How do cigarettes affect the body? - Krishna Sudhir
Cigarettes aren’t good for us.
That’s hardly news--we’ve known
about the dangers of smoking for decades.
But how exactly do cigarettes harm us?
Let’s look at what happens
as their ingredients
make their way through our bodies,
and how we benefit physically
when we finally give up smoking.
With each inhalation,
smoke brings its more than 5,000
chemical substances
into contact with the body’s tissues.
From the start, tar,
a black, resinous material,
begins to coat the teeth and gums,
damaging tooth enamel,
and eventually causing decay.
Over time, smoke also damages
nerve-endings in the nose,
causing loss of smell.
Inside the airways and lungs,
smoke increases
the likelihood of infections,
as well as chronic diseases
like bronchitis and emphysema.
It does this by damaging the cilia,
tiny hairlike structures whose job it is
to keep the airways clean.
It then fills the alveoli,
tiny air sacs that enable the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and blood.
A toxic gas called carbon monoxide
crosses that membrane into the blood,
binding to hemoglobin
and displacing the oxygen
it would usually have transported
around the body.
That’s one of the reasons smoking
can lead to oxygen deprivation
and shortness of breath.
Within about 10 seconds,
the bloodstream carries a stimulant
called nicotine to the brain,
triggering the release of dopamine
and other neurotransmitters
including endorphins
that create the pleasurable sensations
which make smoking highly addictive.
Nicotine and other chemicals
from the cigarette
simultaneously cause constriction
of blood vessels
and damage their delicate
endothelial lining,
restricting blood flow.
These vascular effects lead
to thickening of blood vessel walls
and enhance blood platelet stickiness,
increasing the likelihood
that clots will form
and trigger heart attacks and strokes.
Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes
can trigger dangerous mutations
in the body’s DNA that make cancers form.
Additionally, ingredients like arsenic
and nickel
may disrupt the process of DNA repair,
thus compromising the body’s ability
to fight many cancers.
In fact, about one of every three
cancer deaths in the United States
is caused by smoking.
And it’s not just lung cancer.
Smoking can cause cancer
in multiple tissues and organs,
as well as damaged eyesight
and weakened bones.
It makes it harder
for women to get pregnant.
And in men,
it can cause erectile dysfunction.
But for those who quit smoking,
there’s a huge positive upside
with almost immediate
and long-lasting physical benefits.
Just 20 minutes after
a smoker’s final cigarette,
their heart rate and blood pressure
begin to return to normal.
After 12 hours,
carbon monoxide levels stabilize,
increasing the blood’s
oxygen-carrying capacity.
A day after ceasing,
heart attack risk begins to decrease as
blood pressure and heart rates normalize.
After two days,
the nerve endings responsible
for smell and taste start to recover.
Lungs become healthier
after about one month,
with less coughing
and shortness of breath.
The delicate hair-like cilia
in the airways and lungs
start recovering within weeks,
and are restored after 9 months,
improving resistance to infection.
By the one-year anniversary of quitting,
heart disease risk plummets to half
as blood vessel function improves.
Five years in,
the chance of a clot forming
dramatically declines,
and the risk of stroke
continues to reduce.
After ten years, the chances
of developing fatal lung cancer
go down by 50%,
probably because the body’s ability
to repair DNA is once again restored.
Fifteen years in, the likelihood
of developing coronary heart disease
is essentially the same
as that of a non-smoker.
There’s no point pretending
this is all easy to achieve.
Quitting can lead to anxiety
and depression,
resulting from nicotine withdrawal.
But fortunately,
such effects are usually temporary.
And quitting is getting easier,
thanks to a growing arsenal of tools.
Nicotine replacement therapy through gum,
skin patches,
lozenges,
and sprays
may help wean smokers off cigarettes.
They work by stimulating
nicotine receptors in the brain
and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms,
without the addition
of other harmful chemicals.
Counselling and support groups,
cognitive behavioral therapy,
and moderate intensity exercise
also help smokers stay cigarette-free.
That’s good news,
since quitting puts you and your body
on the path back to health.
