Thời gian xa xôi và gợi ý của một Đa vũ trụ – Sean Carroll

Distant time and the hint of a multiverse - Sean Carroll

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[Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] the<00:00:16.640> universe<00:00:17.640> is<00:00:17.960> really<00:00:18.680> big<00:00:19.680> we<00:00:19.880> live<00:00:20.279> in<00:00:20.560> a the universe is really big we live in a the universe is really big we live in a galaxy<00:00:21.279> The<00:00:21.400> Milky<00:00:21.680> Way<00:00:21.960> galaxy<00:00:22.359> there<00:00:22.560> about galaxy The Milky Way galaxy there about galaxy The Milky Way galaxy there about a<00:00:22.880> 100<00:00:23.279> billion<00:00:23.720> stars<00:00:24.439> in<00:00:24.560> the<00:00:24.680> Milky<00:00:25.000> Way a 100 billion stars in the Milky Way a 100 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy<00:00:26.160> and<00:00:26.240> if<00:00:26.359> you<00:00:26.480> take<00:00:26.640> a<00:00:26.880> camera<00:00:27.720> and<00:00:27.800> you galaxy and if you take a camera and you galaxy and if you take a camera and you point<00:00:28.240> it<00:00:28.359> at<00:00:28.480> a<00:00:28.679> random<00:00:29.039> part<00:00:29.199> of<00:00:29.359> the<00:00:29.560> sky<00:00:30.080> and point it at a random part of the sky and point it at a random part of the sky and you<00:00:30.279> just<00:00:30.439> keep<00:00:30.640> the<00:00:30.720> shutter<00:00:31.160> open<00:00:32.079> as<00:00:32.200> long you just keep the shutter open as long you just keep the shutter open as long as<00:00:32.480> your<00:00:32.680> camera<00:00:33.040> is<00:00:33.239> attached<00:00:33.559> to<00:00:33.680> the<00:00:33.760> Hubble as your camera is attached to the Hubble as your camera is attached to the Hubble Space<00:00:34.399> Telescope<00:00:34.920> it<00:00:35.040> will<00:00:35.160> see<00:00:35.440> something Space Telescope it will see something Space Telescope it will see something like<00:00:36.680> this<00:00:37.680> every<00:00:37.960> one<00:00:38.120> of<00:00:38.280> these<00:00:38.440> little like this every one of these little like this every one of these little blobs<00:00:39.520> is<00:00:39.800> a<00:00:40.039> Galaxy<00:00:40.640> roughly<00:00:40.960> the<00:00:41.120> size<00:00:41.280> of blobs is a Galaxy roughly the size of blobs is a Galaxy roughly the size of our<00:00:41.520> Milky<00:00:41.840> Way<00:00:42.200> 100<00:00:42.480> billion<00:00:43.079> stars<00:00:43.480> in<00:00:43.640> each our Milky Way 100 billion stars in each our Milky Way 100 billion stars in each of<00:00:43.960> those<00:00:44.120> blobs<00:00:44.960> there<00:00:45.079> are<00:00:45.239> approximately of those blobs there are approximately of those blobs there are approximately 100<00:00:46.199> billion<00:00:47.000> galaxies<00:00:47.920> in<00:00:48.199> the<00:00:48.360> observable 100 billion galaxies in the observable 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe<00:00:49.520> the<00:00:49.840> 100<00:00:50.079> billion<00:00:50.320> is<00:00:50.440> the<00:00:50.559> only universe the 100 billion is the only universe the 100 billion is the only number<00:00:51.079> you<00:00:51.239> need<00:00:51.399> to<00:00:51.559> know<00:00:52.120> the<00:00:52.280> age<00:00:52.520> of<00:00:52.640> the number you need to know the age of the number you need to know the age of the universe<00:00:53.239> between<00:00:53.520> now<00:00:53.640> and<00:00:53.760> the<00:00:53.840> Big<00:00:54.039> Bang<00:00:54.280> is universe between now and the Big Bang is universe between now and the Big Bang is 100<00:00:54.840> billion<00:00:55.559> in<00:00:55.840> dog 100 billion in dog 100 billion in dog years<00:00:58.920> which<00:00:59.079> tells<00:00:59.320> you<00:00:59.440> something<00:00:59.680> about years which tells you something about years which tells you something about our<00:01:00.239> place<00:01:00.680> in<00:01:00.800> the<00:01:00.960> universe<00:01:01.920> one<00:01:02.120> thing<00:01:02.239> you our place in the universe one thing you our place in the universe one thing you can<00:01:02.480> do<00:01:02.640> with<00:01:02.719> a<00:01:02.879> picture<00:01:03.239> like<00:01:03.480> this<00:01:03.719> is can do with a picture like this is can do with a picture like this is simply<00:01:04.360> admire<00:01:04.720> it<00:01:04.920> it's<00:01:05.119> extremely simply admire it it's extremely simply admire it it's extremely beautiful<00:01:06.000> I've<00:01:06.200> often<00:01:06.400> wondered<00:01:06.760> what<00:01:06.880> is beautiful I've often wondered what is beautiful I've often wondered what is the<00:01:07.159> evolutionary<00:01:07.840> pressure<00:01:08.280> that<00:01:08.439> made<00:01:09.000> our the evolutionary pressure that made our the evolutionary pressure that made our ancestors<00:01:09.880> in<00:01:10.000> the<00:01:10.159> velt<00:01:10.720> adapt<00:01:11.280> and<00:01:11.479> evolve ancestors in the velt adapt and evolve ancestors in the velt adapt and evolve to<00:01:12.200> really<00:01:12.640> enjoy<00:01:13.080> pictures<00:01:13.400> of<00:01:13.680> galaxies to really enjoy pictures of galaxies to really enjoy pictures of galaxies when<00:01:14.439> they<00:01:14.560> didn't<00:01:14.840> have<00:01:15.040> any<00:01:15.960> but<00:01:16.080> we<00:01:16.159> would when they didn't have any but we would when they didn't have any but we would also<00:01:16.479> like<00:01:16.600> to<00:01:17.119> understand<00:01:17.360> it<00:01:17.560> as<00:01:17.640> a also like to understand it as a also like to understand it as a cosmologist<00:01:18.360> I<00:01:18.439> want<00:01:18.560> to<00:01:18.720> ask<00:01:19.119> why<00:01:19.520> is<00:01:19.680> the cosmologist I want to ask why is the cosmologist I want to ask why is the universe<00:01:20.360> like<00:01:20.680> this<00:01:21.400> one<00:01:21.640> big<00:01:21.880> clue<00:01:22.119> we<00:01:22.320> have universe like this one big clue we have universe like this one big clue we have is<00:01:22.600> that<00:01:22.720> the<00:01:22.799> universe<00:01:23.119> is<00:01:23.320> changing<00:01:24.159> with is that the universe is changing with is that the universe is changing with time<00:01:24.840> if<00:01:24.920> you<00:01:25.159> looked<00:01:25.360> at<00:01:25.479> one<00:01:25.560> of<00:01:25.680> these time if you looked at one of these time if you looked at one of these galaxies<00:01:26.240> and<00:01:26.360> measured<00:01:26.680> its<00:01:26.880> velocity<00:01:27.720> it galaxies and measured its velocity it galaxies and measured its velocity it would<00:01:27.960> be<00:01:28.079> moving<00:01:28.439> away<00:01:28.840> from<00:01:29.119> you<00:01:29.720> and<00:01:29.880> and<00:01:29.960> if would be moving away from you and and if would be moving away from you and and if you<00:01:30.119> look<00:01:30.200> at<00:01:30.280> a<00:01:30.439> Galaxy<00:01:30.799> even<00:01:31.000> further<00:01:31.320> away you look at a Galaxy even further away you look at a Galaxy even further away it<00:01:31.560> would<00:01:31.680> be<00:01:31.799> moving<00:01:32.159> away<00:01:32.759> faster<00:01:33.560> so<00:01:33.720> we<00:01:33.840> say it would be moving away faster so we say it would be moving away faster so we say the<00:01:34.159> universe<00:01:34.520> is<00:01:35.040> expanding<00:01:36.040> what<00:01:36.159> that the universe is expanding what that the universe is expanding what that means<00:01:36.560> of<00:01:36.680> course<00:01:36.880> is<00:01:37.000> that<00:01:37.119> in<00:01:37.240> the<00:01:37.520> past means of course is that in the past means of course is that in the past things<00:01:38.280> were<00:01:38.560> closer<00:01:39.119> together<00:01:39.759> in<00:01:39.880> the<00:01:40.040> past things were closer together in the past things were closer together in the past the<00:01:40.399> universe<00:01:40.840> was<00:01:41.040> more<00:01:41.360> dense<00:01:41.960> and<00:01:42.079> it<00:01:42.159> was the universe was more dense and it was the universe was more dense and it was also<00:01:42.640> hotter<00:01:43.000> if<00:01:43.119> you<00:01:43.240> squeeze<00:01:43.680> things also hotter if you squeeze things also hotter if you squeeze things together<00:01:44.240> the<00:01:44.399> temperature<00:01:44.840> goes<00:01:45.079> up<00:01:45.600> that together the temperature goes up that together the temperature goes up that kind<00:01:46.079> of<00:01:46.240> makes<00:01:46.520> sense<00:01:46.799> to<00:01:47.040> us<00:01:47.719> the<00:01:47.840> thing<00:01:47.960> that kind of makes sense to us the thing that kind of makes sense to us the thing that doesn't<00:01:48.439> make<00:01:48.640> sense<00:01:48.840> to<00:01:49.040> us<00:01:49.240> as<00:01:49.439> much<00:01:49.680> is<00:01:49.799> that doesn't make sense to us as much is that doesn't make sense to us as much is that the<00:01:50.040> Universe<00:01:50.479> at<00:01:50.640> Early<00:01:51.040> times<00:01:51.360> near<00:01:51.600> the<00:01:51.759> Big the Universe at Early times near the Big the Universe at Early times near the Big Bang<00:01:52.640> was<00:01:52.880> also<00:01:53.240> very<00:01:53.479> very Bang was also very very Bang was also very very smooth<00:01:55.439> you<00:01:55.600> might<00:01:55.759> think<00:01:55.920> that<00:01:56.079> that's<00:01:56.200> not<00:01:56.320> a smooth you might think that that's not a smooth you might think that that's not a surprise<00:01:56.880> the<00:01:57.000> air<00:01:57.200> in<00:01:57.320> this<00:01:57.479> room<00:01:57.759> is<00:01:57.960> very surprise the air in this room is very surprise the air in this room is very smooth<00:01:58.479> you<00:01:58.600> might<00:01:58.799> say<00:01:59.039> well<00:01:59.240> maybe<00:01:59.479> things smooth you might say well maybe things smooth you might say well maybe things just<00:02:00.039> smooth<00:02:00.479> themselves<00:02:00.799> out<00:02:01.439> but<00:02:01.600> the just smooth themselves out but the just smooth themselves out but the conditions<00:02:02.399> near<00:02:02.640> the<00:02:02.799> Big<00:02:03.039> Bang<00:02:03.360> are<00:02:03.640> very conditions near the Big Bang are very conditions near the Big Bang are very very<00:02:04.159> different<00:02:04.520> than<00:02:04.640> the<00:02:04.880> conditions<00:02:05.119> of very different than the conditions of very different than the conditions of the<00:02:05.360> air<00:02:05.520> in<00:02:05.680> this<00:02:05.840> room<00:02:06.240> in<00:02:06.399> particular the air in this room in particular the air in this room in particular things<00:02:07.439> were<00:02:07.640> a<00:02:07.719> lot<00:02:08.039> denser<00:02:08.599> the things were a lot denser the things were a lot denser the gravitational<00:02:10.119> pull<00:02:10.720> of<00:02:10.920> things<00:02:11.200> was<00:02:11.360> a<00:02:11.480> lot gravitational pull of things was a lot gravitational pull of things was a lot stronger<00:02:12.080> near<00:02:12.280> the<00:02:12.440> Big<00:02:12.640> Bang<00:02:13.480> what<00:02:13.599> you<00:02:13.720> have stronger near the Big Bang what you have stronger near the Big Bang what you have to<00:02:14.000> think<00:02:14.239> about<00:02:14.599> is<00:02:15.160> we<00:02:15.280> have<00:02:15.400> a<00:02:15.519> universe to think about is we have a universe to think about is we have a universe with<00:02:16.319> 100<00:02:16.560> billion<00:02:16.920> galaxies<00:02:17.560> 100<00:02:17.760> billion with 100 billion galaxies 100 billion with 100 billion galaxies 100 billion stars<00:02:18.519> each<00:02:19.120> at<00:02:19.280> Early<00:02:19.720> Times<00:02:20.280> those<00:02:20.560> 100 stars each at Early Times those 100 stars each at Early Times those 100 billion<00:02:21.160> galaxies<00:02:21.720> were<00:02:21.920> squeezed<00:02:22.400> into<00:02:22.640> a billion galaxies were squeezed into a billion galaxies were squeezed into a region<00:02:23.280> about<00:02:23.720> this<00:02:24.360> big<00:02:25.160> literally<00:02:25.640> at<00:02:25.760> Early region about this big literally at Early region about this big literally at Early times<00:02:26.440> and<00:02:26.519> you<00:02:26.680> have<00:02:26.760> to<00:02:26.959> imagine<00:02:27.360> doing<00:02:27.680> that times and you have to imagine doing that times and you have to imagine doing that squeezing<00:02:29.000> without<00:02:29.280> any<00:02:29.440> imperfection squeezing without any imperfection squeezing without any imperfection without<00:02:31.160> any<00:02:31.599> little<00:02:32.440> spots<00:02:32.760> where<00:02:32.879> there without any little spots where there without any little spots where there were<00:02:33.120> a<00:02:33.200> few<00:02:33.400> more<00:02:33.599> atoms<00:02:33.959> than<00:02:34.120> somewhere were a few more atoms than somewhere were a few more atoms than somewhere else<00:02:34.760> CU<00:02:34.920> if<00:02:35.040> there<00:02:35.280> had<00:02:35.480> been<00:02:35.920> they<00:02:36.040> would else CU if there had been they would else CU if there had been they would have<00:02:36.319> collapsed<00:02:36.800> under<00:02:37.000> the<00:02:37.160> gravitational have collapsed under the gravitational have collapsed under the gravitational pull<00:02:38.080> into<00:02:38.280> a<00:02:38.400> huge<00:02:38.720> black<00:02:39.000> hole<00:02:40.000> keeping<00:02:40.360> the pull into a huge black hole keeping the pull into a huge black hole keeping the universe<00:02:41.000> very<00:02:41.239> very<00:02:41.519> smooth<00:02:42.000> at<00:02:42.159> Early<00:02:42.560> times universe very very smooth at Early times universe very very smooth at Early times is<00:02:43.200> not<00:02:43.680> easy<00:02:44.000> it's<00:02:44.080> a<00:02:44.280> delicate<00:02:44.640> Arrangement is not easy it's a delicate Arrangement is not easy it's a delicate Arrangement it's<00:02:45.319> a<00:02:45.519> clue<00:02:46.400> that<00:02:46.519> the<00:02:46.599> early<00:02:46.920> universe<00:02:47.319> is it's a clue that the early universe is it's a clue that the early universe is not<00:02:48.080> chosen<00:02:48.560> randomly<00:02:49.080> there<00:02:49.159> was<00:02:49.360> something not chosen randomly there was something not chosen randomly there was something that<00:02:49.840> made<00:02:50.000> it<00:02:50.239> that<00:02:50.400> way<00:02:50.599> we<00:02:50.680> would<00:02:50.879> like<00:02:51.000> to that made it that way we would like to that made it that way we would like to know<00:02:51.760> what<00:02:52.680> so<00:02:52.879> part<00:02:53.040> of<00:02:53.200> our<00:02:53.640> understanding know what so part of our understanding know what so part of our understanding of<00:02:54.080> this<00:02:54.200> was<00:02:54.360> given<00:02:54.560> to<00:02:54.720> us<00:02:54.879> by<00:02:55.000> ludic of this was given to us by ludic of this was given to us by ludic boltzman<00:02:55.959> an<00:02:56.120> Austrian<00:02:56.560> physicist<00:02:56.959> in<00:02:57.040> the boltzman an Austrian physicist in the boltzman an Austrian physicist in the 19th<00:02:57.599> century<00:02:58.440> and<00:02:58.560> boltzman's<00:02:59.159> contribution 19th century and boltzman's contribution 19th century and boltzman's contribution was<00:02:59.879> that<00:03:00.000> he<00:03:00.120> helped<00:03:00.360> us<00:03:00.840> understand<00:03:01.280> entropy was that he helped us understand entropy was that he helped us understand entropy you've<00:03:02.440> heard<00:03:02.640> of<00:03:02.800> entropy<00:03:03.239> it's<00:03:03.360> the you've heard of entropy it's the you've heard of entropy it's the randomness<00:03:04.200> the<00:03:04.400> disorder<00:03:05.040> the<00:03:05.200> chaoticness randomness the disorder the chaoticness randomness the disorder the chaoticness of<00:03:06.080> some<00:03:06.360> system<00:03:07.200> boltzman<00:03:07.640> gave<00:03:07.799> us<00:03:07.920> a of some system boltzman gave us a of some system boltzman gave us a formula<00:03:08.599> engraved<00:03:09.040> on<00:03:09.159> his<00:03:09.319> Tombstone<00:03:09.959> now<00:03:10.760> uh formula engraved on his Tombstone now uh formula engraved on his Tombstone now uh that<00:03:11.040> really<00:03:11.360> quantifies<00:03:12.000> what<00:03:12.159> entropy<00:03:12.640> is that really quantifies what entropy is that really quantifies what entropy is and<00:03:12.959> it's<00:03:13.120> basically<00:03:13.480> just<00:03:13.640> saying<00:03:14.080> that and it's basically just saying that and it's basically just saying that entropy<00:03:15.000> is<00:03:15.120> the<00:03:15.280> number<00:03:15.560> of<00:03:15.840> ways<00:03:16.560> we<00:03:16.680> can entropy is the number of ways we can entropy is the number of ways we can rearrange<00:03:17.519> the<00:03:17.680> constituents<00:03:18.239> of<00:03:18.319> a<00:03:18.480> system rearrange the constituents of a system rearrange the constituents of a system so<00:03:18.920> that<00:03:19.040> you<00:03:19.159> don't<00:03:19.400> notice<00:03:20.280> so<00:03:20.440> that so that you don't notice so that so that you don't notice so that macroscopically<00:03:21.560> it<00:03:21.680> looks<00:03:21.959> the<00:03:22.080> same<00:03:22.319> if<00:03:22.400> you macroscopically it looks the same if you macroscopically it looks the same if you have<00:03:22.599> the<00:03:22.680> air<00:03:22.920> in<00:03:23.040> this<00:03:23.239> room<00:03:23.720> you<00:03:23.879> don't have the air in this room you don't have the air in this room you don't notice<00:03:24.680> each<00:03:24.959> individual<00:03:25.640> atom<00:03:26.480> a<00:03:26.599> low notice each individual atom a low notice each individual atom a low entropy<00:03:27.319> configuration<00:03:27.879> is<00:03:28.040> one<00:03:28.200> in<00:03:28.319> which entropy configuration is one in which entropy configuration is one in which there's<00:03:28.680> only<00:03:28.920> a<00:03:29.040> few<00:03:29.280> Arrangements<00:03:29.920> that there's only a few Arrangements that there's only a few Arrangements that look<00:03:30.280> that<00:03:30.480> way<00:03:30.920> a<00:03:31.080> high<00:03:31.239> entropy<00:03:31.680> Arrangement look that way a high entropy Arrangement look that way a high entropy Arrangement is<00:03:32.159> one<00:03:32.319> that<00:03:32.439> there<00:03:32.560> are<00:03:32.799> many<00:03:33.360> Arrangements is one that there are many Arrangements is one that there are many Arrangements that<00:03:34.040> look<00:03:34.280> that<00:03:34.480> way<00:03:35.080> this<00:03:35.200> is<00:03:35.319> a<00:03:35.599> crucially that look that way this is a crucially that look that way this is a crucially important<00:03:36.480> Insight<00:03:36.879> because<00:03:37.040> it<00:03:37.159> helps<00:03:37.400> us important Insight because it helps us important Insight because it helps us explain<00:03:38.159> the<00:03:38.360> second<00:03:38.760> law<00:03:39.040> of<00:03:39.400> Thermodynamics explain the second law of Thermodynamics explain the second law of Thermodynamics the<00:03:40.560> law<00:03:40.760> that<00:03:40.840> says<00:03:41.040> that<00:03:41.200> entropy<00:03:41.720> increases the law that says that entropy increases the law that says that entropy increases in<00:03:42.640> the<00:03:42.840> universe<00:03:43.760> or<00:03:44.000> in<00:03:44.120> some<00:03:44.360> isolated<00:03:44.799> bit in the universe or in some isolated bit in the universe or in some isolated bit of<00:03:45.080> the<00:03:45.200> universe<00:03:46.000> the<00:03:46.120> reason<00:03:46.560> why<00:03:46.959> entropy of the universe the reason why entropy of the universe the reason why entropy increases<00:03:47.840> is<00:03:48.000> simply<00:03:48.360> because<00:03:48.599> there<00:03:48.720> are increases is simply because there are increases is simply because there are many<00:03:49.360> more<00:03:49.760> ways<00:03:50.599> to<00:03:50.760> be<00:03:51.080> high<00:03:51.280> entropy<00:03:51.720> than many more ways to be high entropy than many more ways to be high entropy than to<00:03:51.959> be<00:03:52.120> low<00:03:52.360> entropy<00:03:53.319> that's<00:03:53.640> a<00:03:53.840> wonderful to be low entropy that's a wonderful to be low entropy that's a wonderful Insight<00:03:54.920> but<00:03:55.040> it<00:03:55.159> leaves<00:03:55.599> something<00:03:55.959> out<00:03:56.840> uh Insight but it leaves something out uh Insight but it leaves something out uh this<00:03:57.120> Insight<00:03:57.439> that<00:03:57.560> entropy<00:03:57.959> increases<00:03:58.480> by this Insight that entropy increases by this Insight that entropy increases by the<00:03:58.720> way<00:03:59.040> is<00:03:59.239> what's<00:03:59.480> behind<00:03:59.799> behind<00:04:00.120> what<00:04:00.239> we the way is what's behind behind what we the way is what's behind behind what we call<00:04:00.640> the<00:04:00.799> arrow<00:04:01.120> of<00:04:01.360> time<00:04:02.079> the<00:04:02.280> difference call the arrow of time the difference call the arrow of time the difference between<00:04:02.920> the<00:04:03.120> past<00:04:03.319> and<00:04:03.439> the<00:04:03.560> future<00:04:04.040> every between the past and the future every between the past and the future every difference<00:04:04.720> that<00:04:04.879> there<00:04:05.159> is<00:04:06.159> between<00:04:06.519> the difference that there is between the difference that there is between the past<00:04:06.920> and<00:04:07.040> the<00:04:07.200> future<00:04:07.560> is<00:04:07.799> because<00:04:08.120> entropy past and the future is because entropy past and the future is because entropy is<00:04:08.680> increasing<00:04:09.680> the<00:04:09.799> fact<00:04:09.959> that<00:04:10.040> you<00:04:10.120> can is increasing the fact that you can is increasing the fact that you can remember<00:04:11.000> the<00:04:11.200> past<00:04:11.480> but<00:04:11.599> not<00:04:11.760> the<00:04:11.920> future<00:04:12.599> the remember the past but not the future the remember the past but not the future the fact<00:04:12.920> that<00:04:13.040> you<00:04:13.360> are<00:04:13.560> born<00:04:14.239> and<00:04:14.439> then<00:04:14.599> you<00:04:14.799> live fact that you are born and then you live fact that you are born and then you live and<00:04:15.319> then<00:04:15.439> you<00:04:15.599> die<00:04:16.239> always<00:04:16.519> in<00:04:16.720> that<00:04:16.880> order and then you die always in that order and then you die always in that order that's<00:04:17.799> because<00:04:18.079> entropy<00:04:18.519> is<00:04:18.680> increasing that's because entropy is increasing that's because entropy is increasing boltzman<00:04:20.199> explained<00:04:20.639> that<00:04:20.799> if<00:04:20.919> you<00:04:21.160> start boltzman explained that if you start boltzman explained that if you start with<00:04:21.680> low<00:04:21.959> entropy<00:04:22.440> it's<00:04:22.600> very<00:04:22.800> natural<00:04:23.080> for with low entropy it's very natural for with low entropy it's very natural for it<00:04:23.360> to<00:04:23.479> increase<00:04:23.919> because<00:04:24.080> there's<00:04:24.320> more<00:04:24.600> ways it to increase because there's more ways it to increase because there's more ways to<00:04:25.120> be<00:04:25.720> high<00:04:25.960> entropy<00:04:26.960> what<00:04:27.120> he<00:04:27.320> didn't to be high entropy what he didn't to be high entropy what he didn't explain<00:04:28.520> was<00:04:28.840> why<00:04:29.080> the<00:04:29.240> entropy<00:04:30.039> was<00:04:30.320> ever<00:04:30.639> low explain was why the entropy was ever low explain was why the entropy was ever low in<00:04:31.120> the<00:04:31.320> first<00:04:31.639> place<00:04:32.360> the<00:04:32.520> fact<00:04:32.680> that<00:04:32.800> the in the first place the fact that the in the first place the fact that the entropy<00:04:33.280> of<00:04:33.360> the<00:04:33.479> universe<00:04:33.880> was<00:04:34.000> low<00:04:34.240> is<00:04:34.360> a entropy of the universe was low is a entropy of the universe was low is a reflection<00:04:35.000> of<00:04:35.120> the<00:04:35.280> fact<00:04:35.479> that<00:04:35.600> the<00:04:35.720> early reflection of the fact that the early reflection of the fact that the early Universe<00:04:36.520> was<00:04:36.720> very<00:04:37.000> very<00:04:37.479> smooth<00:04:38.039> we'd<00:04:38.320> like Universe was very very smooth we'd like Universe was very very smooth we'd like to<00:04:39.000> understand<00:04:39.320> that<00:04:39.520> that's<00:04:39.720> our<00:04:40.000> job<00:04:40.240> as to understand that that's our job as to understand that that's our job as cosmologists<00:04:41.880> unfortunately<00:04:42.560> it's<00:04:42.880> actually cosmologists unfortunately it's actually cosmologists unfortunately it's actually not<00:04:43.560> a<00:04:43.880> problem<00:04:44.320> that<00:04:44.440> we've<00:04:44.639> been<00:04:44.800> giving not a problem that we've been giving not a problem that we've been giving enough<00:04:45.360> attention<00:04:45.759> to<00:04:46.000> it's<00:04:46.199> not<00:04:46.639> one<00:04:46.759> of<00:04:46.880> the enough attention to it's not one of the enough attention to it's not one of the first<00:04:47.240> things<00:04:47.520> people<00:04:47.759> would<00:04:47.919> say<00:04:48.160> if<00:04:48.240> you first things people would say if you first things people would say if you asked<00:04:48.560> a<00:04:48.680> modern<00:04:49.000> cosmologist<00:04:49.639> what<00:04:49.720> are<00:04:49.840> the asked a modern cosmologist what are the asked a modern cosmologist what are the problems<00:04:50.320> we're<00:04:50.520> trying<00:04:50.759> to<00:04:50.960> address<00:04:51.840> one<00:04:51.960> of problems we're trying to address one of problems we're trying to address one of the<00:04:52.240> people<00:04:52.440> who<00:04:52.600> did<00:04:53.080> understand<00:04:53.280> that<00:04:53.400> this the people who did understand that this the people who did understand that this was<00:04:53.720> a<00:04:53.880> problem<00:04:54.160> was<00:04:54.280> Richard<00:04:54.600> feineman<00:04:54.919> 50 was a problem was Richard feineman 50 was a problem was Richard feineman 50 years<00:04:56.120> ago<00:04:56.400> he<00:04:56.560> gave<00:04:56.680> a<00:04:56.800> series<00:04:57.120> of<00:04:57.280> a<00:04:57.400> bunch<00:04:57.560> of years ago he gave a series of a bunch of years ago he gave a series of a bunch of different<00:04:57.960> lectures<00:04:58.639> gave<00:04:58.880> the<00:04:59.160> popular different lectures gave the popular different lectures gave the popular lectures<00:05:00.039> that<00:05:00.160> became<00:05:00.400> the<00:05:00.520> character lectures that became the character lectures that became the character physical<00:05:01.320> law<00:05:01.880> he<00:05:02.000> gave<00:05:02.199> lectures<00:05:02.520> to<00:05:02.639> Caltech physical law he gave lectures to Caltech physical law he gave lectures to Caltech undergrads<00:05:03.680> that<00:05:03.800> became<00:05:04.039> the<00:05:04.120> F<00:05:04.440> lectures<00:05:04.759> on undergrads that became the F lectures on undergrads that became the F lectures on physics<00:05:05.240> he<00:05:05.360> gave<00:05:05.520> lectures<00:05:05.840> to<00:05:05.960> Caltech physics he gave lectures to Caltech physics he gave lectures to Caltech graduate<00:05:06.840> students<00:05:07.199> that<00:05:07.320> became<00:05:07.520> the<00:05:07.680> F graduate students that became the F graduate students that became the F lectures<00:05:08.160> on<00:05:08.639> gravitation<00:05:09.639> in<00:05:09.919> every<00:05:10.160> one<00:05:10.320> of lectures on gravitation in every one of lectures on gravitation in every one of these<00:05:10.680> books<00:05:11.039> every<00:05:11.199> one<00:05:11.320> of<00:05:11.400> these<00:05:11.560> sets<00:05:11.720> of these books every one of these sets of these books every one of these sets of lectures<00:05:12.360> he<00:05:12.600> emphasized<00:05:13.440> this<00:05:13.680> puzzle<00:05:14.680> why lectures he emphasized this puzzle why lectures he emphasized this puzzle why did<00:05:15.280> the<00:05:15.400> early<00:05:15.800> Universe<00:05:16.320> have<00:05:16.560> such<00:05:16.680> a<00:05:16.840> small did the early Universe have such a small did the early Universe have such a small entropy<00:05:17.759> so<00:05:17.919> he<00:05:18.039> says<00:05:18.440> I'm<00:05:18.520> not<00:05:18.639> going<00:05:18.720> to<00:05:18.800> do entropy so he says I'm not going to do entropy so he says I'm not going to do the<00:05:19.160> accent<00:05:20.160> he<00:05:20.280> says<00:05:20.759> for<00:05:21.000> some<00:05:21.319> reason<00:05:21.800> the the accent he says for some reason the the accent he says for some reason the universe<00:05:22.280> at<00:05:22.440> one<00:05:22.639> time<00:05:22.880> had<00:05:23.000> a<00:05:23.240> very<00:05:23.440> low universe at one time had a very low universe at one time had a very low entropy<00:05:24.360> for<00:05:24.520> its<00:05:24.680> energy<00:05:25.120> content<00:05:25.600> and<00:05:25.800> since entropy for its energy content and since entropy for its energy content and since then<00:05:26.240> the<00:05:26.319> entropy<00:05:26.720> has<00:05:26.960> increased<00:05:27.960> the<00:05:28.080> arrow then the entropy has increased the arrow then the entropy has increased the arrow of<00:05:28.560> time<00:05:28.840> cannot<00:05:29.199> be<00:05:29.360> compl<00:05:29.680> completely of time cannot be compl completely of time cannot be compl completely understood<00:05:31.000> until<00:05:31.240> the<00:05:31.400> mystery<00:05:31.759> of<00:05:31.880> the understood until the mystery of the understood until the mystery of the beginnings<00:05:32.560> of<00:05:32.720> the<00:05:32.840> history<00:05:33.120> of<00:05:33.240> the beginnings of the history of the beginnings of the history of the universe<00:05:33.919> are<00:05:34.120> reduced<00:05:34.639> still<00:05:35.000> further<00:05:35.759> from universe are reduced still further from universe are reduced still further from speculation<00:05:36.680> to<00:05:37.400> understanding<00:05:38.400> so<00:05:38.600> that's speculation to understanding so that's speculation to understanding so that's our<00:05:39.080> job<00:05:39.360> we<00:05:39.440> want<00:05:39.560> to<00:05:39.759> know<00:05:40.160> this<00:05:40.280> is<00:05:40.479> 50<00:05:40.800> years our job we want to know this is 50 years our job we want to know this is 50 years ago<00:05:41.319> surely<00:05:41.639> you're<00:05:41.880> thinking<00:05:42.319> we<00:05:42.440> figured<00:05:42.720> it ago surely you're thinking we figured it ago surely you're thinking we figured it out<00:05:43.039> by<00:05:43.240> now<00:05:44.120> uh<00:05:44.280> it's<00:05:44.479> not<00:05:44.800> true<00:05:45.039> that<00:05:45.160> we out by now uh it's not true that we out by now uh it's not true that we figured<00:05:45.520> it<00:05:45.600> out<00:05:45.840> by<00:05:46.000> now<00:05:46.400> the<00:05:46.520> reason<00:05:46.759> the figured it out by now the reason the figured it out by now the reason the problem<00:05:47.120> has<00:05:47.280> gotten<00:05:47.880> worse<00:05:48.520> rather<00:05:48.759> than problem has gotten worse rather than problem has gotten worse rather than better<00:05:49.759> is<00:05:49.960> because<00:05:50.280> in<00:05:50.440> 1998<00:05:51.280> we<00:05:51.400> learned better is because in 1998 we learned better is because in 1998 we learned something<00:05:52.240> crucial<00:05:52.800> about<00:05:53.000> the<00:05:53.120> universe something crucial about the universe something crucial about the universe that<00:05:53.680> we<00:05:53.800> didn't<00:05:54.000> know<00:05:54.240> before<00:05:54.759> we<00:05:54.919> learned that we didn't know before we learned that we didn't know before we learned that<00:05:55.280> it's<00:05:55.680> accelerating<00:05:56.680> the<00:05:56.800> universe<00:05:57.120> is that it's accelerating the universe is that it's accelerating the universe is not<00:05:57.440> only<00:05:57.720> expanding<00:05:58.240> if<00:05:58.319> you<00:05:58.400> look<00:05:58.520> at<00:05:58.639> that not only expanding if you look at that not only expanding if you look at that Galaxy<00:05:59.160> it's<00:05:59.280> moving<00:05:59.800> away<00:06:00.479> if<00:06:00.560> you<00:06:00.759> come<00:06:01.000> back Galaxy it's moving away if you come back Galaxy it's moving away if you come back a<00:06:01.319> billion<00:06:01.680> years<00:06:01.919> later<00:06:02.199> and<00:06:02.319> look<00:06:02.479> at<00:06:02.560> it a billion years later and look at it a billion years later and look at it again<00:06:03.160> it<00:06:03.240> will<00:06:03.360> be<00:06:03.479> moving<00:06:03.840> away<00:06:04.600> faster again it will be moving away faster again it will be moving away faster individual<00:06:06.160> galaxies<00:06:06.599> are<00:06:06.800> speeding<00:06:07.280> away individual galaxies are speeding away individual galaxies are speeding away from<00:06:07.759> us<00:06:08.000> faster<00:06:08.280> and<00:06:08.479> faster<00:06:08.759> so<00:06:08.919> we<00:06:09.000> say<00:06:09.240> the from us faster and faster so we say the from us faster and faster so we say the universe<00:06:09.759> is<00:06:10.400> accelerating<00:06:11.400> unlike<00:06:11.720> the<00:06:11.800> low universe is accelerating unlike the low universe is accelerating unlike the low entropy<00:06:12.400> of<00:06:12.479> the<00:06:12.520> early<00:06:12.800> Universe<00:06:13.160> even entropy of the early Universe even entropy of the early Universe even though<00:06:13.440> we<00:06:13.599> don't<00:06:13.800> know<00:06:14.000> the<00:06:14.199> answer<00:06:14.479> for<00:06:14.720> this though we don't know the answer for this though we don't know the answer for this we<00:06:15.080> at<00:06:15.160> least<00:06:15.360> have<00:06:15.479> a<00:06:15.680> good<00:06:15.960> theory<00:06:16.880> that<00:06:17.120> can we at least have a good theory that can we at least have a good theory that can explain<00:06:17.639> it<00:06:17.800> if<00:06:17.960> that<00:06:18.080> theory<00:06:18.360> is<00:06:18.520> right<00:06:18.720> and explain it if that theory is right and explain it if that theory is right and that's<00:06:18.960> the<00:06:19.120> theory<00:06:19.360> of<00:06:19.520> dark<00:06:19.800> energy<00:06:20.759> it's that's the theory of dark energy it's that's the theory of dark energy it's just<00:06:21.160> the<00:06:21.319> idea<00:06:21.680> that<00:06:21.880> empty<00:06:22.319> space<00:06:22.880> itself just the idea that empty space itself just the idea that empty space itself has<00:06:23.960> energy<00:06:24.360> in<00:06:24.520> every<00:06:24.720> little<00:06:24.960> cubic has energy in every little cubic has energy in every little cubic centimeter<00:06:25.720> of<00:06:25.919> space<00:06:26.639> whether<00:06:26.800> or<00:06:26.919> not centimeter of space whether or not centimeter of space whether or not there's<00:06:27.479> stuff<00:06:28.160> whether<00:06:28.319> or<00:06:28.440> not<00:06:28.560> there's there's stuff whether or not there's there's stuff whether or not there's particles<00:06:29.319> Mass<00:06:29.759> radiation<00:06:30.199> or<00:06:30.360> whatever particles Mass radiation or whatever particles Mass radiation or whatever there<00:06:30.800> is<00:06:31.039> still<00:06:31.560> energy<00:06:32.440> even<00:06:32.639> in<00:06:32.759> the<00:06:32.919> space there is still energy even in the space there is still energy even in the space itself<00:06:34.199> and<00:06:34.360> this<00:06:34.520> energy<00:06:34.919> according<00:06:35.199> to itself and this energy according to itself and this energy according to Einstein<00:06:36.039> exerts<00:06:36.440> a<00:06:36.680> push<00:06:37.080> on<00:06:37.199> the<00:06:37.319> universe Einstein exerts a push on the universe Einstein exerts a push on the universe it<00:06:38.599> is<00:06:38.720> a<00:06:38.919> Perpetual<00:06:39.599> impulse<00:06:40.160> that<00:06:40.360> pushes it is a Perpetual impulse that pushes it is a Perpetual impulse that pushes galaxies<00:06:41.280> apart<00:06:41.560> from<00:06:41.759> each<00:06:41.880> other<00:06:42.639> because galaxies apart from each other because galaxies apart from each other because Dark<00:06:43.960> Energy<00:06:44.520> unlike<00:06:44.919> matter<00:06:45.360> radiation<00:06:46.120> does Dark Energy unlike matter radiation does Dark Energy unlike matter radiation does not<00:06:46.599> dilute<00:06:47.039> away<00:06:47.840> as<00:06:47.960> the<00:06:48.080> universe<00:06:48.560> expands not dilute away as the universe expands not dilute away as the universe expands the<00:06:49.199> amount<00:06:49.440> of<00:06:49.599> energy<00:06:49.919> in<00:06:50.039> each<00:06:50.280> cubic the amount of energy in each cubic the amount of energy in each cubic centimeter<00:06:51.280> Remains<00:06:51.680> the<00:06:51.840> Same<00:06:52.560> even<00:06:52.840> as<00:06:53.000> the centimeter Remains the Same even as the centimeter Remains the Same even as the universe<00:06:53.560> gets<00:06:53.800> bigger<00:06:54.080> and<00:06:54.240> bigger<00:06:55.160> this<00:06:55.319> has universe gets bigger and bigger this has universe gets bigger and bigger this has crucial<00:06:56.400> implications<00:06:57.400> for<00:06:57.639> what<00:06:57.800> the crucial implications for what the crucial implications for what the universe<00:06:58.280> is<00:06:58.440> going<00:06:58.599> to<00:06:58.759> do<00:06:59.039> in<00:06:59.160> the<00:06:59.240> future universe is going to do in the future universe is going to do in the future future<00:07:00.120> for<00:07:00.319> one<00:07:00.560> thing<00:07:01.000> the<00:07:01.160> universe<00:07:01.560> will future for one thing the universe will future for one thing the universe will expand<00:07:02.160> forever<00:07:02.759> back<00:07:02.919> when<00:07:03.080> I<00:07:03.199> was<00:07:03.400> your<00:07:03.639> age expand forever back when I was your age expand forever back when I was your age we<00:07:04.440> didn't<00:07:04.680> know<00:07:05.240> what<00:07:05.360> the<00:07:05.440> universe<00:07:05.800> was we didn't know what the universe was we didn't know what the universe was going<00:07:06.000> to<00:07:06.160> do<00:07:06.360> we<00:07:06.479> thought<00:07:06.680> some<00:07:06.879> people going to do we thought some people going to do we thought some people thought<00:07:07.240> that<00:07:07.360> the<00:07:07.440> Universe<00:07:07.759> would thought that the Universe would thought that the Universe would recollapse<00:07:08.440> in<00:07:08.840> the<00:07:08.960> future<00:07:09.319> Einstein<00:07:10.000> was recollapse in the future Einstein was recollapse in the future Einstein was fond<00:07:10.400> of<00:07:10.599> this<00:07:10.759> idea<00:07:11.639> but<00:07:11.800> if<00:07:12.000> there's<00:07:12.400> dark fond of this idea but if there's dark fond of this idea but if there's dark energy<00:07:12.960> and<00:07:13.080> the<00:07:13.199> dark<00:07:13.440> energy<00:07:13.759> does<00:07:13.960> not<00:07:14.240> go energy and the dark energy does not go energy and the dark energy does not go away<00:07:15.120> the<00:07:15.199> universe<00:07:15.560> is<00:07:15.680> just<00:07:15.759> going<00:07:15.879> to<00:07:16.039> keep away the universe is just going to keep away the universe is just going to keep expanding<00:07:16.800> forever<00:07:17.160> and<00:07:17.319> ever<00:07:17.479> and<00:07:17.639> ever<00:07:18.160> 14 expanding forever and ever and ever 14 expanding forever and ever and ever 14 billion<00:07:19.039> years<00:07:19.240> in<00:07:19.400> the<00:07:19.560> past<00:07:20.000> 100<00:07:20.199> billion billion years in the past 100 billion billion years in the past 100 billion dog<00:07:20.800> years<00:07:21.479> but<00:07:21.639> an<00:07:21.840> infinite<00:07:22.199> number<00:07:22.479> of dog years but an infinite number of dog years but an infinite number of years<00:07:23.039> into<00:07:23.280> the<00:07:23.759> future<00:07:24.759> meanwhile<00:07:25.599> for<00:07:25.759> all years into the future meanwhile for all years into the future meanwhile for all intents<00:07:26.240> and<00:07:26.440> purposes<00:07:27.280> space<00:07:28.000> looks<00:07:28.440> finite intents and purposes space looks finite intents and purposes space looks finite to<00:07:29.120> us<00:07:29.759> space<00:07:30.160> may<00:07:30.360> be<00:07:30.680> finite<00:07:31.080> or<00:07:31.240> infinite to us space may be finite or infinite to us space may be finite or infinite but<00:07:32.120> because<00:07:32.360> the<00:07:32.479> universe<00:07:32.840> is<00:07:33.080> accelerating but because the universe is accelerating but because the universe is accelerating there<00:07:33.840> are<00:07:34.039> parts<00:07:34.240> of<00:07:34.400> it<00:07:34.599> we<00:07:34.800> cannot<00:07:35.199> see<00:07:35.520> and there are parts of it we cannot see and there are parts of it we cannot see and never<00:07:36.000> will<00:07:36.560> see<00:07:37.199> there's<00:07:37.360> a<00:07:37.560> finite<00:07:37.919> region never will see there's a finite region never will see there's a finite region of<00:07:38.440> space<00:07:38.680> that<00:07:38.800> we<00:07:38.919> have<00:07:39.160> access<00:07:39.479> to of space that we have access to of space that we have access to surrounded<00:07:40.199> by<00:07:40.319> a<00:07:40.520> horizon<00:07:41.360> so<00:07:41.560> even<00:07:41.759> though surrounded by a horizon so even though surrounded by a horizon so even though time<00:07:42.280> goes<00:07:42.479> on<00:07:42.680> forever<00:07:43.479> space<00:07:43.879> is<00:07:44.039> limited<00:07:44.400> to time goes on forever space is limited to time goes on forever space is limited to us<00:07:45.840> finally<00:07:46.840> empty<00:07:47.319> space<00:07:47.680> has<00:07:47.800> a<00:07:48.080> temperature us finally empty space has a temperature us finally empty space has a temperature in<00:07:49.039> the<00:07:49.159> 1970s<00:07:49.919> Steph<00:07:50.240> Hawking<00:07:50.639> told<00:07:50.840> us<00:07:51.000> that in the 1970s Steph Hawking told us that in the 1970s Steph Hawking told us that a<00:07:51.280> black<00:07:51.599> hole<00:07:52.199> even<00:07:52.400> though<00:07:52.520> you<00:07:52.680> think<00:07:52.800> it's a black hole even though you think it's a black hole even though you think it's black<00:07:53.280> it<00:07:53.479> actually<00:07:53.800> emits<00:07:54.159> radiation<00:07:54.720> when black it actually emits radiation when black it actually emits radiation when you<00:07:54.960> take<00:07:55.159> into<00:07:55.440> account<00:07:56.000> quantum<00:07:56.400> mechanics you take into account quantum mechanics you take into account quantum mechanics the<00:07:57.039> curvature<00:07:57.520> of<00:07:57.680> SpaceTime<00:07:58.240> around<00:07:58.479> the the curvature of SpaceTime around the the curvature of SpaceTime around the black<00:07:58.879> hole<00:07:59.560> brings<00:07:59.919> to<00:08:00.199> life<00:08:00.599> the<00:08:00.720> quantum black hole brings to life the quantum black hole brings to life the quantum mechanical<00:08:01.520> fluctuation<00:08:02.520> and<00:08:02.639> the<00:08:02.800> black mechanical fluctuation and the black mechanical fluctuation and the black hole<00:08:03.599> radiates<00:08:04.599> a<00:08:04.800> precisely<00:08:05.280> similar hole radiates a precisely similar hole radiates a precisely similar calculation<00:08:06.240> by<00:08:06.360> Hawking<00:08:06.720> and<00:08:06.879> Gary<00:08:07.120> Gibbons calculation by Hawking and Gary Gibbons calculation by Hawking and Gary Gibbons show<00:08:08.080> that<00:08:08.240> if<00:08:08.319> you<00:08:08.440> have<00:08:08.720> dark<00:08:09.080> energy<00:08:09.639> in show that if you have dark energy in show that if you have dark energy in empty<00:08:10.280> space<00:08:11.120> then<00:08:11.280> the<00:08:11.400> whole<00:08:11.639> universe empty space then the whole universe empty space then the whole universe radiates<00:08:13.759> the<00:08:14.199> energy<00:08:14.520> of<00:08:14.680> empty<00:08:15.000> space radiates the energy of empty space radiates the energy of empty space brings<00:08:15.680> to<00:08:15.919> life<00:08:16.199> Quantum<00:08:16.599> fluctuations<00:08:17.319> and brings to life Quantum fluctuations and brings to life Quantum fluctuations and so<00:08:17.680> even<00:08:17.840> though<00:08:17.960> the<00:08:18.039> universe<00:08:18.400> will<00:08:18.639> last so even though the universe will last so even though the universe will last forever<00:08:19.960> and<00:08:20.120> ordinary<00:08:20.560> matter<00:08:20.800> and forever and ordinary matter and forever and ordinary matter and radiation<00:08:21.319> will<00:08:21.560> dilute<00:08:21.960> away<00:08:22.280> there<00:08:22.400> will radiation will dilute away there will radiation will dilute away there will always<00:08:23.000> be<00:08:23.280> some<00:08:23.840> radiation<00:08:24.840> some<00:08:25.280> thermal always be some radiation some thermal always be some radiation some thermal fluctuations<00:08:26.960> even<00:08:27.199> in<00:08:27.360> empty<00:08:27.720> space<00:08:28.680> so<00:08:28.840> what fluctuations even in empty space so what fluctuations even in empty space so what this<00:08:29.080> means<00:08:29.319> is<00:08:29.520> is<00:08:29.720> that<00:08:29.919> the<00:08:30.120> universe<00:08:31.080> is this means is is that the universe is this means is is that the universe is like<00:08:31.400> a<00:08:31.599> box<00:08:31.800> of<00:08:32.039> gas<00:08:32.760> that<00:08:33.000> lasts<00:08:33.519> forever like a box of gas that lasts forever like a box of gas that lasts forever well<00:08:34.680> what<00:08:34.800> is<00:08:34.959> the<00:08:35.360> implication<00:08:35.880> of<00:08:36.120> that well what is the implication of that well what is the implication of that that<00:08:37.039> implication<00:08:37.560> was<00:08:37.680> studied<00:08:37.959> by<00:08:38.080> boltzman that implication was studied by boltzman that implication was studied by boltzman back<00:08:38.800> in<00:08:38.880> the<00:08:39.000> 19th<00:08:39.399> century<00:08:39.800> he<00:08:39.959> said<00:08:40.479> well back in the 19th century he said well back in the 19th century he said well entropy<00:08:42.399> increases<00:08:43.399> because<00:08:43.680> there<00:08:43.800> are<00:08:43.919> many entropy increases because there are many entropy increases because there are many many<00:08:44.360> more<00:08:44.600> ways<00:08:44.800> for<00:08:44.959> the<00:08:45.040> universe<00:08:45.399> to<00:08:45.560> be many more ways for the universe to be many more ways for the universe to be high<00:08:45.959> entropy<00:08:46.480> rather<00:08:46.720> than<00:08:46.839> low<00:08:47.080> entropy<00:08:48.040> but high entropy rather than low entropy but high entropy rather than low entropy but that's<00:08:48.320> a<00:08:48.800> probabilistic<00:08:49.800> statement<00:08:50.640> it<00:08:50.720> will that's a probabilistic statement it will that's a probabilistic statement it will probably<00:08:51.680> increase<00:08:52.279> and<00:08:52.360> the<00:08:52.519> probability<00:08:53.000> is probably increase and the probability is probably increase and the probability is enormously<00:08:54.080> huge<00:08:54.360> it's<00:08:54.480> not<00:08:54.600> something<00:08:54.800> you enormously huge it's not something you enormously huge it's not something you have<00:08:55.000> to<00:08:55.120> worry<00:08:55.399> about<00:08:55.959> the<00:08:56.279> air<00:08:56.560> in<00:08:56.680> this<00:08:56.880> room have to worry about the air in this room have to worry about the air in this room all<00:08:57.440> gathering<00:08:58.040> over<00:08:58.320> one<00:08:58.800> uh<00:08:58.920> part<00:08:59.079> of<00:08:59.160> the all gathering over one uh part of the all gathering over one uh part of the room<00:08:59.640> and<00:08:59.880> and<00:09:00.079> suffocating<00:09:00.720> us<00:09:01.200> it's<00:09:01.440> very room and and suffocating us it's very room and and suffocating us it's very very<00:09:02.320> unlikely<00:09:03.320> except<00:09:03.920> if<00:09:04.040> they<00:09:04.200> locked<00:09:04.440> the very unlikely except if they locked the very unlikely except if they locked the doors<00:09:04.760> and<00:09:04.959> kept<00:09:05.160> us<00:09:05.360> here<00:09:05.680> literally<00:09:06.480> forever doors and kept us here literally forever doors and kept us here literally forever that<00:09:07.640> would<00:09:07.920> happen<00:09:08.920> everything<00:09:09.360> that<00:09:09.519> is that would happen everything that is that would happen everything that is allowed<00:09:10.160> every<00:09:10.399> configuration<00:09:11.040> that<00:09:11.160> is allowed every configuration that is allowed every configuration that is allowed<00:09:11.560> to<00:09:11.680> be<00:09:11.839> attained<00:09:12.720> by<00:09:12.880> the<00:09:13.000> molecules allowed to be attained by the molecules allowed to be attained by the molecules in<00:09:13.600> this<00:09:13.760> room<00:09:14.040> would<00:09:14.240> eventually<00:09:14.680> be in this room would eventually be in this room would eventually be obtained<00:09:15.440> so<00:09:15.560> boltzman<00:09:16.000> says<00:09:16.320> look<00:09:16.760> you<00:09:16.920> could obtained so boltzman says look you could obtained so boltzman says look you could start<00:09:17.440> with<00:09:17.560> a<00:09:17.959> universe<00:09:18.959> that<00:09:19.079> was<00:09:19.200> in start with a universe that was in start with a universe that was in thermal<00:09:19.680> equilibrium<00:09:20.440> he<00:09:20.560> didn't<00:09:20.760> know<00:09:20.920> about thermal equilibrium he didn't know about thermal equilibrium he didn't know about the<00:09:21.240> Big<00:09:21.399> Bang<00:09:21.680> he<00:09:21.760> didn't<00:09:21.920> know<00:09:22.040> about<00:09:22.200> the the Big Bang he didn't know about the the Big Bang he didn't know about the expansion<00:09:22.680> of<00:09:22.760> the<00:09:22.880> universe<00:09:23.240> he<00:09:23.440> thought expansion of the universe he thought expansion of the universe he thought that<00:09:24.160> space<00:09:24.480> and<00:09:24.680> time<00:09:24.920> were<00:09:25.200> explained<00:09:25.680> by that space and time were explained by that space and time were explained by Isaac<00:09:26.160> Newton<00:09:26.680> they<00:09:26.800> were<00:09:27.040> absolute<00:09:27.519> they Isaac Newton they were absolute they Isaac Newton they were absolute they just<00:09:27.760> stuck<00:09:28.079> there<00:09:28.240> forever<00:09:29.000> so<00:09:29.519> idea<00:09:29.720> of<00:09:29.800> a just stuck there forever so idea of a just stuck there forever so idea of a natural<00:09:30.480> Universe<00:09:31.279> was<00:09:31.440> one<00:09:31.600> in<00:09:31.720> which<00:09:31.880> the natural Universe was one in which the natural Universe was one in which the air<00:09:32.200> molecules<00:09:32.640> were<00:09:32.839> just<00:09:32.959> spread<00:09:33.240> out air molecules were just spread out air molecules were just spread out evenly<00:09:33.959> everywhere<00:09:34.640> the<00:09:34.880> everything evenly everywhere the everything evenly everywhere the everything molecules<00:09:36.320> but<00:09:36.440> if<00:09:36.519> you're<00:09:36.640> a<00:09:36.760> boltzman<00:09:37.120> you molecules but if you're a boltzman you molecules but if you're a boltzman you know<00:09:37.360> that<00:09:37.480> if<00:09:37.560> you<00:09:37.720> wait<00:09:38.000> long<00:09:38.320> enough<00:09:39.079> the know that if you wait long enough the know that if you wait long enough the random<00:09:39.680> fluctuations<00:09:40.399> of<00:09:40.640> those<00:09:40.880> molecules random fluctuations of those molecules random fluctuations of those molecules will<00:09:41.800> occasionally<00:09:42.399> bring<00:09:42.680> them<00:09:42.839> into<00:09:43.360> lower will occasionally bring them into lower will occasionally bring them into lower entropy<00:09:44.680> configurations<00:09:45.680> and<00:09:45.839> then<00:09:46.000> of entropy configurations and then of entropy configurations and then of course<00:09:46.279> in<00:09:46.399> the<00:09:46.519> natural<00:09:46.839> course<00:09:47.079> of<00:09:47.279> things course in the natural course of things course in the natural course of things they<00:09:47.959> will<00:09:48.200> expand<00:09:48.760> back<00:09:49.560> so<00:09:49.720> it's<00:09:49.880> not<00:09:50.000> that they will expand back so it's not that they will expand back so it's not that entropy<00:09:50.640> must<00:09:51.000> always<00:09:51.360> increase<00:09:51.800> you<00:09:51.959> can<00:09:52.160> get entropy must always increase you can get entropy must always increase you can get fluctuations<00:09:53.200> into<00:09:53.560> lower<00:09:53.959> entropy<00:09:54.880> more fluctuations into lower entropy more fluctuations into lower entropy more organized organized organized situations<00:09:58.040> well<00:09:58.200> if<00:09:58.360> that's<00:09:58.600> true<00:09:58.920> boltzman situations well if that's true boltzman situations well if that's true boltzman then<00:09:59.680> goes<00:09:59.880> on<00:10:00.000> to<00:10:00.200> invent<00:10:00.560> two<00:10:00.880> very<00:10:01.120> modern then goes on to invent two very modern then goes on to invent two very modern sounding<00:10:01.959> ideas<00:10:02.800> the<00:10:02.959> Multiverse<00:10:03.760> and<00:10:03.880> the sounding ideas the Multiverse and the sounding ideas the Multiverse and the anthropic<00:10:04.760> principle<00:10:05.760> he<00:10:05.880> says<00:10:06.399> the<00:10:06.600> problem anthropic principle he says the problem anthropic principle he says the problem with<00:10:06.959> thermal<00:10:07.360> equilibrium<00:10:07.839> is<00:10:07.920> that<00:10:08.040> we with thermal equilibrium is that we with thermal equilibrium is that we can't<00:10:08.399> live<00:10:08.680> there<00:10:09.240> remember<00:10:09.640> life<00:10:09.959> itself can't live there remember life itself can't live there remember life itself depends<00:10:11.240> on<00:10:11.360> the<00:10:11.519> Arrow<00:10:11.839> of<00:10:12.040> time<00:10:12.279> we<00:10:12.360> would depends on the Arrow of time we would depends on the Arrow of time we would not<00:10:12.640> be<00:10:12.720> able<00:10:12.880> to<00:10:13.079> process<00:10:13.440> information not be able to process information not be able to process information metabolize<00:10:15.000> walk<00:10:15.240> and<00:10:15.519> talk<00:10:16.160> if<00:10:16.279> we<00:10:16.519> lived<00:10:16.800> in metabolize walk and talk if we lived in metabolize walk and talk if we lived in thermal<00:10:17.360> equilibrium<00:10:18.240> so<00:10:18.640> if<00:10:18.720> you<00:10:18.880> imagine<00:10:19.160> a thermal equilibrium so if you imagine a thermal equilibrium so if you imagine a very<00:10:19.680> very<00:10:19.920> big<00:10:20.160> universe<00:10:20.600> an<00:10:20.800> infinitely<00:10:21.240> Big very very big universe an infinitely Big very very big universe an infinitely Big Universe<00:10:22.320> with<00:10:22.519> randomly<00:10:23.000> bumping<00:10:23.360> into<00:10:23.560> each Universe with randomly bumping into each Universe with randomly bumping into each other<00:10:24.000> particles<00:10:24.880> there<00:10:25.000> will<00:10:25.160> occasionally other particles there will occasionally other particles there will occasionally be<00:10:25.800> small<00:10:26.200> fluctuations<00:10:26.880> in<00:10:26.959> the<00:10:27.079> lower be small fluctuations in the lower be small fluctuations in the lower entropy<00:10:27.680> States<00:10:27.920> and<00:10:28.040> then<00:10:28.160> they<00:10:28.320> relax<00:10:28.880> back entropy States and then they relax back entropy States and then they relax back but<00:10:29.560> there<00:10:29.680> will<00:10:29.880> also<00:10:30.079> be<00:10:30.240> large but there will also be large but there will also be large fluctuations<00:10:31.640> occasionally<00:10:32.079> you<00:10:32.160> will<00:10:32.320> make fluctuations occasionally you will make fluctuations occasionally you will make a<00:10:32.680> planet<00:10:33.680> or<00:10:33.839> a<00:10:34.120> star<00:10:34.839> or<00:10:35.000> a<00:10:35.240> Galaxy<00:10:36.079> or<00:10:36.240> a<00:10:36.399> 100 a planet or a star or a Galaxy or a 100 a planet or a star or a Galaxy or a 100 billion<00:10:37.680> galaxies<00:10:38.680> so<00:10:38.839> boltzman<00:10:39.399> says<00:10:40.079> we billion galaxies so boltzman says we billion galaxies so boltzman says we will<00:10:40.480> only<00:10:40.959> live<00:10:41.399> in<00:10:41.519> the<00:10:41.639> part<00:10:41.800> of<00:10:41.920> the will only live in the part of the will only live in the part of the Multiverse<00:10:42.959> in<00:10:43.040> the<00:10:43.160> part<00:10:43.320> of<00:10:43.440> this Multiverse in the part of this Multiverse in the part of this infinitely<00:10:44.240> big<00:10:44.440> set<00:10:44.639> of<00:10:44.760> fluctuating infinitely big set of fluctuating infinitely big set of fluctuating particles<00:10:46.279> where<00:10:46.480> life<00:10:46.720> is<00:10:46.959> possible<00:10:47.440> that's particles where life is possible that's particles where life is possible that's the<00:10:47.760> regions<00:10:48.120> where<00:10:48.279> entropy<00:10:48.760> is<00:10:48.920> low<00:10:49.560> maybe the regions where entropy is low maybe the regions where entropy is low maybe our<00:10:50.279> universe<00:10:50.839> is<00:10:51.040> just<00:10:51.240> one<00:10:51.360> of<00:10:51.519> those<00:10:51.720> things our universe is just one of those things our universe is just one of those things that<00:10:52.200> happens<00:10:52.839> from<00:10:53.040> time<00:10:53.360> to<00:10:53.600> time<00:10:54.519> now<00:10:54.639> your that happens from time to time now your that happens from time to time now your homework<00:10:55.240> assignment<00:10:55.959> is<00:10:56.079> to<00:10:56.320> really<00:10:56.639> think homework assignment is to really think homework assignment is to really think about<00:10:57.240> this<00:10:57.440> to<00:10:57.639> contemplate<00:10:58.120> what<00:10:58.240> it<00:10:58.360> means about this to contemplate what it means about this to contemplate what it means Carl<00:10:59.639> Sean<00:11:00.120> once<00:11:00.320> famously<00:11:00.760> said<00:11:01.000> that<00:11:01.160> in Carl Sean once famously said that in Carl Sean once famously said that in order<00:11:01.600> to<00:11:01.800> make<00:11:02.079> an<00:11:02.279> apple<00:11:02.639> pie<00:11:03.040> you<00:11:03.200> must<00:11:03.480> F order to make an apple pie you must F order to make an apple pie you must F first<00:11:04.079> invent<00:11:04.399> the<00:11:04.720> universe<00:11:05.720> but<00:11:05.880> he<00:11:06.000> was<00:11:06.200> not first invent the universe but he was not first invent the universe but he was not right<00:11:07.680> in<00:11:07.800> boltzman's<00:11:08.399> scenario<00:11:09.120> if<00:11:09.200> you<00:11:09.279> want right in boltzman's scenario if you want right in boltzman's scenario if you want to<00:11:09.519> make<00:11:09.680> an<00:11:09.800> apple<00:11:10.120> pie<00:11:10.360> you<00:11:10.480> just<00:11:10.720> wait<00:11:11.040> for to make an apple pie you just wait for to make an apple pie you just wait for the<00:11:11.360> random<00:11:12.240> motion<00:11:12.519> of<00:11:12.720> Adams<00:11:13.079> to<00:11:13.240> make<00:11:13.399> you the random motion of Adams to make you the random motion of Adams to make you an<00:11:13.639> apple an apple an apple pie<00:11:15.560> that<00:11:15.720> will<00:11:16.040> happen<00:11:16.519> much<00:11:16.760> more pie that will happen much more pie that will happen much more frequently<00:11:17.680> than<00:11:17.800> the<00:11:17.959> random<00:11:18.320> motions frequently than the random motions frequently than the random motions motions<00:11:19.240> of<00:11:19.440> Adams<00:11:19.800> making<00:11:20.079> you<00:11:20.360> an<00:11:20.600> apple motions of Adams making you an apple motions of Adams making you an apple orchard<00:11:21.680> and<00:11:21.839> some<00:11:22.079> sugar<00:11:22.600> and<00:11:22.720> an<00:11:22.920> oven<00:11:23.360> and orchard and some sugar and an oven and orchard and some sugar and an oven and then<00:11:23.720> making<00:11:24.000> you<00:11:24.160> an<00:11:24.320> apple<00:11:24.880> pie<00:11:25.880> so<00:11:26.240> this then making you an apple pie so this then making you an apple pie so this scenario<00:11:27.839> makes<00:11:28.399> predictions<00:11:29.360> and<00:11:29.480> the scenario makes predictions and the scenario makes predictions and the predictions<00:11:30.160> are<00:11:30.480> that<00:11:30.639> the<00:11:30.800> fluctuations predictions are that the fluctuations predictions are that the fluctuations that<00:11:31.920> make<00:11:32.160> us<00:11:32.440> are<00:11:33.040> minimal<00:11:34.040> even<00:11:34.279> if<00:11:34.480> you that make us are minimal even if you that make us are minimal even if you imagine<00:11:35.160> that<00:11:35.360> this<00:11:36.000> room<00:11:36.360> we<00:11:36.480> are<00:11:36.639> in<00:11:36.880> now imagine that this room we are in now imagine that this room we are in now exists<00:11:37.560> and<00:11:37.680> is<00:11:37.880> real<00:11:38.120> and<00:11:38.279> here<00:11:38.440> we<00:11:38.560> are<00:11:38.760> and exists and is real and here we are and exists and is real and here we are and we<00:11:39.000> have<00:11:39.480> not<00:11:39.680> only<00:11:40.040> our<00:11:40.480> memories<00:11:40.920> but<00:11:41.079> our we have not only our memories but our we have not only our memories but our Impressions<00:11:41.600> that<00:11:41.760> outside<00:11:42.120> there's Impressions that outside there's Impressions that outside there's something<00:11:42.639> called<00:11:43.240> Caltech<00:11:43.880> in<00:11:44.000> the<00:11:44.079> United something called Caltech in the United something called Caltech in the United States<00:11:44.639> in<00:11:44.720> the<00:11:44.800> Milky<00:11:45.079> Way<00:11:45.560> galaxy<00:11:46.560> it's<00:11:46.800> much States in the Milky Way galaxy it's much States in the Milky Way galaxy it's much easier<00:11:47.519> for<00:11:47.720> all<00:11:47.880> those<00:11:48.040> Impressions<00:11:48.480> to easier for all those Impressions to easier for all those Impressions to randomly<00:11:49.120> fluctuate<00:11:49.600> into<00:11:49.760> your<00:11:49.920> brain<00:11:50.240> than randomly fluctuate into your brain than randomly fluctuate into your brain than for<00:11:50.519> them<00:11:50.720> actually<00:11:51.079> to<00:11:51.240> randomly<00:11:51.600> fluctuate for them actually to randomly fluctuate for them actually to randomly fluctuate into<00:11:52.320> Caltech<00:11:52.880> the<00:11:52.959> United<00:11:53.320> States<00:11:53.600> and<00:11:53.760> the into Caltech the United States and the into Caltech the United States and the Galaxy<00:11:55.079> the<00:11:55.240> good<00:11:55.440> news<00:11:55.760> is<00:11:56.040> that<00:11:56.320> therefore Galaxy the good news is that therefore Galaxy the good news is that therefore this<00:11:57.320> scenario<00:11:57.920> does<00:11:58.079> not<00:11:58.279> work<00:11:58.560> it<00:11:58.680> is<00:11:58.839> not this scenario does not work it is not this scenario does not work it is not right<00:11:59.320> right<00:12:00.040> this<00:12:00.200> scenario<00:12:00.720> predicts<00:12:01.079> that right right this scenario predicts that right right this scenario predicts that we<00:12:01.240> should<00:12:01.399> be<00:12:01.519> a<00:12:01.680> minimal<00:12:02.120> fluctuation<00:12:02.839> even we should be a minimal fluctuation even we should be a minimal fluctuation even if<00:12:03.120> you<00:12:03.240> get<00:12:03.440> our<00:12:03.760> galaxy<00:12:04.279> out<00:12:04.639> you<00:12:04.720> would<00:12:04.880> not if you get our galaxy out you would not if you get our galaxy out you would not get<00:12:05.320> 100<00:12:05.560> billion<00:12:05.959> other<00:12:06.240> galaxies<00:12:07.240> and get 100 billion other galaxies and get 100 billion other galaxies and Fineman<00:12:07.880> also<00:12:08.160> understood<00:12:08.680> this<00:12:08.959> feeman<00:12:09.440> says Fineman also understood this feeman says Fineman also understood this feeman says from<00:12:10.279> the<00:12:10.440> hypothesis<00:12:11.000> that<00:12:11.120> the<00:12:11.200> world<00:12:11.399> is<00:12:11.519> a from the hypothesis that the world is a from the hypothesis that the world is a fluctuation<00:12:12.480> all<00:12:12.680> the<00:12:12.920> predictions<00:12:13.920> are<00:12:14.079> that fluctuation all the predictions are that fluctuation all the predictions are that if<00:12:14.320> we<00:12:14.440> look<00:12:14.600> at<00:12:14.720> a<00:12:14.839> part<00:12:15.000> of<00:12:15.079> the<00:12:15.199> world<00:12:15.440> we've if we look at a part of the world we've if we look at a part of the world we've never<00:12:15.800> seen<00:12:16.120> before<00:12:16.440> we<00:12:16.519> will<00:12:16.680> find<00:12:16.839> it<00:12:17.040> mixed never seen before we will find it mixed never seen before we will find it mixed up<00:12:17.800> not<00:12:18.040> like<00:12:18.160> the<00:12:18.320> piece<00:12:18.519> we've<00:12:18.680> just<00:12:18.839> looked up not like the piece we've just looked up not like the piece we've just looked at<00:12:19.320> high<00:12:19.519> entropy<00:12:20.440> if<00:12:20.600> our<00:12:20.800> order<00:12:21.079> were<00:12:21.240> due<00:12:21.440> to at high entropy if our order were due to at high entropy if our order were due to a<00:12:21.639> fluctuation<00:12:22.240> we<00:12:22.320> would<00:12:22.519> not<00:12:22.760> expect<00:12:23.000> order a fluctuation we would not expect order a fluctuation we would not expect order anywhere<00:12:23.880> but<00:12:24.040> where<00:12:24.240> we've<00:12:24.480> just<00:12:24.680> noticed<00:12:25.079> it anywhere but where we've just noticed it anywhere but where we've just noticed it we<00:12:25.760> therefore<00:12:26.160> conclude<00:12:26.600> the<00:12:26.720> universe<00:12:27.079> is we therefore conclude the universe is we therefore conclude the universe is not<00:12:27.880> a<00:12:28.040> fluctuation<00:12:29.519> so<00:12:29.760> that's<00:12:30.040> good<00:12:30.279> the not a fluctuation so that's good the not a fluctuation so that's good the question<00:12:30.639> is<00:12:30.800> then<00:12:31.000> what<00:12:31.120> is<00:12:31.240> the<00:12:31.440> right question is then what is the right question is then what is the right answer<00:12:32.120> if<00:12:32.199> the<00:12:32.320> universe<00:12:32.639> is<00:12:32.760> not<00:12:32.920> a answer if the universe is not a answer if the universe is not a fluctuation<00:12:34.120> why<00:12:34.279> did<00:12:34.480> the<00:12:34.560> early<00:12:34.880> Universe fluctuation why did the early Universe fluctuation why did the early Universe have<00:12:35.399> a<00:12:35.519> low<00:12:35.760> entropy<00:12:36.720> and<00:12:36.880> I<00:12:36.959> would<00:12:37.160> love<00:12:37.279> to have a low entropy and I would love to have a low entropy and I would love to tell<00:12:37.519> you<00:12:37.639> the<00:12:37.800> answer<00:12:38.079> but<00:12:38.160> I'm<00:12:38.279> running<00:12:38.519> out tell you the answer but I'm running out tell you the answer but I'm running out of of of time<00:12:41.760> here<00:12:42.079> is<00:12:42.480> the<00:12:42.680> universe<00:12:43.120> that<00:12:43.240> we<00:12:43.399> tell time here is the universe that we tell time here is the universe that we tell you<00:12:43.760> about<00:12:44.000> versus<00:12:44.320> the<00:12:44.399> universe<00:12:44.760> that you about versus the universe that you about versus the universe that really<00:12:45.279> exists<00:12:45.839> I<00:12:45.959> just<00:12:46.079> showed<00:12:46.320> you<00:12:46.519> this really exists I just showed you this really exists I just showed you this picture<00:12:47.000> the<00:12:47.120> universe<00:12:47.399> is<00:12:47.560> expanding<00:12:47.959> for picture the universe is expanding for picture the universe is expanding for the<00:12:48.240> last<00:12:48.480> 10<00:12:48.760> billion<00:12:49.079> years<00:12:49.279> or<00:12:49.440> so<00:12:49.920> it's the last 10 billion years or so it's the last 10 billion years or so it's cooling<00:12:50.600> off<00:12:51.240> but<00:12:51.399> we<00:12:51.560> now<00:12:51.760> know<00:12:52.040> enough<00:12:52.279> about cooling off but we now know enough about cooling off but we now know enough about the<00:12:52.680> future<00:12:53.240> of<00:12:53.399> the<00:12:53.519> universe<00:12:54.000> to<00:12:54.160> say<00:12:54.360> a<00:12:54.519> lot the future of the universe to say a lot the future of the universe to say a lot more<00:12:55.000> if<00:12:55.120> the<00:12:55.240> dark<00:12:55.519> energy<00:12:56.160> remains<00:12:56.639> around more if the dark energy remains around more if the dark energy remains around the<00:12:57.839> Stars<00:12:58.240> around<00:12:58.480> us<00:12:58.639> will<00:12:58.800> use<00:12:59.279> their the Stars around us will use their the Stars around us will use their nuclear<00:12:59.720> fuel<00:13:00.040> they<00:13:00.120> will<00:13:00.320> stop<00:13:00.600> burning<00:13:01.279> they nuclear fuel they will stop burning they nuclear fuel they will stop burning they will<00:13:01.519> fall<00:13:01.839> into<00:13:02.160> black<00:13:02.399> holes<00:13:02.959> we<00:13:03.079> will<00:13:03.240> live will fall into black holes we will live will fall into black holes we will live in<00:13:03.519> a<00:13:03.680> universe<00:13:04.160> with<00:13:04.399> nothing<00:13:04.760> in<00:13:04.880> it<00:13:05.360> but in a universe with nothing in it but in a universe with nothing in it but black<00:13:06.040> holes<00:13:07.040> that<00:13:07.480> universe<00:13:07.959> will<00:13:08.199> last<00:13:08.480> 10 black holes that universe will last 10 black holes that universe will last 10 to<00:13:08.959> the<00:13:09.399> 100<00:13:09.760> years<00:13:10.399> a<00:13:10.560> lot<00:13:10.760> longer<00:13:11.079> than<00:13:11.240> our to the 100 years a lot longer than our to the 100 years a lot longer than our little<00:13:11.680> Universe<00:13:12.160> has<00:13:12.320> lived<00:13:12.680> the<00:13:12.800> future<00:13:13.079> is little Universe has lived the future is little Universe has lived the future is much<00:13:13.440> longer<00:13:13.720> than<00:13:13.839> the<00:13:14.079> past<00:13:14.959> but<00:13:15.160> even<00:13:15.399> black much longer than the past but even black much longer than the past but even black holes<00:13:15.920> don't<00:13:16.199> last<00:13:16.440> forever<00:13:16.880> they<00:13:17.000> will holes don't last forever they will holes don't last forever they will evaporate<00:13:17.839> and<00:13:17.959> we<00:13:18.040> will<00:13:18.160> be<00:13:18.320> left<00:13:18.519> with evaporate and we will be left with evaporate and we will be left with nothing<00:13:19.040> but<00:13:19.240> empty<00:13:19.680> space<00:13:20.639> that<00:13:20.800> empty<00:13:21.160> space nothing but empty space that empty space nothing but empty space that empty space lasts<00:13:22.199> essentially<00:13:23.560> forever<00:13:24.560> however<00:13:24.800> you lasts essentially forever however you lasts essentially forever however you notice<00:13:25.240> that<00:13:25.399> since<00:13:25.600> empty<00:13:25.920> space<00:13:26.360> gives<00:13:26.600> off notice that since empty space gives off notice that since empty space gives off radiation<00:13:27.680> there's<00:13:27.920> actually<00:13:28.199> thermal radiation there's actually thermal radiation there's actually thermal fluctuation<00:13:29.320> and<00:13:29.440> it<00:13:29.600> Cycles<00:13:30.120> around<00:13:31.040> all<00:13:31.320> the fluctuation and it Cycles around all the fluctuation and it Cycles around all the different<00:13:32.040> possible<00:13:32.760> combinations<00:13:33.760> of<00:13:33.920> the different possible combinations of the different possible combinations of the degrees<00:13:34.440> of<00:13:34.639> freedom<00:13:35.079> that<00:13:35.279> exist<00:13:35.680> in<00:13:35.839> empty degrees of freedom that exist in empty degrees of freedom that exist in empty space<00:13:37.120> so<00:13:37.240> even<00:13:37.399> though<00:13:37.519> the<00:13:37.639> universe<00:13:38.079> lasts space so even though the universe lasts space so even though the universe lasts forever<00:13:38.760> there's<00:13:38.920> only<00:13:39.040> a<00:13:39.120> finite<00:13:39.399> number<00:13:39.560> of forever there's only a finite number of forever there's only a finite number of things<00:13:39.920> that<00:13:40.040> can<00:13:40.360> possibly<00:13:40.839> happen<00:13:41.120> in<00:13:41.240> the things that can possibly happen in the things that can possibly happen in the universe<00:13:42.440> they<00:13:42.639> all<00:13:42.920> happen<00:13:43.199> over<00:13:43.360> a<00:13:43.519> period universe they all happen over a period universe they all happen over a period of<00:13:43.959> time<00:13:44.160> equal<00:13:44.399> to<00:13:44.600> 10<00:13:44.880> to<00:13:45.160> the<00:13:45.240> 10<00:13:45.480> to<00:13:45.639> the<00:13:45.800> 120 of time equal to 10 to the 10 to the 120 of time equal to 10 to the 10 to the 120 years<00:13:48.279> so<00:13:48.480> here's<00:13:48.760> two<00:13:49.000> questions<00:13:49.360> for<00:13:49.560> you years so here's two questions for you years so here's two questions for you number<00:13:50.040> one<00:13:50.399> if<00:13:50.480> the<00:13:50.600> universe<00:13:51.040> lasts<00:13:51.320> for<00:13:51.440> 10 number one if the universe lasts for 10 number one if the universe lasts for 10 to<00:13:51.720> the<00:13:51.839> 10<00:13:52.000> to<00:13:52.079> the<00:13:52.199> 120<00:13:52.759> years<00:13:53.600> why<00:13:53.759> are<00:13:54.000> we to the 10 to the 120 years why are we to the 10 to the 120 years why are we born<00:13:54.759> in<00:13:54.920> the<00:13:55.079> first<00:13:55.360> 14<00:13:55.800> billion<00:13:56.199> years<00:13:56.639> of<00:13:56.839> it born in the first 14 billion years of it born in the first 14 billion years of it in<00:13:57.399> the<00:13:57.600> warm<00:13:58.120> comfortable<00:13:59.120> Afterglow<00:13:59.759> of<00:13:59.880> the in the warm comfortable Afterglow of the in the warm comfortable Afterglow of the Big<00:14:00.240> Bang<00:14:01.079> why<00:14:01.360> aren't<00:14:01.839> we<00:14:02.399> in<00:14:02.600> empty<00:14:02.959> space Big Bang why aren't we in empty space Big Bang why aren't we in empty space you<00:14:03.720> might<00:14:03.880> say<00:14:04.040> well<00:14:04.199> there's<00:14:04.360> nothing<00:14:04.639> there you might say well there's nothing there you might say well there's nothing there to<00:14:04.880> be<00:14:05.040> living<00:14:05.440> but<00:14:05.600> that's<00:14:05.800> not<00:14:06.120> right<00:14:06.720> you to be living but that's not right you to be living but that's not right you could<00:14:07.160> be<00:14:07.279> a<00:14:07.440> random<00:14:07.839> fluctuation<00:14:08.600> out<00:14:08.759> of<00:14:08.920> the could be a random fluctuation out of the could be a random fluctuation out of the nothingness<00:14:09.839> why<00:14:10.040> aren't<00:14:10.440> you<00:14:11.040> more<00:14:11.279> homework nothingness why aren't you more homework nothingness why aren't you more homework assignment<00:14:12.120> for<00:14:12.759> you<00:14:13.759> so<00:14:13.959> like<00:14:14.079> I<00:14:14.199> said<00:14:14.399> I assignment for you so like I said I assignment for you so like I said I don't<00:14:14.720> actually<00:14:14.959> know<00:14:15.199> the<00:14:15.360> answer<00:14:15.639> I'm<00:14:15.720> going don't actually know the answer I'm going don't actually know the answer I'm going to<00:14:15.959> give<00:14:16.040> you<00:14:16.160> my<00:14:16.279> favorite<00:14:16.639> scenario<00:14:17.399> either to give you my favorite scenario either to give you my favorite scenario either it's<00:14:18.480> just<00:14:18.800> like<00:14:19.120> that<00:14:19.680> there<00:14:19.839> is<00:14:20.040> no it's just like that there is no it's just like that there is no explanation<00:14:20.839> this<00:14:20.920> is<00:14:21.040> a<00:14:21.240> brute<00:14:21.800> fact<00:14:22.040> about explanation this is a brute fact about explanation this is a brute fact about the<00:14:22.360> universe<00:14:22.720> that<00:14:22.800> you<00:14:22.880> should<00:14:23.000> learn<00:14:23.240> to the universe that you should learn to the universe that you should learn to accept<00:14:23.680> and<00:14:23.839> stop<00:14:24.120> asking accept and stop asking accept and stop asking questions<00:14:26.440> or<00:14:26.720> maybe<00:14:27.160> the<00:14:27.360> Big<00:14:27.639> Bang<00:14:28.000> is<00:14:28.160> not questions or maybe the Big Bang is not questions or maybe the Big Bang is not the<00:14:28.440> beginning<00:14:29.399> of<00:14:29.560> the<00:14:29.720> universe<00:14:30.560> an<00:14:30.800> egg<00:14:31.160> an the beginning of the universe an egg an the beginning of the universe an egg an unbroken<00:14:31.800> egg<00:14:32.000> is<00:14:32.079> a<00:14:32.199> low<00:14:32.399> entropy unbroken egg is a low entropy unbroken egg is a low entropy configuration<00:14:33.560> And<00:14:33.720> yet<00:14:33.880> when<00:14:34.000> we<00:14:34.120> open<00:14:34.320> our configuration And yet when we open our configuration And yet when we open our refrigerator<00:14:35.079> we<00:14:35.160> do<00:14:35.279> not<00:14:35.440> go<00:14:35.720> ha<00:14:36.279> how refrigerator we do not go ha how refrigerator we do not go ha how surprising<00:14:37.079> to<00:14:37.199> find<00:14:37.399> this<00:14:37.519> low<00:14:37.720> entropy surprising to find this low entropy surprising to find this low entropy configuration<00:14:38.680> in<00:14:38.800> our<00:14:39.240> refrigerator<00:14:40.240> that's configuration in our refrigerator that's configuration in our refrigerator that's because<00:14:40.680> an<00:14:40.839> egg<00:14:41.079> is<00:14:41.199> not<00:14:41.320> a<00:14:41.519> closed<00:14:42.279> system<00:14:42.680> it because an egg is not a closed system it because an egg is not a closed system it comes<00:14:43.000> out<00:14:43.120> of<00:14:43.240> a<00:14:43.720> chicken<00:14:44.720> maybe<00:14:45.000> the comes out of a chicken maybe the comes out of a chicken maybe the universe<00:14:46.000> comes<00:14:46.279> out<00:14:46.519> of<00:14:46.639> a<00:14:46.839> universal universe comes out of a universal universe comes out of a universal chicken<00:14:49.240> maybe<00:14:49.480> there<00:14:49.600> is<00:14:49.880> something<00:14:50.320> that chicken maybe there is something that chicken maybe there is something that naturally<00:14:51.000> through<00:14:51.240> the<00:14:51.440> EXP<00:14:51.880> through<00:14:52.079> the naturally through the EXP through the naturally through the EXP through the growth<00:14:52.800> of<00:14:52.920> the<00:14:53.079> laws<00:14:53.320> of<00:14:53.480> physics<00:14:54.040> gives<00:14:54.440> rise growth of the laws of physics gives rise growth of the laws of physics gives rise to<00:14:54.920> Universe<00:14:55.440> like<00:14:55.639> ours<00:14:56.240> in<00:14:56.480> low<00:14:56.800> entropy to Universe like ours in low entropy to Universe like ours in low entropy configurations<00:14:58.480> if<00:14:58.600> that's<00:14:58.800> true<00:14:59.120> it<00:14:59.240> would configurations if that's true it would configurations if that's true it would happen<00:14:59.600> more<00:14:59.759> than<00:14:59.920> once<00:15:00.240> we<00:15:00.320> would<00:15:00.480> be<00:15:00.639> part happen more than once we would be part happen more than once we would be part of<00:15:00.959> a<00:15:01.120> much<00:15:01.360> bigger<00:15:02.000> Multiverse<00:15:02.800> that's<00:15:02.959> my of a much bigger Multiverse that's my of a much bigger Multiverse that's my favorite<00:15:03.480> scenario<00:15:04.440> so<00:15:04.560> the<00:15:04.680> organizers favorite scenario so the organizers favorite scenario so the organizers asked<00:15:05.440> me<00:15:05.560> to<00:15:05.680> end<00:15:06.000> with<00:15:06.440> a<00:15:06.600> bold<00:15:07.120> speculation asked me to end with a bold speculation asked me to end with a bold speculation my<00:15:08.279> bold<00:15:08.639> speculation<00:15:09.199> is<00:15:09.360> that<00:15:09.480> I<00:15:09.560> will<00:15:09.720> be my bold speculation is that I will be my bold speculation is that I will be absolutely<00:15:10.639> Vindicated<00:15:11.320> by<00:15:11.600> history<00:15:12.600> and<00:15:13.120> 50 absolutely Vindicated by history and 50 absolutely Vindicated by history and 50 years<00:15:13.759> from<00:15:13.959> now<00:15:14.279> all<00:15:14.440> of<00:15:14.600> my<00:15:14.800> current<00:15:15.360> wild years from now all of my current wild years from now all of my current wild ideas<00:15:16.160> will<00:15:16.320> be<00:15:16.560> accepted<00:15:17.120> as<00:15:17.320> truths<00:15:18.240> by<00:15:18.399> the ideas will be accepted as truths by the ideas will be accepted as truths by the scientific<00:15:19.000> and<00:15:19.160> external<00:15:19.560> communities<00:15:20.440> we scientific and external communities we scientific and external communities we will<00:15:20.759> all<00:15:21.000> believe<00:15:21.680> that<00:15:21.920> our<00:15:22.120> little will all believe that our little will all believe that our little universe<00:15:22.759> is<00:15:22.880> just<00:15:23.040> a<00:15:23.160> small<00:15:23.399> part<00:15:23.560> of<00:15:23.680> a<00:15:23.800> much universe is just a small part of a much universe is just a small part of a much larger<00:15:24.399> Multiverse<00:15:25.399> and<00:15:25.560> even<00:15:25.759> better<00:15:25.959> we larger Multiverse and even better we larger Multiverse and even better we will<00:15:26.759> understand<00:15:27.759> what<00:15:28.000> happened<00:15:28.360> at<00:15:28.480> the<00:15:28.600> Big will understand what happened at the Big will understand what happened at the Big B<00:15:29.319> in<00:15:29.440> terms<00:15:29.720> of<00:15:29.839> a<00:15:30.040> theory<00:15:30.600> that<00:15:30.720> we<00:15:30.839> be<00:15:30.959> able B in terms of a theory that we be able B in terms of a theory that we be able to<00:15:31.319> compare<00:15:31.759> to<00:15:32.040> observations<00:15:32.800> this<00:15:32.880> is<00:15:33.000> a to compare to observations this is a to compare to observations this is a prediction<00:15:33.959> I<00:15:34.120> might<00:15:34.279> be<00:15:34.480> wrong<00:15:34.920> but<00:15:35.399> we've prediction I might be wrong but we've prediction I might be wrong but we've been<00:15:35.800> thinking<00:15:36.199> as<00:15:36.279> a<00:15:36.440> human<00:15:36.720> race<00:15:37.600> about<00:15:37.920> what been thinking as a human race about what been thinking as a human race about what the<00:15:38.199> universe<00:15:38.839> was<00:15:39.079> like<00:15:39.440> why<00:15:39.600> it<00:15:39.759> came<00:15:39.920> to<00:15:40.079> be the universe was like why it came to be the universe was like why it came to be in<00:15:40.360> the<00:15:40.480> way<00:15:40.600> it<00:15:40.720> did<00:15:40.880> for<00:15:41.040> many<00:15:41.279> many<00:15:41.560> years in the way it did for many many years in the way it did for many many years it's<00:15:42.079> exciting<00:15:42.440> to<00:15:42.639> think<00:15:43.160> we<00:15:43.279> may<00:15:43.480> finally it's exciting to think we may finally it's exciting to think we may finally know<00:15:43.959> the<00:15:44.079> answer<00:15:44.399> someday<00:15:45.079> thank<00:15:45.279> you

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