What do babies think? - Alison Gopnik
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what<00:00:16.960> is<00:00:17.240> going<00:00:17.520> on<00:00:17.840> in<00:00:18.000> this<00:00:18.199> Baby's<00:00:18.640> mind<00:00:19.400> if
what is going on in this Baby's mind if
what is going on in this Baby's mind if
you'd<00:00:19.760> asked<00:00:20.080> people<00:00:20.359> this<00:00:20.519> 30<00:00:20.840> years<00:00:21.039> ago
you'd asked people this 30 years ago
you'd asked people this 30 years ago
most<00:00:22.000> people<00:00:22.279> including<00:00:22.720> psychologists
most people including psychologists
most people including psychologists
would<00:00:23.840> have<00:00:24.039> said<00:00:24.279> that<00:00:24.519> this<00:00:24.760> baby<00:00:25.080> was
would have said that this baby was
would have said that this baby was
irrational<00:00:26.560> illogical<00:00:27.480> egocentric<00:00:28.480> that<00:00:28.640> he
irrational illogical egocentric that he
irrational illogical egocentric that he
couldn't<00:00:29.000> take<00:00:29.199> the<00:00:29.359> perspective<00:00:30.000> of<00:00:30.160> another
couldn't take the perspective of another
couldn't take the perspective of another
person<00:00:31.080> or<00:00:31.599> understand<00:00:31.880> cause<00:00:32.119> and<00:00:32.360> effect<00:00:33.320> in
person or understand cause and effect in
person or understand cause and effect in
the<00:00:33.640> last<00:00:33.840> 20<00:00:34.239> years<00:00:34.680> developmental<00:00:35.320> science
the last 20 years developmental science
the last 20 years developmental science
has<00:00:35.920> completely<00:00:36.680> overturned<00:00:37.320> that<00:00:37.559> picture
has completely overturned that picture
has completely overturned that picture
so<00:00:38.879> in<00:00:39.160> some<00:00:39.440> ways<00:00:39.800> we<00:00:39.960> think<00:00:40.360> that<00:00:40.920> this
so in some ways we think that this
so in some ways we think that this
Baby's<00:00:41.680> thinking<00:00:42.160> is<00:00:42.360> like<00:00:42.559> the<00:00:42.760> thinking<00:00:43.239> of
Baby's thinking is like the thinking of
Baby's thinking is like the thinking of
the<00:00:44.000> most<00:00:44.360> brilliant<00:00:44.879> scientists<00:00:45.800> let<00:00:45.960> me
the most brilliant scientists let me
the most brilliant scientists let me
give<00:00:46.239> you<00:00:46.480> just<00:00:46.640> one<00:00:46.920> example<00:00:47.320> of<00:00:47.520> this<00:00:48.160> one
give you just one example of this one
give you just one example of this one
thing<00:00:48.879> that<00:00:49.079> this<00:00:49.280> baby<00:00:49.719> could<00:00:49.879> be<00:00:50.039> thinking
thing that this baby could be thinking
thing that this baby could be thinking
about<00:00:50.800> that<00:00:50.920> could<00:00:51.079> be<00:00:51.239> going<00:00:51.440> on<00:00:51.640> in<00:00:51.800> his<00:00:52.039> mind
about that could be going on in his mind
about that could be going on in his mind
is<00:00:53.320> trying<00:00:53.559> to<00:00:53.680> figure<00:00:54.000> out<00:00:54.320> what's<00:00:54.640> going<00:00:54.840> on
is trying to figure out what's going on
is trying to figure out what's going on
in<00:00:55.280> the<00:00:55.399> mind<00:00:55.600> of<00:00:55.760> that<00:00:55.960> other<00:00:56.239> baby<00:00:57.199> after<00:00:57.440> all
in the mind of that other baby after all
in the mind of that other baby after all
one<00:00:57.800> of<00:00:57.920> the<00:00:58.079> things<00:00:58.280> that's<00:00:58.559> hardest<00:00:59.120> for<00:00:59.320> all
one of the things that's hardest for all
one of the things that's hardest for all
of<00:00:59.559> us<00:00:59.719> to<00:01:00.079> do<00:01:00.719> is<00:01:00.840> to<00:01:01.160> figure<00:01:01.480> out<00:01:01.960> what<00:01:02.239> other
of us to do is to figure out what other
of us to do is to figure out what other
people<00:01:02.719> are<00:01:02.920> thinking<00:01:03.239> and<00:01:03.359> feeling<00:01:04.159> and
people are thinking and feeling and
people are thinking and feeling and
maybe<00:01:04.600> the<00:01:04.799> hardest<00:01:05.199> thing<00:01:05.360> of<00:01:05.560> all<00:01:05.920> is<00:01:06.040> to
maybe the hardest thing of all is to
maybe the hardest thing of all is to
figure<00:01:06.439> out<00:01:06.600> that<00:01:06.760> what<00:01:06.920> other<00:01:07.159> people<00:01:07.400> think
figure out that what other people think
figure out that what other people think
and<00:01:07.720> feel<00:01:08.080> isn't<00:01:08.439> actually<00:01:08.840> exactly<00:01:09.240> like
and feel isn't actually exactly like
and feel isn't actually exactly like
what<00:01:09.680> we<00:01:09.920> think<00:01:10.159> and<00:01:10.360> feel<00:01:10.920> anyone<00:01:11.200> who's
what we think and feel anyone who's
what we think and feel anyone who's
followed<00:01:11.799> politics<00:01:12.320> can<00:01:12.520> testify<00:01:13.000> to<00:01:13.159> how
followed politics can testify to how
followed politics can testify to how
hard<00:01:13.600> that<00:01:13.720> is<00:01:13.840> for<00:01:14.040> some<00:01:14.240> people<00:01:14.439> to<00:01:14.960> get<00:01:15.960> we
hard that is for some people to get we
hard that is for some people to get we
wanted<00:01:16.400> to<00:01:16.680> know<00:01:17.280> if<00:01:17.840> babies<00:01:18.159> and<00:01:18.320> young
wanted to know if babies and young
wanted to know if babies and young
children<00:01:19.040> could<00:01:19.720> understand<00:01:19.960> this<00:01:20.159> really
children could understand this really
children could understand this really
profound<00:01:20.920> thing<00:01:21.200> about<00:01:21.439> other<00:01:21.720> people<00:01:22.640> now
profound thing about other people now
profound thing about other people now
the<00:01:23.159> question<00:01:23.439> is<00:01:23.640> how<00:01:23.840> could<00:01:24.079> we<00:01:24.320> ask<00:01:24.640> them
the question is how could we ask them
the question is how could we ask them
babies<00:01:25.799> after<00:01:26.040> all<00:01:26.280> can't<00:01:26.640> talk<00:01:27.320> and<00:01:27.439> if<00:01:27.520> you
babies after all can't talk and if you
babies after all can't talk and if you
ask<00:01:28.000> a<00:01:28.200> three-year-old<00:01:28.880> to<00:01:29.000> tell<00:01:29.159> you<00:01:29.320> what<00:01:29.479> he
ask a three-year-old to tell you what he
ask a three-year-old to tell you what he
thinks<00:01:29.920> thinks<00:01:30.600> what<00:01:30.720> you'll<00:01:30.920> get<00:01:31.119> is<00:01:31.240> a
thinks thinks what you'll get is a
thinks thinks what you'll get is a
beautiful<00:01:31.799> stream<00:01:32.079> of<00:01:32.240> Consciousness
beautiful stream of Consciousness
beautiful stream of Consciousness
monologue<00:01:33.320> about<00:01:33.799> ponies<00:01:34.240> and<00:01:34.439> birthdays<00:01:35.000> and
monologue about ponies and birthdays and
monologue about ponies and birthdays and
things<00:01:35.399> like<00:01:35.640> that<00:01:36.399> so<00:01:36.759> how<00:01:36.920> could<00:01:37.079> we
things like that so how could we
things like that so how could we
actually<00:01:38.000> ask<00:01:38.280> them<00:01:38.479> the<00:01:38.680> question<00:01:39.439> well<00:01:39.720> it
actually ask them the question well it
actually ask them the question well it
turns<00:01:40.200> out<00:01:40.479> that<00:01:40.600> the<00:01:40.799> secret<00:01:41.720> was<00:01:42.320> broccoli
turns out that the secret was broccoli
turns out that the secret was broccoli
what<00:01:43.479> we<00:01:43.680> did<00:01:44.119> Betty<00:01:44.399> repoli<00:01:44.960> who<00:01:45.040> is<00:01:45.159> one<00:01:45.280> of
what we did Betty repoli who is one of
what we did Betty repoli who is one of
my<00:01:45.520> students<00:01:45.920> and<00:01:46.119> I<00:01:46.640> was<00:01:46.880> actually<00:01:47.159> to<00:01:47.399> give
my students and I was actually to give
my students and I was actually to give
the<00:01:47.759> babies<00:01:48.200> two<00:01:48.439> bowls<00:01:48.759> of<00:01:48.920> food<00:01:49.479> one<00:01:49.799> bowl<00:01:50.200> of
the babies two bowls of food one bowl of
the babies two bowls of food one bowl of
raw<00:01:50.719> broccoli<00:01:51.640> and<00:01:51.920> one<00:01:52.200> bowl<00:01:52.640> of<00:01:52.960> delicious
raw broccoli and one bowl of delicious
raw broccoli and one bowl of delicious
Goldfish<00:01:54.159> crackers<00:01:54.920> now<00:01:55.280> all<00:01:55.520> of<00:01:55.680> the<00:01:55.840> babies
Goldfish crackers now all of the babies
Goldfish crackers now all of the babies
even<00:01:56.920> in<00:01:57.159> Berkeley<00:01:58.079> like<00:01:58.320> the<00:01:58.479> crackers<00:01:59.119> and
even in Berkeley like the crackers and
even in Berkeley like the crackers and
don't<00:01:59.680> like<00:01:59.960> they're<00:02:00.119> allw
don't like they're allw
don't like they're allw
broccoli<00:02:03.200> but<00:02:03.640> then<00:02:04.039> what<00:02:04.200> Betty<00:02:04.560> did<00:02:04.759> was<00:02:04.880> to
broccoli but then what Betty did was to
broccoli but then what Betty did was to
take<00:02:05.320> a<00:02:05.479> little<00:02:05.799> taste<00:02:06.200> of<00:02:06.399> food<00:02:06.799> from<00:02:07.000> each
take a little taste of food from each
take a little taste of food from each
bowl<00:02:08.080> and<00:02:08.200> she<00:02:08.319> would<00:02:08.560> act<00:02:08.720> as<00:02:08.800> if<00:02:08.920> she<00:02:09.039> liked
bowl and she would act as if she liked
bowl and she would act as if she liked
it<00:02:09.399> or<00:02:09.520> she<00:02:09.640> didn't<00:02:09.959> so<00:02:10.200> half<00:02:10.399> the<00:02:10.560> time<00:02:11.000> she
it or she didn't so half the time she
it or she didn't so half the time she
acted<00:02:11.520> as<00:02:11.640> if<00:02:11.760> she<00:02:12.000> liked<00:02:12.280> the<00:02:12.400> crackers<00:02:12.760> and
acted as if she liked the crackers and
acted as if she liked the crackers and
didn't<00:02:13.160> like<00:02:13.360> the<00:02:13.520> broccoli<00:02:14.120> just<00:02:14.319> like<00:02:14.800> the
didn't like the broccoli just like the
didn't like the broccoli just like the
baby<00:02:15.319> and<00:02:15.480> any<00:02:15.640> other<00:02:15.879> sane<00:02:16.239> person<00:02:16.959> but<00:02:17.239> half
baby and any other sane person but half
baby and any other sane person but half
the<00:02:17.640> time<00:02:18.239> what<00:02:18.360> she<00:02:18.519> would<00:02:18.680> do<00:02:18.959> is<00:02:19.160> take<00:02:19.360> a
the time what she would do is take a
the time what she would do is take a
little<00:02:19.640> bit<00:02:19.760> of<00:02:19.879> the<00:02:20.000> broccoli<00:02:20.519> and<00:02:20.720> go<00:02:21.560> M
little bit of the broccoli and go M
little bit of the broccoli and go M
broccoli<00:02:23.959> I<00:02:24.239> tasted<00:02:24.760> the<00:02:25.000> broccoli<00:02:25.920> M<00:02:26.920> and
broccoli I tasted the broccoli M and
broccoli I tasted the broccoli M and
then<00:02:27.120> she<00:02:27.239> would<00:02:27.400> take<00:02:27.519> a<00:02:27.640> little<00:02:27.800> bit<00:02:27.920> of<00:02:28.040> the
then she would take a little bit of the
then she would take a little bit of the
crackers<00:02:28.560> and<00:02:28.680> she'd<00:02:28.920> go<00:02:29.640> oh<00:02:29.959> oh<00:02:30.720> yuck
crackers and she'd go oh oh yuck
crackers and she'd go oh oh yuck
crackers<00:02:32.840> I<00:02:33.120> tasted<00:02:33.640> the<00:02:33.800> crackers<00:02:34.599> oo<00:02:35.319> yuck
crackers I tasted the crackers oo yuck
crackers I tasted the crackers oo yuck
so<00:02:36.480> she'd<00:02:36.800> act<00:02:37.040> as<00:02:37.160> if<00:02:37.319> what<00:02:37.440> she<00:02:37.560> wanted<00:02:37.920> was
so she'd act as if what she wanted was
so she'd act as if what she wanted was
just<00:02:38.239> the<00:02:38.440> opposite<00:02:38.800> of<00:02:39.000> what<00:02:39.239> the<00:02:39.360> babies
just the opposite of what the babies
just the opposite of what the babies
wanted<00:02:40.319> we<00:02:40.440> did<00:02:40.599> this<00:02:40.720> with<00:02:40.920> 15<00:02:41.200> and<00:02:41.360> 18month
wanted we did this with 15 and 18month
wanted we did this with 15 and 18month
old<00:02:42.080> babies<00:02:43.080> and<00:02:43.280> then<00:02:43.680> she<00:02:43.840> would<00:02:44.040> simply<00:02:44.360> put
old babies and then she would simply put
old babies and then she would simply put
her<00:02:44.680> hand<00:02:44.959> out<00:02:45.400> and<00:02:45.599> say<00:02:46.040> can<00:02:46.200> you<00:02:46.360> give<00:02:46.480> me
her hand out and say can you give me
her hand out and say can you give me
some<00:02:47.440> so<00:02:47.640> the<00:02:47.800> question<00:02:48.120> is<00:02:48.400> what<00:02:48.519> would<00:02:48.680> the
some so the question is what would the
some so the question is what would the
baby<00:02:49.040> give<00:02:49.200> her<00:02:49.599> what<00:02:49.879> they<00:02:50.080> liked<00:02:50.480> or<00:02:50.800> what
baby give her what they liked or what
baby give her what they liked or what
she<00:02:51.159> liked<00:02:51.920> and<00:02:52.080> the<00:02:52.200> remarkable<00:02:52.879> thing<00:02:53.159> was
she liked and the remarkable thing was
she liked and the remarkable thing was
that<00:02:53.480> 18month<00:02:54.159> old<00:02:54.400> babies<00:02:55.239> just<00:02:55.519> barely
that 18month old babies just barely
that 18month old babies just barely
walking<00:02:56.239> and<00:02:56.400> talking<00:02:57.280> would<00:02:57.720> give<00:02:57.920> her<00:02:58.440> the
walking and talking would give her the
walking and talking would give her the
crackers<00:02:59.000> if<00:02:59.080> she<00:02:59.239> liked<00:02:59.440> the<00:02:59.519> crackers<00:03:00.120> but
crackers if she liked the crackers but
crackers if she liked the crackers but
they<00:03:00.400> would<00:03:00.599> give<00:03:00.760> her<00:03:00.920> the<00:03:01.040> broccoli<00:03:01.560> if<00:03:01.680> she
they would give her the broccoli if she
they would give her the broccoli if she
liked<00:03:02.080> the<00:03:02.319> broccoli<00:03:03.319> on<00:03:03.480> the<00:03:03.640> other<00:03:03.879> hand
liked the broccoli on the other hand
liked the broccoli on the other hand
15-month<00:03:04.840> olds<00:03:05.159> would<00:03:05.440> stare<00:03:05.879> at<00:03:06.040> her<00:03:06.200> for<00:03:06.360> a
15-month olds would stare at her for a
15-month olds would stare at her for a
long<00:03:06.799> time<00:03:07.120> if<00:03:07.239> she<00:03:07.400> acted<00:03:07.680> as<00:03:07.879> if<00:03:07.959> she<00:03:08.120> liked
long time if she acted as if she liked
long time if she acted as if she liked
the<00:03:08.480> broccoli<00:03:09.040> like<00:03:09.239> they<00:03:09.400> couldn't<00:03:09.840> figure
the broccoli like they couldn't figure
the broccoli like they couldn't figure
this<00:03:10.799> out<00:03:11.799> but<00:03:11.959> then<00:03:12.159> after<00:03:12.400> they<00:03:12.519> stared<00:03:12.879> for
this out but then after they stared for
this out but then after they stared for
a<00:03:13.120> long<00:03:13.360> time<00:03:13.720> they<00:03:13.840> would<00:03:14.120> just<00:03:14.360> give<00:03:14.519> her<00:03:14.680> the
a long time they would just give her the
a long time they would just give her the
crackers<00:03:15.360> what<00:03:15.519> they<00:03:15.640> thought<00:03:16.040> everybody
crackers what they thought everybody
crackers what they thought everybody
must<00:03:17.040> like<00:03:18.040> so<00:03:18.239> there<00:03:18.360> are<00:03:18.599> two<00:03:18.959> really
must like so there are two really
must like so there are two really
remarkable<00:03:19.879> things<00:03:20.159> about<00:03:20.400> this<00:03:20.599> the<00:03:20.760> first
remarkable things about this the first
remarkable things about this the first
one<00:03:21.239> is<00:03:21.400> that<00:03:21.560> these<00:03:21.760> little<00:03:22.040> 18-month-old
one is that these little 18-month-old
one is that these little 18-month-old
babies<00:03:23.799> have<00:03:24.040> already<00:03:24.640> discovered<00:03:25.040> this
babies have already discovered this
babies have already discovered this
really<00:03:25.720> profound<00:03:26.400> fact<00:03:26.680> about<00:03:26.879> human<00:03:27.159> nature
really profound fact about human nature
really profound fact about human nature
that<00:03:27.720> we<00:03:27.840> don't<00:03:28.080> always<00:03:28.319> want<00:03:28.560> the<00:03:28.680> same<00:03:28.920> thing
that we don't always want the same thing
that we don't always want the same thing
and<00:03:30.000> more<00:03:30.319> they<00:03:30.439> thought<00:03:30.640> that<00:03:30.799> they<00:03:30.879> should
and more they thought that they should
and more they thought that they should
actually<00:03:31.439> do<00:03:31.720> things<00:03:31.959> to<00:03:32.120> help<00:03:32.400> other<00:03:32.640> people
actually do things to help other people
actually do things to help other people
get<00:03:33.239> what<00:03:33.439> they<00:03:33.959> wanted<00:03:34.959> even<00:03:35.280> more
get what they wanted even more
get what they wanted even more
remarkably<00:03:36.400> though<00:03:36.720> the<00:03:36.840> fact<00:03:37.040> that<00:03:37.200> the
remarkably though the fact that the
remarkably though the fact that the
15-month<00:03:38.040> olds<00:03:38.360> didn't<00:03:38.720> do<00:03:39.040> this<00:03:39.680> suggests
15-month olds didn't do this suggests
15-month olds didn't do this suggests
that<00:03:40.439> these<00:03:40.640> 18-month-olds<00:03:41.560> had<00:03:41.879> learned
that these 18-month-olds had learned
that these 18-month-olds had learned
this<00:03:42.840> deep<00:03:43.200> profound<00:03:43.840> fact<00:03:44.120> about<00:03:44.400> human
this deep profound fact about human
this deep profound fact about human
nature<00:03:45.360> in<00:03:45.519> the<00:03:45.760> 3<00:03:45.920> months<00:03:46.200> from<00:03:46.319> the<00:03:46.480> time
nature in the 3 months from the time
nature in the 3 months from the time
they<00:03:46.760> were<00:03:46.920> 15<00:03:47.319> months<00:03:47.599> old<00:03:48.519> so<00:03:48.799> children<00:03:49.280> both
they were 15 months old so children both
they were 15 months old so children both
know<00:03:49.879> more<00:03:50.239> and<00:03:50.439> learn<00:03:50.879> more<00:03:51.480> than<00:03:51.640> we<00:03:51.799> ever
know more and learn more than we ever
know more and learn more than we ever
would<00:03:52.159> have<00:03:52.360> thought<00:03:53.000> and<00:03:53.120> this<00:03:53.239> is<00:03:53.400> just<00:03:53.599> one
would have thought and this is just one
would have thought and this is just one
of<00:03:54.040> hundreds<00:03:54.360> and<00:03:54.480> hundreds<00:03:54.799> of<00:03:54.920> studies<00:03:55.280> over
of hundreds and hundreds of studies over
of hundreds and hundreds of studies over
the<00:03:55.599> last<00:03:55.760> 20<00:03:56.079> years<00:03:56.560> that's<00:03:56.879> actually
the last 20 years that's actually
the last 20 years that's actually
demonstrated<00:03:58.239> this<00:03:59.200> the<00:03:59.360> question<00:03:59.799> you<00:03:59.920> might
demonstrated this the question you might
demonstrated this the question you might
ask<00:04:00.519> though<00:04:00.760> is<00:04:01.239> why<00:04:01.480> do<00:04:01.720> children<00:04:02.079> learn<00:04:02.400> so
ask though is why do children learn so
ask though is why do children learn so
much<00:04:03.000> and<00:04:03.319> how<00:04:03.599> is<00:04:03.720> it<00:04:04.040> possible<00:04:04.640> for<00:04:04.799> them<00:04:04.920> to
much and how is it possible for them to
much and how is it possible for them to
learn<00:04:05.319> so<00:04:05.519> much<00:04:05.799> in<00:04:06.040> such<00:04:06.200> a<00:04:06.360> short<00:04:06.680> time<00:04:07.439> I
learn so much in such a short time I
learn so much in such a short time I
mean<00:04:07.760> after<00:04:07.959> all<00:04:08.159> if<00:04:08.239> you<00:04:08.480> look<00:04:08.680> at<00:04:08.840> babies
mean after all if you look at babies
mean after all if you look at babies
superficially<00:04:10.360> they<00:04:10.519> seem<00:04:10.920> pretty<00:04:11.159> useless
superficially they seem pretty useless
superficially they seem pretty useless
and<00:04:12.239> actually<00:04:13.000> in<00:04:13.159> many<00:04:13.360> ways<00:04:13.560> they're<00:04:13.760> worse
and actually in many ways they're worse
and actually in many ways they're worse
than<00:04:14.200> useless<00:04:14.760> because<00:04:15.079> we<00:04:15.280> have<00:04:15.400> to<00:04:15.519> put<00:04:15.760> so
than useless because we have to put so
than useless because we have to put so
much<00:04:16.079> time<00:04:16.239> and<00:04:16.400> energy<00:04:16.759> into<00:04:17.079> just<00:04:17.280> keeping
much time and energy into just keeping
much time and energy into just keeping
them<00:04:18.040> alive<00:04:19.040> but<00:04:19.280> if<00:04:19.400> we<00:04:19.600> turn<00:04:19.959> to<00:04:20.440> Evolution
them alive but if we turn to Evolution
them alive but if we turn to Evolution
for<00:04:21.199> an<00:04:21.400> answer<00:04:21.720> to<00:04:21.959> this<00:04:22.320> puzzle<00:04:22.840> of<00:04:23.199> why<00:04:23.479> we
for an answer to this puzzle of why we
for an answer to this puzzle of why we
spend<00:04:24.320> so<00:04:24.479> much<00:04:24.639> time<00:04:24.840> taking<00:04:25.080> care<00:04:25.240> of
spend so much time taking care of
spend so much time taking care of
useless<00:04:26.160> babies<00:04:27.160> um<00:04:27.880> it<00:04:28.040> turns<00:04:28.320> out<00:04:28.520> that
useless babies um it turns out that
useless babies um it turns out that
there's<00:04:28.960> actually<00:04:29.240> an<00:04:29.400> answer<00:04:30.039> if<00:04:30.199> we<00:04:30.360> look
there's actually an answer if we look
there's actually an answer if we look
across<00:04:31.120> many<00:04:31.400> many<00:04:31.759> different<00:04:32.080> species<00:04:32.520> of
across many many different species of
across many many different species of
animals<00:04:33.759> not<00:04:34.120> just<00:04:34.440> us<00:04:34.800> primates<00:04:35.320> but<00:04:35.520> also
animals not just us primates but also
animals not just us primates but also
including<00:04:36.280> other<00:04:36.560> mammals<00:04:37.360> birds<00:04:37.919> even<00:04:38.520> uh
including other mammals birds even uh
including other mammals birds even uh
marial<00:04:39.600> like<00:04:39.720> kangaroos<00:04:40.240> and<00:04:40.479> wombats<00:04:41.479> it
marial like kangaroos and wombats it
marial like kangaroos and wombats it
turns<00:04:41.960> out<00:04:42.240> that<00:04:42.360> there's<00:04:42.600> a<00:04:42.960> relationship
turns out that there's a relationship
turns out that there's a relationship
between<00:04:44.720> how<00:04:45.000> long<00:04:45.320> a<00:04:45.680> childhood<00:04:46.680> a<00:04:46.880> species
between how long a childhood a species
between how long a childhood a species
has<00:04:48.240> and<00:04:48.840> how<00:04:49.240> big<00:04:49.520> their<00:04:49.680> brains<00:04:50.080> are
has and how big their brains are
has and how big their brains are
compared<00:04:50.680> to<00:04:50.800> their<00:04:50.960> bodies<00:04:51.560> and<00:04:51.720> how<00:04:51.880> smart
compared to their bodies and how smart
compared to their bodies and how smart
and<00:04:52.320> flexible<00:04:52.840> they<00:04:52.960> are<00:04:53.600> and<00:04:53.800> sort<00:04:53.960> of<00:04:54.080> the
and flexible they are and sort of the
and flexible they are and sort of the
poster<00:04:54.560> birds<00:04:54.919> for<00:04:55.160> this<00:04:55.360> idea<00:04:55.720> are<00:04:55.919> the<00:04:56.039> birds
poster birds for this idea are the birds
poster birds for this idea are the birds
up<00:04:56.639> there<00:04:57.400> on<00:04:57.639> one<00:04:58.000> side<00:04:58.400> is<00:04:58.560> a<00:04:58.680> new<00:04:58.880> Caledonian
up there on one side is a new Caledonian
up there on one side is a new Caledonian
C
C
C
and<00:05:00.720> crows<00:05:01.199> and<00:05:01.400> other<00:05:01.680> corvids<00:05:02.280> Ravens<00:05:02.680> Rooks
and crows and other corvids Ravens Rooks
and crows and other corvids Ravens Rooks
and<00:05:03.240> so<00:05:03.440> forth<00:05:03.880> are<00:05:04.240> incredibly<00:05:04.919> smart<00:05:05.280> birds
and so forth are incredibly smart birds
and so forth are incredibly smart birds
they're<00:05:06.240> as<00:05:06.479> smart<00:05:06.919> as<00:05:07.160> chimpanzees<00:05:07.880> in<00:05:08.000> some
they're as smart as chimpanzees in some
they're as smart as chimpanzees in some
respects<00:05:09.000> and<00:05:09.199> this<00:05:09.320> is<00:05:09.440> a<00:05:09.560> bird<00:05:09.759> on<00:05:09.880> the<00:05:10.000> cover
respects and this is a bird on the cover
respects and this is a bird on the cover
of<00:05:10.400> science<00:05:10.960> who's<00:05:11.160> learned<00:05:11.440> how<00:05:11.560> to<00:05:11.680> use<00:05:11.880> a
of science who's learned how to use a
of science who's learned how to use a
tool<00:05:12.320> to<00:05:12.759> get<00:05:13.160> food<00:05:14.160> on<00:05:14.400> the<00:05:14.639> other<00:05:14.919> hand<00:05:15.320> we
tool to get food on the other hand we
tool to get food on the other hand we
have<00:05:15.720> our<00:05:15.840> friend<00:05:16.080> the<00:05:16.240> domestic<00:05:16.680> chicken<00:05:17.680> and
have our friend the domestic chicken and
have our friend the domestic chicken and
chickens<00:05:18.440> and<00:05:18.639> ducks<00:05:18.919> and<00:05:19.080> geese<00:05:19.400> and<00:05:19.600> turkeys
chickens and ducks and geese and turkeys
chickens and ducks and geese and turkeys
are<00:05:20.800> basically<00:05:21.199> as<00:05:21.360> dumb<00:05:21.560> as<00:05:21.680> stumps<00:05:22.440> so
are basically as dumb as stumps so
are basically as dumb as stumps so
they're<00:05:23.360> very<00:05:23.919> very<00:05:24.199> good<00:05:24.400> at<00:05:24.639> pecking<00:05:24.960> for
they're very very good at pecking for
they're very very good at pecking for
grain<00:05:25.759> and<00:05:25.919> they're<00:05:26.160> not<00:05:26.400> much<00:05:26.720> good<00:05:26.960> at<00:05:27.120> doing
grain and they're not much good at doing
grain and they're not much good at doing
anything<00:05:27.800> else<00:05:28.759> well<00:05:28.960> it<00:05:29.080> turns<00:05:29.400> out<00:05:29.800> that<00:05:30.000> the
anything else well it turns out that the
anything else well it turns out that the
babies<00:05:30.759> the<00:05:30.919> new<00:05:31.120> Caledonian<00:05:31.680> Crow<00:05:32.000> babies
babies the new Caledonian Crow babies
babies the new Caledonian Crow babies
are<00:05:32.680> fledglings<00:05:33.560> they<00:05:33.800> depend<00:05:34.160> on<00:05:34.319> their<00:05:34.520> moms
are fledglings they depend on their moms
are fledglings they depend on their moms
to<00:05:35.160> drop<00:05:35.440> worms<00:05:35.840> in<00:05:36.039> their<00:05:36.319> little<00:05:36.560> open
to drop worms in their little open
to drop worms in their little open
mouths<00:05:37.759> for<00:05:37.960> as<00:05:38.080> long<00:05:38.280> as<00:05:38.520> 2<00:05:38.840> years<00:05:39.280> which<00:05:39.400> is<00:05:39.479> a
mouths for as long as 2 years which is a
mouths for as long as 2 years which is a
really<00:05:40.000> long<00:05:40.319> time<00:05:40.560> in<00:05:40.680> the<00:05:40.800> life<00:05:40.960> of<00:05:41.080> a<00:05:41.199> bird
really long time in the life of a bird
really long time in the life of a bird
whereas<00:05:42.120> the<00:05:42.240> chickens<00:05:42.639> are<00:05:42.880> actually<00:05:43.199> mature
whereas the chickens are actually mature
whereas the chickens are actually mature
within<00:05:44.280> a<00:05:44.400> couple<00:05:44.600> of<00:05:44.880> months<00:05:45.880> so<00:05:46.639> childhood
within a couple of months so childhood
within a couple of months so childhood
is<00:05:47.680> the<00:05:47.919> reason<00:05:48.520> why<00:05:48.800> the<00:05:48.960> crows<00:05:49.319> end<00:05:49.520> up<00:05:49.680> on
is the reason why the crows end up on
is the reason why the crows end up on
the<00:05:49.960> cover<00:05:50.199> of<00:05:50.400> Science<00:05:50.919> and<00:05:51.080> the<00:05:51.199> chickens
the cover of Science and the chickens
the cover of Science and the chickens
end<00:05:51.800> up<00:05:51.960> in<00:05:52.039> the<00:05:52.160> Soup<00:05:52.479> pot<00:05:53.199> there's<00:05:53.479> something
end up in the Soup pot there's something
end up in the Soup pot there's something
about<00:05:54.720> that<00:05:55.039> long<00:05:55.560> childhood<00:05:56.199> that<00:05:56.360> seems<00:05:56.639> to
about that long childhood that seems to
about that long childhood that seems to
be<00:05:57.319> connected<00:05:57.880> to<00:05:58.280> knowledge<00:05:58.639> and<00:05:58.800> learning
be connected to knowledge and learning
be connected to knowledge and learning
well<00:06:00.319> what<00:06:00.520> kind<00:06:00.680> of<00:06:01.319> explanation<00:06:02.000> could<00:06:02.160> we
well what kind of explanation could we
well what kind of explanation could we
have<00:06:02.520> for<00:06:02.759> this<00:06:03.400> well<00:06:03.720> some<00:06:04.080> animals<00:06:04.520> like<00:06:04.680> the
have for this well some animals like the
have for this well some animals like the
chicken<00:06:05.600> seem<00:06:05.880> to<00:06:06.039> be<00:06:06.479> beautifully<00:06:07.039> suited<00:06:07.680> to
chicken seem to be beautifully suited to
chicken seem to be beautifully suited to
doing<00:06:08.520> just<00:06:08.759> one<00:06:09.080> thing<00:06:09.680> very<00:06:09.919> well<00:06:10.319> so<00:06:10.560> they
doing just one thing very well so they
doing just one thing very well so they
seem<00:06:10.880> to<00:06:11.000> be<00:06:11.160> beautifully<00:06:11.560> suited<00:06:11.960> to<00:06:12.520> packing
seem to be beautifully suited to packing
seem to be beautifully suited to packing
grain<00:06:13.360> in<00:06:13.520> one<00:06:14.039> environment<00:06:15.039> other<00:06:15.319> creatures
grain in one environment other creatures
grain in one environment other creatures
like<00:06:16.000> the<00:06:16.120> crows<00:06:16.840> aren't<00:06:17.199> very<00:06:17.400> good<00:06:17.560> at<00:06:17.680> doing
like the crows aren't very good at doing
like the crows aren't very good at doing
anything<00:06:18.240> in<00:06:18.440> particular<00:06:19.160> but<00:06:19.319> they're
anything in particular but they're
anything in particular but they're
extremely<00:06:20.120> good<00:06:20.319> at<00:06:20.440> learning<00:06:20.800> about<00:06:21.039> lots<00:06:21.280> of
extremely good at learning about lots of
extremely good at learning about lots of
different<00:06:21.800> environments<00:06:22.800> and<00:06:22.960> of<00:06:23.080> course<00:06:23.360> we
different environments and of course we
different environments and of course we
human<00:06:24.000> beings<00:06:24.720> are<00:06:25.160> way<00:06:25.440> out<00:06:25.720> on<00:06:25.840> the<00:06:25.960> end<00:06:26.160> of
human beings are way out on the end of
human beings are way out on the end of
the<00:06:26.400> distribution<00:06:27.000> like<00:06:27.160> the<00:06:27.280> crows<00:06:28.080> we<00:06:28.319> have
the distribution like the crows we have
the distribution like the crows we have
bigger<00:06:28.840> brains<00:06:29.160> relative<00:06:29.599> to<00:06:29.720> our<00:06:29.880> bodies<00:06:30.240> by
bigger brains relative to our bodies by
bigger brains relative to our bodies by
far<00:06:30.919> than<00:06:31.120> any<00:06:31.319> other<00:06:31.599> animal<00:06:32.240> we're<00:06:32.520> smarter
far than any other animal we're smarter
far than any other animal we're smarter
we're<00:06:33.280> more<00:06:33.520> flexible<00:06:34.080> we<00:06:34.199> can<00:06:34.440> learn<00:06:34.840> more<00:06:35.560> we
we're more flexible we can learn more we
we're more flexible we can learn more we
survive<00:06:36.319> in<00:06:36.479> more<00:06:36.720> different<00:06:37.039> environments
survive in more different environments
survive in more different environments
we've<00:06:37.919> migrated<00:06:38.360> to<00:06:38.520> cover<00:06:38.800> the<00:06:38.960> world<00:06:39.240> and
we've migrated to cover the world and
we've migrated to cover the world and
even<00:06:39.560> go<00:06:39.720> to<00:06:39.840> outer<00:06:40.160> space<00:06:41.000> and<00:06:41.240> our<00:06:41.520> babies
even go to outer space and our babies
even go to outer space and our babies
and<00:06:42.039> children<00:06:42.440> are<00:06:42.720> dependent<00:06:43.199> on<00:06:43.400> us<00:06:43.800> for
and children are dependent on us for
and children are dependent on us for
much<00:06:44.440> longer<00:06:44.800> than<00:06:44.960> the<00:06:45.080> babies<00:06:45.360> of<00:06:45.560> any<00:06:45.800> other
much longer than the babies of any other
much longer than the babies of any other
species<00:06:46.759> my<00:06:47.039> son<00:06:47.520> is<00:06:48.280> 23<00:06:49.680> and<00:06:50.680> uh<00:06:51.039> at<00:06:51.199> least
species my son is 23 and uh at least
species my son is 23 and uh at least
until<00:06:52.000> their<00:06:52.199> 23<00:06:52.960> we're<00:06:53.240> still<00:06:53.680> popping<00:06:54.080> those
until their 23 we're still popping those
until their 23 we're still popping those
worms<00:06:54.800> into<00:06:55.160> those<00:06:55.400> little<00:06:56.120> open
worms into those little open
worms into those little open
mouths<00:06:57.960> all<00:06:58.120> right<00:06:58.400> why<00:06:58.560> would<00:06:58.720> we<00:06:58.879> see<00:06:59.199> this
mouths all right why would we see this
mouths all right why would we see this
correlation<00:07:00.520> well<00:07:01.000> an<00:07:01.240> idea<00:07:01.840> is<00:07:02.080> that<00:07:02.440> that
correlation well an idea is that that
correlation well an idea is that that
strategy<00:07:03.319> that<00:07:03.440> learning<00:07:03.879> strategy<00:07:04.400> is<00:07:04.520> an
strategy that learning strategy is an
strategy that learning strategy is an
extremely<00:07:05.440> powerful<00:07:06.000> great<00:07:06.360> strategy<00:07:06.720> for
extremely powerful great strategy for
extremely powerful great strategy for
getting<00:07:07.080> on<00:07:07.240> in<00:07:07.319> the<00:07:07.400> world<00:07:08.039> but<00:07:08.160> it<00:07:08.319> has<00:07:08.520> one
getting on in the world but it has one
getting on in the world but it has one
big<00:07:09.120> disadvantage<00:07:10.120> and<00:07:10.280> that<00:07:10.440> one<00:07:10.840> big
big disadvantage and that one big
big disadvantage and that one big
disadvantage<00:07:11.960> is<00:07:12.160> that<00:07:12.680> until<00:07:13.199> you<00:07:13.479> actually
disadvantage is that until you actually
disadvantage is that until you actually
do<00:07:14.000> all<00:07:14.199> that<00:07:14.360> learning<00:07:15.000> you're<00:07:15.199> going<00:07:15.360> to<00:07:15.479> be
do all that learning you're going to be
do all that learning you're going to be
helpless<00:07:16.560> so<00:07:17.160> you<00:07:17.319> don't<00:07:17.560> want<00:07:17.680> to<00:07:17.840> have<00:07:17.960> the
helpless so you don't want to have the
helpless so you don't want to have the
Mastadon<00:07:18.800> charging<00:07:19.319> at<00:07:19.520> you<00:07:19.879> and<00:07:20.039> be<00:07:20.160> saying
Mastadon charging at you and be saying
Mastadon charging at you and be saying
to<00:07:20.560> yourself<00:07:21.360> a<00:07:21.639> slingshot<00:07:22.639> or<00:07:23.039> maybe<00:07:23.319> a<00:07:23.639> spear
to yourself a slingshot or maybe a spear
to yourself a slingshot or maybe a spear
might<00:07:24.840> work<00:07:25.280> which<00:07:25.400> would<00:07:25.599> actually<00:07:25.759> be
might work which would actually be
might work which would actually be
better<00:07:26.160> you<00:07:26.240> want<00:07:26.360> to<00:07:26.479> know<00:07:26.680> all<00:07:26.919> that<00:07:27.120> before
better you want to know all that before
better you want to know all that before
the<00:07:27.479> mastadons<00:07:28.160> actually<00:07:28.400> show<00:07:28.720> up<00:07:29.560> and<00:07:29.680> the
the mastadons actually show up and the
the mastadons actually show up and the
way<00:07:30.039> that<00:07:30.240> Evolution<00:07:30.759> seems<00:07:31.000> to<00:07:31.120> have<00:07:31.319> solved
way that Evolution seems to have solved
way that Evolution seems to have solved
that<00:07:32.039> problem<00:07:32.400> is<00:07:32.560> with<00:07:32.680> a<00:07:32.879> kind<00:07:33.080> of<00:07:33.319> division
that problem is with a kind of division
that problem is with a kind of division
of<00:07:33.840> labor<00:07:34.800> so<00:07:35.000> the<00:07:35.160> idea<00:07:35.440> is<00:07:35.560> that<00:07:35.680> we<00:07:35.800> have
of labor so the idea is that we have
of labor so the idea is that we have
this<00:07:36.160> early<00:07:36.560> period<00:07:37.039> when<00:07:37.199> we're<00:07:37.479> completely
this early period when we're completely
this early period when we're completely
protected<00:07:38.360> we<00:07:38.479> don't<00:07:38.680> have<00:07:38.759> to<00:07:38.879> do<00:07:39.080> anything
protected we don't have to do anything
protected we don't have to do anything
all<00:07:39.800> we<00:07:39.919> have<00:07:40.039> to<00:07:40.160> do<00:07:40.319> is<00:07:40.479> learn<00:07:41.240> and<00:07:41.360> then<00:07:41.639> as
all we have to do is learn and then as
all we have to do is learn and then as
adults<00:07:42.360> we<00:07:42.479> can<00:07:42.639> take<00:07:42.840> all<00:07:43.000> those<00:07:43.199> things<00:07:43.400> that
adults we can take all those things that
adults we can take all those things that
we<00:07:43.599> learned<00:07:43.919> when<00:07:44.000> we<00:07:44.120> were<00:07:44.280> babies<00:07:44.520> and
we learned when we were babies and
we learned when we were babies and
children<00:07:45.400> and<00:07:45.680> actually<00:07:46.000> put<00:07:46.159> them<00:07:46.280> to<00:07:46.440> work
children and actually put them to work
children and actually put them to work
to<00:07:46.800> do<00:07:47.000> things<00:07:47.280> out<00:07:47.520> there<00:07:47.680> in<00:07:47.800> the<00:07:47.919> world<00:07:48.840> so
to do things out there in the world so
to do things out there in the world so
one<00:07:49.280> way<00:07:49.440> of<00:07:49.639> thinking<00:07:49.960> about<00:07:50.159> it<00:07:50.440> is<00:07:50.599> that
one way of thinking about it is that
one way of thinking about it is that
babies<00:07:51.159> and<00:07:51.360> young<00:07:51.599> children<00:07:52.240> are<00:07:52.400> like<00:07:52.599> the
babies and young children are like the
babies and young children are like the
research<00:07:53.120> and<00:07:53.280> development<00:07:53.840> division<00:07:54.280> of<00:07:54.400> the
research and development division of the
research and development division of the
human<00:07:55.000> species<00:07:56.000> so<00:07:56.360> they're<00:07:56.759> the<00:07:57.000> protected
human species so they're the protected
human species so they're the protected
Blue<00:07:57.840> Sky<00:07:58.159> guys<00:07:58.440> who<00:07:58.639> just<00:07:58.759> have<00:07:58.879> to<00:07:59.000> go<00:07:59.120> out
Blue Sky guys who just have to go out
Blue Sky guys who just have to go out
learn<00:07:59.800> and<00:07:59.960> have<00:08:00.120> good<00:08:00.360> ideas<00:08:01.120> and<00:08:01.360> we're
learn and have good ideas and we're
learn and have good ideas and we're
production<00:08:02.120> and<00:08:02.319> marketing<00:08:03.039> we<00:08:03.240> have<00:08:03.360> to<00:08:03.639> take
production and marketing we have to take
production and marketing we have to take
all<00:08:04.240> those<00:08:04.520> ideas<00:08:04.879> that<00:08:04.960> we<00:08:05.080> learned<00:08:05.360> when<00:08:05.479> we
all those ideas that we learned when we
all those ideas that we learned when we
were<00:08:05.720> children<00:08:06.400> and<00:08:06.919> uh<00:08:07.080> actually<00:08:07.319> put<00:08:07.560> them
were children and uh actually put them
were children and uh actually put them
to<00:08:07.840> use<00:08:08.720> another<00:08:09.039> way<00:08:09.159> of<00:08:09.319> thinking<00:08:09.639> about<00:08:09.840> it
to use another way of thinking about it
to use another way of thinking about it
is<00:08:10.280> instead<00:08:10.639> of<00:08:10.840> thinking<00:08:11.159> about<00:08:11.440> babies<00:08:11.720> and
is instead of thinking about babies and
is instead of thinking about babies and
children<00:08:12.199> as<00:08:12.360> being<00:08:12.599> like<00:08:12.919> defective
children as being like defective
children as being like defective
grown-ups<00:08:14.680> we<00:08:14.800> should<00:08:15.039> think<00:08:15.240> about<00:08:15.520> them<00:08:15.680> as
grown-ups we should think about them as
grown-ups we should think about them as
being<00:08:16.039> a<00:08:16.240> different<00:08:16.599> developmental<00:08:17.280> stage<00:08:17.639> of
being a different developmental stage of
being a different developmental stage of
the<00:08:18.000> same<00:08:18.319> species<00:08:19.240> kind<00:08:19.360> of<00:08:19.520> like
the same species kind of like
the same species kind of like
caterpillars<00:08:20.400> and<00:08:20.639> butterflies<00:08:21.639> except<00:08:21.919> that
caterpillars and butterflies except that
caterpillars and butterflies except that
they're<00:08:22.639> actually<00:08:22.919> the<00:08:23.039> brilliant
they're actually the brilliant
they're actually the brilliant
butterflies<00:08:24.159> who<00:08:24.280> are<00:08:24.400> flitting<00:08:24.800> around<00:08:25.080> the
butterflies who are flitting around the
butterflies who are flitting around the
garden<00:08:25.479> and<00:08:25.720> exploring<00:08:26.479> and<00:08:26.720> we're<00:08:27.039> the
garden and exploring and we're the
garden and exploring and we're the
caterpillars<00:08:27.840> who<00:08:28.000> are<00:08:28.120> inching<00:08:28.520> along<00:08:28.879> our
caterpillars who are inching along our
caterpillars who are inching along our
narrow<00:08:29.759> grown-up<00:08:30.240> adult<00:08:30.960> path<00:08:31.960> if<00:08:32.200> this<00:08:32.320> is
narrow grown-up adult path if this is
narrow grown-up adult path if this is
true<00:08:33.000> if<00:08:33.200> these<00:08:33.479> babies<00:08:33.880> are<00:08:34.240> designed<00:08:34.800> to
true if these babies are designed to
true if these babies are designed to
learn<00:08:35.360> and<00:08:35.479> this<00:08:35.640> evolutionary<00:08:36.200> story<00:08:36.519> would
learn and this evolutionary story would
learn and this evolutionary story would
say<00:08:36.880> children<00:08:37.200> are<00:08:37.519> for<00:08:37.880> learning<00:08:38.399> that's
say children are for learning that's
say children are for learning that's
what<00:08:38.680> they're<00:08:39.000> for<00:08:40.000> we<00:08:40.200> might<00:08:40.519> expect<00:08:41.200> that
what they're for we might expect that
what they're for we might expect that
they<00:08:41.440> would<00:08:41.599> have<00:08:41.800> really<00:08:42.080> powerful<00:08:42.479> learning
they would have really powerful learning
they would have really powerful learning
mechanisms<00:08:44.159> and<00:08:44.360> in<00:08:44.640> fact<00:08:45.000> the<00:08:45.160> baby's<00:08:45.680> brain
mechanisms and in fact the baby's brain
mechanisms and in fact the baby's brain
seems<00:08:46.480> to<00:08:46.680> be<00:08:47.000> the<00:08:47.240> most<00:08:47.680> powerful<00:08:48.200> learning
seems to be the most powerful learning
seems to be the most powerful learning
computer<00:08:49.560> on<00:08:49.720> the<00:08:49.920> planet<00:08:50.760> but<00:08:51.160> real
computer on the planet but real
computer on the planet but real
computers<00:08:52.000> are<00:08:52.279> actually<00:08:52.519> getting<00:08:52.760> to<00:08:52.880> be<00:08:53.000> a
computers are actually getting to be a
computers are actually getting to be a
lot<00:08:53.240> better<00:08:54.080> and<00:08:54.399> there's<00:08:54.640> been<00:08:54.760> a<00:08:54.920> revolution
lot better and there's been a revolution
lot better and there's been a revolution
in<00:08:55.560> our<00:08:56.000> understanding<00:08:56.240> of<00:08:56.360> machine<00:08:56.720> learning
in our understanding of machine learning
in our understanding of machine learning
recently<00:08:57.920> and<00:08:58.040> it<00:08:58.240> all<00:08:58.560> depends<00:08:59.120> on<00:08:59.240> the<00:08:59.560> ideas
recently and it all depends on the ideas
recently and it all depends on the ideas
of<00:09:00.279> this<00:09:00.519> guy<00:09:01.040> the<00:09:01.160> Reverend<00:09:01.560> Thomas<00:09:01.920> bazes
of this guy the Reverend Thomas bazes
of this guy the Reverend Thomas bazes
who<00:09:02.480> was<00:09:02.760> a<00:09:03.000> statistician<00:09:03.519> and<00:09:03.720> mathematician
who was a statistician and mathematician
who was a statistician and mathematician
in<00:09:04.320> the<00:09:04.399> 18th<00:09:05.200> century<00:09:06.200> and<00:09:06.680> essentially<00:09:07.320> what
in the 18th century and essentially what
in the 18th century and essentially what
baze<00:09:08.240> did<00:09:08.519> was<00:09:08.640> to<00:09:08.880> provide<00:09:09.279> a<00:09:09.480> mathematical
baze did was to provide a mathematical
baze did was to provide a mathematical
way<00:09:10.920> using<00:09:11.320> probability<00:09:12.000> Theory<00:09:12.760> to
way using probability Theory to
way using probability Theory to
characterize<00:09:13.720> to<00:09:13.959> describe<00:09:14.640> the<00:09:14.760> way<00:09:14.920> that
characterize to describe the way that
characterize to describe the way that
scientists<00:09:15.600> find<00:09:15.800> out<00:09:16.000> about<00:09:16.200> the<00:09:16.320> world<00:09:17.079> so
scientists find out about the world so
scientists find out about the world so
what<00:09:17.399> scientists<00:09:17.880> do<00:09:18.200> is<00:09:18.440> they<00:09:18.680> have<00:09:18.839> a
what scientists do is they have a
what scientists do is they have a
hypothesis<00:09:19.640> that<00:09:19.760> they<00:09:19.880> think<00:09:20.120> might<00:09:20.279> be
hypothesis that they think might be
hypothesis that they think might be
likely<00:09:20.880> to<00:09:21.040> start<00:09:21.399> with<00:09:21.920> they<00:09:22.079> go<00:09:22.240> out<00:09:22.399> and
likely to start with they go out and
likely to start with they go out and
test<00:09:22.839> it<00:09:23.040> against<00:09:23.320> the<00:09:23.519> evidence<00:09:24.320> the
test it against the evidence the
test it against the evidence the
evidence<00:09:24.800> makes<00:09:25.040> them<00:09:25.200> change<00:09:25.560> that
evidence makes them change that
evidence makes them change that
hypothesis<00:09:26.480> then<00:09:26.600> they<00:09:26.800> test<00:09:27.120> that<00:09:27.240> new
hypothesis then they test that new
hypothesis then they test that new
hypothesis<00:09:28.160> and<00:09:28.320> so<00:09:28.440> on<00:09:28.600> and<00:09:28.760> so<00:09:28.959> forth<00:09:29.600> and
hypothesis and so on and so forth and
hypothesis and so on and so forth and
what<00:09:29.920> bay<00:09:30.240> showed<00:09:30.600> was<00:09:30.720> a<00:09:30.920> mathematical<00:09:31.560> way
what bay showed was a mathematical way
what bay showed was a mathematical way
that<00:09:31.920> you<00:09:32.040> could<00:09:32.200> do<00:09:32.399> that<00:09:32.920> and<00:09:33.120> that
that you could do that and that
that you could do that and that
mathematics<00:09:33.800> is<00:09:33.959> at<00:09:34.079> the<00:09:34.240> core<00:09:34.640> of<00:09:34.800> the<00:09:34.959> best
mathematics is at the core of the best
mathematics is at the core of the best
machine<00:09:35.480> learning<00:09:35.800> programs<00:09:36.200> that<00:09:36.320> we<00:09:36.480> have
machine learning programs that we have
machine learning programs that we have
now<00:09:37.519> and<00:09:37.959> some<00:09:38.279> 10<00:09:38.560> years<00:09:38.839> ago<00:09:39.440> I<00:09:39.640> suggested
now and some 10 years ago I suggested
now and some 10 years ago I suggested
that<00:09:41.040> babies<00:09:41.440> might<00:09:41.600> be<00:09:41.720> doing<00:09:42.000> the<00:09:42.120> same
that babies might be doing the same
that babies might be doing the same
thing<00:09:42.920> so<00:09:43.160> if<00:09:43.240> you<00:09:43.360> want<00:09:43.480> to<00:09:43.640> know<00:09:43.880> what's
thing so if you want to know what's
thing so if you want to know what's
going<00:09:44.360> on<00:09:44.760> underneath<00:09:45.240> those<00:09:45.519> beautiful
going on underneath those beautiful
going on underneath those beautiful
brown<00:09:46.560> eyes<00:09:47.160> I<00:09:47.279> think<00:09:47.399> it<00:09:47.560> actually<00:09:47.760> looks
brown eyes I think it actually looks
brown eyes I think it actually looks
something<00:09:48.399> like<00:09:48.600> this<00:09:48.880> this<00:09:48.959> is<00:09:49.120> Reverend
something like this this is Reverend
something like this this is Reverend
baz's<00:09:49.839> notebook<00:09:50.640> so<00:09:50.839> I<00:09:50.959> think<00:09:51.200> those<00:09:51.399> babies
baz's notebook so I think those babies
baz's notebook so I think those babies
are<00:09:51.880> actually<00:09:52.120> making<00:09:52.600> complicated
are actually making complicated
are actually making complicated
calculations<00:09:54.160> with<00:09:54.440> conditional
calculations with conditional
calculations with conditional
probabilities<00:09:55.680> that<00:09:55.839> they're<00:09:56.079> revising<00:09:56.560> to
probabilities that they're revising to
probabilities that they're revising to
figure<00:09:56.959> out<00:09:57.160> how<00:09:57.320> the<00:09:57.440> world<00:09:57.760> works<00:09:58.640> all<00:09:58.760> right
figure out how the world works all right
figure out how the world works all right
now<00:09:59.160> that<00:09:59.519> might<00:09:59.640> seem<00:09:59.839> like<00:09:59.959> an<00:10:00.200> even<00:10:00.519> taller
now that might seem like an even taller
now that might seem like an even taller
order<00:10:01.360> to<00:10:01.600> actually<00:10:01.920> demonstrate<00:10:02.760> because
order to actually demonstrate because
order to actually demonstrate because
after<00:10:03.360> all<00:10:03.760> if<00:10:03.839> you<00:10:04.079> ask<00:10:04.320> even<00:10:04.560> grown-ups<00:10:05.000> to
after all if you ask even grown-ups to
after all if you ask even grown-ups to
bat<00:10:05.360> statistics<00:10:05.839> they<00:10:05.959> look<00:10:06.240> extremely
bat statistics they look extremely
bat statistics they look extremely
stupid<00:10:07.120> how<00:10:07.360> could<00:10:07.480> it<00:10:07.600> be<00:10:07.880> that<00:10:08.200> children<00:10:08.519> are
stupid how could it be that children are
stupid how could it be that children are
doing<00:10:09.200> statistics<00:10:10.200> so<00:10:10.399> to<00:10:10.560> test<00:10:10.920> this<00:10:11.160> we<00:10:11.360> used
doing statistics so to test this we used
doing statistics so to test this we used
a<00:10:11.760> machine<00:10:12.200> that<00:10:12.360> we<00:10:12.560> have<00:10:12.800> called<00:10:13.040> the
a machine that we have called the
a machine that we have called the
blicket<00:10:13.519> detector<00:10:14.079> this<00:10:14.200> is<00:10:14.279> a<00:10:14.480> box<00:10:14.720> that
blicket detector this is a box that
blicket detector this is a box that
lights<00:10:15.160> up<00:10:15.360> and<00:10:15.519> plays<00:10:15.800> music<00:10:16.079> when<00:10:16.200> you<00:10:16.320> put
lights up and plays music when you put
lights up and plays music when you put
some<00:10:16.720> things<00:10:16.920> on<00:10:17.079> it<00:10:17.519> and<00:10:17.680> not<00:10:17.880> others<00:10:18.480> and
some things on it and not others and
some things on it and not others and
using<00:10:18.920> this<00:10:19.120> very<00:10:19.360> simple<00:10:19.760> machine<00:10:20.519> my<00:10:20.839> laab
using this very simple machine my laab
using this very simple machine my laab
and<00:10:21.160> others<00:10:21.399> have<00:10:21.560> done<00:10:21.800> dozens<00:10:22.160> of<00:10:22.399> studies
and others have done dozens of studies
and others have done dozens of studies
showing<00:10:23.839> just<00:10:24.120> how<00:10:24.480> good<00:10:24.920> babies<00:10:25.240> are<00:10:25.480> at
showing just how good babies are at
showing just how good babies are at
learning<00:10:25.920> about<00:10:26.160> the<00:10:26.240> world<00:10:26.839> let<00:10:26.959> me<00:10:27.320> mention
learning about the world let me mention
learning about the world let me mention
just<00:10:27.880> one<00:10:28.120> that<00:10:28.240> we<00:10:28.399> did<00:10:28.640> with<00:10:29.320> Mar<00:10:29.519> Kushner<00:10:29.920> my
just one that we did with Mar Kushner my
just one that we did with Mar Kushner my
student<00:10:31.000> if<00:10:31.200> I<00:10:31.320> showed<00:10:31.640> you<00:10:31.839> this<00:10:32.079> detector
student if I showed you this detector
student if I showed you this detector
you<00:10:33.040> would<00:10:33.240> be<00:10:33.480> likely<00:10:33.880> to<00:10:34.200> think<00:10:34.519> to<00:10:34.720> begin
you would be likely to think to begin
you would be likely to think to begin
with<00:10:35.279> that<00:10:35.399> the<00:10:35.519> way<00:10:35.680> to<00:10:35.839> make<00:10:36.040> the<00:10:36.200> detector
with that the way to make the detector
with that the way to make the detector
go<00:10:36.920> would<00:10:37.040> be<00:10:37.200> to<00:10:37.360> put<00:10:37.480> a<00:10:37.600> block<00:10:37.880> on<00:10:38.079> top<00:10:38.200> of<00:10:38.320> the
go would be to put a block on top of the
go would be to put a block on top of the
detector<00:10:39.560> but<00:10:39.839> actually<00:10:40.399> this<00:10:40.680> detector
detector but actually this detector
detector but actually this detector
Works<00:10:41.760> in<00:10:41.880> a<00:10:42.000> bit<00:10:42.120> of<00:10:42.240> a<00:10:42.399> strange<00:10:42.880> way<00:10:43.639> because
Works in a bit of a strange way because
Works in a bit of a strange way because
if<00:10:44.200> you<00:10:44.639> wave<00:10:45.040> a<00:10:45.200> block<00:10:45.480> over<00:10:45.720> the<00:10:45.920> top<00:10:46.160> of<00:10:46.279> the
if you wave a block over the top of the
if you wave a block over the top of the
detector<00:10:46.880> something<00:10:47.160> you<00:10:47.240> wouldn't<00:10:47.519> ever
detector something you wouldn't ever
detector something you wouldn't ever
think<00:10:48.000> of<00:10:48.200> to<00:10:48.360> begin<00:10:48.720> with<00:10:49.279> the<00:10:49.440> detector<00:10:49.839> will
think of to begin with the detector will
think of to begin with the detector will
actually<00:10:50.480> activate<00:10:50.920> two<00:10:51.120> out<00:10:51.240> of<00:10:51.399> three<00:10:51.680> times
actually activate two out of three times
actually activate two out of three times
whereas<00:10:52.760> if<00:10:52.880> you<00:10:53.279> do<00:10:53.440> the<00:10:53.600> likely<00:10:53.959> thing<00:10:54.279> put
whereas if you do the likely thing put
whereas if you do the likely thing put
the<00:10:54.560> block<00:10:54.839> on<00:10:55.120> the<00:10:55.320> detector<00:10:56.120> it<00:10:56.240> will<00:10:56.519> only
the block on the detector it will only
the block on the detector it will only
activate<00:10:57.320> two<00:10:57.560> out<00:10:57.720> of<00:10:57.880> six<00:10:58.200> times<00:10:59.079> um<00:10:59.639> so<00:11:00.279> the
activate two out of six times um so the
activate two out of six times um so the
unlikely<00:11:01.160> hypothesis<00:11:02.079> actually<00:11:02.399> has
unlikely hypothesis actually has
unlikely hypothesis actually has
stronger<00:11:03.079> evidence<00:11:03.480> it<00:11:03.680> looks<00:11:04.040> as<00:11:04.200> if<00:11:04.440> the
stronger evidence it looks as if the
stronger evidence it looks as if the
waving<00:11:05.200> is<00:11:05.320> a<00:11:05.440> more<00:11:05.639> effective<00:11:06.000> strategy<00:11:06.399> than
waving is a more effective strategy than
waving is a more effective strategy than
the<00:11:06.639> other<00:11:06.880> strategy<00:11:07.720> so<00:11:07.880> we<00:11:08.040> did<00:11:08.320> just<00:11:08.639> this
the other strategy so we did just this
the other strategy so we did just this
we<00:11:09.040> gave<00:11:09.200> four-year-olds<00:11:09.800> this<00:11:09.920> pattern<00:11:10.200> of
we gave four-year-olds this pattern of
we gave four-year-olds this pattern of
evidence<00:11:10.880> and<00:11:11.000> we<00:11:11.200> just<00:11:11.399> asked<00:11:11.680> them<00:11:11.800> to<00:11:11.959> make
evidence and we just asked them to make
evidence and we just asked them to make
it<00:11:12.360> go<00:11:13.000> and<00:11:13.160> sure<00:11:13.480> enough<00:11:14.000> the<00:11:14.120> four-year-olds
it go and sure enough the four-year-olds
it go and sure enough the four-year-olds
use<00:11:15.079> the<00:11:15.320> evidence<00:11:15.680> to<00:11:16.000> wave<00:11:16.399> the<00:11:16.720> object<00:11:17.040> on
use the evidence to wave the object on
use the evidence to wave the object on
top<00:11:17.440> of<00:11:17.560> the<00:11:17.800> detector<00:11:18.800> now<00:11:18.959> there<00:11:19.079> are<00:11:19.279> two
top of the detector now there are two
top of the detector now there are two
things<00:11:19.839> that<00:11:19.959> are<00:11:20.200> really<00:11:20.519> interesting<00:11:21.040> about
things that are really interesting about
things that are really interesting about
this<00:11:21.800> the<00:11:21.920> first<00:11:22.120> one<00:11:22.320> is<00:11:22.600> again<00:11:22.880> remember
this the first one is again remember
this the first one is again remember
these<00:11:23.440> are<00:11:23.639> four-year-olds<00:11:24.399> they're<00:11:24.680> just
these are four-year-olds they're just
these are four-year-olds they're just
learning<00:11:25.360> how<00:11:25.480> to<00:11:25.760> count<00:11:26.720> but<00:11:27.160> unconsciously
learning how to count but unconsciously
learning how to count but unconsciously
they're<00:11:28.360> doing<00:11:28.720> these<00:11:28.959> quite<00:11:29.480> complicated
they're doing these quite complicated
they're doing these quite complicated
calculations<00:11:30.800> that<00:11:30.880> will<00:11:31.120> give<00:11:31.279> them<00:11:31.480> a
calculations that will give them a
calculations that will give them a
conditional<00:11:32.200> probability<00:11:32.800> measure<00:11:33.800> and<00:11:33.959> the
conditional probability measure and the
conditional probability measure and the
other<00:11:34.480> interesting<00:11:35.000> thing<00:11:35.519> is<00:11:35.680> that<00:11:35.880> they<00:11:36.000> are
other interesting thing is that they are
other interesting thing is that they are
using<00:11:36.760> that<00:11:36.959> evidence<00:11:37.320> to<00:11:37.720> get<00:11:37.880> to<00:11:38.120> an<00:11:38.360> idea
using that evidence to get to an idea
using that evidence to get to an idea
get<00:11:39.079> to<00:11:39.240> a<00:11:39.480> hypothesis<00:11:40.160> about<00:11:40.360> the<00:11:40.480> world<00:11:41.120> that
get to a hypothesis about the world that
get to a hypothesis about the world that
seems<00:11:41.760> very<00:11:42.000> unlikely<00:11:42.440> to<00:11:42.600> begin<00:11:42.920> with<00:11:43.480> and<00:11:43.600> in
seems very unlikely to begin with and in
seems very unlikely to begin with and in
studies<00:11:44.200> we've<00:11:44.440> just<00:11:44.600> been<00:11:44.760> doing<00:11:44.959> in<00:11:45.079> my<00:11:45.320> love
studies we've just been doing in my love
studies we've just been doing in my love
similar<00:11:46.040> studies<00:11:46.680> we've<00:11:46.839> shown<00:11:47.079> that
similar studies we've shown that
similar studies we've shown that
four-year-olds<00:11:47.920> are<00:11:48.200> actually<00:11:48.760> better<00:11:49.240> at
four-year-olds are actually better at
four-year-olds are actually better at
finding<00:11:49.800> out<00:11:50.040> an<00:11:50.240> unlikely<00:11:50.760> hypothesis<00:11:51.680> than
finding out an unlikely hypothesis than
finding out an unlikely hypothesis than
adults<00:11:52.279> are<00:11:52.519> when<00:11:52.680> we<00:11:52.800> give<00:11:52.959> them<00:11:53.200> exactly<00:11:53.680> the
adults are when we give them exactly the
adults are when we give them exactly the
same<00:11:54.399> task<00:11:55.399> so<00:11:55.680> in<00:11:55.839> these<00:11:56.040> circumstances<00:11:56.639> the
same task so in these circumstances the
same task so in these circumstances the
children<00:11:57.000> are<00:11:57.160> using<00:11:57.519> statistics<00:11:58.040> to<00:11:58.200> find
children are using statistics to find
children are using statistics to find
out<00:11:58.600> about<00:11:58.839> the<00:11:58.959> world
out about the world
out about the world
but<00:12:00.160> after<00:12:00.399> all<00:12:00.800> scientists<00:12:01.440> also<00:12:01.839> do
but after all scientists also do
but after all scientists also do
experiments<00:12:03.440> and<00:12:03.560> we<00:12:03.720> wanted<00:12:03.959> to<00:12:04.160> see<00:12:04.519> if
experiments and we wanted to see if
experiments and we wanted to see if
children<00:12:05.000> are<00:12:05.200> doing<00:12:05.480> experiments<00:12:06.240> when
children are doing experiments when
children are doing experiments when
children<00:12:06.680> do<00:12:06.880> experiments<00:12:07.360> we<00:12:07.480> call<00:12:07.600> it
children do experiments we call it
children do experiments we call it
getting<00:12:08.079> into<00:12:08.440> everything<00:12:09.000> or<00:12:09.240> else<00:12:09.720> playing
getting into everything or else playing
getting into everything or else playing
and<00:12:10.920> there's<00:12:11.120> been<00:12:11.279> a<00:12:11.399> bunch<00:12:11.600> of<00:12:11.800> interesting
and there's been a bunch of interesting
and there's been a bunch of interesting
experiment<00:12:13.079> uh<00:12:13.320> studies<00:12:13.680> recently<00:12:14.120> that<00:12:14.240> have
experiment uh studies recently that have
experiment uh studies recently that have
shown<00:12:15.079> that<00:12:15.360> this<00:12:15.800> playing<00:12:16.199> around<00:12:16.839> is<00:12:17.040> really
shown that this playing around is really
shown that this playing around is really
a<00:12:17.399> kind<00:12:17.519> of<00:12:17.720> experimental<00:12:18.279> research<00:12:18.720> program
a kind of experimental research program
a kind of experimental research program
here's<00:12:19.519> one<00:12:19.720> from<00:12:19.880> Christine<00:12:20.240> leger's<00:12:20.880> Club
here's one from Christine leger's Club
here's one from Christine leger's Club
what<00:12:21.600> Christine<00:12:22.040> did<00:12:22.240> was<00:12:22.399> use<00:12:22.680> our<00:12:23.199> B
what Christine did was use our B
what Christine did was use our B
detectors<00:12:24.800> and<00:12:24.959> what<00:12:25.079> she<00:12:25.320> did<00:12:25.560> was<00:12:25.720> show
detectors and what she did was show
detectors and what she did was show
children<00:12:26.519> that<00:12:26.839> yellow<00:12:27.079> ones<00:12:27.320> made<00:12:27.440> it<00:12:27.600> go<00:12:27.760> and
children that yellow ones made it go and
children that yellow ones made it go and
red<00:12:28.040> ones<00:12:28.360> didn't<00:12:29.240> and<00:12:29.360> then<00:12:29.519> she<00:12:29.680> showed<00:12:30.040> them
red ones didn't and then she showed them
red ones didn't and then she showed them
un
un
un
anomaly<00:12:32.920> and<00:12:33.079> what<00:12:33.199> you'll<00:12:33.440> see<00:12:33.839> is<00:12:33.959> that<00:12:34.160> this
anomaly and what you'll see is that this
anomaly and what you'll see is that this
little<00:12:34.480> boy<00:12:34.680> will<00:12:34.839> go<00:12:35.040> through<00:12:35.440> five
little boy will go through five
little boy will go through five
hypotheses<00:12:36.680> in<00:12:36.800> the<00:12:37.000> space<00:12:37.360> of<00:12:37.560> 2
minutes<00:12:45.399> the<00:12:45.600> other<00:12:46.440> side<00:12:47.440> okay<00:12:47.560> so<00:12:47.760> he's<00:12:47.959> just
minutes the other side okay so he's just
minutes the other side okay so he's just
his<00:12:48.360> first<00:12:48.680> hypothesis<00:12:49.320> has<00:12:49.519> just<00:12:49.680> been
falsified
falsified
falsified
nothing<00:12:58.199> this<00:12:58.360> one's<00:12:58.720> like<00:12:58.959> a
nothing this one's like a
nothing this one's like a
and<00:12:59.959> this<00:13:00.120> one's<00:13:00.519> not<00:13:01.160> okay<00:13:01.279> he's<00:13:01.440> got<00:13:01.560> his
and this one's not okay he's got his
and this one's not okay he's got his
experimental<00:13:02.240> notebook
out<00:13:07.320> what's<00:13:07.600> making<00:13:08.040> this<00:13:08.320> light
up<00:13:22.560> every<00:13:22.839> scientist<00:13:23.320> will<00:13:23.560> recognize<00:13:24.240> that
up every scientist will recognize that
up every scientist will recognize that
expression<00:13:25.120> of<00:13:25.360> Despair<00:13:26.040> right
oh<00:13:29.800> it's
oh it's
oh it's
because<00:13:32.680> this<00:13:33.120> needs<00:13:33.480> to<00:13:33.720> be<00:13:34.079> like<00:13:34.880> this<00:13:35.880> and
because this needs to be like this and
because this needs to be like this and
this<00:13:36.440> needs<00:13:36.680> to<00:13:36.839> be<00:13:37.199> like<00:13:37.639> this<00:13:38.279> okay
this needs to be like this okay
this needs to be like this okay
hypothesis<00:13:39.680> too<00:13:40.680> that's
why<00:13:50.600> now<00:13:50.759> this<00:13:50.880> is<00:13:51.040> his<00:13:51.199> next<00:13:51.480> idea<00:13:51.720> he<00:13:51.839> tells
why now this is his next idea he tells
why now this is his next idea he tells
the<00:13:52.279> experiment<00:13:52.759> to<00:13:52.880> do<00:13:53.160> this<00:13:53.360> to<00:13:53.600> try<00:13:53.880> putting
the experiment to do this to try putting
the experiment to do this to try putting
it<00:13:54.279> out<00:13:54.440> over<00:13:54.680> onto<00:13:54.920> the<00:13:55.040> other
it out over onto the other
it out over onto the other
location<00:13:58.199> not<00:13:58.399> working<00:13:58.720> either<00:13:59.160> you<00:13:59.279> do
now<00:14:02.759> oh<00:14:03.120> because<00:14:03.959> the<00:14:04.320> light<00:14:04.920> goes<00:14:05.360> only<00:14:05.680> to
now oh because the light goes only to
now oh because the light goes only to
here<00:14:06.959> not
here not
here not
here<00:14:09.800> oh<00:14:10.800> the<00:14:11.040> bottom<00:14:11.480> of<00:14:11.880> this<00:14:12.240> box<00:14:12.720> has
here oh the bottom of this box has
here oh the bottom of this box has
electricity<00:14:13.920> in<00:14:14.240> here<00:14:14.639> but<00:14:15.240> this<00:14:15.360> doesn't
electricity in here but this doesn't
electricity in here but this doesn't
have
have
have
electricity<00:14:17.560> okay<00:14:17.759> that's<00:14:17.920> the<00:14:18.079> fourth
electricity okay that's the fourth
electricity okay that's the fourth
hypothesis<00:14:19.839> it's<00:14:20.120> lighting
hypothesis it's lighting
hypothesis it's lighting
up<00:14:22.720> so<00:14:22.959> we<00:14:23.120> need<00:14:23.320> to<00:14:23.560> put
four<00:14:27.120> so<00:14:27.320> you<00:14:27.480> need<00:14:27.639> to<00:14:27.800> put<00:14:28.079> four<00:14:28.399> on<00:14:28.680> this<00:14:28.839> one
four so you need to put four on this one
four so you need to put four on this one
to<00:14:29.440> make<00:14:29.600> it<00:14:29.800> light<00:14:30.120> up<00:14:30.360> and<00:14:30.519> two<00:14:30.759> on<00:14:31.040> this<00:14:31.199> one
to make it light up and two on this one
to make it light up and two on this one
to<00:14:31.639> make<00:14:31.800> it<00:14:32.000> light<00:14:32.199> up<00:14:32.480> okay<00:14:32.680> there's<00:14:32.839> the
to make it light up okay there's the
to make it light up okay there's the
fifth<00:14:33.320> hypothesis<00:14:34.199> now<00:14:34.440> that<00:14:34.680> is<00:14:35.000> a
fifth hypothesis now that is a
fifth hypothesis now that is a
particularly<00:14:36.680> that<00:14:36.800> is<00:14:36.920> a<00:14:37.199> particularly
particularly that is a particularly
particularly that is a particularly
adorable<00:14:38.440> and<00:14:38.600> articulate<00:14:39.120> little<00:14:39.320> boy<00:14:39.920> but
adorable and articulate little boy but
adorable and articulate little boy but
what<00:14:40.240> Christine<00:14:40.839> discovered<00:14:41.120> is<00:14:41.279> this<00:14:41.360> is
what Christine discovered is this is
what Christine discovered is this is
actually<00:14:41.839> quite<00:14:42.040> typical<00:14:42.519> if<00:14:42.600> you<00:14:42.720> look<00:14:42.880> at
actually quite typical if you look at
actually quite typical if you look at
the<00:14:43.079> way<00:14:43.240> children<00:14:43.600> play<00:14:44.000> when<00:14:44.120> you<00:14:44.240> ask<00:14:44.440> them
the way children play when you ask them
the way children play when you ask them
to<00:14:44.720> explain<00:14:45.160> something<00:14:45.759> what<00:14:45.920> they<00:14:46.079> really<00:14:46.360> do
to explain something what they really do
to explain something what they really do
is<00:14:47.040> do<00:14:47.320> a<00:14:47.480> series<00:14:47.800> of<00:14:48.240> experiments<00:14:49.240> this<00:14:49.360> is
is do a series of experiments this is
is do a series of experiments this is
actually<00:14:49.800> pretty<00:14:50.040> typical<00:14:50.360> of
actually pretty typical of
actually pretty typical of
four-year-olds<00:14:51.920> well<00:14:52.440> what's<00:14:52.680> it<00:14:52.959> like<00:14:53.399> to<00:14:53.560> be
four-year-olds well what's it like to be
four-year-olds well what's it like to be
this<00:14:54.040> kind<00:14:54.199> of<00:14:54.399> creature<00:14:55.120> what's<00:14:55.320> it<00:14:55.560> like<00:14:55.720> to
this kind of creature what's it like to
this kind of creature what's it like to
be<00:14:56.079> one<00:14:56.199> of<00:14:56.399> these<00:14:56.560> brilliant<00:14:57.000> butterflies
be one of these brilliant butterflies
be one of these brilliant butterflies
who<00:14:58.040> can<00:14:58.279> tast<00:14:58.680> 5<00:14:59.120> hypothesis<00:14:59.880> in<00:15:00.320> 2<00:15:00.560> minutes
who can tast 5 hypothesis in 2 minutes
who can tast 5 hypothesis in 2 minutes
well<00:15:01.639> if<00:15:01.720> you<00:15:01.880> go<00:15:02.079> back<00:15:02.199> to<00:15:02.399> those
well if you go back to those
well if you go back to those
psychologists<00:15:03.079> and<00:15:03.279> philosophers<00:15:03.920> a<00:15:04.040> lot<00:15:04.160> of
psychologists and philosophers a lot of
psychologists and philosophers a lot of
them<00:15:04.560> had<00:15:04.800> said<00:15:05.320> that<00:15:05.720> babies<00:15:06.000> and<00:15:06.160> young
them had said that babies and young
them had said that babies and young
children<00:15:06.680> were<00:15:07.000> barely<00:15:07.360> conscious<00:15:07.720> if<00:15:07.839> they
children were barely conscious if they
children were barely conscious if they
were<00:15:08.160> conscious<00:15:08.519> at<00:15:08.639> all<00:15:09.320> and<00:15:09.480> I<00:15:09.560> think<00:15:09.800> just
were conscious at all and I think just
were conscious at all and I think just
the<00:15:10.199> opposite<00:15:10.560> is<00:15:10.680> true<00:15:11.000> I<00:15:11.079> think<00:15:11.279> babies<00:15:11.560> and
the opposite is true I think babies and
the opposite is true I think babies and
children<00:15:11.959> are<00:15:12.120> actually<00:15:12.399> more<00:15:12.759> conscious
children are actually more conscious
children are actually more conscious
than<00:15:13.279> we<00:15:13.399> are<00:15:13.600> as<00:15:13.839> adults<00:15:14.839> now<00:15:15.240> here's<00:15:15.519> what<00:15:15.639> we
than we are as adults now here's what we
than we are as adults now here's what we
know<00:15:16.120> about<00:15:16.360> how<00:15:16.560> adult<00:15:16.959> Consciousness<00:15:17.480> works
know about how adult Consciousness works
know about how adult Consciousness works
and<00:15:18.320> adult<00:15:18.720> attention<00:15:19.040> and<00:15:19.240> Consciousness
and adult attention and Consciousness
and adult attention and Consciousness
look<00:15:20.279> kind<00:15:20.399> of<00:15:20.600> like<00:15:20.800> a<00:15:21.079> spotlight<00:15:21.759> so<00:15:21.959> what
look kind of like a spotlight so what
look kind of like a spotlight so what
happens<00:15:22.399> for<00:15:22.639> adults<00:15:23.079> is<00:15:23.279> we<00:15:23.519> decide<00:15:23.959> that
happens for adults is we decide that
happens for adults is we decide that
something's<00:15:24.600> relevant<00:15:25.000> or<00:15:25.240> important<00:15:25.680> we
something's relevant or important we
something's relevant or important we
should<00:15:25.959> pay<00:15:26.160> attention<00:15:26.480> to<00:15:26.680> it<00:15:27.120> our
should pay attention to it our
should pay attention to it our
consciousness<00:15:28.000> of<00:15:28.160> that<00:15:28.319> thing<00:15:28.480> that<00:15:28.600> we're
consciousness of that thing that we're
consciousness of that thing that we're
tending<00:15:29.199> to<00:15:29.440> becomes<00:15:30.199> extremely<00:15:31.120> bright<00:15:31.639> and
tending to becomes extremely bright and
tending to becomes extremely bright and
Vivid<00:15:32.519> and<00:15:32.800> everything<00:15:33.160> else<00:15:33.440> sort<00:15:33.600> of<00:15:33.800> goes
Vivid and everything else sort of goes
Vivid and everything else sort of goes
dark<00:15:34.880> and<00:15:35.000> we<00:15:35.199> even<00:15:35.440> know<00:15:35.680> something<00:15:36.079> about
dark and we even know something about
dark and we even know something about
the<00:15:36.480> brain<00:15:37.000> the<00:15:37.120> way<00:15:37.240> the<00:15:37.360> brain<00:15:37.639> does<00:15:37.920> this<00:15:38.120> so
the brain the way the brain does this so
the brain the way the brain does this so
what<00:15:38.399> happens<00:15:38.680> when<00:15:38.839> we<00:15:39.040> pay<00:15:39.240> attention<00:15:39.920> is
what happens when we pay attention is
what happens when we pay attention is
that<00:15:40.199> the<00:15:40.319> prefrontal<00:15:40.920> cortex<00:15:41.440> the<00:15:41.560> sort<00:15:41.720> of
that the prefrontal cortex the sort of
that the prefrontal cortex the sort of
executive<00:15:42.440> part<00:15:42.560> of<00:15:42.680> our<00:15:42.839> brain<00:15:43.079> sends<00:15:43.399> a
executive part of our brain sends a
executive part of our brain sends a
signal<00:15:44.240> that<00:15:44.360> makes<00:15:44.560> a<00:15:44.759> little<00:15:45.199> part<00:15:45.360> of<00:15:45.519> our
signal that makes a little part of our
signal that makes a little part of our
brain<00:15:46.440> much<00:15:46.720> more<00:15:47.079> flexible<00:15:47.680> more<00:15:48.000> plastic
brain much more flexible more plastic
brain much more flexible more plastic
better<00:15:48.720> at<00:15:48.839> learning<00:15:49.519> and<00:15:49.720> shuts<00:15:50.240> down
better at learning and shuts down
better at learning and shuts down
activity<00:15:51.079> in<00:15:51.240> all<00:15:51.399> the<00:15:51.519> rest<00:15:51.680> of<00:15:51.800> our<00:15:51.959> brains
activity in all the rest of our brains
activity in all the rest of our brains
so<00:15:52.759> we<00:15:52.959> have<00:15:53.079> a<00:15:53.279> very<00:15:53.720> focused<00:15:54.279> purpose-driven
so we have a very focused purpose-driven
so we have a very focused purpose-driven
kind<00:15:55.440> of<00:15:55.639> attention<00:15:56.560> uh<00:15:56.920> if<00:15:57.040> we<00:15:57.199> look<00:15:57.360> at
kind of attention uh if we look at
kind of attention uh if we look at
babies<00:15:57.880> and<00:15:58.040> young<00:15:58.279> children<00:15:59.000> we<00:15:59.120> see
babies and young children we see
babies and young children we see
something<00:15:59.800> very<00:16:00.079> different<00:16:00.720> I<00:16:00.839> think<00:16:01.040> babies
something very different I think babies
something very different I think babies
and<00:16:01.480> young<00:16:01.720> children<00:16:02.319> seem<00:16:02.560> to<00:16:02.720> have<00:16:02.880> more<00:16:03.079> of
and young children seem to have more of
and young children seem to have more of
a<00:16:03.480> lantern<00:16:04.079> of<00:16:04.279> Consciousness<00:16:04.839> than<00:16:04.959> a
a lantern of Consciousness than a
a lantern of Consciousness than a
spotlight<00:16:05.560> of<00:16:05.800> Consciousness<00:16:06.800> so<00:16:07.040> babies<00:16:07.319> and
spotlight of Consciousness so babies and
spotlight of Consciousness so babies and
young<00:16:07.680> children<00:16:08.040> are<00:16:08.360> very<00:16:08.839> bad<00:16:09.600> at<00:16:09.839> narrowing
young children are very bad at narrowing
young children are very bad at narrowing
down<00:16:10.920> to<00:16:11.600> just<00:16:11.920> one<00:16:12.399> thing<00:16:13.120> but<00:16:13.279> they're<00:16:13.519> very
down to just one thing but they're very
down to just one thing but they're very
good<00:16:14.120> at<00:16:14.279> taking<00:16:14.600> in<00:16:14.959> lots<00:16:15.160> of<00:16:15.360> information
good at taking in lots of information
good at taking in lots of information
from<00:16:16.160> lots<00:16:16.360> of<00:16:16.519> different<00:16:16.800> sources<00:16:17.160> at<00:16:17.360> once
from lots of different sources at once
from lots of different sources at once
and<00:16:18.240> if<00:16:18.319> you<00:16:18.560> actually<00:16:18.880> look<00:16:19.079> in<00:16:19.240> their<00:16:19.440> brains
and if you actually look in their brains
and if you actually look in their brains
you<00:16:20.079> see<00:16:20.279> that<00:16:20.440> they're<00:16:20.720> flooded<00:16:21.360> with<00:16:21.480> these
you see that they're flooded with these
you see that they're flooded with these
neurotransmitters<00:16:22.440> that<00:16:22.519> are<00:16:22.680> really<00:16:22.839> good
neurotransmitters that are really good
neurotransmitters that are really good
inducing<00:16:23.839> learning<00:16:24.120> and<00:16:24.279> plasticity<00:16:25.160> and<00:16:25.279> the
inducing learning and plasticity and the
inducing learning and plasticity and the
inhibitory<00:16:26.160> Parts<00:16:26.440> haven't<00:16:26.680> come<00:16:26.839> on<00:16:27.440> yet<00:16:28.079> so
inhibitory Parts haven't come on yet so
inhibitory Parts haven't come on yet so
when<00:16:28.399> we<00:16:28.519> say<00:16:28.959> that<00:16:29.040> babies<00:16:29.279> and<00:16:29.480> young
when we say that babies and young
when we say that babies and young
children<00:16:30.519> are<00:16:30.720> bad<00:16:30.959> at<00:16:31.120> paying<00:16:31.440> attention
children are bad at paying attention
children are bad at paying attention
what<00:16:32.319> we<00:16:32.519> really<00:16:32.800> mean<00:16:33.079> is<00:16:33.160> that<00:16:33.319> they're<00:16:33.560> bad
what we really mean is that they're bad
what we really mean is that they're bad
at<00:16:34.199> not<00:16:34.519> paying<00:16:34.839> attention<00:16:35.360> so<00:16:35.560> they're<00:16:35.800> bad
at not paying attention so they're bad
at not paying attention so they're bad
at<00:16:36.240> getting<00:16:36.519> rid<00:16:36.959> of<00:16:37.120> all<00:16:37.360> the<00:16:37.560> interesting
at getting rid of all the interesting
at getting rid of all the interesting
things<00:16:38.199> that<00:16:38.360> could<00:16:38.480> tell<00:16:38.720> them<00:16:38.920> something
things that could tell them something
things that could tell them something
and<00:16:39.600> just<00:16:39.800> looking<00:16:40.040> at<00:16:40.199> the<00:16:40.319> thing<00:16:40.519> that's
and just looking at the thing that's
and just looking at the thing that's
important<00:16:41.759> that's<00:16:42.040> the<00:16:42.279> kind<00:16:42.519> of<00:16:42.720> attention
important that's the kind of attention
important that's the kind of attention
the<00:16:43.360> kind<00:16:43.560> of<00:16:43.759> Consciousness<00:16:44.680> that<00:16:44.920> we<00:16:45.120> might
the kind of Consciousness that we might
the kind of Consciousness that we might
expect<00:16:46.120> from<00:16:46.680> those<00:16:46.959> butterflies<00:16:47.560> who<00:16:47.680> were
expect from those butterflies who were
expect from those butterflies who were
designed<00:16:48.199> to<00:16:48.360> learn<00:16:49.360> well<00:16:49.480> if<00:16:49.600> we<00:16:49.720> want<00:16:49.839> to
designed to learn well if we want to
designed to learn well if we want to
think<00:16:50.440> about<00:16:50.680> a<00:16:50.839> way<00:16:51.000> of<00:16:51.120> getting<00:16:51.360> a<00:16:51.519> taste<00:16:51.800> of
think about a way of getting a taste of
think about a way of getting a taste of
that<00:16:52.199> kind<00:16:52.319> of<00:16:52.480> baby<00:16:52.880> Consciousness<00:16:53.839> as
that kind of baby Consciousness as
that kind of baby Consciousness as
adults<00:16:54.959> I<00:16:55.079> think<00:16:55.279> the<00:16:55.440> best<00:16:55.639> thing<00:16:55.800> is<00:16:56.000> think
adults I think the best thing is think
adults I think the best thing is think
about<00:16:56.399> taste<00:16:56.680> as<00:16:56.880> where<00:16:57.079> we're<00:16:57.399> put<00:16:57.600> in<00:16:57.720> a<00:16:57.880> new
about taste as where we're put in a new
about taste as where we're put in a new
situation<00:16:58.560> that<00:16:58.680> we<00:16:59.000> never<00:16:59.160> been<00:16:59.319> in<00:16:59.519> before
situation that we never been in before
situation that we never been in before
when<00:17:00.279> we<00:17:00.480> fall<00:17:00.759> in<00:17:00.920> love<00:17:01.079> with<00:17:01.240> someone<00:17:01.519> new<00:17:01.839> or
when we fall in love with someone new or
when we fall in love with someone new or
when<00:17:02.160> we're<00:17:02.360> in<00:17:02.519> a<00:17:02.680> new<00:17:02.959> city<00:17:03.279> for<00:17:03.440> the<00:17:03.639> first
when we're in a new city for the first
when we're in a new city for the first
time<00:17:04.640> and<00:17:04.799> what<00:17:05.000> happens<00:17:05.400> then<00:17:05.600> is<00:17:05.760> not<00:17:05.919> that
time and what happens then is not that
time and what happens then is not that
our<00:17:06.199> Consciousness<00:17:06.679> contracts<00:17:07.280> it<00:17:07.559> expands
our Consciousness contracts it expands
our Consciousness contracts it expands
so<00:17:08.760> that<00:17:08.959> those<00:17:09.199> three<00:17:09.439> days<00:17:09.640> in<00:17:09.880> Paris<00:17:10.280> seem
so that those three days in Paris seem
so that those three days in Paris seem
to<00:17:10.520> be<00:17:10.720> more<00:17:11.000> full<00:17:11.280> of<00:17:11.480> Consciousness<00:17:11.959> and
to be more full of Consciousness and
to be more full of Consciousness and
experience<00:17:12.679> than<00:17:13.120> all<00:17:13.319> the<00:17:13.439> months<00:17:13.839> of<00:17:14.199> being
experience than all the months of being
experience than all the months of being
a<00:17:14.559> walking<00:17:14.959> talking<00:17:15.439> faculty<00:17:15.799> meeting
a walking talking faculty meeting
a walking talking faculty meeting
attending<00:17:16.480> zombie<00:17:17.079> back
attending zombie back
attending zombie back
home<00:17:19.000> and<00:17:19.319> by<00:17:19.480> the<00:17:19.600> way<00:17:19.839> that<00:17:20.160> coffee<00:17:20.640> that
home and by the way that coffee that
home and by the way that coffee that
wonderful<00:17:21.120> coffee<00:17:21.439> you've<00:17:21.600> been<00:17:21.679> drinking
wonderful coffee you've been drinking
wonderful coffee you've been drinking
downstairs<00:17:23.000> actually<00:17:23.319> mimics<00:17:23.799> the<00:17:24.039> effect<00:17:24.400> of
downstairs actually mimics the effect of
downstairs actually mimics the effect of
those<00:17:24.799> baby<00:17:25.480> neurotransmitters<00:17:26.480> so<00:17:27.000> what's
those baby neurotransmitters so what's
those baby neurotransmitters so what's
it<00:17:27.400> like<00:17:27.600> to<00:17:27.760> be<00:17:27.880> a<00:17:28.039> baby<00:17:28.960> it's<00:17:29.160> like<00:17:29.520> being<00:17:29.880> in
it like to be a baby it's like being in
it like to be a baby it's like being in
love<00:17:30.679> in<00:17:30.919> Paris<00:17:31.400> for<00:17:31.600> the<00:17:31.760> first<00:17:32.080> time<00:17:32.520> after
love in Paris for the first time after
love in Paris for the first time after
you've<00:17:33.000> had<00:17:33.160> three<00:17:33.480> double<00:17:34.280> espressos<00:17:35.280> which
you've had three double espressos which
you've had three double espressos which
is<00:17:37.520> that's<00:17:37.679> a<00:17:38.039> fantastic<00:17:38.840> way<00:17:39.000> to<00:17:39.160> be<00:17:39.760> but<00:17:40.039> it
is that's a fantastic way to be but it
is that's a fantastic way to be but it
does<00:17:40.440> tend<00:17:40.640> to<00:17:40.799> leave<00:17:41.039> you<00:17:41.280> waking<00:17:41.600> up<00:17:41.799> crying
does tend to leave you waking up crying
does tend to leave you waking up crying
at<00:17:42.280> 3:00<00:17:42.760> in<00:17:42.880> the
at 3:00 in the
at 3:00 in the
morning<00:17:45.200> uh<00:17:46.200> now<00:17:46.919> it's<00:17:47.280> good<00:17:47.480> to<00:17:47.640> be<00:17:48.039> a
morning uh now it's good to be a
morning uh now it's good to be a
grown-up<00:17:48.679> I<00:17:48.760> don't<00:17:48.880> want<00:17:49.039> to<00:17:49.160> say<00:17:49.400> too<00:17:49.600> much
grown-up I don't want to say too much
grown-up I don't want to say too much
about<00:17:50.120> how<00:17:50.240> wonderful<00:17:50.640> babies<00:17:50.960> are<00:17:51.200> it's<00:17:51.360> good
about how wonderful babies are it's good
about how wonderful babies are it's good
to<00:17:51.559> be<00:17:51.679> a<00:17:51.760> grown-up<00:17:52.160> we<00:17:52.240> can<00:17:52.360> do<00:17:52.520> things<00:17:52.679> like
to be a grown-up we can do things like
to be a grown-up we can do things like
tie<00:17:53.120> our<00:17:53.200> shoelaces<00:17:53.799> and<00:17:53.960> cross<00:17:54.200> the<00:17:54.320> street
tie our shoelaces and cross the street
tie our shoelaces and cross the street
by<00:17:54.799> ourselves<00:17:55.760> and<00:17:55.840> it<00:17:56.000> makes<00:17:56.280> sense<00:17:56.600> that<00:17:56.720> we
by ourselves and it makes sense that we
by ourselves and it makes sense that we
put<00:17:57.039> a<00:17:57.159> lot<00:17:57.280> of<00:17:57.480> effort<00:17:57.840> into<00:17:58.240> actually<00:17:58.919> making
put a lot of effort into actually making
put a lot of effort into actually making
babies<00:18:00.120> think<00:18:00.600> like<00:18:01.120> adults<00:18:01.559> do<00:18:02.320> but<00:18:02.520> if<00:18:02.720> what
babies think like adults do but if what
babies think like adults do but if what
we<00:18:03.120> want<00:18:03.480> is<00:18:03.640> to<00:18:03.799> be<00:18:04.039> like<00:18:04.240> those<00:18:04.440> butterflies
we want is to be like those butterflies
we want is to be like those butterflies
to<00:18:05.280> have<00:18:05.919> open-mindedness<00:18:06.919> open<00:18:07.200> learning
to have open-mindedness open learning
to have open-mindedness open learning
imagination<00:18:08.600> creativity<00:18:09.480> Innovation<00:18:10.480> maybe
imagination creativity Innovation maybe
imagination creativity Innovation maybe
at<00:18:10.880> least<00:18:11.200> some<00:18:11.400> of<00:18:11.559> the<00:18:11.760> time<00:18:12.280> we<00:18:12.400> should<00:18:12.600> be
at least some of the time we should be
at least some of the time we should be
getting<00:18:13.080> the<00:18:13.320> adults<00:18:13.799> to<00:18:13.960> start<00:18:14.280> thinking
getting the adults to start thinking
getting the adults to start thinking
more<00:18:14.960> like<00:18:15.200> children
more like children
more like children
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
Alison Gopnik, babies, psychology, brain, development, learning, TED, TED-Ed, TED, Ed, TEDEducation
