Vũ trụ của chúng ta có phải là vũ trụ duy nhất không? – Brian Lam

Is our universe the only universe? - Brian Greene

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a<00:00:16.560> few<00:00:16.800> months<00:00:17.039> ago a few months ago a few months ago the<00:00:17.920> nobel<00:00:18.320> prize<00:00:18.720> in<00:00:18.880> physics<00:00:19.439> was<00:00:19.840> awarded the nobel prize in physics was awarded the nobel prize in physics was awarded to<00:00:20.480> two<00:00:20.800> teams<00:00:21.119> of<00:00:21.279> astronomers<00:00:21.920> for<00:00:22.160> a to two teams of astronomers for a to two teams of astronomers for a discovery discovery discovery that<00:00:23.439> has<00:00:23.680> been<00:00:23.840> held<00:00:24.160> as<00:00:24.400> one<00:00:24.640> of<00:00:24.800> the<00:00:25.039> most that has been held as one of the most that has been held as one of the most important<00:00:26.160> astronomical<00:00:27.039> observations important astronomical observations important astronomical observations ever<00:00:28.320> and<00:00:28.480> today<00:00:28.880> after<00:00:29.119> briefly<00:00:29.679> describing ever and today after briefly describing ever and today after briefly describing what<00:00:30.320> they<00:00:30.480> found<00:00:30.800> i'm<00:00:30.960> going<00:00:31.119> to<00:00:31.359> tell<00:00:31.599> you what they found i'm going to tell you what they found i'm going to tell you about<00:00:32.719> a<00:00:32.880> highly<00:00:33.360> controversial<00:00:34.000> framework about a highly controversial framework about a highly controversial framework for<00:00:34.719> explaining for explaining for explaining their<00:00:36.239> discovery<00:00:37.200> namely<00:00:37.680> the<00:00:37.840> possibility their discovery namely the possibility their discovery namely the possibility that<00:00:39.040> way<00:00:39.280> beyond<00:00:39.600> the<00:00:39.760> earth that way beyond the earth that way beyond the earth the<00:00:40.640> milky<00:00:41.040> way<00:00:41.600> and<00:00:41.840> other<00:00:42.079> distant<00:00:42.559> galaxies the milky way and other distant galaxies the milky way and other distant galaxies we<00:00:43.680> may<00:00:44.079> find<00:00:44.320> that<00:00:44.559> our<00:00:44.879> universe<00:00:45.600> is<00:00:45.840> not<00:00:46.160> the we may find that our universe is not the we may find that our universe is not the only<00:00:46.719> universe<00:00:47.120> but only universe but only universe but is<00:00:47.520> instead<00:00:48.559> part<00:00:48.879> of<00:00:49.039> a<00:00:49.120> vast<00:00:49.680> complex<00:00:50.320> of is instead part of a vast complex of is instead part of a vast complex of universes universes universes that<00:00:51.760> we<00:00:52.000> call<00:00:52.239> the<00:00:52.399> multiverse<00:00:53.680> now<00:00:53.840> the<00:00:54.079> idea that we call the multiverse now the idea that we call the multiverse now the idea of<00:00:54.960> a<00:00:55.039> multiverse<00:00:55.760> is<00:00:56.000> a<00:00:56.079> strange<00:00:56.480> one<00:00:56.719> i<00:00:56.800> mean of a multiverse is a strange one i mean of a multiverse is a strange one i mean most<00:00:57.760> of<00:00:58.000> us<00:00:58.079> were<00:00:58.320> raised<00:00:58.640> to<00:00:58.800> believe<00:00:59.199> that most of us were raised to believe that most of us were raised to believe that the<00:00:59.520> word<00:00:59.840> universe<00:01:00.399> means the word universe means the word universe means everything<00:01:01.840> and<00:01:02.000> i<00:01:02.719> say<00:01:02.960> most<00:01:03.199> of<00:01:03.359> us<00:01:03.520> with everything and i say most of us with everything and i say most of us with forethought forethought forethought as<00:01:04.640> my<00:01:04.879> four-year-old<00:01:05.439> daughter<00:01:05.680> has<00:01:05.760> heard as my four-year-old daughter has heard as my four-year-old daughter has heard me<00:01:06.159> speak<00:01:06.400> of<00:01:06.479> these<00:01:06.799> ideas<00:01:07.119> since<00:01:07.280> she<00:01:07.439> was me speak of these ideas since she was me speak of these ideas since she was born<00:01:07.840> and<00:01:08.000> last<00:01:08.240> year born and last year born and last year i<00:01:09.200> was<00:01:09.439> holding<00:01:09.760> her<00:01:09.920> and<00:01:10.080> i<00:01:10.240> said<00:01:11.600> sophia i was holding her and i said sophia i was holding her and i said sophia i<00:01:12.479> love<00:01:12.720> you<00:01:12.799> more<00:01:12.960> than<00:01:13.200> anything<00:01:13.600> in<00:01:13.760> the i love you more than anything in the i love you more than anything in the universe<00:01:14.720> and<00:01:14.880> she<00:01:15.040> turned<00:01:15.280> to<00:01:15.360> me<00:01:15.520> and<00:01:15.600> said universe and she turned to me and said universe and she turned to me and said daddy daddy daddy universe<00:01:17.520> or<00:01:17.680> multiverse

but<00:01:22.799> but<00:01:23.119> barring<00:01:23.680> such<00:01:24.000> an<00:01:24.159> anomalous but but barring such an anomalous but but barring such an anomalous upbringing<00:01:25.200> it<00:01:25.360> is<00:01:25.520> strange upbringing it is strange upbringing it is strange to<00:01:26.159> imagine<00:01:26.960> other<00:01:27.280> realms<00:01:27.759> separate<00:01:28.080> from to imagine other realms separate from to imagine other realms separate from ours<00:01:28.640> most<00:01:28.880> with<00:01:29.200> fundamentally<00:01:29.920> different ours most with fundamentally different ours most with fundamentally different features features features that<00:01:31.520> would<00:01:32.000> rightly<00:01:32.400> be<00:01:32.560> called<00:01:32.960> universes that would rightly be called universes that would rightly be called universes of<00:01:33.759> their<00:01:34.000> own<00:01:34.240> and<00:01:34.320> yet of their own and yet of their own and yet speculative<00:01:35.680> though<00:01:35.840> the<00:01:36.079> idea<00:01:36.560> surely<00:01:37.119> is<00:01:37.759> i speculative though the idea surely is i speculative though the idea surely is i aim<00:01:38.240> to<00:01:38.479> convince<00:01:38.960> you<00:01:39.200> that<00:01:39.360> there's<00:01:39.600> a aim to convince you that there's a aim to convince you that there's a reason<00:01:39.920> for<00:01:40.159> taking<00:01:40.400> it<00:01:40.560> seriously reason for taking it seriously reason for taking it seriously as<00:01:42.000> it<00:01:42.159> just<00:01:42.320> might<00:01:42.560> be<00:01:42.720> right<00:01:43.759> i'm<00:01:44.000> going<00:01:44.079> to as it just might be right i'm going to as it just might be right i'm going to tell<00:01:44.560> the<00:01:44.720> story<00:01:45.200> of<00:01:45.360> the<00:01:45.520> multiverse<00:01:46.159> in tell the story of the multiverse in tell the story of the multiverse in three<00:01:46.560> parts three parts three parts in<00:01:47.680> part<00:01:48.079> one<00:01:48.640> i'm<00:01:48.880> going<00:01:49.119> to<00:01:49.200> describe<00:01:49.680> those in part one i'm going to describe those in part one i'm going to describe those nobel<00:01:50.240> prize-winning<00:01:50.880> results<00:01:51.200> and nobel prize-winning results and nobel prize-winning results and highlight<00:01:51.920> a<00:01:52.000> profound<00:01:52.640> mystery<00:01:53.119> which<00:01:53.439> those highlight a profound mystery which those highlight a profound mystery which those results<00:01:54.399> revealed results revealed results revealed in<00:01:55.360> part<00:01:55.680> two<00:01:56.320> i'll<00:01:56.560> offer<00:01:57.119> a<00:01:57.280> solution<00:01:57.840> to in part two i'll offer a solution to in part two i'll offer a solution to that<00:01:58.240> mystery<00:01:58.640> it's<00:01:58.719> based<00:01:59.040> on<00:01:59.119> an<00:01:59.280> approach that mystery it's based on an approach that mystery it's based on an approach called<00:01:59.920> string<00:02:00.240> theory called string theory called string theory and<00:02:00.960> that's<00:02:01.280> where<00:02:01.439> the<00:02:01.680> idea<00:02:02.240> of<00:02:02.320> the and that's where the idea of the and that's where the idea of the multiverse<00:02:03.040> will<00:02:03.280> come<00:02:03.520> into<00:02:03.759> the<00:02:03.920> story multiverse will come into the story multiverse will come into the story finally<00:02:05.119> in<00:02:05.280> part<00:02:05.600> three<00:02:06.159> i'm<00:02:06.399> going<00:02:06.560> to finally in part three i'm going to finally in part three i'm going to describe<00:02:07.280> a<00:02:07.439> cosmological<00:02:08.319> theory describe a cosmological theory describe a cosmological theory called<00:02:09.520> inflation<00:02:10.080> which<00:02:10.319> will<00:02:10.879> pull<00:02:11.280> all<00:02:11.440> the called inflation which will pull all the called inflation which will pull all the pieces pieces pieces of<00:02:12.400> the<00:02:12.560> story<00:02:13.040> together<00:02:14.160> okay<00:02:14.720> part<00:02:15.040> one of the story together okay part one of the story together okay part one starts<00:02:16.319> back<00:02:16.560> in<00:02:16.920> 1929<00:02:17.920> when<00:02:18.080> the<00:02:18.239> great starts back in 1929 when the great starts back in 1929 when the great astronomer<00:02:19.120> edwin<00:02:19.520> hubble astronomer edwin hubble astronomer edwin hubble realized<00:02:20.879> that<00:02:21.040> the<00:02:21.280> distant<00:02:21.840> galaxies<00:02:22.800> were realized that the distant galaxies were realized that the distant galaxies were all all all rushing<00:02:24.000> away<00:02:24.239> from<00:02:24.480> us<00:02:24.720> establishing<00:02:25.360> that rushing away from us establishing that rushing away from us establishing that space<00:02:26.080> itself<00:02:26.560> is<00:02:26.720> stretching<00:02:27.280> it's space itself is stretching it's space itself is stretching it's expanding<00:02:29.120> now<00:02:29.920> this<00:02:30.400> was expanding now this was expanding now this was revolutionary<00:02:32.080> the<00:02:32.239> prevailing<00:02:32.879> wisdom<00:02:33.280> was revolutionary the prevailing wisdom was revolutionary the prevailing wisdom was that<00:02:33.680> on<00:02:33.760> the<00:02:33.920> largest<00:02:34.400> of<00:02:34.480> scales<00:02:34.800> the that on the largest of scales the that on the largest of scales the universe<00:02:35.440> was<00:02:35.760> static universe was static universe was static but<00:02:36.879> even<00:02:37.120> so<00:02:38.640> there<00:02:38.879> was<00:02:39.120> one<00:02:39.440> thing but even so there was one thing but even so there was one thing that<00:02:40.720> everyone<00:02:41.200> was<00:02:41.360> certain<00:02:41.760> of<00:02:42.160> the that everyone was certain of the that everyone was certain of the expansion<00:02:43.120> must<00:02:43.440> be expansion must be expansion must be slowing<00:02:44.480> down<00:02:45.440> that<00:02:45.760> as<00:02:45.920> much<00:02:46.160> as<00:02:46.319> the slowing down that as much as the slowing down that as much as the gravitational<00:02:47.599> pull<00:02:47.840> of<00:02:47.920> the<00:02:48.080> earth<00:02:48.480> slows gravitational pull of the earth slows gravitational pull of the earth slows the<00:02:49.040> ascent<00:02:49.360> of<00:02:49.519> an<00:02:49.680> apple the ascent of an apple the ascent of an apple tossed<00:02:50.480> upward<00:02:51.200> the<00:02:51.360> gravitational<00:02:52.160> pull<00:02:52.480> of tossed upward the gravitational pull of tossed upward the gravitational pull of each<00:02:52.959> galaxy<00:02:53.599> on<00:02:53.840> every<00:02:54.160> other each galaxy on every other each galaxy on every other must<00:02:55.120> be<00:02:55.360> slowing<00:02:56.239> the<00:02:56.400> expansion<00:02:57.680> of<00:02:57.840> space must be slowing the expansion of space must be slowing the expansion of space now<00:02:59.519> let's<00:02:59.840> fast<00:03:00.159> forward<00:03:00.879> to<00:03:01.120> the<00:03:01.200> 1990s now let's fast forward to the 1990s now let's fast forward to the 1990s when<00:03:02.480> those<00:03:02.720> two<00:03:02.959> teams<00:03:03.280> of<00:03:03.440> astronomers<00:03:04.080> i when those two teams of astronomers i when those two teams of astronomers i mentioned<00:03:04.560> at<00:03:04.640> the<00:03:04.879> outset mentioned at the outset mentioned at the outset were<00:03:05.760> inspired<00:03:06.480> by<00:03:06.720> this<00:03:06.959> reasoning<00:03:07.760> to were inspired by this reasoning to were inspired by this reasoning to measure<00:03:08.480> the<00:03:08.640> rate<00:03:09.120> at<00:03:09.360> which measure the rate at which measure the rate at which the<00:03:10.239> expansion<00:03:10.879> has<00:03:11.120> been<00:03:11.360> slowing<00:03:12.239> and<00:03:12.400> they the expansion has been slowing and they the expansion has been slowing and they did<00:03:12.879> this did this did this by<00:03:14.360> painstaking<00:03:15.440> observations<00:03:16.400> of<00:03:16.640> numerous by painstaking observations of numerous by painstaking observations of numerous distant<00:03:17.680> galaxies<00:03:18.319> allowing<00:03:18.640> them<00:03:18.800> to<00:03:19.040> chart distant galaxies allowing them to chart distant galaxies allowing them to chart how<00:03:19.920> the<00:03:20.080> expansion<00:03:20.640> rate<00:03:20.959> has<00:03:21.280> changed<00:03:21.840> over how the expansion rate has changed over how the expansion rate has changed over time time time here's<00:03:24.080> the<00:03:24.239> surprise<00:03:25.440> they<00:03:25.680> found<00:03:26.319> that<00:03:26.480> the here's the surprise they found that the here's the surprise they found that the expansion expansion expansion is<00:03:27.760> not<00:03:28.239> slowing<00:03:28.720> down<00:03:29.040> instead<00:03:29.440> they<00:03:29.599> found is not slowing down instead they found is not slowing down instead they found that<00:03:30.159> it's<00:03:30.480> speeding that it's speeding that it's speeding up<00:03:31.360> going<00:03:31.680> faster<00:03:32.080> and<00:03:32.239> faster<00:03:32.879> that's<00:03:33.120> like up going faster and faster that's like up going faster and faster that's like tossing<00:03:33.680> an<00:03:33.920> apple<00:03:34.239> upward<00:03:34.480> and<00:03:34.560> it<00:03:34.640> goes<00:03:34.959> up tossing an apple upward and it goes up tossing an apple upward and it goes up faster<00:03:35.519> and<00:03:35.680> faster faster and faster faster and faster now<00:03:37.360> if<00:03:37.519> you<00:03:37.760> saw<00:03:38.080> an<00:03:38.319> apple<00:03:38.720> do<00:03:38.959> that now if you saw an apple do that now if you saw an apple do that you'd<00:03:40.560> want<00:03:40.720> to<00:03:40.879> know<00:03:41.040> why<00:03:41.440> what's<00:03:41.840> pushing<00:03:42.239> on you'd want to know why what's pushing on you'd want to know why what's pushing on it<00:03:42.560> similarly it similarly it similarly the<00:03:43.760> astronomers<00:03:44.560> results<00:03:45.120> are<00:03:45.440> surely<00:03:46.080> well the astronomers results are surely well the astronomers results are surely well deserving deserving deserving of<00:03:47.280> the<00:03:47.440> nobel<00:03:47.840> prize<00:03:48.239> but<00:03:48.799> they<00:03:49.120> raised<00:03:49.519> an of the nobel prize but they raised an of the nobel prize but they raised an analogous<00:03:50.319> question analogous question analogous question what<00:03:51.840> force<00:03:52.799> is<00:03:52.959> driving<00:03:53.519> all<00:03:53.920> galaxies<00:03:54.480> to what force is driving all galaxies to what force is driving all galaxies to rush<00:03:54.879> away<00:03:55.200> from<00:03:55.439> every<00:03:55.760> other rush away from every other rush away from every other at<00:03:56.480> an<00:03:56.720> ever<00:03:57.120> quickening<00:03:57.680> speed<00:03:59.120> well<00:03:59.840> the at an ever quickening speed well the at an ever quickening speed well the most most most promising<00:04:00.959> answer<00:04:01.840> comes<00:04:02.239> from<00:04:02.640> an<00:04:02.879> old<00:04:03.280> idea promising answer comes from an old idea promising answer comes from an old idea of<00:04:04.319> einsteins<00:04:05.280> you<00:04:05.439> see<00:04:05.760> we<00:04:06.000> are<00:04:06.159> all<00:04:06.400> used<00:04:06.560> to of einsteins you see we are all used to of einsteins you see we are all used to gravity<00:04:07.200> being<00:04:07.439> a<00:04:07.519> force gravity being a force gravity being a force that<00:04:08.480> does<00:04:08.720> one<00:04:09.040> thing<00:04:09.840> pulls<00:04:10.480> objects that does one thing pulls objects that does one thing pulls objects together together together but<00:04:11.920> in<00:04:12.080> einstein's<00:04:12.959> theory<00:04:13.280> of<00:04:13.439> gravity<00:04:14.159> his but in einstein's theory of gravity his but in einstein's theory of gravity his general<00:04:14.879> theory<00:04:15.120> of<00:04:15.200> relativity general theory of relativity general theory of relativity gravity<00:04:16.799> can<00:04:17.040> also<00:04:18.160> push<00:04:18.479> things<00:04:18.959> apart<00:04:19.440> how gravity can also push things apart how gravity can also push things apart how well<00:04:20.560> according<00:04:20.959> to<00:04:21.040> einstein's<00:04:21.680> math<00:04:22.079> if well according to einstein's math if well according to einstein's math if space<00:04:23.199> is<00:04:23.360> uniformly<00:04:24.160> filled<00:04:24.560> with<00:04:24.880> an space is uniformly filled with an space is uniformly filled with an invisible<00:04:25.680> energy<00:04:26.080> sort<00:04:26.240> of<00:04:26.400> like<00:04:26.639> a invisible energy sort of like a invisible energy sort of like a uniform<00:04:28.000> invisible<00:04:28.639> mist<00:04:29.440> then<00:04:29.600> the<00:04:29.759> gravity uniform invisible mist then the gravity uniform invisible mist then the gravity generated<00:04:31.040> by<00:04:31.280> that<00:04:31.520> mist<00:04:32.160> would<00:04:32.479> be generated by that mist would be generated by that mist would be repulsive repulsive repulsive repulsive<00:04:34.960> gravity<00:04:35.680> which<00:04:36.000> is<00:04:36.240> just<00:04:36.560> what<00:04:36.720> we repulsive gravity which is just what we repulsive gravity which is just what we need need need to<00:04:37.680> explain<00:04:38.240> the<00:04:38.479> observations<00:04:39.280> because<00:04:39.600> the to explain the observations because the to explain the observations because the repulsive<00:04:40.400> gravity repulsive gravity repulsive gravity of<00:04:41.360> an<00:04:41.520> invisible<00:04:42.080> energy<00:04:42.479> in<00:04:42.560> space<00:04:42.960> we<00:04:43.199> now of an invisible energy in space we now of an invisible energy in space we now call<00:04:43.680> it<00:04:43.840> dark<00:04:44.160> energy<00:04:44.479> but<00:04:44.639> i've<00:04:44.800> made<00:04:45.040> it call it dark energy but i've made it call it dark energy but i've made it smoky<00:04:46.000> white<00:04:46.320> here<00:04:46.560> so<00:04:46.720> you<00:04:46.880> can<00:04:47.120> see<00:04:47.280> it<00:04:47.840> its smoky white here so you can see it its smoky white here so you can see it its repulsive<00:04:48.720> gravity repulsive gravity repulsive gravity would<00:04:49.440> cause<00:04:49.759> each<00:04:50.080> galaxy<00:04:50.560> to<00:04:50.800> push<00:04:51.040> against would cause each galaxy to push against would cause each galaxy to push against every<00:04:51.759> other every other every other driving<00:04:52.880> expansion<00:04:53.440> to<00:04:53.680> speed<00:04:54.080> up<00:04:54.400> not<00:04:55.199> slow driving expansion to speed up not slow driving expansion to speed up not slow down down down and<00:04:56.400> this<00:04:56.800> explanation<00:04:58.000> represents<00:04:59.120> great and this explanation represents great and this explanation represents great progress<00:05:00.080> but progress but progress but i<00:05:01.520> promise<00:05:02.000> you<00:05:02.320> a<00:05:02.400> mystery<00:05:03.120> here<00:05:03.680> in<00:05:03.840> part<00:05:04.160> one i promise you a mystery here in part one i promise you a mystery here in part one here<00:05:04.800> it<00:05:04.960> is<00:05:06.479> when here it is when here it is when the<00:05:07.840> astronomers<00:05:08.639> worked<00:05:08.960> out<00:05:09.280> how<00:05:09.600> much<00:05:10.080> of the astronomers worked out how much of the astronomers worked out how much of this<00:05:10.560> dark this dark this dark energy<00:05:11.440> must<00:05:11.759> be<00:05:12.000> infusing<00:05:12.720> space<00:05:13.520> to<00:05:13.759> account energy must be infusing space to account energy must be infusing space to account for<00:05:14.400> the<00:05:14.560> cosmic<00:05:15.039> speed<00:05:15.440> up for the cosmic speed up for the cosmic speed up look<00:05:16.320> at<00:05:16.400> what<00:05:16.560> they<00:05:22.840> found look at what they found look at what they found this<00:05:25.759> number<00:05:26.479> is<00:05:26.720> small<00:05:27.199> expressed<00:05:27.919> in<00:05:28.000> the this number is small expressed in the this number is small expressed in the relevant<00:05:28.560> units<00:05:28.960> it relevant units it relevant units it is<00:05:29.639> spectacularly<00:05:30.720> small<00:05:31.360> and<00:05:31.520> the<00:05:31.680> mystery is spectacularly small and the mystery is spectacularly small and the mystery is<00:05:32.320> to<00:05:32.560> explain<00:05:33.120> this<00:05:33.360> peculiar<00:05:33.919> number<00:05:34.240> we is to explain this peculiar number we is to explain this peculiar number we want want want this<00:05:35.199> number<00:05:35.919> to<00:05:36.240> emerge<00:05:36.960> from<00:05:37.199> the<00:05:37.280> laws<00:05:37.600> of this number to emerge from the laws of this number to emerge from the laws of physics physics physics but<00:05:38.240> so<00:05:38.400> far<00:05:38.720> no<00:05:38.880> one<00:05:39.039> has<00:05:39.199> found<00:05:39.919> a<00:05:40.000> way<00:05:40.240> to<00:05:40.400> do but so far no one has found a way to do but so far no one has found a way to do that that that now<00:05:41.840> you<00:05:42.080> might<00:05:42.400> wonder<00:05:43.919> should<00:05:44.160> you<00:05:44.320> care now you might wonder should you care now you might wonder should you care maybe<00:05:46.240> explaining<00:05:46.880> this<00:05:47.120> number<00:05:47.600> is<00:05:47.919> just<00:05:48.320> a maybe explaining this number is just a maybe explaining this number is just a technical<00:05:49.280> issue<00:05:49.840> a<00:05:49.919> technical<00:05:50.400> detail<00:05:50.960> of technical issue a technical detail of technical issue a technical detail of interest<00:05:51.600> to<00:05:51.759> experts<00:05:52.160> but<00:05:52.400> no<00:05:52.560> relevance<00:05:53.039> to interest to experts but no relevance to interest to experts but no relevance to anybody<00:05:53.680> else anybody else anybody else well<00:05:54.720> it<00:05:54.960> surely<00:05:55.600> is<00:05:56.479> a<00:05:56.639> technical<00:05:57.120> detail<00:05:57.520> but well it surely is a technical detail but well it surely is a technical detail but some<00:05:58.080> details some details some details really<00:05:59.280> matter<00:06:00.160> some<00:06:00.479> details<00:06:00.960> provide really matter some details provide really matter some details provide windows<00:06:01.840> onto<00:06:02.160> uncharted<00:06:02.800> realms<00:06:03.199> of<00:06:03.280> reality windows onto uncharted realms of reality windows onto uncharted realms of reality and<00:06:03.840> this<00:06:04.160> peculiar<00:06:04.720> number<00:06:05.120> may<00:06:05.280> be<00:06:05.440> doing and this peculiar number may be doing and this peculiar number may be doing just<00:06:06.080> that just that just that as<00:06:07.120> the<00:06:07.360> only<00:06:07.680> approach<00:06:08.080> that<00:06:08.319> so<00:06:08.560> far<00:06:08.720> made as the only approach that so far made as the only approach that so far made headway<00:06:09.360> to<00:06:09.520> explain<00:06:09.919> it headway to explain it headway to explain it invokes<00:06:10.880> the<00:06:11.039> possibility<00:06:12.240> of<00:06:12.400> other invokes the possibility of other invokes the possibility of other universes<00:06:13.280> an<00:06:13.440> idea<00:06:13.759> that<00:06:13.919> naturally<00:06:14.319> emerges universes an idea that naturally emerges universes an idea that naturally emerges from<00:06:14.960> string<00:06:15.280> theory from string theory from string theory which<00:06:16.160> takes<00:06:16.479> me<00:06:16.639> to<00:06:16.880> part<00:06:17.199> two<00:06:17.840> string<00:06:18.160> theory which takes me to part two string theory which takes me to part two string theory so so so hold<00:06:19.919> the<00:06:20.319> mystery<00:06:21.120> of<00:06:21.199> the<00:06:21.360> dark<00:06:21.680> energy hold the mystery of the dark energy hold the mystery of the dark energy in<00:06:22.720> the<00:06:23.120> back<00:06:23.360> of<00:06:23.440> your<00:06:23.600> mind<00:06:24.560> as<00:06:24.720> i<00:06:24.960> now<00:06:25.280> go<00:06:25.520> on in the back of your mind as i now go on in the back of your mind as i now go on to<00:06:26.000> tell<00:06:26.240> you<00:06:26.479> three to tell you three to tell you three key<00:06:27.919> things<00:06:28.720> about<00:06:29.039> string<00:06:29.360> theory<00:06:29.680> first<00:06:30.000> off key things about string theory first off key things about string theory first off what<00:06:30.720> is<00:06:30.880> it<00:06:31.039> well what is it well what is it well it's<00:06:32.000> an<00:06:32.160> approach<00:06:33.280> to<00:06:33.440> realize<00:06:33.919> einstein's it's an approach to realize einstein's it's an approach to realize einstein's dream dream dream of<00:06:35.520> a<00:06:35.680> unified<00:06:36.639> theory<00:06:37.120> of<00:06:37.280> physics<00:06:37.680> a<00:06:37.840> single of a unified theory of physics a single of a unified theory of physics a single overarching<00:06:39.280> framework<00:06:39.680> that<00:06:39.840> would<00:06:40.080> be<00:06:40.160> able overarching framework that would be able overarching framework that would be able to<00:06:40.479> describe<00:06:41.120> all<00:06:41.360> the<00:06:41.600> forces to describe all the forces to describe all the forces at<00:06:42.800> work<00:06:43.280> in<00:06:43.360> the<00:06:43.520> universe<00:06:43.919> and<00:06:44.000> the<00:06:44.560> central at work in the universe and the central at work in the universe and the central idea<00:06:45.440> of<00:06:45.600> string<00:06:45.919> theory idea of string theory idea of string theory is<00:06:47.120> quite<00:06:47.360> straightforward<00:06:47.919> it<00:06:48.080> says<00:06:48.319> that<00:06:48.560> if is quite straightforward it says that if is quite straightforward it says that if you<00:06:48.880> examine you examine you examine any<00:06:50.160> piece<00:06:50.400> of<00:06:50.560> matter<00:06:51.199> ever<00:06:51.440> more<00:06:51.759> finely<00:06:52.400> at any piece of matter ever more finely at any piece of matter ever more finely at first<00:06:52.880> you'll<00:06:53.039> find<00:06:53.360> molecules<00:06:54.000> and<00:06:54.160> then first you'll find molecules and then first you'll find molecules and then you'll<00:06:54.479> find you'll find you'll find atoms<00:06:55.280> and<00:06:55.440> subatomic<00:06:56.080> particles<00:06:56.960> but<00:06:57.120> the atoms and subatomic particles but the atoms and subatomic particles but the theory<00:06:57.599> says<00:06:57.840> that<00:06:58.000> if<00:06:58.160> you<00:06:58.319> could<00:06:58.479> probe theory says that if you could probe theory says that if you could probe smaller<00:06:59.360> much<00:06:59.599> smaller<00:06:59.919> than<00:07:00.080> we<00:07:00.240> can<00:07:00.479> with smaller much smaller than we can with smaller much smaller than we can with existing<00:07:01.039> technology existing technology existing technology you'd<00:07:02.319> find<00:07:02.639> something<00:07:03.120> else<00:07:03.599> inside<00:07:04.080> these you'd find something else inside these you'd find something else inside these particles particles particles a<00:07:05.520> little<00:07:05.840> tiny<00:07:06.240> vibrating<00:07:06.960> filament<00:07:07.520> of a little tiny vibrating filament of a little tiny vibrating filament of energy<00:07:08.000> a<00:07:08.080> little<00:07:08.400> tiny energy a little tiny energy a little tiny vibrating<00:07:10.000> string<00:07:10.880> and<00:07:11.039> just<00:07:11.199> like<00:07:11.440> the vibrating string and just like the vibrating string and just like the strings<00:07:11.919> in<00:07:12.080> a<00:07:12.160> violin strings in a violin strings in a violin they<00:07:13.039> can<00:07:13.199> vibrate<00:07:13.599> in<00:07:13.759> different<00:07:14.000> patterns they can vibrate in different patterns they can vibrate in different patterns producing<00:07:15.360> different<00:07:15.919> musical<00:07:16.400> notes producing different musical notes producing different musical notes these<00:07:17.520> little<00:07:17.759> fundamental<00:07:18.400> strings<00:07:18.720> when these little fundamental strings when these little fundamental strings when they<00:07:19.120> vibrate<00:07:19.599> in<00:07:19.759> different<00:07:20.000> patterns<00:07:20.400> they they vibrate in different patterns they they vibrate in different patterns they produce produce produce different<00:07:21.440> kinds<00:07:21.759> of<00:07:21.919> particles<00:07:22.479> so different kinds of particles so different kinds of particles so electrons<00:07:23.680> quarks<00:07:24.080> neutrinos<00:07:24.639> photons<00:07:25.199> all electrons quarks neutrinos photons all electrons quarks neutrinos photons all other<00:07:25.759> particles<00:07:26.240> were<00:07:26.479> united<00:07:26.960> into<00:07:27.199> a other particles were united into a other particles were united into a single<00:07:27.759> framework single framework single framework as<00:07:28.880> they<00:07:29.120> would<00:07:29.360> all<00:07:29.919> arise<00:07:30.880> from<00:07:31.120> vibrating as they would all arise from vibrating as they would all arise from vibrating strings<00:07:32.160> it's<00:07:32.479> a strings it's a strings it's a compelling<00:07:34.240> picture<00:07:34.639> a<00:07:34.800> kind<00:07:35.039> of<00:07:36.000> cosmic compelling picture a kind of cosmic compelling picture a kind of cosmic symphony symphony symphony where<00:07:37.680> all<00:07:37.919> the<00:07:38.160> richness<00:07:38.720> that<00:07:38.880> we<00:07:39.120> see<00:07:39.440> in where all the richness that we see in where all the richness that we see in the<00:07:39.680> world<00:07:39.919> around<00:07:40.319> us the world around us the world around us emerges<00:07:41.440> from<00:07:41.599> the<00:07:41.840> music<00:07:42.639> that<00:07:42.800> these<00:07:43.120> little emerges from the music that these little emerges from the music that these little tiny<00:07:44.080> strings<00:07:44.560> can<00:07:44.800> play<00:07:46.240> but tiny strings can play but tiny strings can play but there's<00:07:47.039> a<00:07:47.199> cost<00:07:48.080> to<00:07:48.240> this<00:07:48.560> elegant there's a cost to this elegant there's a cost to this elegant unification<00:07:49.759> because<00:07:50.000> years<00:07:50.319> of<00:07:50.400> research unification because years of research unification because years of research have<00:07:51.520> shown<00:07:51.840> that<00:07:51.919> the<00:07:52.160> math<00:07:52.479> of<00:07:52.560> string have shown that the math of string have shown that the math of string theory<00:07:53.680> doesn't<00:07:54.080> quite<00:07:54.400> work<00:07:54.639> it<00:07:54.800> has theory doesn't quite work it has theory doesn't quite work it has internal<00:07:56.240> inconsistencies<00:07:57.360> unless<00:07:57.919> we<00:07:58.240> allow internal inconsistencies unless we allow internal inconsistencies unless we allow for<00:07:58.879> something for something for something wholly<00:08:00.479> unfamiliar<00:08:01.919> extra<00:08:02.639> dimensions wholly unfamiliar extra dimensions wholly unfamiliar extra dimensions of<00:08:03.840> space<00:08:04.879> that<00:08:05.120> is<00:08:05.280> we<00:08:05.599> all<00:08:05.759> know<00:08:06.000> about<00:08:06.240> the of space that is we all know about the of space that is we all know about the usual<00:08:06.960> three<00:08:07.280> dimensions<00:08:07.759> of<00:08:07.840> space<00:08:08.240> and<00:08:08.400> you usual three dimensions of space and you usual three dimensions of space and you can<00:08:08.639> think<00:08:08.879> about<00:08:09.199> those can think about those can think about those as<00:08:10.240> height<00:08:11.199> width<00:08:11.919> and<00:08:12.160> depth<00:08:12.879> but<00:08:13.120> string as height width and depth but string as height width and depth but string theory<00:08:13.759> says<00:08:13.919> that<00:08:14.160> on<00:08:14.400> fantastically<00:08:15.199> small theory says that on fantastically small theory says that on fantastically small scales<00:08:15.919> there<00:08:16.160> are scales there are scales there are additional<00:08:16.960> dimensions<00:08:17.840> crumpled<00:08:18.240> to<00:08:18.479> a<00:08:18.560> tiny additional dimensions crumpled to a tiny additional dimensions crumpled to a tiny size<00:08:19.280> so<00:08:19.599> small<00:08:19.840> that<00:08:20.000> we<00:08:20.160> have<00:08:20.319> not<00:08:20.560> detected size so small that we have not detected size so small that we have not detected them them them but<00:08:21.919> even<00:08:22.080> though<00:08:22.240> the<00:08:22.400> dimensions<00:08:22.879> are but even though the dimensions are but even though the dimensions are hidden<00:08:23.360> they<00:08:23.520> would<00:08:23.680> have<00:08:23.840> an<00:08:24.080> impact<00:08:24.560> on hidden they would have an impact on hidden they would have an impact on things<00:08:24.960> that<00:08:25.120> we<00:08:25.440> can<00:08:25.680> observe things that we can observe things that we can observe because<00:08:27.360> the<00:08:27.680> shape<00:08:28.400> of<00:08:28.479> the<00:08:28.720> extra because the shape of the extra because the shape of the extra dimensions dimensions dimensions constrains<00:08:30.800> how<00:08:31.360> the<00:08:31.599> strings<00:08:32.399> can<00:08:32.640> vibrate constrains how the strings can vibrate constrains how the strings can vibrate and<00:08:33.839> in<00:08:34.000> string<00:08:34.399> theory<00:08:34.959> vibration and in string theory vibration and in string theory vibration determines<00:08:36.479> everything determines everything determines everything so<00:08:37.839> particle<00:08:38.320> masses<00:08:38.880> the<00:08:39.120> strengths<00:08:39.599> of so particle masses the strengths of so particle masses the strengths of forces<00:08:40.159> and<00:08:40.320> most<00:08:40.640> importantly forces and most importantly forces and most importantly the<00:08:41.839> amount<00:08:42.240> of<00:08:42.399> dark<00:08:42.800> energy<00:08:43.519> would<00:08:43.680> be the amount of dark energy would be the amount of dark energy would be determined<00:08:44.399> by<00:08:44.560> the<00:08:44.880> shape determined by the shape determined by the shape of<00:08:45.600> the<00:08:45.839> extra<00:08:46.160> dimension<00:08:46.560> so<00:08:46.800> if<00:08:47.040> we<00:08:47.279> knew<00:08:47.519> the of the extra dimension so if we knew the of the extra dimension so if we knew the shape<00:08:48.080> of<00:08:48.160> the<00:08:48.320> extra<00:08:48.640> dimensions shape of the extra dimensions shape of the extra dimensions we<00:08:49.839> should<00:08:50.080> be<00:08:50.240> able<00:08:50.480> to<00:08:50.880> calculate<00:08:51.600> these we should be able to calculate these we should be able to calculate these features features features calculate<00:08:53.279> the<00:08:53.440> amount<00:08:54.320> of<00:08:54.480> dark<00:08:54.800> energy calculate the amount of dark energy calculate the amount of dark energy the<00:08:56.560> challenge<00:08:56.959> is<00:08:58.640> we<00:08:58.959> don't the challenge is we don't the challenge is we don't know<00:09:00.240> the<00:09:00.480> shape<00:09:01.120> of<00:09:01.200> the<00:09:01.440> extra<00:09:02.000> dimensions know the shape of the extra dimensions know the shape of the extra dimensions all<00:09:03.360> we<00:09:03.600> have<00:09:04.399> is<00:09:04.640> a<00:09:04.720> list<00:09:05.120> of<00:09:05.760> candidate all we have is a list of candidate all we have is a list of candidate shapes<00:09:07.279> allowed<00:09:08.320> by<00:09:08.480> the<00:09:08.720> math shapes allowed by the math shapes allowed by the math now<00:09:10.000> when<00:09:10.160> these<00:09:10.399> ideas<00:09:10.720> were<00:09:10.880> first now when these ideas were first now when these ideas were first developed<00:09:11.519> there<00:09:11.600> were<00:09:11.760> only<00:09:12.000> about<00:09:12.320> five developed there were only about five developed there were only about five different<00:09:13.200> candidate<00:09:13.680> shapes<00:09:13.920> so<00:09:14.080> you<00:09:14.240> could different candidate shapes so you could different candidate shapes so you could imagine<00:09:15.360> analyzing<00:09:15.920> them imagine analyzing them imagine analyzing them one<00:09:16.880> by<00:09:17.200> one<00:09:17.680> to<00:09:17.839> determine<00:09:18.320> if<00:09:18.560> any<00:09:18.800> yield<00:09:19.440> the one by one to determine if any yield the one by one to determine if any yield the physical<00:09:20.000> features<00:09:20.399> we<00:09:20.640> observe physical features we observe physical features we observe but<00:09:22.000> over<00:09:22.240> time<00:09:22.480> the<00:09:22.640> list<00:09:22.880> grew<00:09:23.200> as but over time the list grew as but over time the list grew as researchers<00:09:23.760> found<00:09:24.160> other<00:09:24.560> candidate<00:09:25.120> shapes researchers found other candidate shapes researchers found other candidate shapes from<00:09:26.080> five<00:09:26.480> the<00:09:26.560> number<00:09:26.880> grew<00:09:27.040> into<00:09:27.279> the from five the number grew into the from five the number grew into the hundreds<00:09:27.760> and<00:09:27.839> then<00:09:28.080> the<00:09:28.240> thousands hundreds and then the thousands hundreds and then the thousands a<00:09:29.440> large<00:09:29.760> but<00:09:30.000> still<00:09:30.320> manageable<00:09:30.959> collection a large but still manageable collection a large but still manageable collection to<00:09:31.600> analyze<00:09:32.000> since to analyze since to analyze since after<00:09:33.040> all<00:09:33.279> graduate<00:09:33.839> students<00:09:34.160> need after all graduate students need after all graduate students need something<00:09:35.120> to<00:09:35.279> do something to do something to do but<00:09:36.959> then<00:09:37.120> the<00:09:37.279> list<00:09:37.519> continued<00:09:38.000> to<00:09:38.160> grow<00:09:38.880> into but then the list continued to grow into but then the list continued to grow into the<00:09:39.360> millions the millions the millions and<00:09:40.320> the<00:09:40.399> billions<00:09:40.800> until<00:09:41.200> today<00:09:42.160> the<00:09:42.320> list<00:09:42.560> of and the billions until today the list of and the billions until today the list of candidate<00:09:43.279> shapes<00:09:43.600> has<00:09:43.760> soared<00:09:44.160> to<00:09:44.399> about candidate shapes has soared to about candidate shapes has soared to about 10<00:09:45.760> to<00:09:45.920> the<00:09:46.680> 500. 10 to the 500. 10 to the 500. so<00:09:50.320> what<00:09:50.560> to<00:09:50.720> do<00:09:51.279> well<00:09:52.240> some<00:09:52.480> researchers so what to do well some researchers so what to do well some researchers lost<00:09:53.680> heart<00:09:54.399> concluding<00:09:54.880> that<00:09:55.040> with<00:09:55.360> so<00:09:55.680> many lost heart concluding that with so many lost heart concluding that with so many candidate<00:09:56.959> shapes<00:09:57.200> for<00:09:57.360> the<00:09:57.519> extra candidate shapes for the extra candidate shapes for the extra dimensions<00:09:58.399> each<00:09:58.640> giving<00:09:58.880> rise<00:09:59.200> to<00:09:59.360> different dimensions each giving rise to different dimensions each giving rise to different physical<00:10:00.080> features physical features physical features string<00:10:01.279> theory<00:10:01.600> would<00:10:01.920> never<00:10:02.240> make string theory would never make string theory would never make definitive<00:10:03.200> testable<00:10:03.760> predictions definitive testable predictions definitive testable predictions but<00:10:05.440> others<00:10:06.240> turn<00:10:06.480> this<00:10:06.720> issue<00:10:07.120> on<00:10:07.360> its<00:10:07.519> head but others turn this issue on its head but others turn this issue on its head taking<00:10:08.959> us<00:10:09.040> to<00:10:09.200> the<00:10:09.279> possibility<00:10:10.240> of<00:10:10.399> a taking us to the possibility of a taking us to the possibility of a multiverse<00:10:11.040> here's<00:10:11.279> the<00:10:11.440> idea multiverse here's the idea multiverse here's the idea maybe<00:10:13.040> each<00:10:13.279> of<00:10:13.440> these<00:10:13.680> shapes<00:10:14.079> is<00:10:14.240> on<00:10:14.399> an maybe each of these shapes is on an maybe each of these shapes is on an equal<00:10:15.040> footing<00:10:15.360> with<00:10:15.680> every<00:10:16.000> other<00:10:16.320> each<00:10:16.640> is equal footing with every other each is equal footing with every other each is as<00:10:17.120> real<00:10:17.519> as<00:10:17.760> every<00:10:18.000> other<00:10:18.320> in<00:10:18.399> the<00:10:18.640> sense as real as every other in the sense as real as every other in the sense that<00:10:19.680> there<00:10:19.920> are<00:10:20.240> many<00:10:20.640> universes<00:10:21.680> each<00:10:22.000> with that there are many universes each with that there are many universes each with a<00:10:22.560> different a different a different shape<00:10:23.920> for<00:10:24.079> the<00:10:24.240> extra<00:10:24.800> dimensions<00:10:25.360> and<00:10:25.519> this shape for the extra dimensions and this shape for the extra dimensions and this radical<00:10:26.640> proposal<00:10:27.200> has<00:10:27.440> a<00:10:27.519> profound<00:10:28.079> impact radical proposal has a profound impact radical proposal has a profound impact on<00:10:28.720> this<00:10:28.959> mystery on this mystery on this mystery the<00:10:29.760> amount<00:10:30.000> of<00:10:30.160> dark<00:10:30.560> energy<00:10:30.959> revealed<00:10:31.440> by the amount of dark energy revealed by the amount of dark energy revealed by the<00:10:31.760> nobel<00:10:32.240> prize<00:10:32.560> winning<00:10:32.880> results<00:10:33.279> because the nobel prize winning results because the nobel prize winning results because you<00:10:33.760> see you see you see if<00:10:35.200> there<00:10:35.680> are<00:10:36.320> other<00:10:36.640> universes if there are other universes if there are other universes and<00:10:37.920> if<00:10:38.160> those<00:10:38.480> universes<00:10:39.680> each<00:10:40.079> have<00:10:40.480> say and if those universes each have say and if those universes each have say a<00:10:41.120> different<00:10:41.680> shape<00:10:42.240> for<00:10:42.480> the<00:10:42.640> extra a different shape for the extra a different shape for the extra dimensions<00:10:43.440> then<00:10:43.519> the<00:10:43.680> physical<00:10:44.079> features<00:10:44.560> of dimensions then the physical features of dimensions then the physical features of each<00:10:45.040> universe<00:10:45.440> will<00:10:45.600> be<00:10:45.680> different each universe will be different each universe will be different and<00:10:46.320> in<00:10:46.399> particular<00:10:47.360> the<00:10:47.519> amount<00:10:48.000> of<00:10:48.240> dark and in particular the amount of dark and in particular the amount of dark energy energy energy in<00:10:49.839> each<00:10:50.079> universe<00:10:50.480> will<00:10:50.640> be<00:10:50.800> different<00:10:51.440> which in each universe will be different which in each universe will be different which means<00:10:51.839> that<00:10:52.000> the<00:10:52.240> mystery<00:10:52.880> of<00:10:53.120> explaining<00:10:53.760> the means that the mystery of explaining the means that the mystery of explaining the amount<00:10:54.240> of<00:10:54.399> dark<00:10:54.720> energy amount of dark energy amount of dark energy we've<00:10:55.600> now<00:10:55.839> measured<00:10:56.240> would<00:10:56.399> take<00:10:56.640> on<00:10:56.800> a we've now measured would take on a we've now measured would take on a wholly<00:10:57.519> different<00:10:57.920> character wholly different character wholly different character in<00:10:59.040> this<00:10:59.279> context<00:11:00.240> the<00:11:00.399> laws<00:11:00.640> of<00:11:00.720> physics in this context the laws of physics in this context the laws of physics can't<00:11:01.440> explain can't explain can't explain one<00:11:02.800> number<00:11:03.200> for<00:11:03.360> the<00:11:03.519> dark<00:11:03.839> energy<00:11:04.240> because one number for the dark energy because one number for the dark energy because there<00:11:05.360> isn't<00:11:05.839> just there isn't just there isn't just one<00:11:06.800> number<00:11:07.200> there<00:11:07.519> are<00:11:07.839> many<00:11:08.160> numbers<00:11:08.560> which one number there are many numbers which one number there are many numbers which means means means we<00:11:09.920> have<00:11:10.160> been<00:11:10.480> asking<00:11:12.000> the<00:11:12.160> wrong<00:11:12.839> question we have been asking the wrong question we have been asking the wrong question instead<00:11:14.320> the<00:11:14.480> right<00:11:14.800> question<00:11:15.120> to<00:11:15.360> ask<00:11:15.680> is<00:11:16.399> why instead the right question to ask is why instead the right question to ask is why do<00:11:16.880> we<00:11:17.120> humans do we humans do we humans find<00:11:18.000> ourselves<00:11:18.480> in<00:11:18.560> a<00:11:18.720> universe<00:11:19.120> with<00:11:19.279> a find ourselves in a universe with a find ourselves in a universe with a particular<00:11:20.000> amount<00:11:20.320> of<00:11:20.399> dark<00:11:20.800> energy<00:11:21.120> we've particular amount of dark energy we've particular amount of dark energy we've measured measured measured instead<00:11:23.040> of<00:11:23.200> any<00:11:23.440> of<00:11:23.519> the<00:11:23.839> other instead of any of the other instead of any of the other possibilities<00:11:25.200> that<00:11:25.360> are<00:11:25.600> out<00:11:25.839> there possibilities that are out there possibilities that are out there and<00:11:26.640> that's<00:11:26.959> a<00:11:27.120> question<00:11:27.600> on<00:11:27.839> which<00:11:28.079> we<00:11:28.399> can and that's a question on which we can and that's a question on which we can make<00:11:29.360> headway<00:11:29.839> because make headway because make headway because those<00:11:30.800> universes<00:11:31.360> that<00:11:31.519> have<00:11:31.920> much<00:11:32.320> more<00:11:32.640> dark those universes that have much more dark those universes that have much more dark energy<00:11:33.360> than<00:11:33.600> ours energy than ours energy than ours whenever<00:11:34.959> matter<00:11:35.279> tries<00:11:35.600> to<00:11:35.839> clump<00:11:36.240> into whenever matter tries to clump into whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies<00:11:37.279> the<00:11:37.440> repulsive<00:11:38.000> push<00:11:38.320> of<00:11:38.399> the<00:11:38.480> dark galaxies the repulsive push of the dark galaxies the repulsive push of the dark energy<00:11:39.040> is<00:11:39.120> so<00:11:39.360> strong<00:11:39.600> that<00:11:39.760> it<00:11:39.920> blows<00:11:40.320> the energy is so strong that it blows the energy is so strong that it blows the clump<00:11:40.720> apart clump apart clump apart and<00:11:41.760> galaxies<00:11:42.399> don't<00:11:42.720> form<00:11:43.279> and<00:11:43.600> in<00:11:43.839> those and galaxies don't form and in those and galaxies don't form and in those universes<00:11:44.800> that<00:11:44.880> have<00:11:45.120> much<00:11:45.440> less<00:11:45.839> dark universes that have much less dark universes that have much less dark energy<00:11:46.480> well<00:11:46.640> they<00:11:46.800> collapse<00:11:47.279> back<00:11:47.600> on energy well they collapse back on energy well they collapse back on themselves<00:11:48.160> so<00:11:48.399> quickly themselves so quickly themselves so quickly that<00:11:49.440> again<00:11:50.079> galaxies<00:11:50.720> don't<00:11:51.040> form<00:11:51.760> and that again galaxies don't form and that again galaxies don't form and without<00:11:52.320> galaxies without galaxies without galaxies there<00:11:53.279> are<00:11:53.440> no<00:11:53.680> stars<00:11:54.480> no<00:11:54.720> planets<00:11:55.440> and<00:11:55.680> no there are no stars no planets and no there are no stars no planets and no chance<00:11:57.120> for<00:11:57.360> our<00:11:57.680> form<00:11:58.000> of<00:11:58.079> life<00:11:58.399> to<00:11:58.639> exist chance for our form of life to exist chance for our form of life to exist in<00:11:59.519> those<00:11:59.760> other<00:12:00.079> universes<00:12:00.639> so<00:12:00.800> we<00:12:01.120> find in those other universes so we find in those other universes so we find ourselves<00:12:02.240> in<00:12:02.399> a<00:12:02.560> universe<00:12:02.959> with<00:12:03.120> a ourselves in a universe with a ourselves in a universe with a particular<00:12:03.839> amount<00:12:04.160> of<00:12:04.320> dark<00:12:04.720> energy<00:12:05.040> we've particular amount of dark energy we've particular amount of dark energy we've measured<00:12:05.680> simply<00:12:06.079> because measured simply because measured simply because our<00:12:07.440> universe<00:12:07.920> has<00:12:08.160> conditions<00:12:08.880> hospitable our universe has conditions hospitable our universe has conditions hospitable to<00:12:10.079> our to our to our form<00:12:11.440> of<00:12:11.600> life<00:12:12.959> and<00:12:13.279> that form of life and that form of life and that would<00:12:14.639> be<00:12:14.800> that<00:12:15.680> mystery<00:12:16.160> solved would be that mystery solved would be that mystery solved multiverse<00:12:18.160> found<00:12:19.360> now<00:12:19.760> some multiverse found now some multiverse found now some find<00:12:21.200> this<00:12:21.600> explanation<00:12:23.279> unsatisfying<00:12:24.320> we're find this explanation unsatisfying we're find this explanation unsatisfying we're used<00:12:24.959> to<00:12:25.200> physics<00:12:25.600> giving<00:12:25.920> us<00:12:26.079> definitive used to physics giving us definitive used to physics giving us definitive explanations<00:12:27.760> for<00:12:27.920> the<00:12:28.079> features<00:12:28.560> we<00:12:28.800> observe explanations for the features we observe explanations for the features we observe but<00:12:29.440> the<00:12:29.600> point<00:12:30.000> is but the point is but the point is if<00:12:32.320> the<00:12:32.480> feature<00:12:32.880> you're<00:12:33.279> observing if the feature you're observing if the feature you're observing can<00:12:34.560> and<00:12:34.720> does<00:12:35.040> take<00:12:35.279> on<00:12:35.440> a<00:12:35.680> wide<00:12:36.079> variety<00:12:36.560> of can and does take on a wide variety of can and does take on a wide variety of different<00:12:37.120> values<00:12:37.600> across different values across different values across the<00:12:38.240> wider<00:12:38.720> landscape<00:12:39.440> of<00:12:39.600> reality<00:12:40.800> then the wider landscape of reality then the wider landscape of reality then sinking<00:12:42.079> one<00:12:42.560> explanation<00:12:43.200> for<00:12:43.440> a<00:12:43.519> particular sinking one explanation for a particular sinking one explanation for a particular value value value is<00:12:45.440> simply<00:12:46.200> misguided<00:12:47.680> an<00:12:47.920> early is simply misguided an early is simply misguided an early example<00:12:49.200> comes<00:12:49.600> from<00:12:49.920> the<00:12:50.800> great<00:12:51.040> astronomer example comes from the great astronomer example comes from the great astronomer johannes<00:12:52.079> kepler johannes kepler johannes kepler who<00:12:53.519> was<00:12:53.680> obsessed<00:12:54.160> with<00:12:54.480> understanding<00:12:55.279> a who was obsessed with understanding a who was obsessed with understanding a different<00:12:55.839> number different number different number why<00:12:56.800> the<00:12:57.040> sun<00:12:57.839> is<00:12:58.079> 93<00:12:58.959> million<00:12:59.279> miles<00:12:59.839> away why the sun is 93 million miles away why the sun is 93 million miles away from<00:13:00.399> the<00:13:00.480> earth<00:13:00.720> and<00:13:00.800> he<00:13:01.120> worked<00:13:01.440> for from the earth and he worked for from the earth and he worked for decades<00:13:02.480> trying<00:13:02.720> to<00:13:02.880> explain<00:13:03.440> this<00:13:03.680> number decades trying to explain this number decades trying to explain this number but<00:13:04.240> he<00:13:04.800> never<00:13:05.120> succeeded<00:13:05.680> and<00:13:05.760> we<00:13:05.920> know<00:13:06.160> why but he never succeeded and we know why but he never succeeded and we know why kepler<00:13:07.760> was<00:13:08.079> asking<00:13:08.639> the<00:13:08.959> wrong<00:13:09.760> question kepler was asking the wrong question kepler was asking the wrong question we<00:13:11.200> now<00:13:11.519> know<00:13:11.760> that<00:13:11.920> there<00:13:12.160> are<00:13:12.320> many<00:13:12.720> planets we now know that there are many planets we now know that there are many planets at<00:13:13.600> a<00:13:13.839> wide<00:13:14.240> variety<00:13:14.800> of<00:13:14.959> different<00:13:15.440> distances at a wide variety of different distances at a wide variety of different distances from<00:13:16.160> their<00:13:16.320> host<00:13:16.560> star<00:13:16.880> so<00:13:17.040> hoping from their host star so hoping from their host star so hoping that<00:13:17.920> the<00:13:18.160> laws<00:13:18.560> of<00:13:18.800> physics<00:13:19.600> will<00:13:19.839> explain that the laws of physics will explain that the laws of physics will explain one<00:13:20.639> particular<00:13:21.360> number<00:13:21.680> 93<00:13:22.320> million<00:13:22.639> miles one particular number 93 million miles one particular number 93 million miles well<00:13:23.120> that<00:13:23.360> is<00:13:23.600> simply<00:13:24.000> wrong-headed well that is simply wrong-headed well that is simply wrong-headed instead<00:13:26.079> the<00:13:26.240> right<00:13:26.560> question<00:13:26.959> to<00:13:27.120> ask<00:13:27.519> is<00:13:28.399> why instead the right question to ask is why instead the right question to ask is why do<00:13:28.800> we<00:13:28.880> humans do we humans do we humans find<00:13:29.920> ourselves<00:13:30.399> on<00:13:30.560> a<00:13:30.720> planet<00:13:31.279> at<00:13:31.440> this find ourselves on a planet at this find ourselves on a planet at this particular<00:13:32.399> distance particular distance particular distance instead<00:13:33.600> of<00:13:33.839> any<00:13:34.000> of<00:13:34.160> the<00:13:34.399> other instead of any of the other instead of any of the other possibilities<00:13:35.519> and<00:13:35.680> again<00:13:36.079> that's<00:13:36.320> a possibilities and again that's a possibilities and again that's a question<00:13:36.880> we<00:13:37.120> can question we can question we can answer<00:13:38.399> those<00:13:38.800> planets<00:13:39.199> which<00:13:39.440> are<00:13:39.519> much answer those planets which are much answer those planets which are much closer<00:13:40.240> to<00:13:40.399> a<00:13:40.560> star<00:13:40.880> like<00:13:41.120> the<00:13:41.279> sun<00:13:41.519> would<00:13:41.680> be closer to a star like the sun would be closer to a star like the sun would be so<00:13:42.240> hot so hot so hot that<00:13:43.680> our<00:13:43.920> form<00:13:44.160> of<00:13:44.320> life<00:13:45.040> wouldn't<00:13:45.360> exist<00:13:46.320> and that our form of life wouldn't exist and that our form of life wouldn't exist and those<00:13:46.720> planets<00:13:47.120> that<00:13:47.199> are<00:13:47.360> much<00:13:47.600> farther those planets that are much farther those planets that are much farther away<00:13:48.320> from<00:13:48.480> the<00:13:48.639> star<00:13:48.880> well<00:13:49.040> they're<00:13:49.279> so<00:13:49.600> cold away from the star well they're so cold away from the star well they're so cold that<00:13:50.720> again<00:13:51.120> our<00:13:51.440> form<00:13:51.680> of<00:13:51.760> life<00:13:52.000> would<00:13:52.160> not that again our form of life would not that again our form of life would not take<00:13:52.720> hold take hold take hold so<00:13:53.519> we<00:13:53.839> find<00:13:54.079> ourselves<00:13:54.560> on<00:13:54.720> a<00:13:54.800> planet<00:13:55.279> at<00:13:55.360> this so we find ourselves on a planet at this so we find ourselves on a planet at this particular<00:13:56.240> distance<00:13:56.639> simply<00:13:57.040> because particular distance simply because particular distance simply because it<00:13:58.000> yields<00:13:58.399> conditions<00:13:59.040> vital<00:13:59.440> to<00:13:59.680> our<00:14:00.480> form it yields conditions vital to our form it yields conditions vital to our form of<00:14:00.959> life<00:14:01.279> and of life and of life and when<00:14:01.920> it<00:14:02.160> comes<00:14:02.480> to<00:14:02.639> planets<00:14:03.199> and<00:14:03.279> their when it comes to planets and their when it comes to planets and their distances<00:14:04.399> this distances this distances this clearly<00:14:05.680> is<00:14:06.000> the<00:14:06.320> right<00:14:06.800> kind<00:14:07.279> of<00:14:07.360> reasoning clearly is the right kind of reasoning clearly is the right kind of reasoning the<00:14:09.199> point<00:14:09.600> is<00:14:10.399> when<00:14:10.639> it<00:14:10.720> comes<00:14:11.040> to<00:14:11.199> universes the point is when it comes to universes the point is when it comes to universes and<00:14:12.000> the<00:14:12.160> dark<00:14:12.560> energy<00:14:12.880> that<00:14:13.040> they<00:14:13.279> contain and the dark energy that they contain and the dark energy that they contain it<00:14:14.560> may<00:14:14.959> also<00:14:15.760> be<00:14:16.000> the<00:14:16.079> right<00:14:16.399> kind<00:14:16.639> of it may also be the right kind of it may also be the right kind of reasoning reasoning reasoning one<00:14:17.920> key<00:14:18.160> difference<00:14:18.480> of<00:14:18.560> course<00:14:18.880> is one key difference of course is one key difference of course is we<00:14:20.880> know<00:14:21.199> that<00:14:21.360> there<00:14:21.600> are<00:14:21.920> other<00:14:22.160> planets<00:14:22.560> out we know that there are other planets out we know that there are other planets out there<00:14:22.880> but<00:14:23.040> so<00:14:23.279> far<00:14:23.519> i've<00:14:23.760> only<00:14:24.079> speculated<00:14:24.720> on there but so far i've only speculated on there but so far i've only speculated on the<00:14:25.040> possibility<00:14:25.680> that<00:14:25.839> there<00:14:26.079> might<00:14:26.399> be the possibility that there might be the possibility that there might be other<00:14:27.040> universes<00:14:28.000> so<00:14:28.240> to<00:14:28.399> pull<00:14:28.639> it<00:14:28.800> all other universes so to pull it all other universes so to pull it all together<00:14:29.920> we<00:14:30.079> need<00:14:30.240> a<00:14:30.480> mechanism together we need a mechanism together we need a mechanism that<00:14:31.440> can<00:14:31.680> actually<00:14:32.560> generate<00:14:33.680> other that can actually generate other that can actually generate other universes<00:14:34.560> and<00:14:34.639> that<00:14:34.880> takes<00:14:35.199> me<00:14:35.440> to<00:14:35.680> my<00:14:35.920> final universes and that takes me to my final universes and that takes me to my final part<00:14:36.639> part<00:14:36.959> three part part three part part three because<00:14:38.320> such<00:14:38.560> a<00:14:38.720> mechanism<00:14:39.360> has<00:14:39.760> been<00:14:40.079> found because such a mechanism has been found because such a mechanism has been found by<00:14:40.560> cosmologists<00:14:41.519> trying<00:14:41.760> to<00:14:41.920> understand by cosmologists trying to understand by cosmologists trying to understand the<00:14:43.120> big<00:14:43.360> bang<00:14:44.240> you<00:14:44.399> see<00:14:44.560> when<00:14:44.720> we<00:14:44.959> speak<00:14:45.279> of the big bang you see when we speak of the big bang you see when we speak of the<00:14:45.440> big<00:14:45.680> bang the big bang the big bang we<00:14:46.639> often<00:14:46.959> have<00:14:47.199> an<00:14:47.440> image<00:14:48.160> of<00:14:48.320> a<00:14:48.480> kind<00:14:48.720> of we often have an image of a kind of we often have an image of a kind of cosmic<00:14:49.519> explosion<00:14:50.240> that<00:14:50.399> created<00:14:50.880> our cosmic explosion that created our cosmic explosion that created our universe universe universe and<00:14:52.079> set<00:14:52.399> space<00:14:52.959> rushing<00:14:53.360> outward<00:14:54.399> but and set space rushing outward but and set space rushing outward but there's<00:14:55.040> a there's a there's a little<00:14:56.240> secret<00:14:57.440> the<00:14:57.600> big<00:14:57.920> bang<00:14:58.320> leaves<00:14:58.560> out little secret the big bang leaves out little secret the big bang leaves out something<00:14:59.120> pretty<00:14:59.440> important something pretty important something pretty important the<00:15:00.560> bang<00:15:02.240> it<00:15:02.399> tells<00:15:02.639> us<00:15:02.800> how<00:15:03.040> the<00:15:03.199> universe the bang it tells us how the universe the bang it tells us how the universe evolved evolved evolved after<00:15:04.560> the<00:15:04.720> bang<00:15:04.959> but<00:15:05.120> gives<00:15:05.360> us<00:15:05.680> no<00:15:06.160> insight after the bang but gives us no insight after the bang but gives us no insight into<00:15:07.600> what<00:15:07.839> would<00:15:08.079> have<00:15:08.240> powered<00:15:08.639> the<00:15:08.880> bang into what would have powered the bang into what would have powered the bang itself<00:15:10.639> and<00:15:10.800> this<00:15:11.040> gap<00:15:11.279> was<00:15:11.519> finally<00:15:11.920> filled itself and this gap was finally filled itself and this gap was finally filled by by by an<00:15:12.880> enhanced<00:15:13.600> version<00:15:14.320> of<00:15:14.399> the<00:15:14.560> big<00:15:14.800> bang an enhanced version of the big bang an enhanced version of the big bang theory<00:15:15.279> it's<00:15:15.360> called<00:15:15.680> inflationary theory it's called inflationary theory it's called inflationary cosmology<00:15:17.199> which cosmology which cosmology which identified<00:15:19.440> a<00:15:19.600> particular<00:15:20.399> kind<00:15:20.959> of<00:15:21.199> fuel identified a particular kind of fuel identified a particular kind of fuel that<00:15:22.079> would<00:15:22.480> naturally<00:15:23.120> generate<00:15:23.519> an<00:15:23.839> outward that would naturally generate an outward that would naturally generate an outward rush rush rush of<00:15:25.279> space<00:15:25.600> the<00:15:25.680> fuel<00:15:26.000> is<00:15:26.079> based<00:15:26.399> on<00:15:26.560> something of space the fuel is based on something of space the fuel is based on something called<00:15:27.519> a<00:15:27.680> quantum<00:15:28.240> field<00:15:28.639> but called a quantum field but called a quantum field but the<00:15:29.519> only<00:15:29.839> detail<00:15:30.639> that<00:15:30.800> matters<00:15:31.199> for<00:15:31.519> us the only detail that matters for us the only detail that matters for us is<00:15:32.639> that<00:15:32.800> this<00:15:33.120> fuel<00:15:33.440> proves<00:15:33.759> to<00:15:33.920> be<00:15:34.079> so is that this fuel proves to be so is that this fuel proves to be so efficient<00:15:35.279> that<00:15:35.600> it's<00:15:35.920> virtually<00:15:36.480> impossible efficient that it's virtually impossible efficient that it's virtually impossible to<00:15:37.920> use<00:15:38.240> it<00:15:38.399> all<00:15:38.639> up<00:15:39.120> which<00:15:39.360> means<00:15:39.680> in<00:15:39.759> the to use it all up which means in the to use it all up which means in the inflationary<00:15:40.720> theory inflationary theory inflationary theory the<00:15:41.600> big<00:15:41.839> bang<00:15:42.079> giving<00:15:42.320> rise<00:15:42.560> to<00:15:42.720> our<00:15:43.040> universe the big bang giving rise to our universe the big bang giving rise to our universe is<00:15:43.759> likely<00:15:44.240> not is likely not is likely not a<00:15:45.120> one-time<00:15:46.079> event<00:15:46.720> instead<00:15:47.040> the<00:15:47.199> fuel<00:15:47.600> not a one-time event instead the fuel not a one-time event instead the fuel not only<00:15:48.000> generates<00:15:48.560> our<00:15:48.880> big<00:15:49.120> bang only generates our big bang only generates our big bang but<00:15:50.240> it<00:15:50.320> would<00:15:50.560> also<00:15:50.959> generate<00:15:51.360> countless but it would also generate countless but it would also generate countless other<00:15:52.160> big<00:15:52.839> bangs

each<00:15:56.560> giving<00:15:56.880> rise<00:15:57.120> to<00:15:57.279> its<00:15:57.519> own<00:15:57.759> separate each giving rise to its own separate each giving rise to its own separate universe<00:15:58.560> with<00:15:58.800> our<00:15:59.120> universe<00:15:59.519> becoming<00:15:59.920> but universe with our universe becoming but universe with our universe becoming but one<00:16:00.480> bubble one bubble one bubble in<00:16:01.199> a<00:16:01.360> grand<00:16:01.839> cosmic<00:16:02.399> bubble<00:16:02.720> bath<00:16:03.040> of in a grand cosmic bubble bath of in a grand cosmic bubble bath of universes universes universes and<00:16:04.480> now<00:16:04.800> if<00:16:04.959> we<00:16:05.120> meld<00:16:05.360> this<00:16:05.680> with<00:16:05.839> string and now if we meld this with string and now if we meld this with string theory<00:16:06.480> here's<00:16:06.800> the<00:16:06.880> picture<00:16:07.199> we're<00:16:07.360> led<00:16:07.600> to theory here's the picture we're led to theory here's the picture we're led to each<00:16:08.320> of<00:16:08.399> these<00:16:08.560> universes<00:16:09.120> has<00:16:09.360> extra each of these universes has extra each of these universes has extra dimensions<00:16:10.320> the<00:16:10.560> extra<00:16:10.800> dimensions<00:16:11.279> take<00:16:11.440> on dimensions the extra dimensions take on dimensions the extra dimensions take on a<00:16:11.680> wide<00:16:12.000> variety<00:16:12.320> of<00:16:12.480> different<00:16:12.800> shapes a wide variety of different shapes a wide variety of different shapes the<00:16:13.600> different<00:16:13.920> shapes<00:16:14.240> yield<00:16:14.720> different the different shapes yield different the different shapes yield different physical<00:16:15.519> features<00:16:16.320> and<00:16:16.480> we<00:16:16.639> find<00:16:16.880> ourselves physical features and we find ourselves physical features and we find ourselves in<00:16:17.440> one<00:16:17.680> universe<00:16:18.160> instead<00:16:18.480> of<00:16:18.560> another in one universe instead of another in one universe instead of another simply<00:16:19.360> because<00:16:20.079> it's<00:16:20.320> only<00:16:20.639> in<00:16:20.880> our<00:16:21.199> universe simply because it's only in our universe simply because it's only in our universe that<00:16:21.680> the<00:16:21.920> physical<00:16:22.320> features that the physical features that the physical features like<00:16:23.360> the<00:16:23.519> amount<00:16:23.839> of<00:16:23.920> dark<00:16:24.320> energy<00:16:25.360> are<00:16:25.600> right like the amount of dark energy are right like the amount of dark energy are right for<00:16:26.240> our<00:16:26.560> form<00:16:26.800> of<00:16:26.959> life<00:16:27.279> to<00:16:27.440> take<00:16:27.680> hold for our form of life to take hold for our form of life to take hold and<00:16:28.720> this<00:16:29.360> is<00:16:29.600> the<00:16:29.839> compelling<00:16:30.320> but<00:16:30.639> highly and this is the compelling but highly and this is the compelling but highly controversial<00:16:31.759> picture<00:16:32.160> of<00:16:32.240> the<00:16:32.320> wider controversial picture of the wider controversial picture of the wider cosmos cosmos cosmos that<00:16:33.920> cutting-edge<00:16:34.399> observation<00:16:35.040> in<00:16:35.120> theory that cutting-edge observation in theory that cutting-edge observation in theory has<00:16:36.000> now<00:16:36.639> led<00:16:36.880> us<00:16:37.040> to<00:16:37.279> seriously has now led us to seriously has now led us to seriously consider<00:16:39.680> one<00:16:40.399> big<00:16:41.040> remaining<00:16:41.600> question consider one big remaining question consider one big remaining question of<00:16:42.480> course<00:16:42.800> is<00:16:43.519> could<00:16:43.839> we<00:16:44.240> ever of course is could we ever of course is could we ever confirm<00:16:46.639> the<00:16:46.880> existence<00:16:47.759> of<00:16:48.480> other<00:16:48.800> universes confirm the existence of other universes confirm the existence of other universes well well well let<00:16:50.639> me<00:16:50.800> describe<00:16:51.440> one<00:16:51.759> way<00:16:52.399> that<00:16:52.720> might<00:16:53.120> one let me describe one way that might one let me describe one way that might one day<00:16:53.600> happen day happen day happen the<00:16:55.040> inflationary<00:16:55.839> theory<00:16:56.320> already<00:16:56.800> has the inflationary theory already has the inflationary theory already has strong<00:16:57.600> observational<00:16:58.240> support<00:16:58.639> because<00:16:58.880> the strong observational support because the strong observational support because the theory<00:16:59.360> predicts theory predicts theory predicts that<00:17:00.399> the<00:17:00.639> big<00:17:00.880> bang<00:17:01.120> would<00:17:01.279> have<00:17:01.360> been<00:17:01.680> so that the big bang would have been so that the big bang would have been so intense<00:17:02.720> that<00:17:02.959> as intense that as intense that as space<00:17:03.839> rapidly<00:17:04.480> expanded<00:17:05.600> tiny<00:17:06.079> quantum space rapidly expanded tiny quantum space rapidly expanded tiny quantum jitters<00:17:06.880> from<00:17:07.039> the<00:17:07.120> micro<00:17:07.520> world jitters from the micro world jitters from the micro world would<00:17:08.240> have<00:17:08.319> been<00:17:08.559> stretched<00:17:09.120> out<00:17:09.360> to<00:17:09.520> the would have been stretched out to the would have been stretched out to the macro<00:17:10.160> world<00:17:10.640> yielding<00:17:11.120> a<00:17:11.280> distinctive macro world yielding a distinctive macro world yielding a distinctive fingerprint fingerprint fingerprint a<00:17:13.439> pattern<00:17:13.919> of<00:17:14.000> slightly<00:17:14.480> hotter<00:17:14.880> spots<00:17:15.199> and a pattern of slightly hotter spots and a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly<00:17:15.919> colder<00:17:16.319> spots<00:17:16.720> across<00:17:17.199> space<00:17:17.839> which slightly colder spots across space which slightly colder spots across space which powerful<00:17:18.559> telescopes powerful telescopes powerful telescopes have<00:17:19.919> now<00:17:20.319> observed<00:17:20.799> going<00:17:21.039> further<00:17:21.919> if<00:17:22.160> there have now observed going further if there have now observed going further if there are<00:17:22.640> other<00:17:22.959> universes are other universes are other universes the<00:17:23.919> theory<00:17:24.240> predicts<00:17:24.640> that<00:17:24.799> every<00:17:25.039> so<00:17:25.280> often the theory predicts that every so often the theory predicts that every so often those<00:17:26.400> universes<00:17:27.039> can<00:17:27.280> collide those universes can collide those universes can collide and<00:17:28.400> if<00:17:28.559> our<00:17:28.880> universe<00:17:29.280> got<00:17:29.520> hit<00:17:29.760> by<00:17:30.000> another and if our universe got hit by another and if our universe got hit by another that<00:17:30.720> collision that collision that collision would<00:17:31.840> generate<00:17:32.320> an<00:17:32.559> additional<00:17:33.200> subtle would generate an additional subtle would generate an additional subtle pattern<00:17:34.000> of<00:17:34.160> temperature<00:17:34.559> variations<00:17:35.200> across pattern of temperature variations across pattern of temperature variations across space<00:17:35.919> that<00:17:36.080> we space that we space that we might<00:17:36.880> one<00:17:37.200> day<00:17:38.400> be<00:17:38.640> able<00:17:39.039> to<00:17:39.280> detect might one day be able to detect might one day be able to detect and<00:17:40.160> so<00:17:40.480> exotic<00:17:41.120> as<00:17:41.360> this<00:17:41.600> picture<00:17:42.080> is<00:17:43.039> it<00:17:43.280> may and so exotic as this picture is it may and so exotic as this picture is it may one<00:17:43.840> day<00:17:44.160> be<00:17:44.320> grounded one day be grounded one day be grounded in<00:17:45.440> observations<00:17:46.240> establishing<00:17:46.880> the in observations establishing the in observations establishing the existence existence existence of<00:17:48.400> other<00:17:48.640> universes<00:17:50.160> i'll<00:17:50.320> conclude<00:17:50.960> with of other universes i'll conclude with of other universes i'll conclude with a<00:17:53.200> striking<00:17:53.679> implication<00:17:54.960> of<00:17:55.200> all<00:17:55.360> these a striking implication of all these a striking implication of all these ideas<00:17:56.160> for<00:17:56.320> the<00:17:56.480> very ideas for the very ideas for the very far<00:17:57.600> future<00:17:58.320> you<00:17:58.480> see<00:17:58.720> we<00:17:59.039> learned<00:18:00.000> that<00:18:00.240> our far future you see we learned that our far future you see we learned that our universe universe universe is<00:18:01.840> not<00:18:02.160> static<00:18:02.720> that<00:18:03.360> space<00:18:03.760> is<00:18:03.840> expanding is not static that space is expanding is not static that space is expanding that<00:18:04.640> that<00:18:04.880> expansion<00:18:05.440> is<00:18:05.600> speeding<00:18:06.000> up<00:18:06.160> and that that expansion is speeding up and that that expansion is speeding up and that<00:18:06.559> there<00:18:06.720> might<00:18:06.960> be<00:18:07.200> other that there might be other that there might be other universes<00:18:09.360> all<00:18:09.760> by<00:18:10.160> carefully<00:18:10.720> examining universes all by carefully examining universes all by carefully examining faint<00:18:12.080> pinpoints<00:18:12.640> of<00:18:12.720> star<00:18:13.039> lake<00:18:13.360> coming<00:18:13.600> to faint pinpoints of star lake coming to faint pinpoints of star lake coming to us<00:18:14.000> from<00:18:14.240> distant<00:18:14.720> galaxies us from distant galaxies us from distant galaxies but<00:18:16.799> because<00:18:17.280> the<00:18:17.440> expansion<00:18:18.000> is<00:18:18.160> speeding<00:18:18.640> up but because the expansion is speeding up but because the expansion is speeding up in<00:18:19.440> the<00:18:19.520> very<00:18:19.919> far<00:18:20.160> future in the very far future in the very far future those<00:18:21.360> galaxies<00:18:21.840> will<00:18:22.080> rush<00:18:22.320> away<00:18:22.720> so<00:18:22.960> far<00:18:23.280> and those galaxies will rush away so far and those galaxies will rush away so far and so<00:18:23.679> fast<00:18:24.000> that<00:18:24.160> we so fast that we so fast that we won't<00:18:24.960> be<00:18:25.200> able<00:18:25.440> to<00:18:25.600> see<00:18:25.840> them<00:18:26.400> not<00:18:26.640> because<00:18:26.960> of won't be able to see them not because of won't be able to see them not because of technological<00:18:27.840> limitations technological limitations technological limitations but<00:18:28.960> because<00:18:29.600> of<00:18:29.760> the<00:18:29.919> laws<00:18:30.240> of<00:18:30.320> physics<00:18:31.039> the but because of the laws of physics the but because of the laws of physics the light<00:18:31.600> those<00:18:31.919> galaxies<00:18:32.400> emit light those galaxies emit light those galaxies emit even<00:18:33.120> traveling<00:18:33.520> at<00:18:33.600> the<00:18:33.760> fastest<00:18:34.320> speed<00:18:34.880> the even traveling at the fastest speed the even traveling at the fastest speed the speed<00:18:35.360> of<00:18:35.520> light speed of light speed of light will<00:18:36.240> not<00:18:36.400> be<00:18:36.640> able<00:18:36.799> to<00:18:37.039> overcome<00:18:37.520> the<00:18:37.760> ever will not be able to overcome the ever will not be able to overcome the ever widening<00:18:38.880> gulf widening gulf widening gulf between<00:18:39.760> us<00:18:40.559> so<00:18:40.720> astronomers<00:18:41.360> in<00:18:41.440> the<00:18:41.520> far between us so astronomers in the far between us so astronomers in the far future future future looking<00:18:43.039> out<00:18:43.280> into<00:18:43.600> deep<00:18:43.840> space<00:18:44.799> will<00:18:45.039> see looking out into deep space will see looking out into deep space will see nothing<00:18:45.760> but nothing but nothing but an<00:18:46.480> endless<00:18:46.960> stretch<00:18:48.160> of<00:18:48.320> static an endless stretch of static an endless stretch of static inky<00:18:49.919> black<00:18:50.799> stillness inky black stillness inky black stillness and<00:18:52.559> they<00:18:52.720> will<00:18:52.880> conclude<00:18:53.840> that<00:18:54.000> the<00:18:54.160> universe and they will conclude that the universe and they will conclude that the universe is<00:18:54.720> static<00:18:55.200> and<00:18:55.360> unchanging is static and unchanging is static and unchanging and<00:18:56.480> populated<00:18:57.039> by<00:18:57.200> a<00:18:57.440> single<00:18:58.160> central<00:18:58.640> oasis and populated by a single central oasis and populated by a single central oasis of<00:18:59.280> matter<00:18:59.600> that<00:18:59.760> they<00:19:00.000> inhabit of matter that they inhabit of matter that they inhabit a<00:19:00.960> picture<00:19:01.440> of<00:19:01.600> the<00:19:01.760> cosmos<00:19:02.320> that<00:19:02.480> we a picture of the cosmos that we a picture of the cosmos that we definitively<00:19:03.600> know definitively know definitively know to<00:19:04.799> be<00:19:05.039> wrong<00:19:06.240> now<00:19:06.480> maybe<00:19:06.880> those<00:19:07.200> future to be wrong now maybe those future to be wrong now maybe those future astronomers<00:19:08.160> will<00:19:08.320> have<00:19:08.559> records<00:19:08.960> handed astronomers will have records handed astronomers will have records handed down<00:19:09.600> from down from down from an<00:19:10.320> earlier<00:19:10.880> era<00:19:11.679> like<00:19:12.000> hours<00:19:12.480> attesting<00:19:13.120> to an earlier era like hours attesting to an earlier era like hours attesting to an<00:19:13.919> expanding<00:19:14.799> cosmos<00:19:15.440> teeming<00:19:15.760> with an expanding cosmos teeming with an expanding cosmos teeming with galaxies<00:19:16.640> but galaxies but galaxies but would<00:19:17.520> those<00:19:17.840> future<00:19:18.160> astronomers<00:19:19.360> believe would those future astronomers believe would those future astronomers believe such such such ancient<00:19:21.120> knowledge<00:19:22.160> or<00:19:22.400> would<00:19:22.559> they<00:19:22.720> believe ancient knowledge or would they believe ancient knowledge or would they believe in<00:19:23.520> the<00:19:23.679> black in the black in the black static<00:19:25.600> empty<00:19:26.000> universe<00:19:26.400> that<00:19:26.559> their<00:19:26.799> own static empty universe that their own static empty universe that their own state-of-the-art state-of-the-art state-of-the-art observations<00:19:28.880> reveal<00:19:30.960> i<00:19:31.120> suspect<00:19:31.600> the<00:19:31.760> latter observations reveal i suspect the latter observations reveal i suspect the latter which<00:19:33.039> means<00:19:33.280> that<00:19:33.600> we<00:19:33.919> are<00:19:34.240> living<00:19:34.640> through<00:19:34.960> a which means that we are living through a which means that we are living through a remarkably remarkably remarkably privileged<00:19:36.640> era<00:19:37.520> when<00:19:37.840> certain<00:19:38.240> deep<00:19:38.559> truths privileged era when certain deep truths privileged era when certain deep truths about<00:19:39.120> the<00:19:39.280> cosmos<00:19:39.840> are<00:19:40.080> still<00:19:40.559> within<00:19:41.039> reach about the cosmos are still within reach about the cosmos are still within reach of<00:19:42.080> the<00:19:42.240> human<00:19:42.640> spirit<00:19:43.039> of<00:19:43.200> exploration<00:19:44.080> it of the human spirit of exploration it of the human spirit of exploration it appears<00:19:44.640> that<00:19:44.880> it<00:19:45.120> may appears that it may appears that it may not<00:19:46.559> always<00:19:47.600> be<00:19:47.840> that<00:19:48.080> way<00:19:48.559> because<00:19:48.880> today's not always be that way because today's not always be that way because today's astronomers<00:19:50.160> by<00:19:50.400> turning astronomers by turning astronomers by turning powerful<00:19:52.000> telescopes<00:19:52.640> to<00:19:52.799> the<00:19:52.880> sky<00:19:53.200> have powerful telescopes to the sky have powerful telescopes to the sky have captured captured captured a<00:19:54.640> handful<00:19:55.200> of<00:19:55.360> starkly<00:19:56.080> informative<00:19:56.640> photons a handful of starkly informative photons a handful of starkly informative photons a<00:19:57.200> kind<00:19:57.520> of a kind of a kind of cosmic<00:19:58.559> telegram<00:19:59.760> billions<00:20:00.160> of<00:20:00.320> years<00:20:00.640> in cosmic telegram billions of years in cosmic telegram billions of years in transit transit transit and<00:20:01.679> the<00:20:01.840> message<00:20:02.720> echoing<00:20:03.360> across<00:20:03.840> the<00:20:04.080> ages and the message echoing across the ages and the message echoing across the ages is<00:20:04.840> clear<00:20:05.919> sometimes is clear sometimes is clear sometimes nature<00:20:08.000> guards<00:20:08.320> her<00:20:08.480> secrets<00:20:08.960> with<00:20:09.200> the nature guards her secrets with the nature guards her secrets with the unbreakable<00:20:10.320> grip unbreakable grip unbreakable grip of<00:20:10.960> physical<00:20:11.440> law<00:20:12.720> sometimes of physical law sometimes of physical law sometimes the<00:20:14.320> true<00:20:14.720> nature<00:20:15.039> of<00:20:15.200> reality<00:20:15.760> beckons<00:20:17.039> from the true nature of reality beckons from the true nature of reality beckons from just<00:20:17.600> beyond just beyond just beyond the<00:20:18.840> horizon<00:20:20.480> thank<00:20:20.640> you<00:20:20.799> very<00:20:21.039> much

brian<00:20:26.159> thank<00:20:26.320> you<00:20:26.640> um<00:20:27.679> the<00:20:27.840> range<00:20:28.080> of<00:20:28.240> ideas brian thank you um the range of ideas brian thank you um the range of ideas you've<00:20:28.720> just<00:20:28.880> spoken<00:20:29.200> about you've just spoken about you've just spoken about are<00:20:30.159> dizzying<00:20:31.039> exhilarating<00:20:31.919> incredible are dizzying exhilarating incredible are dizzying exhilarating incredible how<00:20:33.679> do<00:20:34.240> you<00:20:34.640> think<00:20:35.039> of<00:20:35.280> where<00:20:35.520> cosmology how do you think of where cosmology how do you think of where cosmology is<00:20:36.799> now<00:20:37.039> in<00:20:37.120> a<00:20:37.200> sort<00:20:37.360> of<00:20:37.440> historical<00:20:38.400> side<00:20:38.720> are is now in a sort of historical side are is now in a sort of historical side are we<00:20:39.039> in<00:20:39.120> the<00:20:39.280> middle<00:20:39.520> of<00:20:39.679> something we in the middle of something we in the middle of something unusual<00:20:40.799> historically<00:20:41.679> in<00:20:41.760> your<00:20:41.919> opinion unusual historically in your opinion unusual historically in your opinion well<00:20:42.640> it's<00:20:42.799> hard<00:20:43.039> to<00:20:43.200> say well it's hard to say well it's hard to say when<00:20:44.080> we<00:20:44.240> learn<00:20:44.880> that<00:20:45.120> astronomers<00:20:45.760> of<00:20:45.840> the when we learn that astronomers of the when we learn that astronomers of the far<00:20:46.240> future far future far future may<00:20:47.200> not<00:20:47.360> have<00:20:47.520> enough<00:20:47.919> information<00:20:48.400> to may not have enough information to may not have enough information to figure<00:20:48.880> things<00:20:49.120> out<00:20:49.280> the<00:20:49.440> natural<00:20:49.840> question figure things out the natural question figure things out the natural question is is is maybe<00:20:51.200> we're<00:20:51.600> already<00:20:52.080> in<00:20:52.159> that<00:20:52.400> position<00:20:53.200> and maybe we're already in that position and maybe we're already in that position and certain<00:20:53.840> deep certain deep certain deep critical<00:20:55.280> features<00:20:55.679> of<00:20:55.760> the<00:20:55.919> universe critical features of the universe critical features of the universe already<00:20:56.799> have<00:20:57.039> escaped already have escaped already have escaped our<00:20:57.919> ability<00:20:58.400> to<00:20:58.640> understand<00:20:59.360> because<00:20:59.600> of<00:20:59.760> how our ability to understand because of how our ability to understand because of how cosmology<00:21:00.559> evolves cosmology evolves cosmology evolves so<00:21:01.440> from<00:21:01.600> that<00:21:01.840> perspective<00:21:02.480> maybe<00:21:02.960> we<00:21:03.360> will so from that perspective maybe we will so from that perspective maybe we will always<00:21:04.159> be always be always be asking<00:21:04.960> questions<00:21:05.280> and<00:21:05.360> never<00:21:05.600> be<00:21:05.760> able<00:21:05.919> to asking questions and never be able to asking questions and never be able to fully<00:21:06.320> answer<00:21:06.559> them<00:21:07.039> on<00:21:07.200> the<00:21:07.280> other<00:21:07.520> hand fully answer them on the other hand fully answer them on the other hand we<00:21:08.320> now<00:21:08.480> can<00:21:08.720> understand<00:21:09.440> how<00:21:09.760> old<00:21:09.919> the we now can understand how old the we now can understand how old the universe<00:21:10.480> is<00:21:10.960> we<00:21:11.120> can<00:21:11.360> understand universe is we can understand universe is we can understand how<00:21:12.559> to<00:21:12.799> understand<00:21:13.760> the<00:21:14.080> data<00:21:14.400> from<00:21:14.559> the how to understand the data from the how to understand the data from the microwave<00:21:15.120> background<00:21:15.520> radiation<00:21:15.919> that<00:21:16.080> was microwave background radiation that was microwave background radiation that was set<00:21:16.400> down<00:21:17.000> 13.72<00:21:18.000> billion<00:21:18.320> years<00:21:18.559> ago<00:21:18.799> and<00:21:18.880> yet set down 13.72 billion years ago and yet set down 13.72 billion years ago and yet we<00:21:19.200> can<00:21:19.280> do<00:21:19.520> calculations<00:21:20.080> today<00:21:20.400> to<00:21:20.559> predict we can do calculations today to predict we can do calculations today to predict how<00:21:21.120> it<00:21:21.200> will<00:21:21.280> look<00:21:21.520> and<00:21:21.679> it<00:21:21.840> matches how it will look and it matches how it will look and it matches holy<00:21:23.200> cow<00:21:23.600> that's<00:21:23.840> just<00:21:24.080> amazing<00:21:24.880> so<00:21:25.120> on<00:21:25.200> the holy cow that's just amazing so on the holy cow that's just amazing so on the one<00:21:25.600> hand one hand one hand it's<00:21:26.400> just<00:21:26.960> incredible<00:21:27.440> where<00:21:27.600> you've<00:21:27.760> gotten it's just incredible where you've gotten it's just incredible where you've gotten but<00:21:28.720> who<00:21:28.880> knows but who knows but who knows what<00:21:29.840> sort<00:21:30.080> of<00:21:30.159> blocks<00:21:30.480> we<00:21:30.559> may<00:21:30.720> find<00:21:30.960> in<00:21:31.039> the what sort of blocks we may find in the what sort of blocks we may find in the future<00:21:32.080> you're<00:21:32.240> going<00:21:32.320> to<00:21:32.400> be<00:21:32.480> around future you're going to be around future you're going to be around for<00:21:33.520> the<00:21:33.600> next<00:21:34.000> few<00:21:34.240> days<00:21:34.720> maybe<00:21:35.039> some<00:21:35.200> of for the next few days maybe some of for the next few days maybe some of these<00:21:35.440> conversations<00:21:36.159> can<00:21:36.320> continue these conversations can continue these conversations can continue thank<00:21:37.039> you<00:21:37.280> my<00:21:37.440> pleasure<00:21:37.840> thank<00:21:38.000> you<00:21:38.240> thank thank you my pleasure thank you thank thank you my pleasure thank you thank you<00:21:42.840> brian

you

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