:02:56.270> age
20,000 and look at it it's the same age
20,000 and look at it it's the same age
but<00:02:57.200> it's<00:02:57.380> it's<00:02:57.680> not<00:02:57.950> in<00:02:58.070> the<00:02:58.130> nursing<00:02:58.460> home
but it's it's not in the nursing home
but it's it's not in the nursing home
it's<00:02:59.300> going<00:02:59.600> skiing<00:03:01.270> so<00:03:02.270> its<00:03:02.420> aging<00:03:02.900> actually
it's going skiing so its aging actually
it's going skiing so its aging actually
this<00:03:03.320> is<00:03:03.410> what's<00:03:03.560> really<00:03:03.860> cool<00:03:04.010> its<00:03:04.250> aging
this is what's really cool its aging
this is what's really cool its aging
more<00:03:04.790> slowly<00:03:05.120> it<00:03:05.330> takes<00:03:05.510> us<00:03:05.660> worm<00:03:05.840> two<00:03:06.140> days<00:03:06.380> to
more slowly it takes us worm two days to
more slowly it takes us worm two days to
age<00:03:07.220> as<00:03:07.430> much<00:03:07.640> as<00:03:07.820> the<00:03:07.910> normal<00:03:08.210> worm<00:03:08.390> ages<00:03:08.750> in
age as much as the normal worm ages in
age as much as the normal worm ages in
one<00:03:09.110> day<00:03:09.320> and<00:03:10.040> when<00:03:10.130> I<00:03:10.160> tell<00:03:10.400> people<00:03:10.550> about
one day and when I tell people about
one day and when I tell people about
this<00:03:10.910> they<00:03:11.270> tend<00:03:11.510> to<00:03:11.600> think<00:03:11.810> of<00:03:11.900> maybe<00:03:12.410> a<00:03:12.530> 90<00:03:13.220> or
this they tend to think of maybe a 90 or
this they tend to think of maybe a 90 or
80<00:03:13.460> or<00:03:13.640> 90<00:03:13.820> year<00:03:14.000> old<00:03:14.030> person<00:03:14.510> who<00:03:14.870> looks
80 or 90 year old person who looks
80 or 90 year old person who looks
really<00:03:15.380> good<00:03:15.560> for<00:03:15.920> being<00:03:16.100> 90<00:03:16.490> or<00:03:16.580> 80<00:03:16.760> but<00:03:17.060> it's
really good for being 90 or 80 but it's
really good for being 90 or 80 but it's
really<00:03:17.480> more<00:03:17.630> like<00:03:17.690> this<00:03:17.960> suppose<00:03:18.140> here<00:03:18.560> let's
really more like this suppose here let's
really more like this suppose here let's
say<00:03:19.040> you're<00:03:19.190> a<00:03:19.220> 30<00:03:19.580> year<00:03:19.760> old<00:03:19.940> guy<00:03:20.390> or<00:03:20.720> 30<00:03:21.200> in
say you're a 30 year old guy or 30 in
say you're a 30 year old guy or 30 in
your<00:03:21.560> 30s<00:03:21.860> and<00:03:21.980> you're<00:03:22.400> you're<00:03:23.000> a<00:03:23.030> bachelor
your 30s and you're you're a bachelor
your 30s and you're you're a bachelor
and<00:03:23.690> you're<00:03:23.960> dating<00:03:24.230> people<00:03:24.680> and<00:03:24.800> you<00:03:24.860> meet
and you're dating people and you meet
and you're dating people and you meet
someone<00:03:25.190> that<00:03:25.310> you<00:03:25.430> really<00:03:25.460> like<00:03:25.790> you<00:03:26.270> get<00:03:26.450> to
someone that you really like you get to
someone that you really like you get to
know<00:03:26.690> her<00:03:26.810> and<00:03:27.020> you're<00:03:27.770> in<00:03:27.890> a<00:03:27.980> restaurant<00:03:28.100> and
know her and you're in a restaurant and
know her and you're in a restaurant and
you<00:03:28.820> say<00:03:29.030> well<00:03:29.150> how<00:03:29.330> old<00:03:29.360> are<00:03:29.660> you<00:03:29.780> she<00:03:30.350> says
you say well how old are you she says
you say well how old are you she says
I'm<00:03:30.650> 60<00:03:31.210> that's<00:03:32.210> what<00:03:32.390> it's<00:03:32.540> like<00:03:32.750> and<00:03:33.140> you
I'm 60 that's what it's like and you
I'm 60 that's what it's like and you
would<00:03:33.440> never<00:03:33.560> know<00:03:33.680> you<00:03:34.280> would<00:03:34.400> never<00:03:34.430> know
would never know you would never know
would never know you would never know
until<00:03:35.270> she<00:03:35.480> told<00:03:35.690> you
okay<00:03:39.700> so<00:03:40.920> so<00:03:41.920> what<00:03:42.130> is<00:03:42.160> the<00:03:42.520> death<00:03:42.700> to<00:03:43.030> gene
okay so so what is the death to gene
okay so so what is the death to gene
well<00:03:43.750> as<00:03:43.930> you<00:03:44.080> know<00:03:44.200> genes<00:03:44.590> which<00:03:44.800> are<00:03:44.890> part<00:03:45.100> of
well as you know genes which are part of
well as you know genes which are part of
the<00:03:45.280> DNA<00:03:45.460> there<00:03:46.450> are<00:03:46.570> instructions<00:03:46.990> to<00:03:47.620> make<00:03:47.860> a
the DNA there are instructions to make a
the DNA there are instructions to make a
protein<00:03:48.310> that<00:03:48.370> does<00:03:48.700> something<00:03:48.970> and<00:03:49.270> the<00:03:49.690> Deaf
protein that does something and the Deaf
protein that does something and the Deaf
to<00:03:49.930> gene<00:03:50.470> encodes<00:03:51.430> a<00:03:51.700> hormone<00:03:52.540> receptor<00:03:53.080> so
to gene encodes a hormone receptor so
to gene encodes a hormone receptor so
what<00:03:53.770> you<00:03:53.860> see<00:03:54.010> in<00:03:54.070> the<00:03:54.160> picture<00:03:54.190> there<00:03:54.550> is<00:03:54.670> a
what you see in the picture there is a
what you see in the picture there is a
cell<00:03:55.030> with<00:03:55.690> the<00:03:55.720> hormone<00:03:56.110> receptor<00:03:56.500> in<00:03:56.620> red
cell with the hormone receptor in red
cell with the hormone receptor in red
punching<00:03:57.670> through<00:03:57.850> the<00:03:58.000> edge<00:03:58.270> of<00:03:58.540> the<00:03:58.630> cell<00:03:58.870> so
punching through the edge of the cell so
punching through the edge of the cell so
part<00:03:59.620> of<00:03:59.680> it<00:03:59.830> it's<00:03:59.950> like<00:04:00.040> a<00:04:00.070> baseball<00:04:00.280> glove
part of it it's like a baseball glove
part of it it's like a baseball glove
part<00:04:00.940> of<00:04:01.000> its<00:04:01.120> on<00:04:01.209> the<00:04:01.300> outside<00:04:01.780> and<00:04:02.050> it's
part of its on the outside and it's
part of its on the outside and it's
catching<00:04:02.650> the<00:04:02.890> hormone<00:04:03.220> as<00:04:03.340> it<00:04:03.459> comes<00:04:03.610> by<00:04:03.850> in
catching the hormone as it comes by in
catching the hormone as it comes by in
green<00:04:04.720> and<00:04:04.959> the<00:04:05.440> other<00:04:05.590> part<00:04:05.830> is<00:04:05.890> on<00:04:06.010> the
green and the other part is on the
green and the other part is on the
inside<00:04:06.250> where<00:04:06.670> it<00:04:06.760> sends<00:04:06.970> signals<00:04:07.420> into<00:04:07.720> the
inside where it sends signals into the
inside where it sends signals into the
cell<00:04:08.430> okay<00:04:09.430> so<00:04:09.489> what<00:04:09.790> is<00:04:09.910> the<00:04:10.030> def<00:04:10.209> 2<00:04:10.450> receptor
cell okay so what is the def 2 receptor
cell okay so what is the def 2 receptor
telling<00:04:11.650> the<00:04:11.800> inside<00:04:12.160> of<00:04:12.190> the<00:04:12.340> cell<00:04:12.520> I<00:04:12.730> just
telling the inside of the cell I just
telling the inside of the cell I just
told<00:04:13.270> you<00:04:13.390> that<00:04:13.570> if<00:04:13.660> you<00:04:13.750> make<00:04:13.840> a<00:04:13.900> mutation<00:04:14.590> in
told you that if you make a mutation in
told you that if you make a mutation in
the<00:04:15.340> deaf<00:04:15.489> to<00:04:15.730> gene<00:04:15.970> said<00:04:16.150> that<00:04:16.269> you<00:04:16.329> get<00:04:16.480> a
the deaf to gene said that you get a
the deaf to gene said that you get a
receptor<00:04:16.930> that<00:04:16.959> doesn't<00:04:17.320> work<00:04:17.470> as<00:04:17.620> well<00:04:17.680> the
receptor that doesn't work as well the
receptor that doesn't work as well the
animal<00:04:18.880> lives<00:04:19.060> longer<00:04:19.419> so<00:04:20.079> that<00:04:20.260> means<00:04:20.560> that
animal lives longer so that means that
animal lives longer so that means that
the<00:04:20.890> normal<00:04:21.220> function<00:04:21.730> of<00:04:21.880> this<00:04:22.150> hormone
the normal function of this hormone
the normal function of this hormone
receptor<00:04:22.930> is<00:04:23.080> to<00:04:23.560> speed<00:04:23.950> up<00:04:24.160> aging<00:04:24.960> that's
receptor is to speed up aging that's
receptor is to speed up aging that's
what<00:04:26.140> that<00:04:26.290> arrow<00:04:26.470> means<00:04:26.710> it<00:04:26.890> speeds<00:04:27.160> up<00:04:27.280> aging
what that arrow means it speeds up aging
what that arrow means it speeds up aging
it<00:04:27.640> makes<00:04:27.760> it<00:04:27.850> go<00:04:27.940> faster<00:04:28.450> so<00:04:28.930> it's<00:04:29.080> like<00:04:29.110> the
it makes it go faster so it's like the
it makes it go faster so it's like the
animal<00:04:29.620> has<00:04:29.770> the<00:04:29.919> Grim<00:04:30.160> Reaper<00:04:30.580> inside<00:04:30.970> of
animal has the Grim Reaper inside of
animal has the Grim Reaper inside of
itself<00:04:31.330> speeding<00:04:31.810> up<00:04:31.870> aging<00:04:32.730> okay<00:04:33.730> so<00:04:33.790> this<00:04:34.000> is
itself speeding up aging okay so this is
itself speeding up aging okay so this is
a<00:04:34.210> really<00:04:34.390> all<00:04:34.960> together<00:04:35.290> really<00:04:35.560> really
a really all together really really
a really all together really really
interesting<00:04:36.040> it<00:04:36.310> says<00:04:36.550> that<00:04:36.760> on<00:04:36.940> aging<00:04:37.780> is
interesting it says that on aging is
interesting it says that on aging is
subject<00:04:38.440> to<00:04:38.530> control<00:04:38.890> by<00:04:39.010> the<00:04:39.040> genes<00:04:39.430> and
subject to control by the genes and
subject to control by the genes and
specifically<00:04:40.180> by<00:04:40.630> hormones<00:04:41.050> so<00:04:42.040> what<00:04:42.310> kind<00:04:42.550> of
specifically by hormones so what kind of
specifically by hormones so what kind of
hormones<00:04:42.970> are<00:04:43.210> these<00:04:43.419> are<00:04:43.600> lots<00:04:43.810> of<00:04:43.900> hormones
hormones are these are lots of hormones
hormones are these are lots of hormones
there's<00:04:44.380> testosterone<00:04:45.220> adrenaline<00:04:45.460> you<00:04:45.970> know
there's testosterone adrenaline you know
there's testosterone adrenaline you know
about<00:04:46.300> a<00:04:46.419> lot<00:04:46.630> of<00:04:46.750> them<00:04:46.870> these<00:04:47.590> hormones<00:04:47.979> are
about a lot of them these hormones are
about a lot of them these hormones are
similar<00:04:48.760> to<00:04:49.620> hormones<00:04:50.620> that<00:04:50.650> we<00:04:50.830> have<00:04:51.040> in<00:04:51.160> our
similar to hormones that we have in our
similar to hormones that we have in our
bodies<00:04:51.640> the<00:04:52.540> deaf<00:04:52.750> to<00:04:53.020> hormone<00:04:53.350> receptor<00:04:53.890> is
bodies the deaf to hormone receptor is
bodies the deaf to hormone receptor is
very<00:04:54.340> similar<00:04:54.580> to<00:04:54.729> the<00:04:54.850> receptor<00:04:55.450> for<00:04:56.200> hormone
very similar to the receptor for hormone
very similar to the receptor for hormone
insulin<00:04:57.010> and<00:04:57.460> igf-1<00:04:57.930> now<00:04:58.930> you've<00:04:59.110> all<00:04:59.229> heard
insulin and igf-1 now you've all heard
insulin and igf-1 now you've all heard
of<00:04:59.620> at<00:05:00.100> least<00:05:00.280> insulin<00:05:00.880> insulin<00:05:01.210> is<00:05:01.510> a<00:05:01.540> hormone
of at least insulin insulin is a hormone
of at least insulin insulin is a hormone
that<00:05:02.410> promotes<00:05:02.860> the<00:05:03.100> uptake<00:05:03.430> of<00:05:03.490> nutrients
that promotes the uptake of nutrients
that promotes the uptake of nutrients
into<00:05:04.270> your<00:05:04.360> tissues<00:05:04.660> after<00:05:04.930> you<00:05:05.020> eat<00:05:05.140> a<00:05:05.169> meal
into your tissues after you eat a meal
into your tissues after you eat a meal
and<00:05:05.680> the<00:05:06.430> hormone<00:05:06.700> igf-1<00:05:07.320> promotes<00:05:08.320> growth<00:05:08.590> so
and the hormone igf-1 promotes growth so
and the hormone igf-1 promotes growth so
these<00:05:09.460> functions<00:05:09.970> were<00:05:10.090> known<00:05:10.300> for<00:05:10.330> these
these functions were known for these
these functions were known for these
hormones<00:05:10.900> for<00:05:11.050> a<00:05:11.110> long<00:05:11.320> time<00:05:11.590> but<00:05:11.919> our<00:05:12.400> studies
hormones for a long time but our studies
hormones for a long time but our studies
suggested<00:05:13.660> that<00:05:13.750> maybe<00:05:13.930> they<00:05:14.200> have<00:05:14.350> a<00:05:14.380> third
suggested that maybe they have a third
suggested that maybe they have a third
function<00:05:14.919> that<00:05:15.160> nobody<00:05:15.460> knew<00:05:15.610> about<00:05:15.729> maybe
function that nobody knew about maybe
function that nobody knew about maybe
they<00:05:16.810> also<00:05:16.960> affect<00:05:17.229> aging<00:05:17.830> and<00:05:18.010> it's<00:05:18.669> looking
they also affect aging and it's looking
they also affect aging and it's looking
like<00:05:19.180> that's<00:05:19.419> the<00:05:19.570> case<00:05:19.750> so<00:05:20.320> after<00:05:20.979> we<00:05:21.100> found
like that's the case so after we found
like that's the case so after we found
made<00:05:21.669> our<00:05:21.790> discoveries<00:05:22.210> with<00:05:22.360> little<00:05:22.570> C
made our discoveries with little C
made our discoveries with little C
elegans<00:05:22.870> people<00:05:23.680> who<00:05:23.770> worked<00:05:23.950> on<00:05:24.070> other<00:05:24.250> kinds
elegans people who worked on other kinds
elegans people who worked on other kinds
of<00:05:24.760> animals<00:05:25.120> started<00:05:25.450> asking<00:05:25.840> if<00:05:25.960> we<00:05:26.110> make<00:05:26.530> the
of animals started asking if we make the
of animals started asking if we make the
same<00:05:26.919> deaf<00:05:27.190> to<00:05:27.460> mutation<00:05:28.000> the<00:05:28.180> hormone
same deaf to mutation the hormone
same deaf to mutation the hormone
receptor<00:05:28.960> mutation<00:05:29.470> in<00:05:29.650> other<00:05:30.460> animals<00:05:30.700> will
receptor mutation in other animals will
receptor mutation in other animals will
they<00:05:31.600> live<00:05:31.810> longer<00:05:32.020> and<00:05:32.380> that<00:05:33.100> is<00:05:33.250> the<00:05:33.370> case
they live longer and that is the case
they live longer and that is the case
then<00:05:33.610> flies<00:05:34.060> if<00:05:34.600> you<00:05:34.690> change<00:05:34.960> this<00:05:35.080> hormone
then flies if you change this hormone
then flies if you change this hormone
pathway<00:05:35.860> and<00:05:36.040> flies<00:05:36.280> they<00:05:36.820> live<00:05:37.000> longer<00:05:37.210> and
pathway and flies they live longer and
pathway and flies they live longer and
also<00:05:38.500> in<00:05:38.620> Mice<00:05:38.830> and<00:05:39.190> mice<00:05:39.700> are<00:05:39.910> mammals<00:05:40.180> like
also in Mice and mice are mammals like
also in Mice and mice are mammals like
us<00:05:40.570> so<00:05:41.410> it's<00:05:41.800> an<00:05:42.010> ancient<00:05:42.190> pathway<00:05:42.490> because<00:05:43.060> it
us so it's an ancient pathway because it
us so it's an ancient pathway because it
must<00:05:43.330> have<00:05:43.450> arisen<00:05:43.660> a<00:05:43.840> long<00:05:43.990> time<00:05:44.200> ago<00:05:44.320> in
must have arisen a long time ago in
must have arisen a long time ago in
evolution<00:05:44.979> so<00:05:45.220> the<00:05:45.310> touch<00:05:45.460> that<00:05:45.729> still<00:05:45.970> works
evolution so the touch that still works
evolution so the touch that still works
in<00:05:46.330> all<00:05:46.810> these<00:05:46.990> animals<00:05:47.500> and<00:05:47.710> they<00:05:48.039> also<00:05:48.190> the
in all these animals and they also the
in all these animals and they also the
common<00:05:48.760> precursor
common precursor
common precursor
also<00:05:49.860> gave<00:05:49.950> rise<00:05:50.130> to<00:05:50.190> people<00:05:50.670> so<00:05:51.300> maybe<00:05:51.510> it's
also gave rise to people so maybe it's
also gave rise to people so maybe it's
working<00:05:52.440> in<00:05:52.530> people<00:05:52.830> the<00:05:52.920> same<00:05:53.100> way<00:05:53.160> and<00:05:53.640> there
working in people the same way and there
working in people the same way and there
are<00:05:54.180> hints<00:05:54.390> of<00:05:54.540> this<00:05:54.750> so<00:05:55.200> for<00:05:55.380> example<00:05:55.410> there's
are hints of this so for example there's
are hints of this so for example there's
one<00:05:56.220> study<00:05:56.460> that<00:05:56.520> was<00:05:56.730> done<00:05:56.790> in<00:05:57.180> a<00:05:57.360> population
one study that was done in a population
one study that was done in a population
of<00:05:58.080> Ashkenazi<00:05:58.680> Jews<00:05:58.920> in<00:05:59.130> New<00:05:59.220> York<00:05:59.370> City<00:05:59.550> and
of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City and
of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City and
just<00:06:00.180> like<00:06:00.300> any<00:06:00.480> population<00:06:00.990> most<00:06:01.650> of<00:06:01.800> the
just like any population most of the
just like any population most of the
people<00:06:02.160> you<00:06:02.760> know<00:06:02.790> will<00:06:03.000> live<00:06:03.180> to<00:06:03.300> about<00:06:03.450> 70<00:06:03.900> or
people you know will live to about 70 or
people you know will live to about 70 or
80<00:06:04.200> but<00:06:04.950> some<00:06:05.160> lived<00:06:05.370> to<00:06:05.430> be<00:06:05.460> 90<00:06:05.730> or<00:06:05.910> 100<00:06:06.300> and
80 but some lived to be 90 or 100 and
80 but some lived to be 90 or 100 and
what<00:06:06.840> they<00:06:06.930> found<00:06:07.170> was<00:06:07.740> that<00:06:08.090> there<00:06:09.090> were
what they found was that there were
what they found was that there were
people<00:06:09.780> who<00:06:10.020> lived<00:06:10.290> to<00:06:10.680> 90<00:06:10.950> or<00:06:11.040> 100<00:06:11.400> were<00:06:11.700> more
people who lived to 90 or 100 were more
people who lived to 90 or 100 were more
likely<00:06:12.270> to<00:06:12.660> have<00:06:12.990> deaf<00:06:13.320> to<00:06:13.590> mutations<00:06:14.160> that
likely to have deaf to mutations that
likely to have deaf to mutations that
has<00:06:14.850> changes<00:06:15.300> in<00:06:15.420> the<00:06:15.510> gene<00:06:15.780> that<00:06:15.810> encodes<00:06:16.140> the
has changes in the gene that encodes the
has changes in the gene that encodes the
receptor<00:06:17.250> for<00:06:17.400> igf-1<00:06:18.030> and<00:06:18.270> these<00:06:18.630> changes
receptor for igf-1 and these changes
receptor for igf-1 and these changes
made<00:06:19.290> the<00:06:19.440> gene<00:06:19.650> act<00:06:19.950> may<00:06:20.850> the<00:06:20.910> gene<00:06:22.190> not<00:06:23.190> act
made the gene act may the gene not act
made the gene act may the gene not act
as<00:06:23.520> well<00:06:23.760> as<00:06:23.970> the<00:06:24.120> normal<00:06:24.360> gene<00:06:24.540> would<00:06:24.690> have
as well as the normal gene would have
as well as the normal gene would have
acted<00:06:24.930> they<00:06:25.620> damage<00:06:26.010> the<00:06:26.040> gene<00:06:26.600> okay<00:06:27.600> so<00:06:27.720> those
acted they damage the gene okay so those
acted they damage the gene okay so those
are<00:06:28.020> hints<00:06:28.290> suggesting<00:06:29.220> that<00:06:29.400> humans<00:06:29.970> are
are hints suggesting that humans are
are hints suggesting that humans are
susceptible<00:06:30.390> to<00:06:30.750> the<00:06:30.840> effects<00:06:31.170> of<00:06:31.320> these
susceptible to the effects of these
susceptible to the effects of these
hormones<00:06:31.860> for<00:06:32.520> aging<00:06:32.990> so<00:06:33.990> the<00:06:34.380> next<00:06:34.410> question
hormones for aging so the next question
hormones for aging so the next question
of<00:06:35.100> course<00:06:35.280> is<00:06:35.490> is<00:06:35.790> there<00:06:36.270> any<00:06:36.420> effect<00:06:36.810> on
of course is is there any effect on
of course is is there any effect on
age-related<00:06:37.230> disease<00:06:37.980> as<00:06:38.310> you<00:06:39.030> age<00:06:39.240> you're
age-related disease as you age you're
age-related disease as you age you're
much<00:06:40.200> more<00:06:40.380> likely<00:06:40.440> to<00:06:40.770> get<00:06:40.950> cancer<00:06:41.460> elsa
much more likely to get cancer elsa
much more likely to get cancer elsa
murmurs<00:06:42.390> disease<00:06:42.750> heart<00:06:43.530> disease<00:06:43.620> all<00:06:44.220> sorts
murmurs disease heart disease all sorts
murmurs disease heart disease all sorts
of<00:06:44.520> diseases<00:06:44.790> it<00:06:45.240> turns<00:06:45.630> out<00:06:45.870> that<00:06:45.930> these<00:06:46.260> long
of diseases it turns out that these long
of diseases it turns out that these long
live<00:06:46.740> mutants<00:06:47.100> are<00:06:47.400> more<00:06:47.730> resistant<00:06:48.240> to<00:06:48.360> all
live mutants are more resistant to all
live mutants are more resistant to all
these<00:06:48.600> diseases<00:06:48.990> they<00:06:49.200> hardly<00:06:49.620> get<00:06:49.800> cancer
these diseases they hardly get cancer
these diseases they hardly get cancer
and<00:06:50.430> when<00:06:50.760> they<00:06:50.880> do<00:06:50.940> it's<00:06:51.150> not<00:06:51.270> as<00:06:51.419> severe<00:06:51.900> so
and when they do it's not as severe so
and when they do it's not as severe so
it's<00:06:53.100> really<00:06:53.340> interesting<00:06:53.669> and<00:06:54.120> it<00:06:54.450> makes
it's really interesting and it makes
it's really interesting and it makes
sense<00:06:54.750> in<00:06:54.930> a<00:06:54.990> way<00:06:55.110> that<00:06:55.320> they're<00:06:55.530> they're
sense in a way that they're they're
sense in a way that they're they're
still<00:06:56.580> young<00:06:56.820> so<00:06:57.210> why<00:06:57.330> would<00:06:57.510> they<00:06:57.600> be<00:06:57.720> getting
still young so why would they be getting
still young so why would they be getting
diseases<00:06:58.169> of<00:06:58.410> aging<00:06:58.830> until<00:06:59.100> they're<00:06:59.250> old<00:07:00.350> so
diseases of aging until they're old so
diseases of aging until they're old so
it<00:07:01.560> suggests<00:07:01.800> that<00:07:02.130> if<00:07:02.310> we<00:07:02.430> could<00:07:02.640> you<00:07:03.000> know
it suggests that if we could you know
it suggests that if we could you know
have<00:07:03.419> a<00:07:03.480> therapeutic<00:07:04.470> or<00:07:04.710> a<00:07:04.979> pill<00:07:05.250> to<00:07:05.460> take<00:07:05.490> to
have a therapeutic or a pill to take to
have a therapeutic or a pill to take to
replicate<00:07:06.419> some<00:07:06.570> of<00:07:06.600> these<00:07:06.720> effects<00:07:07.110> in
replicate some of these effects in
replicate some of these effects in
humans<00:07:08.010> maybe<00:07:08.520> we<00:07:08.729> would<00:07:08.850> have<00:07:08.880> a<00:07:09.000> way<00:07:09.270> of
humans maybe we would have a way of
humans maybe we would have a way of
combating<00:07:09.870> lots<00:07:10.440> of<00:07:10.620> different<00:07:11.010> age-related
combating lots of different age-related
combating lots of different age-related
diseases<00:07:11.790> all<00:07:12.090> at<00:07:12.450> once<00:07:12.660> so<00:07:13.650> how<00:07:13.830> can<00:07:13.890> a
diseases all at once so how can a
diseases all at once so how can a
hormone<00:07:14.550> ultimately<00:07:15.360> affect<00:07:15.750> the<00:07:15.870> rate<00:07:15.990> of
hormone ultimately affect the rate of
hormone ultimately affect the rate of
aging<00:07:16.560> how<00:07:17.070> could<00:07:17.250> that<00:07:17.340> work<00:07:17.520> well<00:07:18.270> it<00:07:18.390> turns
aging how could that work well it turns
aging how could that work well it turns
out<00:07:18.840> that<00:07:19.110> in<00:07:19.350> the<00:07:19.470> deaf<00:07:19.890> to<00:07:20.190> mutants<00:07:20.580> a<00:07:20.880> whole
out that in the deaf to mutants a whole
out that in the deaf to mutants a whole
lot<00:07:21.870> of<00:07:21.900> genes<00:07:22.229> are<00:07:22.380> switched<00:07:22.650> on<00:07:22.830> in<00:07:22.890> the<00:07:23.070> DNA
lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
that<00:07:23.760> encode<00:07:24.510> proteins<00:07:24.780> that<00:07:25.169> protect<00:07:25.620> the
that encode proteins that protect the
that encode proteins that protect the
cells<00:07:26.040> and<00:07:26.250> the<00:07:26.310> tissues<00:07:26.729> and<00:07:26.970> to<00:07:27.570> repair
cells and the tissues and to repair
cells and the tissues and to repair
damage<00:07:28.350> and<00:07:28.650> the<00:07:28.970> way<00:07:29.970> that<00:07:30.210> they<00:07:30.360> are
damage and the way that they are
damage and the way that they are
switched<00:07:30.750> on<00:07:30.990> is<00:07:31.500> by<00:07:31.919> a<00:07:31.950> gene<00:07:32.520> regulator
switched on is by a gene regulator
switched on is by a gene regulator
protein<00:07:33.570> called<00:07:33.960> Fox<00:07:34.350> oh<00:07:34.669> so<00:07:35.669> when<00:07:35.820> adapt<00:07:36.090> to
protein called Fox oh so when adapt to
protein called Fox oh so when adapt to
mutant<00:07:36.690> you<00:07:36.750> see<00:07:36.900> that<00:07:37.050> I<00:07:37.080> have<00:07:37.229> the<00:07:37.470> X<00:07:37.650> drawn
mutant you see that I have the X drawn
mutant you see that I have the X drawn
here<00:07:38.220> to<00:07:38.490> the<00:07:38.610> receptor<00:07:38.910> the<00:07:39.300> receptor<00:07:39.419> isn't
here to the receptor the receptor isn't
here to the receptor the receptor isn't
working<00:07:40.169> as<00:07:40.290> well<00:07:40.320> under<00:07:41.010> those<00:07:41.160> conditions
working as well under those conditions
working as well under those conditions
the<00:07:42.210> Fox<00:07:42.479> out<00:07:42.690> protein<00:07:43.050> in<00:07:43.169> Blue<00:07:43.410> has<00:07:43.680> gone
the Fox out protein in Blue has gone
the Fox out protein in Blue has gone
into<00:07:44.370> the<00:07:44.520> nucleus<00:07:44.760> that<00:07:45.150> little<00:07:45.540> compartment
into the nucleus that little compartment
into the nucleus that little compartment
there<00:07:46.169> in<00:07:46.320> the<00:07:46.380> middle<00:07:46.560> of<00:07:46.650> the<00:07:46.770> cell<00:07:46.979> and<00:07:47.160> it's
there in the middle of the cell and it's
there in the middle of the cell and it's
sitting<00:07:48.030> down<00:07:48.240> at<00:07:48.360> a<00:07:48.419> gene<00:07:48.660> binding<00:07:49.050> to<00:07:49.200> it
sitting down at a gene binding to it
sitting down at a gene binding to it
where<00:07:49.590> you<00:07:49.650> see<00:07:49.800> one<00:07:49.979> gene<00:07:50.130> there<00:07:50.280> lots<00:07:50.460> of
where you see one gene there lots of
where you see one gene there lots of
genes<00:07:50.729> actually<00:07:50.940> that<00:07:51.330> by<00:07:51.479> now<00:07:51.660> Fox<00:07:51.930> oh<00:07:52.140> and
genes actually that by now Fox oh and
genes actually that by now Fox oh and
it's<00:07:52.800> just<00:07:52.979> sitting<00:07:53.130> on<00:07:53.280> one<00:07:53.430> of<00:07:53.490> them<00:07:53.729> so<00:07:54.570> Fox
it's just sitting on one of them so Fox
it's just sitting on one of them so Fox
though<00:07:54.990> turns<00:07:55.229> on<00:07:55.410> a<00:07:55.440> lot<00:07:55.620> of<00:07:55.710> jeans<00:07:55.919> and<00:07:56.070> the
though turns on a lot of jeans and the
though turns on a lot of jeans and the
genes<00:07:56.310> that<00:07:56.370> turns<00:07:56.610> on<00:07:56.729> includes<00:07:57.200> antioxidant
genes that turns on includes antioxidant
genes that turns on includes antioxidant
jeans<00:07:58.440> jeans<00:07:59.070> I<00:07:59.220> call<00:07:59.490> caregiver<00:08:00.390> genes<00:08:00.750> whose
jeans jeans I call caregiver genes whose
jeans jeans I call caregiver genes whose
protein<00:08:01.590> products
protein products
protein products
actually<00:08:03.249> help<00:08:03.430> other<00:08:03.639> proteins<00:08:04.090> to<00:08:04.240> function
actually help other proteins to function
actually help other proteins to function
well<00:08:04.719> to<00:08:04.900> fold<00:08:05.110> correctly<00:08:05.289> and<00:08:05.710> function
well to fold correctly and function
well to fold correctly and function
correctly<00:08:06.219> and<00:08:06.699> it<00:08:07.030> can<00:08:07.150> also<00:08:07.270> escort<00:08:08.080> them<00:08:08.169> to
correctly and it can also escort them to
correctly and it can also escort them to
the<00:08:08.379> garbage<00:08:08.710> cans<00:08:08.949> of<00:08:09.099> the<00:08:09.189> cell<00:08:09.430> and<00:08:09.610> recycle
the garbage cans of the cell and recycle
the garbage cans of the cell and recycle
them<00:08:10.479> if<00:08:10.599> they're<00:08:10.749> damaged<00:08:11.370> DNA<00:08:12.370> repair<00:08:12.939> genes
them if they're damaged DNA repair genes
them if they're damaged DNA repair genes
are<00:08:13.479> more<00:08:14.199> active<00:08:14.469> in<00:08:14.770> these<00:08:14.919> animals<00:08:15.340> and<00:08:15.550> the
are more active in these animals and the
are more active in these animals and the
immune<00:08:16.389> system<00:08:16.419> is<00:08:16.900> more<00:08:17.080> active<00:08:17.259> and<00:08:17.849> many<00:08:18.849> of
immune system is more active and many of
immune system is more active and many of
these<00:08:19.150> different<00:08:19.419> genes<00:08:19.779> we've<00:08:20.020> shown
these different genes we've shown
these different genes we've shown
actually<00:08:21.460> contribute<00:08:21.939> to<00:08:22.060> the<00:08:22.180> long<00:08:22.360> lifespan
actually contribute to the long lifespan
actually contribute to the long lifespan
of<00:08:22.870> the<00:08:23.020> deaf<00:08:23.259> to<00:08:23.529> mutant<00:08:23.860> so<00:08:24.490> it's<00:08:24.639> really
of the deaf to mutant so it's really
of the deaf to mutant so it's really
interesting<00:08:25.120> these<00:08:25.629> animals<00:08:25.900> have<00:08:26.199> within
interesting these animals have within
interesting these animals have within
them<00:08:26.800> the<00:08:27.159> latent<00:08:27.759> capacity<00:08:28.449> to<00:08:28.870> live<00:08:29.050> much
them the latent capacity to live much
them the latent capacity to live much
longer<00:08:29.650> than<00:08:29.979> they<00:08:30.099> normally<00:08:30.279> do<00:08:30.729> they<00:08:31.419> have
longer than they normally do they have
longer than they normally do they have
the<00:08:31.749> ability<00:08:32.320> to<00:08:32.349> protect<00:08:33.190> themselves<00:08:33.760> for
the ability to protect themselves for
the ability to protect themselves for
many<00:08:34.149> kinds<00:08:34.479> of<00:08:34.539> damage<00:08:34.719> which<00:08:35.500> we<00:08:35.649> think
many kinds of damage which we think
many kinds of damage which we think
makes<00:08:36.010> them<00:08:36.190> live<00:08:36.339> longer<00:08:37.289> so<00:08:38.289> what<00:08:38.440> about<00:08:38.529> the
makes them live longer so what about the
makes them live longer so what about the
normal<00:08:39.039> worm<00:08:39.190> well<00:08:39.729> when<00:08:39.849> the<00:08:39.940> deaf<00:08:40.120> to
normal worm well when the deaf to
normal worm well when the deaf to
receptor<00:08:41.440> is<00:08:41.560> active<00:08:42.070> then<00:08:43.029> it's<00:08:43.659> triggers<00:08:44.110> a
receptor is active then it's triggers a
receptor is active then it's triggers a
series<00:08:44.529> of<00:08:44.560> events<00:08:44.949> that<00:08:45.459> prevent<00:08:45.910> foxo<00:08:46.480> from
series of events that prevent foxo from
series of events that prevent foxo from
getting<00:08:47.290> into<00:08:47.380> the<00:08:47.529> nucleus<00:08:47.740> where<00:08:48.190> the<00:08:48.310> DNA
getting into the nucleus where the DNA
getting into the nucleus where the DNA
is<00:08:48.670> so<00:08:49.510> it<00:08:49.630> can't<00:08:49.870> return<00:08:50.170> the<00:08:50.290> jeans<00:08:50.529> on
is so it can't return the jeans on
is so it can't return the jeans on
that's<00:08:51.430> how<00:08:51.610> it<00:08:51.640> works<00:08:51.790> that's<00:08:52.089> why<00:08:52.360> we<00:08:52.630> don't
that's how it works that's why we don't
that's how it works that's why we don't
see<00:08:52.870> the<00:08:53.140> long<00:08:53.290> life<00:08:53.470> spin<00:08:53.680> until<00:08:53.829> we<00:08:54.040> have<00:08:54.190> the
see the long life spin until we have the
see the long life spin until we have the
deaf<00:08:54.459> to<00:08:54.699> mutant<00:08:55.029> but<00:08:55.390> what<00:08:55.540> good<00:08:55.720> is<00:08:55.779> this<00:08:56.079> for
deaf to mutant but what good is this for
deaf to mutant but what good is this for
the<00:08:56.649> worm<00:08:56.860> well<00:08:57.550> we<00:08:58.180> think<00:08:58.420> that<00:08:58.480> the<00:08:58.839> insulin
the worm well we think that the insulin
the worm well we think that the insulin
and<00:08:59.470> igf-1<00:08:59.589> hormones<00:09:00.430> are<00:09:00.579> hormones<00:09:00.880> that<00:09:00.910> are
and igf-1 hormones are hormones that are
and igf-1 hormones are hormones that are
particularly<00:09:01.480> active<00:09:01.660> under<00:09:02.110> favorable
particularly active under favorable
particularly active under favorable
conditions<00:09:02.980> and<00:09:03.550> the<00:09:03.610> good<00:09:03.760> times<00:09:03.970> when<00:09:04.420> food
conditions and the good times when food
conditions and the good times when food
is<00:09:04.779> plentiful<00:09:04.959> and<00:09:05.410> there's<00:09:05.620> not<00:09:05.740> a<00:09:05.769> lot<00:09:05.920> of
is plentiful and there's not a lot of
is plentiful and there's not a lot of
stress<00:09:06.310> in<00:09:06.339> the<00:09:06.550> environment<00:09:06.820> then<00:09:07.779> they
stress in the environment then they
stress in the environment then they
promote<00:09:08.170> the<00:09:08.290> uptake<00:09:08.589> of<00:09:08.649> nutrients<00:09:09.250> you<00:09:09.699> can
promote the uptake of nutrients you can
promote the uptake of nutrients you can
store<00:09:10.390> the<00:09:10.540> food<00:09:10.720> use<00:09:11.350> it<00:09:11.500> for<00:09:11.620> energy<00:09:11.980> grow
store the food use it for energy grow
store the food use it for energy grow
etc<00:09:13.709> but<00:09:14.709> always<00:09:14.860> think<00:09:15.130> is<00:09:15.250> that<00:09:15.490> under
etc but always think is that under
etc but always think is that under
conditions<00:09:16.779> of<00:09:16.839> stress<00:09:17.290> the<00:09:18.010> levels<00:09:18.310> of<00:09:18.370> these
conditions of stress the levels of these
conditions of stress the levels of these
hormones<00:09:18.940> drop<00:09:19.329> for<00:09:19.930> example<00:09:20.260> having<00:09:20.410> limited
hormones drop for example having limited
hormones drop for example having limited
food<00:09:21.010> supply<00:09:21.070> and<00:09:22.410> that<00:09:23.410> we<00:09:23.800> think<00:09:24.040> is
food supply and that we think is
food supply and that we think is
registered<00:09:24.730> by<00:09:24.910> the<00:09:24.940> animal<00:09:25.390> as<00:09:25.480> a<00:09:25.510> danger
registered by the animal as a danger
registered by the animal as a danger
signal<00:09:26.260> a<00:09:26.620> signal<00:09:26.800> that<00:09:27.250> things<00:09:27.519> are<00:09:27.670> not<00:09:27.760> okay
signal a signal that things are not okay
signal a signal that things are not okay
and<00:09:28.300> that<00:09:28.390> it<00:09:28.480> should<00:09:28.510> roll<00:09:29.199> out<00:09:29.410> its
and that it should roll out its
and that it should roll out its
protective<00:09:30.130> capacity<00:09:30.730> so<00:09:31.449> it<00:09:31.600> activates<00:09:32.110> Fox
protective capacity so it activates Fox
protective capacity so it activates Fox
oh<00:09:33.010> so<00:09:33.190> goes<00:09:33.339> to<00:09:33.490> the<00:09:33.579> DNA<00:09:33.790> and<00:09:34.180> that
oh so goes to the DNA and that
oh so goes to the DNA and that
triggers<00:09:35.079> the<00:09:35.829> expression<00:09:36.310> of<00:09:36.370> these<00:09:36.519> genes
triggers the expression of these genes
triggers the expression of these genes
that<00:09:37.089> improve<00:09:37.690> the<00:09:37.839> ability<00:09:37.930> of<00:09:38.290> the<00:09:38.410> cell<00:09:38.680> to
that improve the ability of the cell to
that improve the ability of the cell to
protect<00:09:39.370> itself<00:09:39.640> and<00:09:39.850> repair<00:09:40.149> itself<00:09:40.420> and
protect itself and repair itself and
protect itself and repair itself and
that's<00:09:41.050> why<00:09:41.470> we<00:09:41.649> think<00:09:41.800> the<00:09:42.040> animals<00:09:42.339> live
that's why we think the animals live
that's why we think the animals live
longer<00:09:42.839> so<00:09:43.839> you<00:09:43.899> can<00:09:44.140> think<00:09:44.170> of<00:09:44.470> foxo<00:09:44.980> as<00:09:45.250> being
longer so you can think of foxo as being
longer so you can think of foxo as being
like<00:09:45.940> a<00:09:46.180> building<00:09:46.870> superintendent<00:09:47.199> so<00:09:47.980> maybe
like a building superintendent so maybe
like a building superintendent so maybe
he's<00:09:48.250> a<00:09:48.310> little<00:09:48.339> bit<00:09:48.579> lazy<00:09:48.820> but<00:09:49.510> he's<00:09:49.660> there
he's a little bit lazy but he's there
he's a little bit lazy but he's there
he's<00:09:50.199> taking<00:09:50.560> care<00:09:50.589> of<00:09:50.740> the<00:09:50.890> building<00:09:51.250> but
he's taking care of the building but
he's taking care of the building but
it's<00:09:51.910> deteriorating<00:09:52.720> and<00:09:52.870> then<00:09:53.290> suddenly<00:09:53.800> he
it's deteriorating and then suddenly he
it's deteriorating and then suddenly he
learned<00:09:54.610> that<00:09:54.730> there's<00:09:54.970> going<00:09:55.060> to<00:09:55.149> be<00:09:55.180> a
learned that there's going to be a
learned that there's going to be a
hurricane<00:09:55.949> so<00:09:57.029> he<00:09:58.029> doesn't<00:09:58.449> actually<00:09:58.570> do
hurricane so he doesn't actually do
hurricane so he doesn't actually do
anything<00:09:58.839> himself<00:09:59.440> he<00:09:59.620> gets<00:09:59.800> on<00:09:59.920> the<00:10:00.070> on<00:10:00.339> the
anything himself he gets on the on the
anything himself he gets on the on the
telephone<00:10:00.880> just<00:10:01.510> like<00:10:01.660> Fox<00:10:01.930> Oh<00:10:02.110> gets<00:10:02.290> on<00:10:02.440> the
telephone just like Fox Oh gets on the
telephone just like Fox Oh gets on the
DNA<00:10:02.769> and<00:10:03.160> he<00:10:03.790> calls<00:10:04.089> up<00:10:04.329> you<00:10:04.930> know<00:10:05.079> the<00:10:05.380> roofer
DNA and he calls up you know the roofer
DNA and he calls up you know the roofer
the<00:10:06.519> window<00:10:06.820> person<00:10:07.269> the<00:10:07.570> painter<00:10:08.019> the<00:10:08.709> floor
the window person the painter the floor
the window person the painter the floor
person<00:10:09.459> they<00:10:09.970> all<00:10:10.120> come<00:10:10.390> and<00:10:10.540> they<00:10:10.630> fortify
person they all come and they fortify
person they all come and they fortify
the<00:10:11.199> house<00:10:11.410> and<00:10:11.740> then<00:10:11.860> the<00:10:11.949> hurricane<00:10:12.339> comes
the house and then the hurricane comes
the house and then the hurricane comes
through<00:10:12.670> and<00:10:13.029> the<00:10:13.449> house<00:10:13.600> is<00:10:13.779> in<00:10:13.899> much<00:10:14.019> better
through and the house is in much better
through and the house is in much better
condition<00:10:14.350> than
condition than
condition than
would<00:10:15.080> normally<00:10:15.410> have<00:10:15.500> been<00:10:15.650> in<00:10:15.800> and<00:10:15.980> not<00:10:16.280> only
would normally have been in and not only
would normally have been in and not only
that<00:10:16.520> it<00:10:17.420> can<00:10:17.600> also<00:10:17.720> just<00:10:17.960> last<00:10:18.230> longer<00:10:18.650> even
that it can also just last longer even
that it can also just last longer even
if<00:10:19.250> there<00:10:19.370> isn't<00:10:19.580> a<00:10:19.610> hurricane<00:10:20.020> so<00:10:21.020> that's
if there isn't a hurricane so that's
if there isn't a hurricane so that's
that's<00:10:21.530> the<00:10:21.740> concept<00:10:22.160> here<00:10:22.690> for<00:10:23.690> how<00:10:23.840> we<00:10:23.900> think
that's the concept here for how we think
that's the concept here for how we think
this<00:10:24.320> life<00:10:24.590> extension<00:10:24.950> ability<00:10:25.640> exists<00:10:26.150> now
this life extension ability exists now
this life extension ability exists now
the<00:10:26.780> really<00:10:27.260> cool<00:10:27.560> thing<00:10:27.770> about<00:10:27.890> växjö<00:10:28.460> is
the really cool thing about växjö is
the really cool thing about växjö is
that<00:10:29.090> there<00:10:29.960> are<00:10:29.990> different<00:10:30.380> forms<00:10:30.680> of<00:10:30.890> it<00:10:31.040> we
that there are different forms of it we
that there are different forms of it we
all<00:10:31.430> have<00:10:31.670> foxo<00:10:32.450> genes<00:10:32.810> but<00:10:33.560> we<00:10:33.710> don't<00:10:33.890> all
all have foxo genes but we don't all
all have foxo genes but we don't all
have<00:10:34.070> the<00:10:34.130> same<00:10:34.880> so<00:10:35.120> exactly<00:10:35.540> the<00:10:35.660> same
have the same so exactly the same
have the same so exactly the same
form<00:10:36.230> of<00:10:36.380> the<00:10:36.470> Fox<00:10:36.680> Oh<00:10:36.860> gene<00:10:37.010> just<00:10:37.400> like<00:10:37.490> we<00:10:37.610> all
form of the Fox Oh gene just like we all
form of the Fox Oh gene just like we all
have<00:10:37.850> eyes<00:10:38.120> but<00:10:38.420> we<00:10:38.660> still<00:10:38.810> of<00:10:38.930> us<00:10:39.050> have<00:10:39.170> blue
have eyes but we still of us have blue
have eyes but we still of us have blue
eyes<00:10:39.380> and<00:10:39.800> some<00:10:40.100> of<00:10:40.190> us<00:10:40.280> have<00:10:40.460> brown<00:10:40.730> eyes<00:10:40.880> and
eyes and some of us have brown eyes and
eyes and some of us have brown eyes and
there<00:10:42.350> are<00:10:42.410> certain<00:10:42.650> forms<00:10:43.040> of<00:10:43.160> the<00:10:43.280> Fox
there are certain forms of the Fox
there are certain forms of the Fox
though<00:10:43.730> gene<00:10:43.970> that<00:10:44.600> have<00:10:44.990> been<00:10:45.140> found<00:10:45.380> to<00:10:45.530> be
though gene that have been found to be
though gene that have been found to be
more<00:10:46.280> frequently<00:10:46.670> present<00:10:46.850> in<00:10:47.090> people<00:10:47.330> who
more frequently present in people who
more frequently present in people who
live<00:10:47.600> to<00:10:47.750> be<00:10:47.900> 90<00:10:48.440> or<00:10:48.710> 100<00:10:49.130> and<00:10:49.310> that's<00:10:49.910> the<00:10:50.090> case
live to be 90 or 100 and that's the case
live to be 90 or 100 and that's the case
all<00:10:50.630> over<00:10:50.930> the<00:10:51.020> world<00:10:51.110> as<00:10:51.290> you<00:10:51.380> can<00:10:51.500> see<00:10:51.620> from
all over the world as you can see from
all over the world as you can see from
these<00:10:51.860> stars<00:10:52.190> in<00:10:52.400> each<00:10:52.490> one<00:10:52.730> of<00:10:52.760> these<00:10:52.940> stars
these stars in each one of these stars
these stars in each one of these stars
represents<00:10:53.720> a<00:10:53.750> population<00:10:54.350> where<00:10:54.710> scientists
represents a population where scientists
represents a population where scientists
have<00:10:55.310> asked<00:10:55.700> okay<00:10:56.210> are<00:10:56.420> there<00:10:56.540> differences<00:10:56.930> in
have asked okay are there differences in
have asked okay are there differences in
the<00:10:57.380> type<00:10:58.040> of<00:10:58.070> foxo<00:10:58.640> genes<00:10:58.940> among<00:10:59.510> people<00:10:59.810> who
the type of foxo genes among people who
the type of foxo genes among people who
live<00:11:00.170> really<00:11:00.680> long<00:11:00.890> time<00:11:01.100> and<00:11:01.160> there<00:11:01.460> are<00:11:01.610> we
live really long time and there are we
live really long time and there are we
don't<00:11:02.210> know<00:11:02.300> the<00:11:02.390> details<00:11:02.540> of<00:11:02.930> how<00:11:03.020> this<00:11:03.170> works
don't know the details of how this works
don't know the details of how this works
but<00:11:04.070> we<00:11:04.100> do<00:11:04.370> know<00:11:04.550> then<00:11:04.790> that<00:11:05.330> foxo<00:11:05.900> genes<00:11:06.530> can
but we do know then that foxo genes can
but we do know then that foxo genes can
impact<00:11:07.820> the<00:11:08.390> lifespan<00:11:08.750> of<00:11:08.930> people<00:11:09.410> and<00:11:10.190> that
impact the lifespan of people and that
impact the lifespan of people and that
means<00:11:10.520> that<00:11:10.670> maybe<00:11:10.940> if<00:11:11.150> we<00:11:11.300> tweak<00:11:11.540> it<00:11:11.660> a<00:11:11.720> little
means that maybe if we tweak it a little
means that maybe if we tweak it a little
bit<00:11:12.050> we<00:11:12.530> can<00:11:12.710> we<00:11:13.070> can<00:11:13.250> increase<00:11:13.490> the<00:11:14.420> health
bit we can we can increase the health
bit we can we can increase the health
and<00:11:15.290> longevity<00:11:15.410> of<00:11:15.770> people<00:11:16.390> so<00:11:17.390> this<00:11:17.570> is
and longevity of people so this is
and longevity of people so this is
really<00:11:17.810> exciting<00:11:17.930> to<00:11:18.320> me<00:11:18.500> a<00:11:18.710> fox<00:11:19.310> 0<00:11:19.490> is<00:11:19.640> a
really exciting to me a fox 0 is a
really exciting to me a fox 0 is a
protein<00:11:20.210> that<00:11:20.270> we<00:11:20.480> found<00:11:20.690> in<00:11:20.930> these<00:11:21.020> little
protein that we found in these little
protein that we found in these little
round<00:11:21.470> worms<00:11:21.770> to<00:11:22.010> affect<00:11:22.250> lifespan<00:11:22.700> and<00:11:22.940> here
round worms to affect lifespan and here
round worms to affect lifespan and here
it<00:11:23.360> affects<00:11:23.600> lifespan<00:11:24.020> in<00:11:24.140> people<00:11:24.440> so<00:11:25.100> we've
it affects lifespan in people so we've
it affects lifespan in people so we've
been<00:11:25.490> trying<00:11:25.790> in<00:11:25.910> our<00:11:25.970> lab<00:11:26.180> now<00:11:26.480> to<00:11:27.080> develop
been trying in our lab now to develop
been trying in our lab now to develop
drugs<00:11:27.620> that<00:11:27.920> will<00:11:28.790> activate<00:11:29.570> this<00:11:30.200> human<00:11:30.890> this
drugs that will activate this human this
drugs that will activate this human this
fox<00:11:31.490> so<00:11:31.640> cell<00:11:31.790> using<00:11:32.060> human<00:11:32.360> cells<00:11:32.570> now<00:11:32.780> in
fox so cell using human cells now in
fox so cell using human cells now in
order<00:11:33.680> to<00:11:33.800> try<00:11:34.010> to<00:11:34.040> come<00:11:34.340> up<00:11:34.370> with<00:11:34.490> drugs<00:11:34.820> that
order to try to come up with drugs that
order to try to come up with drugs that
will<00:11:35.660> delay<00:11:36.050> aging<00:11:36.260> and<00:11:36.590> age-related
will delay aging and age-related
will delay aging and age-related
diseases<00:11:37.400> and<00:11:37.820> I'm<00:11:38.660> really<00:11:38.930> optimistic<00:11:39.110> that
diseases and I'm really optimistic that
diseases and I'm really optimistic that
this<00:11:39.740> is<00:11:39.890> going<00:11:40.040> to<00:11:40.100> work<00:11:40.250> there<00:11:40.790> are<00:11:40.880> now<00:11:40.970> lots
this is going to work there are now lots
this is going to work there are now lots
of<00:11:41.480> different<00:11:41.840> proteins<00:11:42.380> that<00:11:42.470> are<00:11:42.530> known<00:11:42.710> to
of different proteins that are known to
of different proteins that are known to
affect<00:11:42.980> aging<00:11:43.610> and<00:11:43.790> for<00:11:44.540> at<00:11:44.600> least<00:11:44.690> one<00:11:44.960> of
affect aging and for at least one of
affect aging and for at least one of
them<00:11:45.230> there<00:11:45.350> is<00:11:45.440> a<00:11:45.470> drug<00:11:45.800> there's<00:11:46.700> one<00:11:46.910> called
them there is a drug there's one called
them there is a drug there's one called
tour<00:11:47.570> which<00:11:47.780> is<00:11:47.900> another<00:11:48.110> nutrient<00:11:48.620> sensor
tour which is another nutrient sensor
tour which is another nutrient sensor
like<00:11:49.160> the<00:11:49.280> insulin<00:11:49.700> pathway<00:11:50.270> and<00:11:50.740> mutations
like the insulin pathway and mutations
like the insulin pathway and mutations
that<00:11:51.800> damage<00:11:52.310> the<00:11:52.430> tour<00:11:52.670> gene<00:11:53.000> just<00:11:53.690> like<00:11:53.900> the
that damage the tour gene just like the
that damage the tour gene just like the
Deaf<00:11:54.200> two<00:11:54.440> mutations<00:11:54.910> extend<00:11:55.910> lifespan<00:11:56.120> and
Deaf two mutations extend lifespan and
Deaf two mutations extend lifespan and
worms<00:11:56.960> and<00:11:57.290> flies<00:11:57.740> and<00:11:58.040> mice<00:11:59.230> but<00:12:00.230> in<00:12:00.350> this
worms and flies and mice but in this
worms and flies and mice but in this
case<00:12:00.620> there's<00:12:00.830> already<00:12:01.040> a<00:12:01.190> drug<00:12:01.430> called
case there's already a drug called
case there's already a drug called
rapamycin<00:12:02.060> that<00:12:02.600> binds<00:12:02.840> to<00:12:03.080> the<00:12:03.170> tour<00:12:03.380> protein
rapamycin that binds to the tour protein
rapamycin that binds to the tour protein
and<00:12:04.070> inhibits<00:12:04.970> its<00:12:05.150> activity<00:12:05.600> and<00:12:05.840> you<00:12:06.740> can
and inhibits its activity and you can
and inhibits its activity and you can
take<00:12:07.040> rapamycin<00:12:07.520> and<00:12:07.880> give<00:12:07.970> it<00:12:08.090> to<00:12:08.210> a<00:12:08.240> mouse
take rapamycin and give it to a mouse
take rapamycin and give it to a mouse
even<00:12:08.930> when<00:12:09.050> it's<00:12:09.170> pretty<00:12:09.410> old<00:12:09.560> like<00:12:09.770> age<00:12:10.010> 64<00:12:10.880> a
even when it's pretty old like age 64 a
even when it's pretty old like age 64 a
human<00:12:11.240> we've<00:12:11.510> got<00:12:11.750> old<00:12:11.900> for<00:12:12.110> a<00:12:12.140> mouse<00:12:12.320> if<00:12:12.830> you
human we've got old for a mouse if you
human we've got old for a mouse if you
give<00:12:13.160> the<00:12:13.310> mouse<00:12:13.840> rapamycin<00:12:14.840> it<00:12:15.110> will<00:12:15.200> live
give the mouse rapamycin it will live
give the mouse rapamycin it will live
longer<00:12:15.670> now<00:12:16.670> I<00:12:16.910> don't<00:12:17.210> want<00:12:17.330> your<00:12:17.360> all<00:12:17.540> to<00:12:17.660> go
longer now I don't want your all to go
longer now I don't want your all to go
out<00:12:17.780> taking<00:12:18.170> rapamycin<00:12:18.500> it<00:12:18.830> is<00:12:18.980> a<00:12:19.010> drug<00:12:19.280> for
out taking rapamycin it is a drug for
out taking rapamycin it is a drug for
people<00:12:19.790> but<00:12:20.450> the<00:12:20.570> reason<00:12:20.690> is<00:12:20.990> that<00:12:21.080> it's<00:12:21.440> it
people but the reason is that it's it
people but the reason is that it's it
suppresses<00:12:22.430> the<00:12:22.610> immune<00:12:22.640> system<00:12:22.910> so<00:12:23.570> people
suppresses the immune system so people
suppresses the immune system so people
take<00:12:24.080> it<00:12:24.140> to<00:12:24.800> prevent<00:12:25.610> organ<00:12:26.000> transplants
take it to prevent organ transplants
take it to prevent organ transplants
from<00:12:26.960> being<00:12:27.200> rejected<00:12:27.500> so
from being rejected so
from being rejected so
this<00:12:28.320> may<00:12:28.470> not<00:12:28.620> be<00:12:28.680> the<00:12:28.800> perfect<00:12:29.130> drug<00:12:29.430> for
this may not be the perfect drug for
this may not be the perfect drug for
staying<00:12:31.110> young<00:12:31.290> longer<00:12:31.770> but<00:12:32.340> still<00:12:32.760> here<00:12:33.120> in
staying young longer but still here in
staying young longer but still here in
the<00:12:33.330> Year<00:12:33.480> 2011<00:12:34.200> there's<00:12:35.130> a<00:12:35.160> drug<00:12:35.430> that<00:12:35.640> you
the Year 2011 there's a drug that you
the Year 2011 there's a drug that you
can<00:12:35.910> give<00:12:36.030> to<00:12:36.060> mice<00:12:36.330> at<00:12:36.570> a<00:12:36.630> pretty<00:12:36.870> old<00:12:37.020> age
can give to mice at a pretty old age
can give to mice at a pretty old age
that<00:12:37.440> will<00:12:37.560> extend<00:12:37.770> their<00:12:38.010> lifespan<00:12:38.190> which
that will extend their lifespan which
that will extend their lifespan which
comes<00:12:39.150> out<00:12:39.450> of<00:12:39.690> this<00:12:39.840> science<00:12:40.320> that's<00:12:40.560> been
comes out of this science that's been
comes out of this science that's been
done<00:12:40.860> in<00:12:41.100> all<00:12:41.220> these<00:12:41.340> different<00:12:41.550> animals<00:12:42.060> so
done in all these different animals so
done in all these different animals so
I'm<00:12:42.990> really<00:12:43.440> optimistic<00:12:43.590> and<00:12:44.220> I<00:12:44.250> think<00:12:44.490> that
I'm really optimistic and I think that
I'm really optimistic and I think that
it<00:12:44.820> won't<00:12:45.000> be<00:12:45.120> too<00:12:45.360> long<00:12:45.390> I<00:12:45.570> hope<00:12:45.840> before<00:12:46.740> this
it won't be too long I hope before this
it won't be too long I hope before this
age-old<00:12:48.270> dream<00:12:48.570> begins<00:12:48.900> to<00:12:49.020> come<00:12:49.170> true<00:12:49.440> thank
age-old dream begins to come true thank
age-old dream begins to come true thank
you
Thank<00:13:01.300> You<00:13:01.450> Cynthia<00:13:01.720> um<00:13:03.270> let<00:13:04.270> me<00:13:04.300> get<00:13:04.450> this
Thank You Cynthia um let me get this
Thank You Cynthia um let me get this
straight<00:13:05.370> although<00:13:06.370> you're<00:13:06.670> looking<00:13:06.940> for<00:13:07.120> a
straight although you're looking for a
straight although you're looking for a
drug<00:13:07.480> that<00:13:07.780> could<00:13:08.050> solve<00:13:08.470> Aging<00:13:09.040> in<00:13:09.280> in<00:13:09.850> sort
drug that could solve Aging in in sort
drug that could solve Aging in in sort
of<00:13:10.360> old<00:13:10.570> men<00:13:10.780> like<00:13:10.810> me<00:13:11.670> what<00:13:12.670> you<00:13:13.330> could<00:13:13.600> do<00:13:13.840> now
of old men like me what you could do now
of old men like me what you could do now
pretty<00:13:15.220> well<00:13:15.370> in<00:13:15.490> the<00:13:15.580> lab<00:13:15.730> if<00:13:15.970> you<00:13:16.180> are
pretty well in the lab if you are
pretty well in the lab if you are
allowed<00:13:16.600> Ithaca<00:13:17.200> Lee<00:13:17.320> is<00:13:18.010> start<00:13:18.550> a<00:13:18.670> human<00:13:19.000> life
allowed Ithaca Lee is start a human life
allowed Ithaca Lee is start a human life
from<00:13:19.390> scratch<00:13:19.720> with<00:13:20.590> altered<00:13:20.980> genes<00:13:21.280> that
from scratch with altered genes that
from scratch with altered genes that
would<00:13:21.820> make<00:13:22.000> it<00:13:22.180> live<00:13:22.360> for<00:13:22.570> a<00:13:22.630> lot<00:13:22.750> longer<00:13:22.930> ah
would make it live for a lot longer ah
would make it live for a lot longer ah
so<00:13:24.310> should<00:13:24.610> you<00:13:24.760> said<00:13:24.940> the<00:13:25.030> kinds<00:13:25.630> of<00:13:25.690> drugs<00:13:25.870> I
so should you said the kinds of drugs I
so should you said the kinds of drugs I
was<00:13:26.230> talking<00:13:26.560> about<00:13:26.800> would<00:13:27.190> not<00:13:27.340> change<00:13:27.580> the
was talking about would not change the
was talking about would not change the
genes<00:13:28.000> they<00:13:28.600> would<00:13:28.780> just<00:13:28.810> bind<00:13:29.740> to<00:13:29.890> the
genes they would just bind to the
genes they would just bind to the
protein<00:13:30.190> itself<00:13:30.790> and<00:13:31.350> make<00:13:32.350> it<00:13:32.500> change<00:13:32.920> its
protein itself and make it change its
protein itself and make it change its
activity<00:13:33.580> so<00:13:33.940> if<00:13:34.030> you<00:13:34.120> stop<00:13:34.330> taking<00:13:34.600> the<00:13:34.780> drug
activity so if you stop taking the drug
activity so if you stop taking the drug
the<00:13:35.260> protein<00:13:35.710> would<00:13:35.830> go<00:13:35.920> back<00:13:36.100> to<00:13:36.130> normal<00:13:36.450> you
the protein would go back to normal you
the protein would go back to normal you
could<00:13:37.780> change<00:13:38.560> the<00:13:38.710> genes<00:13:38.920> in<00:13:39.070> principle
could change the genes in principle
could change the genes in principle
there<00:13:39.700> isn't<00:13:39.970> the<00:13:40.030> technology<00:13:40.720> for<00:13:40.900> a<00:13:40.930> human
there isn't the technology for a human
there isn't the technology for a human
to<00:13:41.260> do<00:13:41.470> that<00:13:41.620> but<00:13:42.160> I<00:13:42.190> don't<00:13:42.400> think<00:13:42.670> that's<00:13:42.790> a
to do that but I don't think that's a
to do that but I don't think that's a
good<00:13:42.970> idea<00:13:43.210> and<00:13:43.540> the<00:13:43.630> reason<00:13:43.960> is<00:13:44.140> that<00:13:45.270> these
good idea and the reason is that these
good idea and the reason is that these
these<00:13:46.870> hormones<00:13:47.380> like<00:13:47.500> the<00:13:47.650> insulin<00:13:48.100> and<00:13:48.280> the
these hormones like the insulin and the
these hormones like the insulin and the
igf-1<00:13:48.670> hormones<00:13:49.330> and<00:13:49.540> a<00:13:49.720> tour<00:13:49.990> pathway
igf-1 hormones and a tour pathway
igf-1 hormones and a tour pathway
they're<00:13:50.980> essential<00:13:51.520> if<00:13:51.760> you<00:13:51.820> knock<00:13:52.180> them<00:13:52.390> out
they're essential if you knock them out
they're essential if you knock them out
completely<00:13:52.920> then<00:13:53.920> you're<00:13:54.070> very<00:13:54.250> sick<00:13:54.520> so<00:13:55.240> it
completely then you're very sick so it
completely then you're very sick so it
might<00:13:55.930> be<00:13:55.990> that<00:13:56.230> you<00:13:56.530> would<00:13:56.560> just<00:13:56.710> have<00:13:56.860> to
might be that you would just have to
might be that you would just have to
fine-tune<00:13:57.670> it<00:13:57.820> very<00:13:58.390> carefully<00:13:58.630> to<00:13:58.960> get<00:13:59.410> the
fine-tune it very carefully to get the
fine-tune it very carefully to get the
benefits<00:13:59.950> without<00:14:00.070> getting<00:14:00.520> any<00:14:00.670> any
benefits without getting any any
benefits without getting any any
problems<00:14:02.200> and<00:14:02.380> I<00:14:02.500> think<00:14:02.710> that's<00:14:02.860> much<00:14:03.130> better
problems and I think that's much better
problems and I think that's much better
that<00:14:03.550> kind<00:14:03.580> of<00:14:03.760> control<00:14:04.060> it<00:14:04.300> would<00:14:04.420> be<00:14:04.540> much
that kind of control it would be much
that kind of control it would be much
better<00:14:04.720> right<00:14:05.230> right<00:14:05.980> drug<00:14:06.310> and<00:14:06.490> also<00:14:06.700> there
better right right drug and also there
better right right drug and also there
are<00:14:06.850> other<00:14:07.000> ways<00:14:07.210> of<00:14:07.360> activating<00:14:08.140> so
are other ways of activating so
are other ways of activating so
that<00:14:08.500> don't<00:14:08.650> even<00:14:08.710> involve<00:14:09.040> insulin<00:14:09.880> or<00:14:09.910> igf-1
that don't even involve insulin or igf-1
that don't even involve insulin or igf-1
that<00:14:11.080> might<00:14:11.230> even<00:14:11.260> be<00:14:11.440> safer<00:14:11.920> right<00:14:12.400> so
that might even be safer right so
that might even be safer right so
there's<00:14:13.030> I<00:14:13.180> wasn't<00:14:13.540> suggesting<00:14:13.810> that<00:14:14.290> I<00:14:14.350> was
there's I wasn't suggesting that I was
there's I wasn't suggesting that I was
going<00:14:14.590> to<00:14:14.650> go<00:14:14.740> and<00:14:14.860> do<00:14:15.010> it<00:14:15.160> but<00:14:15.490> Tim<00:14:15.760> well<00:14:17.220> um
going to go and do it but Tim well um
going to go and do it but Tim well um
what<00:14:20.200> about<00:14:20.320> there's<00:14:20.740> a<00:14:20.800> phenomenon<00:14:21.040> which
what about there's a phenomenon which
what about there's a phenomenon which
you<00:14:21.910> have<00:14:22.300> written<00:14:22.450> about<00:14:22.630> and<00:14:23.110> spoken<00:14:23.920> about
you have written about and spoken about
you have written about and spoken about
which<00:14:24.310> is<00:14:24.490> negligible<00:14:25.300> senescence<00:14:25.950> there<00:14:26.950> are
which is negligible senescence there are
which is negligible senescence there are
some<00:14:27.280> creatures<00:14:27.760> on<00:14:27.910> this<00:14:28.000> planet<00:14:28.060> already
some creatures on this planet already
some creatures on this planet already
that<00:14:28.990> don't<00:14:29.230> really<00:14:30.030> do<00:14:31.030> aging<00:14:31.750> just<00:14:32.200> move<00:14:32.380> to
that don't really do aging just move to
that don't really do aging just move to
one<00:14:32.650> side<00:14:32.920> for<00:14:33.190> us<00:14:33.490> if<00:14:33.640> you<00:14:33.760> would<00:14:33.910> and<00:14:34.590> there
one side for us if you would and there
one side for us if you would and there
are<00:14:35.770> there<00:14:36.220> are<00:14:36.280> some<00:14:36.430> animals<00:14:36.760> that<00:14:36.970> don't
are there are some animals that don't
are there are some animals that don't
seem<00:14:37.360> to<00:14:37.480> age<00:14:37.630> for<00:14:37.900> assembly<00:14:38.230> are<00:14:38.320> some
seem to age for assembly are some
seem to age for assembly are some
turtles<00:14:38.860> called<00:14:39.190> our<00:14:39.400> tortoises<00:14:39.940> called
turtles called our tortoises called
turtles called our tortoises called
Blandings<00:14:40.720> turtles<00:14:41.200> and<00:14:41.650> they<00:14:42.160> they<00:14:42.430> grow<00:14:42.610> to
Blandings turtles and they they grow to
Blandings turtles and they they grow to
be<00:14:42.850> odd<00:14:42.940> this<00:14:43.150> size<00:14:43.360> and<00:14:43.720> they've<00:14:43.810> been<00:14:43.960> tagged
be odd this size and they've been tagged
be odd this size and they've been tagged
and<00:14:44.590> they've<00:14:44.980> been<00:14:45.160> found<00:14:45.460> to<00:14:45.580> be<00:14:45.700> 70<00:14:46.090> years
and they've been found to be 70 years
and they've been found to be 70 years
old<00:14:46.450> and<00:14:47.020> when<00:14:47.140> you<00:14:47.260> look<00:14:47.860> at<00:14:47.950> these<00:14:48.070> 70<00:14:48.520> year
old and when you look at these 70 year
old and when you look at these 70 year
old<00:14:48.730> Turtles<00:14:49.090> you<00:14:49.360> can't<00:14:49.600> tell<00:14:49.720> the
old Turtles you can't tell the
old Turtles you can't tell the
difference<00:14:50.020> just<00:14:50.710> by<00:14:50.740> looking<00:14:51.190> between<00:14:51.550> those
difference just by looking between those
difference just by looking between those
turtles<00:14:52.240> and<00:14:52.330> 20<00:14:52.750> year<00:14:52.870> old<00:14:52.990> Turtles<00:14:53.350> and<00:14:53.550> the
turtles and 20 year old Turtles and the
turtles and 20 year old Turtles and the
70<00:14:54.910> years<00:14:55.060> old<00:14:55.300> ones<00:14:55.630> actually<00:14:55.870> they're
70 years old ones actually they're
70 years old ones actually they're
better<00:14:56.830> at<00:14:56.920> scouting<00:14:57.490> out<00:14:57.700> the<00:14:57.730> good<00:14:58.000> nesting
better at scouting out the good nesting
better at scouting out the good nesting
places<00:14:58.630> and<00:14:59.080> they<00:14:59.560> also<00:14:59.710> have<00:14:59.920> more<00:15:00.130> progeny
places and they also have more progeny
places and they also have more progeny
every<00:15:01.150> year<00:15:01.360> so<00:15:01.990> and<00:15:02.380> there<00:15:02.860> are<00:15:02.950> other
every year so and there are other
every year so and there are other
examples<00:15:03.220> of<00:15:03.670> these<00:15:03.790> kinds<00:15:04.120> of<00:15:04.180> animals<00:15:04.540> that
examples of these kinds of animals that
examples of these kinds of animals that
like<00:15:04.840> turns<00:15:05.290> you<00:15:05.680> know<00:15:05.770> certain<00:15:06.100> kinds<00:15:06.310> of
like turns you know certain kinds of
like turns you know certain kinds of
birds<00:15:06.520> are<00:15:06.790> like<00:15:06.940> this<00:15:07.150> and<00:15:07.390> nobody<00:15:07.750> knows<00:15:08.140> if
birds are like this and nobody knows if
birds are like this and nobody knows if
they<00:15:09.130> really<00:15:09.370> can<00:15:09.580> live<00:15:09.730> forever<00:15:09.910> or<00:15:10.330> what
they really can live forever or what
they really can live forever or what
keeps<00:15:11.200> them<00:15:11.350> from<00:15:11.500> aging<00:15:11.950> it's<00:15:12.130> not<00:15:12.310> clear<00:15:12.550> if
keeps them from aging it's not clear if
keeps them from aging it's not clear if
you
you
you
get<00:15:13.280> um<00:15:13.520> if<00:15:14.060> you<00:15:14.270> look<00:15:14.420> at<00:15:14.540> birds<00:15:14.870> which<00:15:15.320> live<00:15:15.530> a
get um if you look at birds which live a
get um if you look at birds which live a
long<00:15:15.800> time<00:15:15.830> that<00:15:16.450> cells<00:15:17.450> from<00:15:17.750> the<00:15:17.810> birds<00:15:18.110> tend
long time that cells from the birds tend
long time that cells from the birds tend
to<00:15:18.560> be<00:15:18.740> more<00:15:19.250> resistant<00:15:19.910> to<00:15:20.090> a<00:15:20.420> lot<00:15:20.630> of
to be more resistant to a lot of
to be more resistant to a lot of
different<00:15:20.780> environmental<00:15:21.500> stresses<00:15:21.950> like
different environmental stresses like
different environmental stresses like
high<00:15:22.460> temperature<00:15:23.030> or<00:15:23.330> hydrogen<00:15:24.110> peroxide
high temperature or hydrogen peroxide
high temperature or hydrogen peroxide
things<00:15:25.280> like<00:15:25.460> that<00:15:25.640> and<00:15:25.850> our<00:15:26.300> long<00:15:26.540> live
things like that and our long live
things like that and our long live
mutants<00:15:27.110> are<00:15:27.200> too<00:15:27.410> they<00:15:27.650> are<00:15:27.680> more<00:15:27.830> resistant
mutants are too they are more resistant
mutants are too they are more resistant
to<00:15:28.370> these<00:15:28.520> kinds<00:15:28.850> of<00:15:28.880> stresses<00:15:29.120> so<00:15:29.870> it<00:15:29.990> could
to these kinds of stresses so it could
to these kinds of stresses so it could
be<00:15:30.410> that<00:15:30.920> the<00:15:31.250> pathways<00:15:31.730> that<00:15:31.850> I've<00:15:31.970> been
be that the pathways that I've been
be that the pathways that I've been
talking<00:15:32.480> about<00:15:32.750> which<00:15:33.440> are<00:15:33.650> set<00:15:33.920> to<00:15:34.430> run
talking about which are set to run
talking about which are set to run
really<00:15:34.880> quickly<00:15:35.180> in<00:15:35.270> the<00:15:35.390> worm<00:15:35.570> or<00:15:35.900> has<00:15:36.290> it
really quickly in the worm or has it
really quickly in the worm or has it
have<00:15:36.560> a<00:15:36.590> different<00:15:36.970> normal<00:15:37.970> set<00:15:38.210> point<00:15:38.510> in<00:15:38.750> in
have a different normal set point in in
have a different normal set point in in
something<00:15:39.980> like<00:15:40.070> a<00:15:40.130> bird<00:15:40.430> so<00:15:40.670> that<00:15:40.790> a<00:15:40.820> bird<00:15:40.970> can
something like a bird so that a bird can
something like a bird so that a bird can
live<00:15:41.270> a<00:15:41.330> lot<00:15:41.480> longer<00:15:41.540> and<00:15:41.990> maybe<00:15:42.500> they<00:15:42.680> are<00:15:42.740> set
live a lot longer and maybe they are set
live a lot longer and maybe they are set
really<00:15:43.310> even<00:15:43.550> differently<00:15:43.910> in<00:15:44.120> animals<00:15:44.480> with
really even differently in animals with
really even differently in animals with
no<00:15:44.750> senescence<00:15:45.230> at<00:15:45.320> all<00:15:45.470> but<00:15:45.890> we<00:15:45.980> don't<00:15:46.100> know
no senescence at all but we don't know
no senescence at all but we don't know
but<00:15:47.150> what<00:15:47.330> you're<00:15:47.480> talking<00:15:48.140> about<00:15:48.230> here<00:15:48.740> is
but what you're talking about here is
but what you're talking about here is
not<00:15:50.350> extending<00:15:51.350> human<00:15:51.680> lifespan<00:15:52.310> by
not extending human lifespan by
not extending human lifespan by
preventing<00:15:52.850> death<00:15:53.390> so<00:15:54.140> much<00:15:54.290> as<00:15:54.350> extending
preventing death so much as extending
preventing death so much as extending
human<00:15:55.400> youths<00:15:55.970> palace<00:15:56.450> that's<00:15:56.750> right<00:15:56.990> it's
human youths palace that's right it's
human youths palace that's right it's
more<00:15:57.590> like<00:15:57.650> say<00:15:58.100> if<00:15:58.220> you<00:15:58.250> were<00:15:58.460> a<00:15:58.490> dog<00:15:58.790> you
more like say if you were a dog you
more like say if you were a dog you
notice<00:16:00.050> that<00:16:00.170> you're<00:16:00.260> getting<00:16:00.560> old<00:16:00.740> and<00:16:00.950> you
notice that you're getting old and you
notice that you're getting old and you
look<00:16:01.100> at<00:16:01.310> your<00:16:01.400> human<00:16:01.790> and<00:16:01.970> you<00:16:02.030> think<00:16:02.270> why
look at your human and you think why
look at your human and you think why
isn't<00:16:03.290> this<00:16:03.380> human<00:16:03.680> getting<00:16:03.830> old<00:16:04.100> they're<00:16:04.400> not
isn't this human getting old they're not
isn't this human getting old they're not
getting<00:16:04.730> old<00:16:04.970> and<00:16:05.180> in<00:16:05.390> the<00:16:05.540> dog's<00:16:05.750> life<00:16:06.020> span
getting old and in the dog's life span
getting old and in the dog's life span
it's<00:16:06.620> more<00:16:06.830> like<00:16:06.890> that<00:16:07.280> but<00:16:07.820> now<00:16:07.850> where<00:16:08.120> the
it's more like that but now where the
it's more like that but now where the
human<00:16:08.570> looking<00:16:08.840> at<00:16:08.990> looking<00:16:09.590> out<00:16:09.770> and
human looking at looking out and
human looking at looking out and
imagining<00:16:10.520> a<00:16:10.670> different<00:16:11.270> human<00:16:11.420> all<00:16:11.840> right
imagining a different human all right
imagining a different human all right
thank<00:16:13.040> you<00:16:13.100> very<00:16:13.400> much<00:16:13.610> indeed<00:16:13.820> since<00:16:14.180> again
aging biochemistry cynthia kenyon, biology, worm, C., elegans, youth, genetics, genetic, mutation, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
