The linguistic genius of babies - Patricia Kuhl
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I<00:00:16.440> want<00:00:16.600> you<00:00:16.680> to<00:00:16.840> take<00:00:17.000> a<00:00:17.199> look<00:00:17.640> at<00:00:17.840> this<00:00:18.439> baby
I want you to take a look at this baby
I want you to take a look at this baby
what<00:00:19.560> you're<00:00:19.720> drawn<00:00:20.080> to<00:00:20.560> are<00:00:20.800> her<00:00:21.119> eyes<00:00:22.039> and
what you're drawn to are her eyes and
what you're drawn to are her eyes and
the<00:00:22.439> skin<00:00:22.760> you<00:00:22.920> love<00:00:23.160> to<00:00:23.680> touch<00:00:24.680> but<00:00:24.840> today<00:00:25.199> I'm
the skin you love to touch but today I'm
the skin you love to touch but today I'm
going<00:00:25.439> to<00:00:25.599> talk<00:00:25.760> to<00:00:25.880> you<00:00:26.000> about<00:00:26.240> something<00:00:26.519> you
going to talk to you about something you
going to talk to you about something you
can't<00:00:27.160> see<00:00:27.880> what's<00:00:28.160> going<00:00:28.400> on<00:00:28.840> up<00:00:28.960> in<00:00:29.119> that
can't see what's going on up in that
can't see what's going on up in that
little<00:00:29.400> brain<00:00:29.640> of<00:00:29.800> her
little brain of her
little brain of her
the<00:00:32.000> modern<00:00:32.320> tools<00:00:32.680> of<00:00:32.840> Neuroscience<00:00:33.600> are
the modern tools of Neuroscience are
the modern tools of Neuroscience are
demonstrating<00:00:34.520> to<00:00:34.760> us<00:00:35.360> that<00:00:35.559> what's<00:00:35.800> going<00:00:36.040> on
demonstrating to us that what's going on
demonstrating to us that what's going on
up<00:00:36.520> there<00:00:36.719> is<00:00:37.000> nothing<00:00:37.480> short<00:00:38.040> of<00:00:38.239> rocket
up there is nothing short of rocket
up there is nothing short of rocket
science<00:00:40.039> and<00:00:40.239> what<00:00:40.399> we're<00:00:40.840> learning<00:00:41.840> is<00:00:42.120> going
science and what we're learning is going
science and what we're learning is going
to<00:00:42.440> shed<00:00:42.800> some<00:00:43.079> light<00:00:43.440> on<00:00:43.719> what<00:00:43.879> the<00:00:44.079> Romantic
to shed some light on what the Romantic
to shed some light on what the Romantic
writers<00:00:45.399> and<00:00:45.719> Poets<00:00:46.320> described<00:00:47.320> as<00:00:47.559> the
writers and Poets described as the
writers and Poets described as the
celestial<00:00:48.640> openness<00:00:49.520> of<00:00:49.680> the<00:00:49.879> child's
celestial openness of the child's
celestial openness of the child's
mind<00:00:52.320> what<00:00:52.440> we<00:00:52.600> see<00:00:53.000> here<00:00:53.680> is<00:00:53.800> a<00:00:54.039> mother<00:00:54.520> in
mind what we see here is a mother in
mind what we see here is a mother in
India<00:00:55.840> and<00:00:56.039> she's<00:00:56.320> speaking<00:00:56.800> cororo<00:00:57.600> which<00:00:57.680> is
India and she's speaking cororo which is
India and she's speaking cororo which is
a<00:00:57.920> newly<00:00:58.519> discovered<00:00:58.920> language<00:01:00.079> and<00:01:00.199> she's
a newly discovered language and she's
a newly discovered language and she's
talking<00:01:00.719> to<00:01:00.879> her<00:01:01.399> baby<00:01:02.399> what<00:01:02.640> this<00:01:02.879> mother<00:01:03.320> and
talking to her baby what this mother and
talking to her baby what this mother and
the<00:01:03.600> 800<00:01:04.519> people<00:01:04.839> who<00:01:05.000> speak<00:01:05.400> cororo<00:01:05.880> in<00:01:06.000> the
the 800 people who speak cororo in the
the 800 people who speak cororo in the
world<00:01:07.320> understand<00:01:07.680> that<00:01:07.840> it<00:01:08.040> to<00:01:08.280> preserve
world understand that it to preserve
world understand that it to preserve
this<00:01:09.119> language<00:01:10.080> they<00:01:10.240> need<00:01:10.560> to<00:01:10.799> speak<00:01:11.080> it<00:01:11.240> to
this language they need to speak it to
this language they need to speak it to
the<00:01:11.720> babies<00:01:12.720> and<00:01:13.000> therein<00:01:13.560> lies<00:01:13.960> a<00:01:14.159> critical
the babies and therein lies a critical
the babies and therein lies a critical
puzzle<00:01:15.600> why<00:01:15.799> is<00:01:15.960> it<00:01:16.159> that<00:01:16.280> you<00:01:16.439> can't<00:01:16.680> preserve
puzzle why is it that you can't preserve
puzzle why is it that you can't preserve
a<00:01:17.280> language<00:01:17.880> by<00:01:18.360> speaking<00:01:18.759> to<00:01:19.159> you<00:01:19.320> and<00:01:19.520> I<00:01:19.799> to
a language by speaking to you and I to
a language by speaking to you and I to
the<00:01:20.159> adults<00:01:21.159> well<00:01:21.479> it's<00:01:21.680> got<00:01:21.840> to<00:01:22.000> do<00:01:22.159> with<00:01:22.320> your
the adults well it's got to do with your
the adults well it's got to do with your
brain<00:01:23.799> what<00:01:24.000> we<00:01:24.159> see<00:01:24.520> here<00:01:24.920> is<00:01:25.079> that<00:01:25.280> language
brain what we see here is that language
brain what we see here is that language
has<00:01:25.840> a<00:01:26.040> critical<00:01:26.520> period<00:01:26.920> for<00:01:27.360> learning<00:01:28.360> the
has a critical period for learning the
has a critical period for learning the
way<00:01:28.560> to<00:01:28.720> read<00:01:28.920> this<00:01:29.079> slide<00:01:29.360> is<00:01:29.479> to<00:01:29.600> look<00:01:29.720> at
way to read this slide is to look at
way to read this slide is to look at
your<00:01:30.159> age<00:01:30.439> on<00:01:30.560> the<00:01:30.759> horizontal
your age on the horizontal
your age on the horizontal
axis<00:01:33.479> you've<00:01:33.759> done<00:01:34.079> that<00:01:34.880> and<00:01:35.000> you'll<00:01:35.159> see<00:01:35.360> on
axis you've done that and you'll see on
axis you've done that and you'll see on
the<00:01:35.640> vertical<00:01:36.079> your<00:01:36.280> skill<00:01:36.600> at<00:01:36.799> acquiring<00:01:37.240> a
the vertical your skill at acquiring a
the vertical your skill at acquiring a
second<00:01:38.079> language<00:01:39.079> the<00:01:39.280> babies<00:01:39.680> and<00:01:39.920> children
second language the babies and children
second language the babies and children
are<00:01:40.680> geniuses<00:01:41.680> until<00:01:42.000> they<00:01:42.119> turn<00:01:42.439> seven<00:01:43.000> and
are geniuses until they turn seven and
are geniuses until they turn seven and
then<00:01:43.280> there's<00:01:43.439> a<00:01:43.640> systematic<00:01:44.360> decline<00:01:45.360> after
then there's a systematic decline after
then there's a systematic decline after
puberty<00:01:46.439> we<00:01:46.560> fall<00:01:46.840> off<00:01:47.040> the<00:01:47.240> map<00:01:48.240> no
puberty we fall off the map no
puberty we fall off the map no
scientists<00:01:49.280> dispute<00:01:49.920> this<00:01:50.159> curve<00:01:50.960> but
scientists dispute this curve but
scientists dispute this curve but
Laboratories<00:01:51.880> all<00:01:52.040> over<00:01:52.240> the<00:01:52.360> world<00:01:52.560> are
Laboratories all over the world are
Laboratories all over the world are
trying<00:01:53.040> to<00:01:53.240> figure<00:01:53.479> out<00:01:53.759> why<00:01:53.960> it<00:01:54.119> works<00:01:54.560> this
trying to figure out why it works this
trying to figure out why it works this
way<00:01:55.799> work<00:01:56.000> in<00:01:56.200> my<00:01:56.439> lab<00:01:56.680> is<00:01:56.840> focused<00:01:57.200> on<00:01:57.399> the
way work in my lab is focused on the
way work in my lab is focused on the
first<00:01:58.159> critical<00:01:58.600> period<00:01:58.920> in<00:01:59.119> development<00:01:59.680> and
first critical period in development and
first critical period in development and
that<00:02:00.240> is<00:02:00.520> the<00:02:00.680> period<00:02:01.000> in<00:02:01.159> which<00:02:01.360> babies<00:02:01.719> try
that is the period in which babies try
that is the period in which babies try
to<00:02:02.240> master<00:02:02.880> which<00:02:03.079> sounds<00:02:03.399> are<00:02:03.560> used<00:02:03.840> in<00:02:04.000> their
to master which sounds are used in their
to master which sounds are used in their
language<00:02:05.119> we<00:02:05.280> think<00:02:05.479> by<00:02:05.640> studying<00:02:06.079> how<00:02:06.280> the
language we think by studying how the
language we think by studying how the
sounds<00:02:06.799> are<00:02:06.960> learned<00:02:07.560> we'll<00:02:07.759> have<00:02:07.920> a<00:02:08.080> model
sounds are learned we'll have a model
sounds are learned we'll have a model
for<00:02:08.560> the<00:02:08.679> rest<00:02:08.879> of<00:02:09.119> language<00:02:09.920> and<00:02:10.119> perhaps<00:02:10.479> for
for the rest of language and perhaps for
for the rest of language and perhaps for
critical<00:02:11.080> periods<00:02:11.480> that<00:02:11.599> may<00:02:11.879> exist<00:02:12.200> in
critical periods that may exist in
critical periods that may exist in
childhood<00:02:12.920> for<00:02:13.160> social<00:02:13.840> emotional<00:02:14.360> and
childhood for social emotional and
childhood for social emotional and
cognitive<00:02:15.319> development<00:02:16.319> so<00:02:16.480> we've<00:02:16.680> been
cognitive development so we've been
cognitive development so we've been
studying<00:02:17.319> the<00:02:17.519> babies<00:02:18.080> using<00:02:18.400> a<00:02:18.599> technique
studying the babies using a technique
studying the babies using a technique
that<00:02:19.400> we're<00:02:19.560> using<00:02:19.959> all<00:02:20.120> over<00:02:20.319> the<00:02:20.440> world<00:02:20.680> in
that we're using all over the world in
that we're using all over the world in
the<00:02:21.000> sounds<00:02:21.360> of<00:02:21.480> all<00:02:21.720> languages<00:02:22.680> the<00:02:22.840> baby
the sounds of all languages the baby
the sounds of all languages the baby
sits<00:02:23.360> on<00:02:23.480> a<00:02:23.640> parent's<00:02:24.120> lap<00:02:24.519> and<00:02:24.640> we<00:02:24.800> train<00:02:25.040> them
sits on a parent's lap and we train them
sits on a parent's lap and we train them
to<00:02:25.360> turn<00:02:25.599> their<00:02:25.800> heads<00:02:26.040> when<00:02:26.200> a<00:02:26.360> sound<00:02:26.720> changes
to turn their heads when a sound changes
to turn their heads when a sound changes
like<00:02:27.440> from<00:02:27.680> a<00:02:28.040> to<00:02:28.280> e<00:02:28.959> if<00:02:29.080> they<00:02:29.200> do<00:02:29.360> so<00:02:29.599> that<00:02:29.920> the
like from a to e if they do so that the
like from a to e if they do so that the
appropriate<00:02:30.519> time<00:02:30.840> the<00:02:31.000> Black<00:02:31.239> Box<00:02:31.560> lights<00:02:31.920> up
appropriate time the Black Box lights up
appropriate time the Black Box lights up
and<00:02:32.480> a<00:02:32.599> panda<00:02:32.959> bear<00:02:33.200> pounds<00:02:33.519> a<00:02:33.640> drum<00:02:34.400> a<00:02:34.560> six-
and a panda bear pounds a drum a six-
and a panda bear pounds a drum a six-
Monon<00:02:35.400> adors<00:02:35.959> the<00:02:36.440> task<00:02:37.440> what<00:02:37.560> have<00:02:37.720> we
Monon adors the task what have we
Monon adors the task what have we
learned<00:02:38.760> well<00:02:39.440> babies<00:02:39.920> all<00:02:40.120> over<00:02:40.319> the<00:02:40.440> world
learned well babies all over the world
learned well babies all over the world
are<00:02:40.920> what<00:02:41.040> are<00:02:41.280> like<00:02:41.640> what<00:02:41.760> I<00:02:41.920> like<00:02:42.080> to
are what are like what I like to
are what are like what I like to
describe<00:02:42.760> as<00:02:43.000> citizens<00:02:43.760> of<00:02:43.920> the<00:02:44.080> world<00:02:45.000> they
describe as citizens of the world they
describe as citizens of the world they
can<00:02:45.319> discriminate<00:02:45.959> all<00:02:46.159> the<00:02:46.319> sounds<00:02:46.840> of<00:02:47.040> all
can discriminate all the sounds of all
can discriminate all the sounds of all
languages<00:02:47.879> no<00:02:48.040> matter<00:02:48.280> what<00:02:48.440> country<00:02:48.720> we're
languages no matter what country we're
languages no matter what country we're
testing<00:02:49.280> and<00:02:49.480> what<00:02:49.680> language<00:02:50.000> we're<00:02:50.200> using
testing and what language we're using
testing and what language we're using
and<00:02:51.360> that's<00:02:51.599> remarkable<00:02:52.159> because<00:02:52.400> you<00:02:52.560> and<00:02:52.720> I
and that's remarkable because you and I
and that's remarkable because you and I
can't<00:02:53.239> do<00:02:53.599> that<00:02:54.159> we're<00:02:54.480> culture-bound
can't do that we're culture-bound
can't do that we're culture-bound
listeners<00:02:56.200> we<00:02:56.319> can<00:02:56.519> discriminate<00:02:57.000> the<00:02:57.080> sounds
listeners we can discriminate the sounds
listeners we can discriminate the sounds
of<00:02:57.519> our<00:02:57.680> own<00:02:57.959> language<00:02:58.400> but<00:02:58.560> not<00:02:58.760> those<00:02:58.959> of
of our own language but not those of
of our own language but not those of
foreign<00:02:59.400> languages
foreign languages
foreign languages
so<00:03:00.680> the<00:03:00.840> question<00:03:01.200> arises<00:03:01.720> when<00:03:01.920> do<00:03:02.159> those
so the question arises when do those
so the question arises when do those
citizens<00:03:02.800> of<00:03:02.920> the<00:03:03.080> world<00:03:03.640> turn<00:03:03.959> into<00:03:04.200> the
citizens of the world turn into the
citizens of the world turn into the
language<00:03:04.760> bound<00:03:05.120> listeners<00:03:05.640> that<00:03:05.840> we<00:03:06.000> are<00:03:06.599> and
language bound listeners that we are and
language bound listeners that we are and
the<00:03:07.000> answer<00:03:07.560> before<00:03:07.959> their<00:03:08.159> first<00:03:08.760> birthdays
the answer before their first birthdays
the answer before their first birthdays
what<00:03:09.879> you<00:03:10.000> see<00:03:10.319> here<00:03:10.480> is<00:03:10.720> performance<00:03:11.200> on<00:03:11.400> that
what you see here is performance on that
what you see here is performance on that
head<00:03:11.840> turn<00:03:12.200> task<00:03:12.840> for<00:03:13.080> babies<00:03:13.440> tested<00:03:13.760> in
head turn task for babies tested in
head turn task for babies tested in
Tokyo<00:03:14.360> and<00:03:14.519> in<00:03:14.640> the<00:03:14.720> United<00:03:15.120> States<00:03:15.480> here<00:03:15.640> in
Tokyo and in the United States here in
Tokyo and in the United States here in
Seattle<00:03:16.879> as<00:03:17.040> they<00:03:17.200> listen<00:03:17.519> to<00:03:17.720> raw<00:03:18.040> and<00:03:18.239> law
Seattle as they listen to raw and law
Seattle as they listen to raw and law
sounds<00:03:18.879> important<00:03:19.200> to<00:03:19.400> English<00:03:19.799> but<00:03:19.959> not<00:03:20.120> to
sounds important to English but not to
sounds important to English but not to
Japanese<00:03:21.440> so<00:03:21.680> at<00:03:21.840> 6<00:03:22.080> to<00:03:22.120> 8<00:03:22.400> months<00:03:22.680> the<00:03:22.799> babies
Japanese so at 6 to 8 months the babies
Japanese so at 6 to 8 months the babies
are<00:03:23.280> totally<00:03:23.840> equivalent<00:03:24.840> 2<00:03:25.080> months<00:03:25.360> later
are totally equivalent 2 months later
are totally equivalent 2 months later
something<00:03:26.000> incredible<00:03:26.599> occurs<00:03:27.400> the<00:03:27.519> babies
something incredible occurs the babies
something incredible occurs the babies
in<00:03:28.000> the<00:03:28.120> United<00:03:28.439> States<00:03:28.680> are<00:03:28.840> getting<00:03:29.080> a<00:03:29.159> lot
in the United States are getting a lot
in the United States are getting a lot
better<00:03:30.040> babies<00:03:30.319> in<00:03:30.480> Japan<00:03:30.760> are<00:03:30.959> getting<00:03:31.200> a<00:03:31.280> lot
better babies in Japan are getting a lot
better babies in Japan are getting a lot
worse<00:03:31.879> but<00:03:32.120> both<00:03:32.280> of<00:03:32.439> those<00:03:32.599> groups<00:03:32.840> of<00:03:32.959> babies
worse but both of those groups of babies
worse but both of those groups of babies
are<00:03:33.400> preparing<00:03:33.760> for<00:03:34.080> exactly<00:03:34.640> the<00:03:34.799> language
are preparing for exactly the language
are preparing for exactly the language
that<00:03:35.360> they're<00:03:35.599> going<00:03:35.799> to<00:03:36.000> learn<00:03:37.000> so<00:03:37.200> the
that they're going to learn so the
that they're going to learn so the
question<00:03:37.640> is<00:03:38.040> what's<00:03:38.400> happening<00:03:39.360> during<00:03:39.760> this
question is what's happening during this
question is what's happening during this
critical<00:03:40.480> two-month<00:03:41.120> period<00:03:41.720> this<00:03:41.840> is<00:03:41.959> the
critical two-month period this is the
critical two-month period this is the
critical<00:03:42.519> period<00:03:42.799> for<00:03:42.920> sound<00:03:43.280> development
critical period for sound development
critical period for sound development
but<00:03:43.879> what's<00:03:44.120> going<00:03:44.319> on<00:03:44.560> up<00:03:44.840> there<00:03:45.400> so<00:03:45.599> there
but what's going on up there so there
but what's going on up there so there
two<00:03:46.080> things<00:03:46.439> going<00:03:46.680> on<00:03:47.480> the<00:03:47.640> first<00:03:47.959> is<00:03:48.080> that
two things going on the first is that
two things going on the first is that
the<00:03:48.360> babies<00:03:48.680> are<00:03:48.879> listening<00:03:49.319> intently<00:03:49.879> to<00:03:50.080> us
the babies are listening intently to us
the babies are listening intently to us
and<00:03:50.519> they're<00:03:50.799> taking<00:03:51.480> statistics<00:03:52.480> as<00:03:52.640> they
and they're taking statistics as they
and they're taking statistics as they
listen<00:03:53.040> to<00:03:53.200> us<00:03:53.439> talk<00:03:54.159> they're<00:03:54.439> taking
listen to us talk they're taking
listen to us talk they're taking
statistics<00:03:56.159> so<00:03:56.439> listen<00:03:56.720> to<00:03:56.959> two<00:03:57.280> mothers
statistics so listen to two mothers
statistics so listen to two mothers
speaking<00:03:58.120> motheres<00:03:58.760> the<00:03:58.879> universal<00:03:59.400> language
speaking motheres the universal language
speaking motheres the universal language
we<00:04:00.120> use<00:04:00.319> when<00:04:00.480> we<00:04:00.640> talk<00:04:00.879> to<00:04:01.120> kids<00:04:01.799> first<00:04:02.040> in
we use when we talk to kids first in
we use when we talk to kids first in
English<00:04:02.680> and<00:04:02.840> then<00:04:03.000> in
English and then in
English and then in
Japanese<00:04:04.920> I<00:04:05.159> love<00:04:05.400> your<00:04:05.799> big<00:04:06.120> blue<00:04:06.760> eyes<00:04:07.760> so
Japanese I love your big blue eyes so
Japanese I love your big blue eyes so
pretty<00:04:09.280> and
nice<00:04:17.799> during<00:04:18.479> the<00:04:18.759> production<00:04:19.160> of<00:04:19.320> speech
nice during the production of speech
nice during the production of speech
when<00:04:19.880> babies<00:04:20.280> listen<00:04:21.199> what<00:04:21.320> they're<00:04:21.560> doing<00:04:22.120> is
when babies listen what they're doing is
when babies listen what they're doing is
taking<00:04:22.800> statistics<00:04:23.759> on<00:04:24.120> the<00:04:24.600> language<00:04:25.120> that
taking statistics on the language that
taking statistics on the language that
they<00:04:25.759> hear<00:04:26.759> and<00:04:27.240> those<00:04:27.960> distributions<00:04:28.960> grow
they hear and those distributions grow
they hear and those distributions grow
as<00:04:29.759> and<00:04:30.320> what<00:04:30.520> we've<00:04:30.759> learned<00:04:31.360> is<00:04:31.600> that<00:04:31.960> babies
as and what we've learned is that babies
as and what we've learned is that babies
are<00:04:32.479> sensitive<00:04:32.919> to<00:04:33.039> the<00:04:33.240> statistics<00:04:34.080> and<00:04:34.280> the
are sensitive to the statistics and the
are sensitive to the statistics and the
statistics<00:04:35.160> of<00:04:35.360> Japanese<00:04:35.800> and<00:04:35.919> English<00:04:36.199> are
statistics of Japanese and English are
statistics of Japanese and English are
very<00:04:36.639> very<00:04:36.919> different<00:04:37.919> English<00:04:38.400> has<00:04:38.720> a<00:04:38.880> lot<00:04:39.039> of
very very different English has a lot of
very very different English has a lot of
RS<00:04:39.840> and<00:04:40.039> L's<00:04:40.520> the<00:04:40.680> distribution<00:04:41.440> shows<00:04:42.440> and
RS and L's the distribution shows and
RS and L's the distribution shows and
the<00:04:42.919> distribution<00:04:43.479> of<00:04:43.680> Japanese<00:04:44.120> is<00:04:44.320> totally
the distribution of Japanese is totally
the distribution of Japanese is totally
different<00:04:45.160> where<00:04:45.360> we<00:04:45.520> see<00:04:46.199> a<00:04:46.320> group<00:04:46.560> of
different where we see a group of
different where we see a group of
intermediate<00:04:47.400> sounds<00:04:48.199> which<00:04:48.360> is<00:04:48.919> known<00:04:49.199> as
intermediate sounds which is known as
intermediate sounds which is known as
the<00:04:49.560> Japanese<00:04:50.080> R<00:04:51.080> so<00:04:51.639> babies<00:04:52.320> absorb<00:04:53.000> the
the Japanese R so babies absorb the
the Japanese R so babies absorb the
statistics<00:04:53.759> of<00:04:53.919> the<00:04:54.120> language<00:04:54.759> and<00:04:54.880> it
statistics of the language and it
statistics of the language and it
changes<00:04:55.560> their<00:04:55.759> brains<00:04:56.320> it<00:04:56.440> changes<00:04:56.840> them
changes their brains it changes them
changes their brains it changes them
from<00:04:57.160> the<00:04:57.320> citizens<00:04:57.720> of<00:04:57.880> the<00:04:58.000> world<00:04:58.360> to<00:04:58.560> the<00:04:59.080> uh
from the citizens of the world to the uh
from the citizens of the world to the uh
culture<00:04:59.960> listeners<00:05:00.400> that<00:05:00.560> we<00:05:00.720> are<00:05:01.600> but<00:05:01.759> we<00:05:01.960> as
culture listeners that we are but we as
culture listeners that we are but we as
adults<00:05:02.440> are<00:05:02.720> no<00:05:03.160> longer<00:05:04.160> absorbing<00:05:05.000> those
adults are no longer absorbing those
adults are no longer absorbing those
statistics<00:05:06.160> we're<00:05:06.440> governed<00:05:06.960> by<00:05:07.120> the
statistics we're governed by the
statistics we're governed by the
representations<00:05:08.000> in<00:05:08.199> memory<00:05:08.880> that<00:05:09.000> were
representations in memory that were
representations in memory that were
formed<00:05:09.600> early<00:05:10.039> in<00:05:10.560> development<00:05:11.560> so<00:05:12.000> what
formed early in development so what
formed early in development so what
we're<00:05:12.320> seeing<00:05:12.800> here<00:05:13.440> is<00:05:13.560> changing<00:05:13.919> our<00:05:14.120> models
we're seeing here is changing our models
we're seeing here is changing our models
of<00:05:14.600> what<00:05:14.720> the<00:05:14.840> critical<00:05:15.199> period<00:05:15.479> is<00:05:15.720> about
of what the critical period is about
of what the critical period is about
we're<00:05:16.720> arguing<00:05:17.280> from<00:05:17.479> a<00:05:18.000> mathematical
we're arguing from a mathematical
we're arguing from a mathematical
standpoint<00:05:19.360> that<00:05:19.479> the<00:05:19.600> learning<00:05:20.199> of<00:05:20.600> language
standpoint that the learning of language
standpoint that the learning of language
material<00:05:21.639> may<00:05:21.840> slow<00:05:22.240> down<00:05:22.520> when<00:05:22.639> our
material may slow down when our
material may slow down when our
distributions<00:05:23.880> stabilized<00:05:24.880> it's<00:05:25.080> raising
distributions stabilized it's raising
distributions stabilized it's raising
lots<00:05:25.800> of<00:05:26.039> questions<00:05:26.440> about<00:05:26.759> bilingual<00:05:27.400> people
lots of questions about bilingual people
lots of questions about bilingual people
bilinguals<00:05:28.800> must<00:05:29.039> keep<00:05:29.280> two<00:05:29.720> two<00:05:30.280> sets<00:05:30.479> of
bilinguals must keep two two sets of
bilinguals must keep two two sets of
Statistics<00:05:31.240> in<00:05:31.440> mind<00:05:31.759> at<00:05:31.919> once<00:05:32.319> and<00:05:32.479> flip
Statistics in mind at once and flip
Statistics in mind at once and flip
between<00:05:33.440> them<00:05:34.039> one<00:05:34.560> after<00:05:34.759> the<00:05:34.880> other
between them one after the other
between them one after the other
depending<00:05:35.400> on<00:05:35.520> who<00:05:35.639> they're<00:05:35.840> speaking<00:05:36.199> to<00:05:36.880> so
depending on who they're speaking to so
depending on who they're speaking to so
we<00:05:37.240> asked<00:05:37.479> ourselves<00:05:38.160> can<00:05:38.400> the<00:05:38.560> babies<00:05:39.000> take
we asked ourselves can the babies take
we asked ourselves can the babies take
statistics<00:05:39.759> on<00:05:39.880> a<00:05:40.039> brand<00:05:40.280> new<00:05:40.639> language<00:05:41.639> and
statistics on a brand new language and
statistics on a brand new language and
we<00:05:41.960> tested<00:05:42.479> this<00:05:42.880> by<00:05:43.440> exposing<00:05:43.960> American
we tested this by exposing American
we tested this by exposing American
babies<00:05:44.759> who'd<00:05:45.000> never<00:05:45.160> heard<00:05:45.319> a<00:05:45.479> second
babies who'd never heard a second
babies who'd never heard a second
language<00:05:46.080> to<00:05:46.199> Mandarin<00:05:46.720> for<00:05:46.880> the<00:05:47.000> first<00:05:47.240> time
language to Mandarin for the first time
language to Mandarin for the first time
during<00:05:47.680> the<00:05:47.800> critical<00:05:48.199> period<00:05:49.120> we<00:05:49.280> knew<00:05:49.600> that
during the critical period we knew that
during the critical period we knew that
when<00:05:50.039> monolinguals<00:05:50.759> were<00:05:50.919> tested<00:05:51.240> in<00:05:51.440> Taipei
when monolinguals were tested in Taipei
when monolinguals were tested in Taipei
and<00:05:52.120> Seattle<00:05:52.880> on<00:05:53.039> the<00:05:53.160> Mandarin<00:05:53.680> sounds<00:05:54.039> they
and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds they
and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds they
showed<00:05:54.479> the<00:05:54.600> same<00:05:54.880> pattern<00:05:55.600> 6<00:05:56.039> 8<00:05:56.319> months
showed the same pattern 6 8 months
showed the same pattern 6 8 months
they're<00:05:56.840> totally<00:05:57.280> equivalent<00:05:58.120> 2<00:05:58.360> months
they're totally equivalent 2 months
they're totally equivalent 2 months
later<00:05:59.000> something<00:05:59.400> in<00:05:59.639> incredible<00:06:00.120> happens
later something in incredible happens
later something in incredible happens
but<00:06:00.560> the<00:06:00.720> Taiwanese<00:06:01.319> babies<00:06:01.560> are<00:06:01.759> getting
but the Taiwanese babies are getting
but the Taiwanese babies are getting
better<00:06:02.759> not<00:06:02.960> the<00:06:03.160> American<00:06:03.600> babies<00:06:04.240> what<00:06:04.400> we
better not the American babies what we
better not the American babies what we
did<00:06:04.880> was<00:06:05.120> expose<00:06:05.639> American<00:06:06.120> babies<00:06:06.560> during
did was expose American babies during
did was expose American babies during
this<00:06:07.160> period<00:06:08.000> to<00:06:08.440> Mandarin<00:06:09.160> it<00:06:09.240> was<00:06:09.440> like
this period to Mandarin it was like
this period to Mandarin it was like
having<00:06:09.919> Mandarin<00:06:10.479> relatives<00:06:10.960> come<00:06:11.120> and<00:06:11.319> visit
having Mandarin relatives come and visit
having Mandarin relatives come and visit
for<00:06:11.720> a<00:06:11.840> month<00:06:12.080> and<00:06:12.240> move<00:06:12.440> into<00:06:12.720> your<00:06:12.960> house<00:06:13.599> and
for a month and move into your house and
for a month and move into your house and
talk<00:06:13.880> to<00:06:14.039> the<00:06:14.199> babies<00:06:14.599> for<00:06:14.800> 12<00:06:15.199> sessions
talk to the babies for 12 sessions
talk to the babies for 12 sessions
here's<00:06:16.360> what<00:06:16.440> it<00:06:16.560> looked<00:06:16.800> like<00:06:17.039> in<00:06:17.160> the
here's what it looked like in the
here's what it looked like in the
laboratory
hey<00:06:39.919> so<00:06:40.120> what<00:06:40.240> have<00:06:40.360> we<00:06:40.520> done<00:06:40.680> to<00:06:40.880> their<00:06:41.080> little
hey so what have we done to their little
hey so what have we done to their little
brains
brains
brains
we<00:06:44.599> we<00:06:44.800> had<00:06:44.960> to<00:06:45.080> run<00:06:45.280> a<00:06:45.560> control<00:06:45.880> group<00:06:46.160> to<00:06:46.319> make
we we had to run a control group to make
we we had to run a control group to make
sure<00:06:47.000> that<00:06:47.240> just<00:06:47.440> coming<00:06:47.680> into<00:06:47.840> the
sure that just coming into the
sure that just coming into the
laboratory<00:06:48.520> didn't<00:06:48.800> improve<00:06:49.080> your<00:06:49.199> Mandarin
laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin
laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin
skills<00:06:50.199> so<00:06:50.360> a<00:06:50.520> group<00:06:50.720> of<00:06:50.880> babies<00:06:51.280> came<00:06:51.440> in<00:06:51.560> and
skills so a group of babies came in and
skills so a group of babies came in and
listened<00:06:52.000> to<00:06:52.160> English<00:06:52.479> and<00:06:52.639> we<00:06:52.759> can<00:06:52.880> see<00:06:53.080> from
listened to English and we can see from
listened to English and we can see from
the<00:06:53.400> graph<00:06:54.039> that<00:06:54.240> exposure<00:06:54.639> to<00:06:54.800> English
the graph that exposure to English
the graph that exposure to English
didn't<00:06:55.400> improve<00:06:55.720> their<00:06:55.879> Mandarin<00:06:56.639> but<00:06:56.840> look
didn't improve their Mandarin but look
didn't improve their Mandarin but look
what<00:06:57.240> happened<00:06:57.520> to<00:06:57.680> the<00:06:57.800> babies<00:06:58.199> exposed<00:06:58.560> to
what happened to the babies exposed to
what happened to the babies exposed to
Mandarin<00:06:59.120> for<00:06:59.280> 12<00:06:59.840> sessions<00:07:00.440> they<00:07:00.520> were<00:07:00.840> as
Mandarin for 12 sessions they were as
Mandarin for 12 sessions they were as
good<00:07:01.520> as<00:07:01.680> the<00:07:01.840> babies<00:07:02.199> in<00:07:02.440> Taiwan<00:07:03.160> who'd<00:07:03.400> been
good as the babies in Taiwan who'd been
good as the babies in Taiwan who'd been
listening<00:07:04.000> for<00:07:04.599> 10<00:07:04.840> and<00:07:04.960> 1/2<00:07:05.319> months<00:07:06.000> what<00:07:06.120> it
listening for 10 and 1/2 months what it
listening for 10 and 1/2 months what it
demonstrated<00:07:07.000> is<00:07:07.160> that<00:07:07.319> babies<00:07:08.080> take
demonstrated is that babies take
demonstrated is that babies take
statistics<00:07:08.960> on<00:07:09.120> a<00:07:09.280> new<00:07:09.440> language<00:07:09.879> whatever
statistics on a new language whatever
statistics on a new language whatever
you<00:07:10.360> put<00:07:10.560> in<00:07:10.680> front<00:07:10.840> of<00:07:11.000> them<00:07:11.199> they'll<00:07:11.400> take
you put in front of them they'll take
you put in front of them they'll take
statistics<00:07:12.360> on<00:07:13.319> but<00:07:13.479> we<00:07:13.639> wondered<00:07:14.120> what<00:07:14.360> role
statistics on but we wondered what role
statistics on but we wondered what role
the<00:07:14.919> human<00:07:15.199> being<00:07:15.680> played<00:07:16.280> in<00:07:16.560> this<00:07:17.400> um
the human being played in this um
the human being played in this um
learning<00:07:18.599> exercise<00:07:19.440> so<00:07:19.599> we<00:07:19.759> ran<00:07:20.039> another
learning exercise so we ran another
learning exercise so we ran another
group<00:07:20.599> of<00:07:20.759> babies<00:07:21.280> in<00:07:21.479> which<00:07:21.720> the<00:07:21.879> kids<00:07:22.120> were
group of babies in which the kids were
group of babies in which the kids were
get<00:07:22.919> the<00:07:23.039> same<00:07:23.280> dosage<00:07:23.879> the<00:07:23.960> same<00:07:24.199> 12<00:07:24.479> sessions
get the same dosage the same 12 sessions
get the same dosage the same 12 sessions
but<00:07:24.960> over<00:07:25.160> a<00:07:25.360> television<00:07:25.879> set<00:07:26.680> and<00:07:26.919> another
but over a television set and another
but over a television set and another
group<00:07:27.520> of<00:07:27.720> babies<00:07:28.319> who<00:07:28.520> had<00:07:28.759> just<00:07:28.960> audio
group of babies who had just audio
group of babies who had just audio
exposure<00:07:30.000> and<00:07:30.160> looked<00:07:30.360> at<00:07:30.479> a<00:07:30.599> teddy<00:07:30.879> bear<00:07:31.120> on
exposure and looked at a teddy bear on
exposure and looked at a teddy bear on
the<00:07:31.400> screen<00:07:32.160> what<00:07:32.280> did<00:07:32.479> we<00:07:32.639> do<00:07:32.919> to<00:07:33.160> their
the screen what did we do to their
the screen what did we do to their
brains<00:07:34.319> what<00:07:34.440> you<00:07:34.599> see<00:07:35.000> here<00:07:35.560> is<00:07:35.800> the<00:07:36.080> audio
brains what you see here is the audio
brains what you see here is the audio
result<00:07:38.199> no<00:07:38.400> learning<00:07:39.080> whatsoever<00:07:40.080> and<00:07:40.440> the
result no learning whatsoever and the
result no learning whatsoever and the
video
video
video
result<00:07:42.560> no<00:07:42.800> learning<00:07:43.479> whatsoever<00:07:44.440> it<00:07:44.599> takes<00:07:45.080> a
result no learning whatsoever it takes a
result no learning whatsoever it takes a
human<00:07:45.639> being<00:07:46.240> for<00:07:46.520> babies<00:07:46.919> to<00:07:47.199> take<00:07:47.560> their
human being for babies to take their
human being for babies to take their
statistics<00:07:48.960> the<00:07:49.120> social<00:07:49.560> brain<00:07:50.080> is
statistics the social brain is
statistics the social brain is
controlling<00:07:51.080> when<00:07:51.319> the<00:07:51.479> babies<00:07:51.759> are<00:07:51.919> taking
controlling when the babies are taking
controlling when the babies are taking
their<00:07:52.440> statistics<00:07:53.280> we<00:07:53.520> want<00:07:53.639> to<00:07:53.800> get<00:07:54.000> inside
their statistics we want to get inside
their statistics we want to get inside
the<00:07:54.479> brain<00:07:54.759> and<00:07:55.000> see<00:07:55.400> this<00:07:55.639> thing<00:07:56.080> happening
the brain and see this thing happening
the brain and see this thing happening
as<00:07:57.000> babies<00:07:57.280> are<00:07:57.440> in<00:07:57.560> front<00:07:57.759> of<00:07:57.919> televisions<00:07:58.560> as
as babies are in front of televisions as
as babies are in front of televisions as
opposed<00:07:59.000> to<00:07:59.120> in<00:07:59.199> front<00:07:59.319> of<00:07:59.520> of<00:07:59.639> human<00:07:59.879> beings
opposed to in front of of human beings
opposed to in front of of human beings
thankfully<00:08:01.560> we<00:08:01.680> have<00:08:01.800> a<00:08:01.919> new<00:08:02.120> machine
thankfully we have a new machine
thankfully we have a new machine
magnetoencephalography<00:08:05.479> that<00:08:05.599> allows<00:08:05.879> it<00:08:06.039> to
magnetoencephalography that allows it to
magnetoencephalography that allows it to
do<00:08:06.440> this<00:08:06.680> it<00:08:06.840> looks<00:08:07.120> like<00:08:07.240> a<00:08:07.479> hair<00:08:07.759> dryer<00:08:08.199> from
do this it looks like a hair dryer from
do this it looks like a hair dryer from
Mars<00:08:09.479> but<00:08:09.759> it's<00:08:10.039> completely<00:08:10.639> safe<00:08:11.159> completely
Mars but it's completely safe completely
Mars but it's completely safe completely
non-invasive<00:08:12.560> and<00:08:12.919> Silent<00:08:13.879> we're<00:08:14.159> looking<00:08:14.440> at
non-invasive and Silent we're looking at
non-invasive and Silent we're looking at
millimeter<00:08:15.800> accuracy<00:08:16.400> with<00:08:16.560> regard<00:08:16.840> to
millimeter accuracy with regard to
millimeter accuracy with regard to
spatial<00:08:17.560> and<00:08:17.840> millisecond<00:08:18.800> accuracy<00:08:19.800> uh
spatial and millisecond accuracy uh
spatial and millisecond accuracy uh
using<00:08:20.520> 306<00:08:21.520> squids<00:08:22.120> these<00:08:22.280> are<00:08:22.599> super
using 306 squids these are super
using 306 squids these are super
conducting<00:08:23.639> Quantum<00:08:24.039> interference<00:08:24.599> devices
conducting Quantum interference devices
conducting Quantum interference devices
to<00:08:25.639> pick<00:08:25.840> up<00:08:26.039> the<00:08:26.240> magnetic<00:08:26.639> fields<00:08:27.199> that
to pick up the magnetic fields that
to pick up the magnetic fields that
change<00:08:27.759> as<00:08:27.919> we<00:08:28.039> do<00:08:28.199> our<00:08:28.440> thinking<00:08:29.560> we're<00:08:29.800> the
change as we do our thinking we're the
change as we do our thinking we're the
first<00:08:30.479> in<00:08:30.639> the<00:08:30.800> world<00:08:31.360> to<00:08:31.599> record<00:08:32.599> babies<00:08:33.479> in
first in the world to record babies in
first in the world to record babies in
an<00:08:33.800> Meg<00:08:34.440> machine<00:08:35.440> while<00:08:35.919> they<00:08:36.080> are<00:08:36.479> learning
an Meg machine while they are learning
an Meg machine while they are learning
so<00:08:37.680> this<00:08:37.800> is<00:08:38.000> little<00:08:38.640> Emma<00:08:39.640> she's<00:08:39.880> a<00:08:40.080> six<00:08:40.399> Monon
so this is little Emma she's a six Monon
so this is little Emma she's a six Monon
and<00:08:41.399> she's<00:08:41.680> listening<00:08:42.159> to<00:08:42.440> various<00:08:42.839> languages
and she's listening to various languages
and she's listening to various languages
in<00:08:43.880> the<00:08:44.080> earphones<00:08:44.880> that<00:08:45.000> are<00:08:45.480> in<00:08:45.680> her<00:08:45.920> ears
in the earphones that are in her ears
in the earphones that are in her ears
you<00:08:46.760> can<00:08:46.920> see<00:08:47.200> she<00:08:47.360> can<00:08:47.560> move<00:08:47.880> around<00:08:48.600> we're
you can see she can move around we're
you can see she can move around we're
tracking<00:08:49.399> her<00:08:49.720> head<00:08:50.040> with<00:08:50.279> little<00:08:50.680> pellets<00:08:51.399> in
tracking her head with little pellets in
tracking her head with little pellets in
a<00:08:51.800> cap<00:08:52.440> so<00:08:52.680> she's<00:08:52.959> free<00:08:53.240> to<00:08:53.519> move<00:08:53.920> completely
a cap so she's free to move completely
a cap so she's free to move completely
unconstrained<00:08:55.440> it's<00:08:55.560> a<00:08:55.800> technical<00:08:56.320> tour
unconstrained it's a technical tour
unconstrained it's a technical tour
divorce<00:08:57.920> what<00:08:58.040> are<00:08:58.200> we<00:08:58.399> seeing<00:08:59.120> we're<00:08:59.480> seeing
divorce what are we seeing we're seeing
divorce what are we seeing we're seeing
the<00:09:00.040> baby<00:09:00.399> brain<00:09:01.279> as<00:09:01.560> the<00:09:01.880> ba<00:09:02.079> as<00:09:02.200> the<00:09:02.360> baby
the baby brain as the ba as the baby
the baby brain as the ba as the baby
Hears<00:09:03.120> A<00:09:03.279> word<00:09:03.560> in<00:09:03.720> her<00:09:03.959> language<00:09:04.600> the
Hears A word in her language the
Hears A word in her language the
auditory<00:09:05.399> areas<00:09:05.800> light<00:09:06.079> up<00:09:06.519> and<00:09:06.640> then
auditory areas light up and then
auditory areas light up and then
subsequently<00:09:07.600> areas<00:09:08.040> surrounding<00:09:08.560> it<00:09:08.760> that
subsequently areas surrounding it that
subsequently areas surrounding it that
we<00:09:09.079> think<00:09:09.360> are<00:09:09.600> related<00:09:10.120> to<00:09:10.480> coherence
we think are related to coherence
we think are related to coherence
getting<00:09:11.560> the<00:09:11.680> brain<00:09:12.079> coordinated<00:09:12.760> with<00:09:12.920> its
getting the brain coordinated with its
getting the brain coordinated with its
different<00:09:13.519> areas<00:09:14.160> and<00:09:14.399> causality<00:09:15.200> one<00:09:15.519> brain
different areas and causality one brain
different areas and causality one brain
area<00:09:16.399> causing<00:09:16.920> another<00:09:17.279> to<00:09:18.000> activate<00:09:19.000> we<00:09:19.200> are
area causing another to activate we are
area causing another to activate we are
embarking<00:09:20.720> on<00:09:21.200> a<00:09:21.440> grand<00:09:21.959> and<00:09:22.279> golden<00:09:22.839> age<00:09:23.560> of
embarking on a grand and golden age of
embarking on a grand and golden age of
knowledge<00:09:24.279> about<00:09:24.680> child's<00:09:25.360> brain
knowledge about child's brain
knowledge about child's brain
development<00:09:26.519> we're<00:09:26.680> going<00:09:26.760> to<00:09:26.880> be<00:09:27.040> able<00:09:27.279> to
development we're going to be able to
development we're going to be able to
see<00:09:27.959> a<00:09:28.160> child's<00:09:28.600> brain<00:09:29.200> as<00:09:29.519> they<00:09:29.720> experience
see a child's brain as they experience
see a child's brain as they experience
an<00:09:30.480> emotion<00:09:31.200> as<00:09:31.360> they<00:09:31.480> learn<00:09:31.760> to<00:09:32.000> speak<00:09:32.279> and
an emotion as they learn to speak and
an emotion as they learn to speak and
read<00:09:33.399> as<00:09:33.600> they<00:09:33.800> solve<00:09:34.120> a<00:09:34.320> math<00:09:34.720> problem<00:09:35.160> as
read as they solve a math problem as
read as they solve a math problem as
they<00:09:35.519> have<00:09:35.680> an<00:09:35.920> idea<00:09:36.760> and<00:09:36.880> we're<00:09:37.000> going<00:09:37.120> to<00:09:37.200> be
they have an idea and we're going to be
they have an idea and we're going to be
able<00:09:37.640> to<00:09:37.880> invent<00:09:38.480> brain-based<00:09:39.120> interventions
able to invent brain-based interventions
able to invent brain-based interventions
for<00:09:40.320> children<00:09:40.600> who<00:09:40.760> have<00:09:41.240> difficulty
for children who have difficulty
for children who have difficulty
learning<00:09:42.920> just<00:09:43.279> as<00:09:43.480> The<00:09:43.680> Poets<00:09:44.000> and<00:09:44.200> writers
learning just as The Poets and writers
learning just as The Poets and writers
described<00:09:45.839> we're<00:09:46.000> going<00:09:46.079> to<00:09:46.240> be<00:09:46.360> able<00:09:46.600> to<00:09:46.800> see
described we're going to be able to see
described we're going to be able to see
I<00:09:47.480> think<00:09:47.880> that<00:09:48.320> wondrous<00:09:49.120> openness<00:09:50.079> utter<00:09:50.480> and
I think that wondrous openness utter and
I think that wondrous openness utter and
complete<00:09:51.240> openness<00:09:52.079> of<00:09:52.200> the<00:09:52.360> Mind<00:09:52.720> of<00:09:52.839> a<00:09:53.360> child
complete openness of the Mind of a child
complete openness of the Mind of a child
in<00:09:54.720> investigating<00:09:55.640> the<00:09:55.839> child's<00:09:56.399> brain<00:09:56.959> we're
in investigating the child's brain we're
in investigating the child's brain we're
going<00:09:57.240> to<00:09:57.440> uncover<00:09:58.160> deep<00:09:58.519> truths<00:09:59.000> about<00:09:59.399> what
going to uncover deep truths about what
going to uncover deep truths about what
it<00:09:59.600> means<00:09:59.839> to<00:10:00.000> be<00:10:00.240> human<00:10:01.040> and<00:10:01.160> in<00:10:01.320> the<00:10:01.560> process
it means to be human and in the process
it means to be human and in the process
we<00:10:02.160> may<00:10:02.360> be<00:10:02.519> able<00:10:02.760> to<00:10:02.959> help<00:10:03.320> keep<00:10:03.519> our<00:10:03.680> own
we may be able to help keep our own
we may be able to help keep our own
minds<00:10:04.320> open<00:10:04.560> to<00:10:04.720> learning<00:10:05.320> for<00:10:05.519> our<00:10:05.760> entire
minds open to learning for our entire
minds open to learning for our entire
lives<00:10:07.200> thank<00:10:07.480> you
Patricia Kuhl, TED, TEDx, TEDxRainier, brains, babies, baby, talk, language, linguistics, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
